Batholith: It is a large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust and develops in the form of large domes. Pair 1 is correctly matched.
Lapolith: When the lava moves upwards, a portion of the same may tend to move in a horizontal direction wherever it finds a weak plane. It may get rested in different forms. In case it develops into a saucer shape, concave to the sky body, it is called lapolith. Pair 2 is Incorrectly matched.
Phacolith: A wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the base of synclines or the top of the anticline in folded igneous strata.Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently developed as batholiths). These are called the Phacoliths. Pair 3 is correctly matched.
Laccolith: These are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies with a level base and connected by a pipe-like conduit from below.
A laccolith forms when magma (molten rock) rising through the Earth’s crust begins to spread out horizontally, prying apart the host rock strata.

Sedimentary Rocks: The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word sedimentum, which means settling. Rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) of the earth’s surface are exposed to denudational agents, and are broken up into various sizes of fragments. Such fragments are transported by different exogenous agencies and deposited. These deposits through compaction turn into rocks. This process is called lithification. Statement 2 is correct.
Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups:
(i) mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc. are examples; (Statement 3 is Incorrect)
(ii) organically formed — geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc. are some examples;
(iii) chemically formed —chert, limestone, halite, potash etc. are some examples.
Metamorphic Rocks: The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’. These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes. Metamorphism is a process by which already consolidated rocks undergo recrystallisation and reorganisation of materials within original rocks. Statement 4 is correct.
In the process of metamorphism in some rocks grains or minerals get arranged in layers or lines. Such an arrangement of minerals or grains in metamorphic rocks is called foliation or lineation. Statement 1 is Incorrect.
Sometimes minerals or materials of different groups are arranged into alternating thin to thick layers appearing in light and dark shades. Such a structure in metamorphic rocks is called banding and rocks displaying banding are called banded rocks.

Feldspar: It is used for ceramics and gloss making. (Pairs 1 and 2 are Incorrectly matched)
Quartz: It is used in the manufacture of radio and radar.
Gypsum: It is hydrous calcium sulphate and is used in cement, fertiliser and chemical industries.
Mica: It is mainly used in electrical instruments.
Dolomite: It is used in cement and iron and steel industries. (Pair 3 is correctly matched)

Aconcagua is the highest mountain in both the Southern and Western Hemispheres. Mount
Aconcagua is located on the border of Argentina and Chile.
Indonesia is the highest island country in the world followed by Madagascar.

Major Deserts and their locations
Atacama Chile
Gobi China and Mangolia
Great Sandy, SImpson, Gibson, Great victoria Australia
Great Basin, Colorado Plataeu USA

Major Tectonic plates are
Antartic Plate
North American plate
South American plate
Pacific plate
India Australia New Zealand plate
Africa with the eastern Atlantic floor plate
Eurasia and the adjacent oceanic plate

• A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water.
• Pairs 1 and 2 are correctly matched.
• Strait of Gibraltar is a channel which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between southernmost Spain and north-westernmost Africa.
• The Strait of Hormuz is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world’s most strategically important choke points.
• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. Bosporous Strait connects Black Sea and Marmara Sea.

• Typhoons occur in the South China Sea
• Tropical cyclones occur in the Indian Ocean
• Hurricanes in West indies
• Tornadoes in Guinea lands of West Africa and the southern U.S.A. in which the local name of whirl-wind is often applied
• Willy willies occur in North Western Australia

• Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains on the west. The combined landmass of Europe and Asia is called the Eurasia (Europe + Asia).
• Europe lies to the west of Asia. The Arctic Circle passes through it. It is bound by water bodies on three sides. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. It does not have any land boundary. Statement 1 and 2 are correct.
Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 61 m. Statement 3 is Incorrect.