Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya
• Born on 25th December 1861, in Allahabad (now Prayagraj) in Uttar Pradesh, Malviya played a key role in the Indian independence struggle against British rule and founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• He is also remembered for his role in ending the Indian indenture system, especially in the Caribbean.
• He popularized the term ‘Satyamev Jayate’. However, the phrase originally belongs to the Mundaka Upanishad. The term now is the national motto of India.
• He was given the title of ‘Mahamana’ by Rabindranath Tagore and the second President of India, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan gave him the status of a ‘Karmayogi’.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Devnagri was introduced in the British-Indian courts because of Malviya’s efforts with the British government. This is still considered as one of his greatest achievements.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Madan Mohan Malviya was expelled from the Brahmin community for expressing his views on caste discrimination and Brahmanical patriarchy. He worked immensely for Hindu-Muslim unity. He is known to have given famous speeches on communal harmony.
• He helped establish the Hindu Mahasabha (“Great Society of Hindus”) in 1906, which brought diverse local Hindu nationalist movements together.
• Malaviya’s consciousness toward the public led to the launch of his own Hindi-language weekly, the Abhyudaya (1907); the Leader of Allahabad, an English-language daily (1909); and the Hindi monthly the Maryada (1910). He also served as the chairman of the board of Hindustan times and facilitated the launch of its Hindi edition.
• He died on 12th November, 1946, at the age of 84.
• In 2014, he was posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna, the country’s highest civilian award.

• Calcutta Female Juvenile Society was set up by Christian missionaries in 1819.
• The Bethune School was founded by J.E.D Bethune in 1849.
• Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education was passed in 1854.
• The Indian Women’s University was started by Karve in 1916.

• During his service in India, Wedderburn’s attention was focussed on famine, the poverty of the Indian peasantry, the problem of agricultural indebtedness and the question of reviving the ancient village system. His concern with these problems brought him in touch with the Indian National Congress.
• After his retirement, Wedderburn threw his heart and soul into it. He presided over the fourth Congress held in Bombay in 1889. Meanwhile, after the death of his brother David, Sir William succeeded to the baronetcy in 1879.
• He entered Parliament in 1893 as a Liberal member and sought to voice India’s grievances in the House. He formed the Indian Parliamentary Committee with which he was associated as Chairman from 1893 to 1900.
• In 1895, Wedderburn represented India on the Welby Commission (i.e. Royal Commission) on Indian Expenditure. He also began participating in the activities of the Indian Famine Union set up in June 1901, for investigation into famines and proposing preventive measures.

• Kol uprisings : Buddho Bhagat
• Kandh uprisings : Chakra Bisoi
• Khasis revolt : Tirath Singh
• Rampa revolt : Alluri Sitarama Raju

• Mitra Mela : Savarkar Brothers
• Abhinav Bharat : Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
• Naujavan Sabha : Bhagat Singh
• Hindustan Socialist Republican Association : Chandrashekhar Azad

Babasaheb Ambedkar
• In 1923, he set up the ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (Outcastes Welfare Association)’, which was devoted to spreading education and culture amongst the downtrodden.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The temple entry movement launched by Dr. Ambedkar in 1930 at Kalaram temple, Nasik is another landmark in the struggle for human rights and social justice.
• Dr. Ambedkar attended all the three Round Table Conferences (1930-32) in London and each time, forcefully projected his views in the interest of the ‘untouchable’.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• In 1932, Gandhi ji protested Communal Award of a separate electorate by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. This resulted in the Poona Pact wherein Gandhi ji ended his fast and Babasaheb dropped his demand for a separate electorate. Instead, a certain number of seats were reserved specifically for the ‘Depressed Class’.
• In 1936, Babasaheb Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party.
• In 1939, during the Second World War, he called upon Indians to join the Army in large numbers to defeat Nazism, which he said, was another name for Fascism.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• On October 14, 1956 he embraced Buddhism along with many of his followers. The same year he completed his last writing ‘Buddha and His Dharma’.
Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• In 1990, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, was bestowed with Bharat Ratna.
• The period from 14th April 1990 – 14th April 1991 was observed as ‘Year of Social Justice’ in the memory of Babasaheb.
• Dr. Ambedkar Foundation was established by the Government of India under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on March 24, 1992 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
• The main objective of the foundation is to oversee the implementation of programmes and activities for furthering the ideology and message of Babasaheb Dr. B. R. Ambedkar among the masses in India as well as abroad.
• Few important works of Dr. Ambedkar: Mook Nayak (weekly) 1920; Janta (weekly) 1930; The Annihilation of Caste 1936; The Untouchables 1948; Buddha Or Karl Marx 1956, etc.

Positive Aspects of British rule:
• New Job Opportunities: The British introduce new job opportunities that were especially beneficial to the members of the lower caste. With these opportunities, there was a better chance of upward social mobility for them.
• Rise of the modern middle class in India: British rule led to the rise of an influential middle-class who would become pioneers of Indian industrialization in the post-independent era. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Development of Infrastructure: The British authorities built many important infrastructures such as hospital schools and the most important of all, railways. Of course, this was done not to enhance the lives of the local Indians but rather to facilitate their exploitation. Regardless these infrastructures laid the foundation of India becoming a major economic powerhouse.
• Introduction of new technology and ideas: The introduction of new technology like steamships, telegraphs and trains completely changed the economic landscape of the Indian subcontinent. Culturally, the British put an end to social evils such as Sati (with the passing of the Bengal Sati Regulation Act on December 4, 1829) and weakened the caste system to an extent.
• Protection from external enemies: India was known as the “jewel in the crown of the British Empire”. Thus the British provided protection against like Persia and Afghanistan. Even other western nations like France were deterred from being too involved with India. Though a boon, it turned out to be a bane in the long run as it made India too heavily dependent on the British. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
They introduced railway network to help the European products reach the remotest corners of the country and not for inter-state movement of Indian goods. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

The Vernacular Press Act (VPA), 1878:
• It came to be known as the Gagging Act as it discriminated between the English and the Vernacular Press. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• It was enacted to curb the highly critical nature of the vernacular press. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
• When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
• Under VPA, proceedings were instituted against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar.
• The Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an English newspaper to escape the VPA. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Demands of Royal Indian Navy Ratings:
• While the immediate trigger was the demand for better food and working conditions, the agitation soon turned into a wider demand for independence from British rule. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The protesting sailors demanded:
– release of all political prisoners including those from Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA),
– action against the commander for ill-treatment and using insulting language. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
– revision of pay and allowances to put RIN employees on a par with their counterparts in the Royal Navy,
– demobilisation of RIN personnel with provisions for peacetime employment,
– release of Indian forces stationed in Indonesia, and better treatment of subordinates by their officers. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

There was no such demand to stop the partition of India. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

The Wavell Plan proposed the following:
• The Viceroy’s Executive Council was to have all Indian members except the Viceroy himself and the Commander-in-Chief.
• The council was to have a ‘balanced representation’ of all Indians including ‘caste-Hindus’, Muslims, Depressed Classes, Sikhs, etc. Muslims were given 6 out of 14 members which accounted for more than their share of the population (25%).
• The Viceroy/Governor-General would still have the power of veto but its use would be minimal.
• The foreign affairs portfolio would be transferred from the Governor-General to an Indian member. The defence would be handled by a British general until the full transfer of power was made.
• A conference would be convened by the Viceroy to get a list of all the members recommended to the Council from all parties concerned. In case a joint list was not agreed upon, separate lists would be taken from the parties. This was to be the Shimla Conference.
• If this plan worked, similar councils would be formed in all provinces comprising of local leaders.

Maxwell-Broomfield commission was set up to look into the matter of Bardoli satyagraha.

All India Kisan Sabha
• The All India Kisan Sabha was formed in 1936 at Lucknow.
• All India Kisan Sabha is also known as ‘Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha.’
• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was the President of the Sabha and N.G. Ranga its general secretary.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The motives of the All India Kisan Sabha were:
– To abolish the Zamindari system, (Hence, statement 2 is correct).
– To reduce land revenue,
– To institutionalize credit.
• In the 1937 elections, INC got a good number of seats and formed the majority in as many as 8 provinces. The INC was in power for almost 28 months, and some legislation was brought especially in Bihar, where the land revenue was fixed at the rate of 1911 and the tenants who were tilling their lands for the past 12 years were now to become owners.
• A good number of the INC leaders were Zamindars themselves, while the peasants and workers came from another class. Thus this class clash within the INC was a hurdle, in implementing all the schemes that were visualized by Gandhi, Nehru and others.
• So, by and large, the INC failed to meet all the promises they had claimed to fulfil to the peasants. The peasants thus became disillusioned with the INC government. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Thus, the All India Kisan Sabha felt betrayed by the INC and this is why, when in 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a call for the Quit India Movement, the peasant leaders such as Swami Sahajanand Saraswati appealed to the peasants not to support Gandhi or the INC.
• The peasant movement started being dominated by the socialists and communists and in the INC Haripura session, the rift between INC and AIKS became evident.
• In May 1942, CPI took over All India Kisan Sabha all across the country.

The main reasons behind the success of English East India Company over other European rivals were:
• It was less controlled by the British government. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Sound financial condition. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Naval supremacy of the British. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• They had skilled leaders. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

• Treaty of Seringapatam : Third Anglo-Mysore war.
• Treaty of Sagauli : Anglo-Nepal war.
• Treaty of Bassein : Second Anglo-Maratha war.

Features of the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty
• The subsidiary alliance in India was planned by Lord Wellesley but this term was introduced by French Governor Dupleix.
• An Indian ruler entering into Subsidiary Alliance with the British had to dissolve his own armed forces and accept British forces in his territory. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• He also had to pay for the British army’s maintenance. If he failed to make the payment, a portion of his territory would be taken away and ceded to the British.
• In return, the British would protect the Indian state against any foreign attack or internal revolt.
• The British promised non-interference in internal affairs of the Indian state but this was rarely kept. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• The Indian state could not enter into any alliance with any other foreign power. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• He could also not employ any other foreign nationals other than Englishmen in his service. And, if he were employing any, on the signing of the alliance, he had to terminate them from his service. The idea was to curb the influence of the French.
• The Indian state could also not enter into any political connection with another Indian state without British approval.
• The Indian ruler, thus, lost all powers in respect of foreign affairs and the military.
• He virtually lost all his independence and became a British ‘protectorate’.
• A British Resident was also stationed in the Indian Court. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Cornwallis Code:
• There was a separation of revenue and justice administration. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• European subjects were also brought under jurisdiction. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Government subjects were answerable to the civil courts for actions done in their official capacity. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The principle of sovereignty of law was established. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

• Wood’s Despatch (1854)
• Hunter Education Commission (1882-1883)
• Saddler University Commission (1917-1919)
• Sergeant Plan of education (1944)

• Warren Hastings (1732 – 1818) became the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) in 1772 and the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1774 till he resigned in 1785.
• He started his career as a writer (clerk) in the East India Company at Calcutta in 1750.
• In 1758, he became the British resident at Murshidabad, the capital of Bengal, after Mir Jafar was installed as the Nawab after the Battle of Plassey.
• During his term, the First Anglo-Maratha war and the second Anglo-Mysore war were fought. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed during his term.
• He supported Sir William Jones in the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1785.
• Hastings abolished the Dual System that had been established by Robert Clive. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• For revenue collection, a Board of Revenue was set up at Calcutta.
• The judicial powers of the Zamindars were abolished. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Civil and criminal courts were established. Two appellate courts were established at Calcutta, one for civil (Sadar Diwani Adalat) and one for criminal (Sadar Nizamat Adalat) cases.

Deccan Riots 1875
• The uprising began at Supa village in the district of Poona.
• In 1875, farmers attacked a market place where many moneylenders lived. They burnt account books and looted grain shops. They also torched the houses of sahukars (people who were both traders and moneylenders).
• The farmers were led by the village headmen.
• The farmers’ main motive was to destroy the account books of the moneylenders and they resorted to violence only when these books were not handed over to them.
• They also socially boycotted the moneylenders. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The movement continued for 2 months and spread to over 30 villages.
• The movement also got support from the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha co-founded by M G Ranade. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It took several months for the police to restore order in the countryside.
• The Bombay government initially dismissed the uprising as trivial. However, the Government of India pressurised Bombay to enquire into the matter.
• Accordingly, the Deccan Riots Commission was set up which presented a report to the British Parliament in 1878.
• In 1879, the Agriculturists Relief Act was passed which ensured that the farmers could not be arrested and imprisoned if they were unable to pay their debts. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

The course of Moplah Rebellion
• The Khilafat Movement had started in 1919 in India in support of the restoration of the caliphate in Turkey. The Indian National Congress (INC) was aligned with it.
• The Khilafat meetings in Malabar incited communal feelings among the Moplahs and it became a movement directed against the British as well as the Hindu landlords of Malabar.
• There was large-scale violence which saw systematic persecution of Hindus and British officials. Many homes and temples were destroyed.
• The prominent leaders of the rebellion were Ali Musaliyar and Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji.
• From August 1921 till about the end of the year, the rebels had under their control large parts of Malabar.
• By the end of the year, the rebellion was crushed by the British who had raised a special battalion, the Malabar Special Force for the riot.
• In November 1921, 67 Moplah prisoners were killed when they were being transported in a closed freight wagon from Tirur to the Central Prison in Podanur. They died of suffocation. This event is called the Wagon Tragedy.