All the above factors influence insolation.
Rotation of earth: The rotation of the earth on the inclined axis has a greater influence on the amount of insolation received at different latitudes.
Angle of inclination of sun rays: Since the earth is a geoid resembling a sphere, the sun’s rays strike the surface at different angles at different places. This depends on the latitude of the place. The higher the latitude, the less is the angle they make with the surface of the earth.
Length of the day: The length of the day determines the duration of sunlight which affects the amount of solar radiation received by the earth’s surface.
Transparency of the atmosphere: Atmosphere is not transparent for all the radiation coming from the sun because of different composition and layers. It is also one of the controlling factors of insolation to reach earth surface.
Earth’s Distance from Sun: The earth is revolving around the sun in an elliptical orbit, resulting continuous change in the distance between sun and the earth on annual basis. It leads to seasonal variation in solar energy received by the earth. During aphelion the northern hemisphere is facing the sun and therefore receives energy about 7 percent less than the perihelion (southern hemisphere).

Both the statements are correct.
Cold current and hot current play important role in temperature balance of the earth.
Ocean currents are primarily set in motion by prevailing winds like trade winds, westerlies etc.

Both the statements are correct.
“Crowding out” effect refers to how increased government spending, for which it must borrow more money, tends to reduce private spending. This happens because when the government takes up the lion’s share of funds available in the banking system, less of it is left for private borrowers. This also impacts interest rates in the economy.

Both the statements are correct.
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun’s photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas.
They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection.

All of the above are correct.
Supercomputers are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, flood prediction, climate research, oil and gas exploration, genomics and drug discovery.