Batholith is a large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust develops in the form of large domes. They appear on the surface only after the denudational processes remove the overlying materials.
Lacoliths are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies with a level base and connected by a pipe-like conduit from below.
Whenever a lava, while moving upwards, develops into a saucer shape, it is called lapolith.
A wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the base of synclines or at the top of anticline in folded igneous country. Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently developed as batholiths). These are called the phacoliths.

Statements 1 and 3 are incorrect:
Sedimentary Rocks
The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word sedimentum, which means settling. Rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) of the earth’s surface are exposed to denudational agents, and are broken up into various sizes of fragments. Such fragments are transported by different exogenous agencies and deposited. These deposits through compaction turn into rocks. This process is called lithification.
Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups:
(i) mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc. are examples;
(ii) organically formed — geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc. are some examples;
(iii) chemically formed —chert, limestone, halite, potash etc. are some examples.
Metamorphic Rocks
The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’. These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes. Metamorphism is a process by which already consolidated rocks undergo recrystallisation and reorganisation of materials within original rocks. In the process of metamorphism in some rocks grains or minerals get arranged in layers or lines. Such an arrangement of minerals or grains in metamorphic rocks is called foliation or lineation. Sometimes minerals or materials of different groups are arranged into alternating thin to thick layers appearing in light and dark shades. Such a structure in metamorphic rocks is called banding and rocks displaying banding are called banded rocks.

Statement 1 is incorrect because cirques are formed by action of glaciers. The landforms formed by the action of glaciers.

The landforms formed by the action of groundwater are as follows:
Erosional landforms
1. Pools
2. Sinkholes
3. Doline
4. Uvalas
5. Lapies
6. Caves
7. Limestone pavements
Depositional landforms
1. Stalactites
2. Stalagmites
3. Pillars

Statement 1 is incorrect because stacks are erosional landforms formed by action of waves and currents.

Depositional landforms by all types of agents
are mentioned below:

1. Running water
a) Alluvial plains
b) Deltas
c) Floodplains
d) Natural levees
e) Point bars

2. Groundwater
a) Stalactites
b) Stalagmites
c) Pillars

3. Glaciers
a) Moraines
b) Eskers
c) Outwash plains
d) Drumlins

4. Waves and currents
a) Beaches and dunes
b) Bars
c) Barriers
d) Spits

5. Winds
a) Sand dunes

Statement 4 is incorrect:
Tikdam: In this question, if you would have been able to eliminate statement 4, then all the options except option 1 would have been eliminated because statement 4 is common in all options except option 1.

The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. Its average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km near the poles and about 18 km at the equator. Thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equator because heat is transported to great heights by strong convectional currents. This layer contains dust particles and water vapour. All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer. The temperature in this layer decreases at the rate of 1° C for every 165m of height. This is the most important layer for all biological activity. The zone separating the tropsophere from stratosphere is known as the tropopause. The air temperature at the tropopause is about minus 80 degree C over the equator and about minus 45 degree C over over the poles. The temperature here is nearly constant, and hence, it is called the tropopause.
Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by ionosphere.

The temperature of air at any place is influenced by:
(i) the latitude of the place;
(ii) the altitude of the place;
(iii) distance from the sea, the air-mass circulation;
(iv) the presence of warm and cold ocean currents;
(v) local aspects.

1 and 2 are correct.
In mountainous regions, during the day the slopes get heated up and air moves upslope and to fill the resulting gap the air from the valley blows up the valley. This wind is known as the valley breeze. During the night the slopes get cooled and the dense air descends into the valley as the mountain wind. The cool air, of the high plateaus and ice fields draining into the valley is called katabatic wind. Another type of warm wind occurs on the leeward side of the mountain ranges. The moisture in these winds, while crossing the mountain ranges condense and precipitate. When it descends down the leeward side of the slope the dry air gets warmed up by adiabatic process. This dry air may melt the snow in a short time.
Valley breeze is also known as anabatic wind.

The systems developing in the mid and high latitude, beyond the tropics are called the middle latitude or extra tropical cyclones. Extra tropical cyclones form along the polar front.
The extra tropical cyclone differs from the tropical cyclone in number of ways:
(i) The extra tropical cyclones have a clear frontal system which is not present in the tropical cyclones.
(ii) They cover a larger area and can originate over the land and sea. Whereas the tropical cyclones originate only over the seas and on reaching the land they dissipate.
(iii) The extra tropical cyclone affects a much larger area as compared to the tropical cyclone.
(iv) The wind velocity in a tropical cyclone is much higher and it is more destructive.
(v) The extra tropical cyclones move from west to east but tropical cyclones, move from east to west.

Cloud is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air at considerable elevations. As the clouds are formed at some height over the surface of the earth, they take various shapes. According to their height, expanse, density and transparency or opaqueness clouds are grouped under four types :
(i) cirrus;
(ii) cumulus;
(iii) stratus;
(iv) nimbus
Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes (8,000 – 12,000m). They are thin and detatched clouds having a feathery appearance. They are always white in colour.

Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool. They are generally formed at a height of 4,000 -7,000 m. They exist in patches and can be seen scattered here and there. They have a flat base.

Stratus are layered clouds covering large portions of the sky. These clouds are generally formed either due to loss of heat or the mixing of air masses with different temperatures.

Nimbus clouds are black or dark gray. They form at middle levels or very near to the surface of the earth. These are extremely dense and opaque to the rays of the sun. Sometimes, the clouds are so low that they seem to touch the ground. Nimbus clouds are shapeless masses of thick vapour.

Places having the same mean annual rainfall are joined by a line called as isohyet.
Places of equal pressure are joined by lines called isobars.
Places with equal sunshine duration are joined by isohels.
Places with equal degree of cloudiness are joined by lines known as isonephs.

Orographic Rain
When the saturated air mass comes across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it rises, it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture is condensed. The chief characteristic of this sort of rain is that the windward slopes receive greater rainfall. After giving rain on the windward side, when these winds reach the other slope, they descend, and their temperature rises. Then their capacity to take in moisture increases and hence, these leeward slopes remain rainless and dry. The area situated on the leeward side, which gets less rainfall is known as the rain-shadow area. It is also known as the relief rain.
Heavy rainfall with thunder and lightening is a characteristic feature of convectional type of rainfall.

The ‘tide-generating’ force is the difference between these two forces; i.e. the gravitational attraction of the moon and the centrifugal force. On the surface of the earth, nearest the moon, pull or the attractive force of the moon is greater than the centrifugal force, and so there is a net force causing a bulge towards the moon. On the opposite side of the earth, the attractive force is less, as it is farther away from the moon, the centrifugal force is dominant. Hence, there is a net force away from the moon. It creates the second bulge away from the moon. On the surface of the earth, the horizontal tide generating forces are more important than the vertical forces in generating the tidal bulges.

The frequent occurrence of debris avalanches and landslides in the Himalayas is caused due to the following reasons:
1. The Himalayas are tectonically active. Most parts of the Indian Himalaya fall in seismic zone V and IV, indicating a high degree of susceptibility to earthquakes. Field observations have indicated that such landslides are often associated with earthquakes of magnitude 4 or more. About 20-25 % losses during earthquakes in hilly terrains have been attributed to landslides.
2. They are mostly made up of sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated and semi-consolidated deposits.
3. The slopes are very steep.
Hence all the statements are correct.

Statements 1 and 2 are not correct:
Corrasion or abrasion is the mechanical grinding of the river’s traction load against the banks and the bed of the river.
Lateral corrasion widens the V-shaped valley, whereas Vertical corrasion deepens the river channel.

Corrosion or solution is the chemical or solvent action of water on soluble or partly-soluble rocks with which the river comes into contact.
Statement 3 is correct:
Attrition is the wear and tear of the transported materials themselves when they roll and collide into one another. The coarser boulders are broken down into smaller stones; the angular edges are smoothed and rounded to form pebbles.

There are three types of mountains- Fold Mountains, Block Mountains and the Volcanic Mountains.
The Himalayan Mountains, Aravalis in India, the Alps, The Appalachians in North America and the Ural mountains in Russia are examples of fold mountains.
The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples of block mountains.
Mt.Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt.Fujiyama in Japan are examples of volcanic mountains.

From the given places, Bhopal lies closest to Tropic of Cancer at 23.2599° N, 77.4126° E. Allahabad is 25.4358° N, 81.8463° E, Patna is 25.5941° N, 85.1376° E and Imphal is 24.8170° N, 93.9368° E.

Turkey is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria; north by the Black Sea; northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran; southeast by Iraq; south by Syria and the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea.

The sea separates the coasts of Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea to the west from those of Saudi Arabia and Yemen to the east.

The order of rivers from North to South is as follows:
Penganga
Godavari
Krishna
Tungabhadra

The peaks arranged from West to East are as follows:
Mt. Everest, Makalu, Kanchenjunga and Namcha Barwa