All the statements are correct
Climate: Climate is perhaps the most influential force impacting the effect of erosion on a landscape. Climate includes precipitation and wind.
Topography: The shape of surface features of an area, can contribute to how erosion impacts that area.
The earthen floodplains of river valleys are much more prone to erosion than rocky flood channels, which may take centuries to erode.
Vegetation: Vegetation can slow the impact of erosion. Plant roots adhere to soil and rock particles, preventing their transport during rainfall or wind events.
Tectonic Activities: Tectonic activity shapes the landscape itself, and thus influences the way erosion impacts an area.

Factors affecting Soil formation
Parent Material: It determines the mineralogical composition and contributes largely to the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.
Climate: Climate, particularly temperature, precipitation and frost action have a profound influence on the soil forming processes which occur within a region. The kind of climate largely determines the nature of the weathering processes that will occur and the rates of these chemical and physical processes.
Vegetation: They affect those soil forming processes related to vegetation.
Time: Time is also a component for the other factors to interact with the soil. Over time, soils exhibit features that reflect the other forming factors.
Topography: Slope and aspect affect the moisture and temperature of soil. Steep slopes facing the sun are warmer. Steep soils may be eroded and lose their topsoil as they form. Thus, they may be thinner than the more nearly level soils that receive deposits from areas upslope. Deeper, darker colored soils may be expected on the bottom land.

Cirques: Cirques are concave, circular basins carved by the base of a glacier as it erodes the landscape.( Pair 1 is Incorrectly matched)
Cirques in their most typical form exhibit a semicircular amphitheater shape, have steep (vertical) backwalls, and gentle floors commonly with a reversed gradient toward a lip, resulting in a lake-filled depression.
Fjords: Fjords are coastal troughs carved out by glaciers. Once the glaciers receded, seawater covered the floor of the trough-shaped valleys to create fjords. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched.
Moraines: A moraine is material left behind by a moving glacier. This material is usually soil and rock. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct.
Statement 1 is incorrect. The Peninsula mostly consists of relict and residual mountains like the Aravali hills, the Nallamala hills, the Javadi hills, the Veliconda hills etc.
Statement 2 is correct. The northern boundary of the Peninsular Block is taken as an irregular line running from Kachchh along the western flank
of the Aravali Range near Delhi and then roughly parallel to the Yamuna and the Ganga as far as the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta. Apart from these, the Karbi Anglong and the Meghalaya Plateau in the northeast and Rajasthan in the west are also extensions of this block.

Statements 1 and 4 are correct. Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect. Peninsular rivers are usually non perennial and flow in straight form not in meanders. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
These rivers are older than Himalayan rivers and they do not have vertical erosion as they have reached their vertical optimum. Hence statement 1 is correct. The peninsular rivers are older than the Himalayan rivers. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Some of the peninsular rivers like Sone, Chambal etc drain into Ganga Yamuna rivers. Hence statement 4 is Correct.

Both the statements are incorrect.
India has 26 sedimentary basins covering an area of 3.36 million square kilometres. (MoPNG data).
They are covered under 3 categories:
CAT1: 7 Basins with Established Hydro Carbon commercial production.
CAT2: 5 basin with Known accumulation of hydrocarbons but no commercial production as yet.
CAT3: 14 basins with Indicated hydrocarbon shows that are considered geologically prospectivity.
Statement 2 is Incorrect
Crude oil and natural gas production in the country is from 7 sedimentary basins while more are being explored.

Statement 3 is correct. Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. Coarse-grained red soil is fertile while the fine-grained soil is less fertile. Statement 1 is Incorrect
It is deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. Statement 2 is Incorrect.
The red colour is due to the presence of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The soil appears yellow when it is in hydrated form. Statement 3 is Correct.
Red soil is found in Odisha, Chattisgarh and southern part of northern plain and western ghats.

Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
• In the Upper and Middle Ganga plain, two different types of alluvial soils have developed, viz. Khadar and Bhangar.
• Khadar is the new alluvium and is deposited by floods annually, which enriches the soil by depositing fine silts. The new alluvium is deposited in the flood plains and deltas. Bhangar represents a system of older alluvium, deposited away from the flood plains. The old alluvium is found on the higher side of the river valleys, i.e. about 25 metres above the flood level. The Khadar soil is sandy and light in colour, while the Bhangar soil is clayey and dark. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Both the Khadar and Bhangar soils contain calcareous concretions (Kankars).
• These soils are more loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plain and the Brahmaputra valley. The sand content decreases from the west to the east.

ISFR 2021 has found that the forest and tree cover in the country continues to increase with an additional cover of 1,540 square kilometres over the past two years. Five states in the Northeast – Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland have all shown loss in forest cover. Hence statement 1 is Incorrect.
Mangroves have shown an increase of 17 sq km. India’s total mangrove cover is now 4,992 sq km. Hence statement 2 is Correct.

Statement 1 is correct. Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect. Ten degree channel separates Andaman Islands from Nicobar Islands. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Coco Strait is between the North Andaman Islands and the Coco Islands of Myanmar. Hence statement 2 is Incorrect.
South Andaman (Great Andaman) and Little Andaman are separated by Duncan Passage. Hence statement 3 is Incorrect.