Explanation:

Essential Commodities Act 1955
The ECA is an act which was established to ensure the delivery of certain commodities or products, the supply of which if obstructed owing to hoarding or black-marketing would affect the normal life of the people.
The ECA was enacted in 1955. This includes foodstuff, drugs, fuel (petroleum products) etc.
It has since been used by the Government to regulate the production, supply and distribution of a whole host of commodities it declares ‘essential’ in order to make them available to consumers at fair prices.
Additionally, the government can also fix the maximum retail price (MRP) of any packaged product that it declares an “essential commodity”.
The list of items under the Act includes drugs, fertilizers, pulses and edible oils, and petroleum and petroleum products.
The Centre can include new commodities as and when the need arises, and takes them off the list once the situation improves.

Explanation:

Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee Regulation (APMC) Act.

Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) is a system operating under the State Government since agricultural marketing is a State subject.
All wholesale markets for agricultural produce in states that have adopted the Agricultural Produce Market Regulation Act (APMRA) are termed as “regulated markets”.
With the exception of Kerala, J & K, and Manipur, all other states have enacted the APMC Act.
It mandates that the sale/purchase of agricultural commodities notified under it are to be carried out in specified market areas, yards or sub-yards. These markets are required to have the proper infrastructure for the sale of farmers’ produce.
Prices in them are to be determined by open auction, conducted in a transparent manner in the presence of an official of the market committee.
Market charges for various agencies, such as commissions for commission agents (arhtiyas); statutory charges, such as market fees and taxes; and produce-handling charges, such as for cleaning of produce, and loading and unloading, are clearly defined, and no other deduction can be made from the sale proceeds of farmers.
Market charges, costs, and taxes vary across states and commodities.

Explanation:

Northern – Eastern are prone to landslides and earthquakes.
The main reason behind it’s that part of our country is among the oldest land forms which is known as gondwana land.
Also The altitudinal variations in Himalayas are greater in the Eastern half than those in the Western half. That is why the eastern region of the Himalayas mostly face landslides.
The mountains of Himalayas experience more landslides and earthquake than the western ghats because of the following :-

1. Himalayas are one of the youngest fold mountains of the world. They are formed by the convergent movement of the Indian plate and Eurasian plate rather they are still rising in height. These tectonic movement causes frequent earthquakes in the region often resulting to landslides. Whereas Western Ghats lies in the stable deccan shield less prone to landslides than Himalayas.

2. Himalayas are greater in height than the Western Ghats. The slopes are comparitively steeper which increases the chance of landslide. Whereas the western ghats are much lesser in height than Himalayas.

3. The perennial rivers in the Himalayas carry a huge amount of silt and debris. Melting of glacier even increasing the flow of water during summer thus leading to more amount of landslides. But western ghats, on the other hand, do not face such a situation.

What is desertification?

Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. It is caused primarily by human activities and climatic variations.
Desertification does not refer to the expansion of existing deserts. It occurs because dryland ecosystems, which cover over one-third of the world’s land area, are extremely vulnerable to overexploitation and inappropriate land use.
Goal 15 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development states our resolve to halt and reverse land degradation.

27°16’N) lies in the foothills of the Eastern Himalaya in the East Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh. It was declared a sanctuary in 1977, and was earlier part of the Khellong Forest Division. It has been recently declared a tiger reserve in 2002 based on a proposal in 1999.