Swadeshi Movement

• Statement 1 is incorrect: It gained momentum with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911.
• Statement 2 is correct. Credit to starting the Swadeshi movement goes to Baba Ram Singh Kuka of the Sikh Namdhari sect, whose revolutionary movements which heightened around 1871 and 1872.
• It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movements.
• Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Babu Genu.
• Swadeshi, as a strategy, was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi, who described it as the soul of Swaraj (self-rule). It was strongest in Bengal and was also called the Vandemataram movement in India. Hence statement 3 is correct.

Important phases of the Movement

• 1850 to 1904:developed by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gokhale, Ranade, Tilak, G. V. Joshi and Bhaswat K. Nigoni. This was also known as the First Swadeshi Movement.
• 1905 to 1917:Began in 1905, because of the partition of Bengal ordered by Lord Curzon.
• 1918 to 1947:Swadeshi thought shaped by Gandhi.

Kavkaz 2020

• Hence statement 1 is incorrect: The exercise is aimed at assessing the ability of the armed forces to ensure military security in Russia’s southwest, where serious terrorist threats persist and preparing for the strategic command-staff drills.
• The Kavkaz 2020 is also referred to as Caucasus-2020. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The main training grounds that will be involved are located in the Southern Military District.
• The invitation for participation has been extended to at least 18 countries including China, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey apart from other Central Asian Republics part of the SCO. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Explanation:

Recently,  Indian Railways introduced the first “Kisan Rail” from Devlali (Maharashtra) to Danapur (Bihar).

Kisan Rail

• From Maharashtra’s Devlali to Bihar’s Danapur, the train will cover the journey of 1,519 kilometres in over 31 hours.
• It will take stops at Nasik Road, Manmad, Jalgaon, Bhusaval, Burhanpur, Khandwa, Itarsi, Jabalpur, Satna, Katni, Manikpur, Prayagraj Chheoki, Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Nagar and Buxar.
• This train will help in bringing perishable agricultural products like vegetables, fruits to the market in a short period of time.
• The train with frozen containers is expected to build a seamless national cold supply chain for perishables, inclusive of fish, meat and milk.
• It is a step towards realizing the goal of doubling farmers’ incomes by 2022.

Explanation:

The Supreme Court has referred to a five-judge Constitution Bench a batch of petitions challenging the 103rd Constitution Amendment of 2019 that provides 10% reservation for Economically Backward Section (EWS).

 What is the 103^rd amendment about?

• It provides for 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for EWS, by amending Articles 15 and 16 that deal with the fundamental right to equality.
• While Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, Article 16 guarantees equal opportunity in matters of public employment.
• An additional clause was added to both provisions, giving Parliament the power to make special laws for EWS as it does for SCs, STs and OBCs.
• The states are to notify who constitute EWS to be eligible for reservation.

According to the general mode of primary infection plant diseases are recognized as:-
1. Soil borne
2. Seed borne, including diseases carried with planting material.
3. Wind borne
4. Insect borne etc.

Direct transmission: – Disease transmission where the pathogen is carried externally or internally on the seed or planting material like cuttings, sets, tubers, bulbs etc.

Indirect transmission:- The pathogen spreading itself by way of its persistent growth or certain structures of the pathogen carried independently by natural agencies like wind, water, animals, insects, mites, nematodes, birds etc. are the different methods of indirect transmissions.