The Equatorial counter current is developed strongly in the Atlantic Ocean than in the Pacific ocean. This is because of the shorter distance between landmasses Africa and South America compared to South America and the South East Asian landmasses. Further South East Asian landmasses and Australia are disjointed and are unable to provide a strong landmass for the flow of counter-current, unlike South America.

Equatorial counter-current flows eastward and not westward.

Hence, both statements are not correct.

Star-marked/specialSun DogScientifically known as Parhelion, the sun dog is an
atmospheric optical phenomenon that appears as luminous spots at an angle of 22
degree each side of the Sun and at the
same height as the Sun. it is formed by the refraction of sunlight when the sun
shines through the hexagonal ice crystals of thin cirrus clouds. It is commonly
observed at mid latitudes during the winter

Anatolian Plateau is situated in the Asin part of Turkey which is also known as Asia Minor.

Borborema Plateau is situated in the north-eastern part of Brazil.

Katanga or Shaba plateau is the ranching and farming region located in the Katanga province of the DRC where rich deposits of Copper and Uranium are found.

All the above plateaus are correctly matched except Kimberley Plateau which is in North of state of Western Australia and NOT South Africa.

Explanation- Ashgabat-58° 22′ E-Tashkent – 69° 13′ E-Dushanbe- 68° 46′ E

Flammagenitus.

These clouds develop as a consequence of forest fires, wildfires or volcanic activity. They originate from localised natural heat sources which, at least in part, consist of water droplets.

Chinook/Foehn-Temperate Continental(Steppe) ClimateWarm and dry winds flowing on the lee-ward side of a mountain called as Chinook in USA and Foehn in Switzerland Chinooks are common during winters and early spring along the eastern slope (leeward side of Rocky Mountains).

A Chinook descends the prevailing sub-zero conditions at the foot of the valley gets heated up by 44 degrees, this sudden rise causes a rise in temperature and snow on the surface
melts.

This is why they are also called “Snow Eaters”.

The coastline of Submergence -Formed due to sinking of the land or rise of the sea-Including such coasts are Ria coasts, Fjord coasts, Estuarine coasts & Dalmatian/Longitudinal coasts

Source: XI NCERT Fundamentals of Physical Geography(Old Ncert)

-The temperature-depth profile for the ocean water shows how the temperature decreases with the increasing depth. The profile shows a boundary region between the surface waters of the ocean and the deeper layers.

-The boundary usually begins around 100 – 400 m below the sea surface and extends several hundred of m downward. This boundary region, from where there is a rapid decrease of temperature, is called the thermocline.

So, statement 1 is not correct.

-About 90 per cent of the total volume of water is found below the thermocline in the deep ocean. In this zone, temperatures approach 0° C.

Statement 2 is correct.

-The second layer called the thermocline layer lies below the first layer and is characterised by rapid decrease in temperature with increasing depth. The thermocline is 500 -1,000 m thick.

Source: XI NCERT Fundamentals of Physical Geography

-The term albedo (Latin for white) is commonly applied to the overall average reflection coefficient of an object. Hence statement 1 is correct.

For example, the albedo of the Earth is 0.37 (de Pater and Lissauer) and this affects the equilibrium temperature of the Earth. The greenhouse effect, by trapping infrared radiation, can lower the albedo of the earth and contribute to global warming.

The albedo of an object will determine its visual brightness when viewed with reflected light. For example, the planets are viewed by reflected sunlight and their brightness depends upon the amount of light received from the sun and their albedo. Mercury receives the maximum amount of sunlight, but its albedo is only 0.1 so it is not as bright as it would be with a higher albedo.

Thus statement 2 is incorrect.

Consolidation

Abyssinian Plateau: Ethiopia

Atlas Mountain: Northwest Africa

Guiana Highlands: South America

Okavango Basin: Southwest Africa

-The sub-tropical highs extend from near the tropics to about 35°N and S.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

-The pressure belt is dynamically induced as it owes its origin to the rotation of the earth and sinking and settling of winds. This zone is characterized by anticyclonic conditions which cause atmospheric stability and aridity. Thus, most of the hot deserts of the world are present in this region extending between 25-35 degrees in both the hemisphere.

Thus statement 2 is correct.

Hydration is a form of chemical weathering that involves the rigid
attachment of H+ and OH- ions to the atoms and molecules of a mineral.

Hydration is a form of chemical weathering in which the chemical bonds of the mineral are changed as it interacts with water. One instance of hydration occurs as the mineral anhydrite reacts with groundwater. The water transforms anhydrite into gypsum, one of the most common minerals on Earth.

Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

Hydrolysis is a chemical weathering process that involves the reaction between mineral ions and the ions of water (OH- and H+) and results in the decomposition of the rock surface by forming new compounds.

In the process of hydrolysis, a new solution(a mixture of two or more substances) is formed as chemicals in rock interact with water. In many rocks, for example, sodium minerals interact with water to form a saltwater solution.

Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/weathering/

-Trades wind blow out from the Subtropical High-Pressure belts. In the northern hemisphere, they blow towards the equatorial low and called North East Trade Winds. In the Southern hemisphere, they blow towards the equatorial low and become the South East Trade winds. This implies that Trade winds blow from northeast towards the equator in Northern hemisphere and South East Towards equator in the southern hemisphere. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

-The directions of the Westerlies are opposite to trade winds and that is why they are also called antitrade winds. Westerlies blow in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude and originate from the high-pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the poles. Under the effect of the Coriolis force, they become the south-westerlies in the northern hemisphere and Northern westerlies in the southern hemisphere.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Please note that in the southern hemisphere, there is more of ocean and less of land in comparison to the northern hemisphere. Due to this reason, the westerlies blow with much greater force in the southern hemisphere in comparison to the northern hemisphere.

None of the statements is correct.

In general, the foci of the earthquake in the areas of
mid-oceanic ridges are at shallow depths whereas along the Alpine-Himalayan belt as well as the rim of the Pacific, the earthquakes are deep-seated ones (deep focus earthquakes are more destructive).

Laurentian Climate

• The Laurentian type of climate has cold, dry winters & warm, wet simmers.

• Winter temperature may be well below freezing point & snowfalls to quite a depth.

• Summers are as warm as the tropics and if it were not for the cooling effects of the offshore cold currents from arctic, the summers may even be hotter.

• Though, rain falls throughout the year (except interiors of china), there is distinct summer maximum from the easterly winds from the oceans

• The annual precipitation is approx. 75 -150 cm with 2/3rd of it falling in summer.

• Lumbering & its associated timber, paper & pulp industries are the most important economic undertaking.

• Agriculture is less important in view of severity of winters & its long duration

Conduction takes place when two bodies of unequal temperature are in contact with one another, there is a flow of energy from the warmer to the cooler body.

Conduction is important in heating the lower layers of the atmosphere.

The process of vertical heating of the atmosphere is known as convection.

The convective transfer of energy is confined only to the troposphere.

The transfer of heat through the horizontal movement of air is called advection.

Natural Leeves are depositional landforms under the action of running water.

While incised or entrenched meanders are erosional landforms but normal meanders fall under the category of depositional forms.

Other erosional landforms under the action of running water are
Pot Holes, Plunge Pools, Paired and Unpaired River Terraces, V-shaped valleys, Gorges and Canyons.

Source: XI NCERT Fundamentals of Physical Geography

• Western Disturbance is a low-pressure area or a trough over the surface or the upper-air in the westerly winds regime, north of 20°N, causing changes in pressure, wind pattern and temperature fields.

• Western Disturbances originate in the Caspian Sea or the Mediterranean Sea as extra-tropical cyclones. They gradually travel across the middle-east from Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to enter the Indian sub-continent.

• Though Western Disturbances move across the Indian region throughout the year, they are in their peak during winter months of January and February. Their effect is minimal during the monsoon months in India.

• They bring winter and pre-monsoon rain and is important for the development of the Rabi crop in the Northern subcontinent. Winter rainfall in Northern India brought by them cause development of Anticyclonic conditions with low temperatures

In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. In an adiabatic process, energy is transferred to its surroundings only as work.

-When the pressure applied on a parcel of air is reduced, the air in the parcel is allowed to expand; as the volume increases, the temperature falls as its internal energy decreases. Adiabatic cooling occurs in the Earth’s atmosphere with orographic lifting and lee waves, and this can form pileus or lenticular clouds.

Isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two continents and divides the two seas.

Statement 1 is correct Suez is an isthmus connecting Egypt and West Asia.

Suez Canal which is very important shipping canal is on Suez isthmus. It connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Suez.

Statement 2 is incorrect.

Panama Isthmus connects South & North America and it is in Panama (Country).

It divides the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

Statement 3 is also incorrect.