“Option D is the Correct Answer:
Causes for the downfall of the Mughal empire:
-The death of Aurangazeb was followed by the formation of several smaller autonomous states from the fragments of the Mughal empire. These included the states of Hyderabad, Oudh, Bengal, Mysore, Punjab etc.

-The absence of the law of primogeniture in the matter of succession to the throne also contributed to the decline. This resulted in repeated quarrels between the different princes for succession and weakened the empire.

-The Mughals neglected the development of the Navy and that proved suicidal for them. The later Mughals did not pay any attention to sea power and left their coast-line completely undefended. That was exploited by the Europeans who ultimately established their mastery over India.

-Deindustrialization in India happened in the later part of the 18th and early 19th century.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 62”

“Statement 1 is Incorrect:
-The Mahalwari system of land revenue was introduced by Holt Mackenzie and Robert Merttins Bird. It was introduced during the time of Lord William Bentinck. Munro Played most important role in development of Ryotwari system and not mahalwari system.

-In Mahalwari system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages. Ownership rights were vested with the peasants. Along with the village communities, the landlords were jointly responsible for the payment of the revenues.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 543”

“Options 1 and 3 are Incorrect:
The foreigners appointed as President of the INC are George Yule, William Wedderburn, Alfred Webb, Henry Cotton and Annie Besant.

Notably, Allan Octavian Hume was a member of the Imperial Civil Service, a political reformer and a founder of the Indian National Congress. However he never became the President of Congress.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 824”

“Both Statements are Incorrect:
The colonial judicial system was given a start by Warren Hastings but the system was firmly established by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.In each district was established a Diwani Adalat, or civil court, presided over by the District Judge who belonged to the Civil Service.

Cornwallis thus separated the posts of the Civil Judge and the Collector.To deal with criminal cases, Cornwallis divided the Presidency of Bengal into four divisions, in each of which a Court of Circuit presided over by the civil servants was established. Below these courts came a large number of Indian magistrates to try petty cases. Appeals from the Courts of Circuit lay with the Sadar Nizamat Adalat.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 93”

“Both Statements are Correct:
The British Committee of the Indian National Congress was established in Britain by the Indian National Congress in 1889. Its purpose was to raise awareness of Indian issues to the public in Britain, to whom the Government of India was responsible.

It followed the work of W.C. Bonnerjee and Dadabhoi Naoroji, who raised India related issues in the British parliament through the support of radical MPs like Charles Bradlaugh. William Wedderburn served as the first chairmanship and William Digby as secretary.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 250”

“Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The bill was introduced in 1883 by Viceroy Ripon, who actually desired to abolish the racial prejudice from the Indian Penal Code.

Ripon had proposed an amendment for existing laws in the country and to allow Indian judges and magistrates the jurisdiction to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level. It was never allowed before.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 243”

“Both Statements are Correct:
-Indian Councils Act 1892 was the beginning of the parliamentary System in India.
-This act provided for additional member in central and provincial legislative councils. The members were allowed to ask questions on domestic matters with prior permission of the Governor General.

A system of indirect elections was introduced to elect the members of the councils. The universities, district board, municipalities, Zamindars and chambers of commerce were empowered to recommend members to provincial councils.

This act became the first step towards the beginning of the representative government in India but such representation was via only indirect elections and there was nothing for a common Indian.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 251”

“Option A is Correct:
-Under the Dual government of Clive, as the Diwan, the Company directly collected its revenues, while through the right to nominate the Deputy Subahdar, it controlled the nizamat or the police and judicial powers.Thus Option(a) best describes Clive’s Dual Goverment in Bengal.

-This arrangement is known in history as the ‘dual’ or ‘double’ government. It held a great advantage for the British: they had power without responsibility.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 93”

“Option B is Correct:
On July 20, 1905, Lord Curzon issued an order dividing the province of Bengal into two parts:
(i) Eastern Bengal and Assam with a population of 31 million,

(ii) the rest of Bengal with a population of 54 million, of whom 18 million were Bengalis and 36 million Biharis and Oriyas

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 261”

“Option C is Correct:
Azamgarh proclamation was published in the Delhi Gazette in the midst of the “Great Mutiny” of 1857. The author was most probably Firoz Shah, a grandson of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar (r. 1837–1857), whose restoration to full power was a main aim of the rebels.

It was issued on behalf of Bahadur Shah Zafar after the initial success in the revolt. It called upon the Indians of all classes and religions to rise up against the faithless English. It was basically an Indian rebel Manifesto.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 172”

“Option D is Correct:
Misl generally refers to the sovereign states of the Sikh Confederacy, that rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent after the collapse of the Mughal Empire.The Sikhs were organised into 12 misls or confederacies which operated in different parts of the province.

Between 1765 and 1800 they brought the Punjab and Jammu under their control.These misls fully cooperated with each other. They were originally based on the principle of equality, with all members having an equal voice in deciding the affairs of a misl and in electing its chief and other officers. Gradually the
democratic character of the misls disappeared and powerful chiefs dominated them.

The spirit of brotherhood and unity of the khalsa also disappeared as these chiefs constantly quarrelled with one another and set themselves up as independent chieftains. Maharaja Ranjit Singh who was the leader of the Sikh empire, used to be the chief of the Sukerchakia Misl. Maharaja Ranjit Singh united all the misls and established an independent kingdom in Punjab.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 72”

“Option B is Correct:
Wahabi Walliullah Movement: Shah Walliullah (1702-62) inspired this essential revivalist response to western influences and the degeneration which had set in among Indian Muslims. He was the first Indian Muslim leader of the 18th century to organise Muslims around the two-fold ideals of this movement:
(i) desirability of harmony among the four schools of Muslim Jurisprudence which had divided the Indian Muslims (he sought to integrate the best elements of the four schools);

(ii) recognition of the role of individual conscience in religion where conflicting interpretations were derived from the Quran and the Hadis.

The teachings of Walliullah were further popularised by Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmed Barelvi who also gave them a political perspective. India was considered to be dar-ul-Harb (land of the Kafirs) and it needed to be converted dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam).

Initially the movement was directed at Sikhs in Punjab but after the British annexation of Punjab (1849), the movement was directed against the British. The movement fizzled out in the face of British military might in the 1870s.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 150”

“Option C is Correct:
The Company’s authorities on their part set up to gather the rich harvest and drain Bengal of its wealth. They stopped sending money from England to purchase Indian goods. Instead, they purchased these goods from the revenues of Bengal and sold them abroad.These were known as the Company’s Investment.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 250”

“Statement 1 is Incorrect:
One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonisation has on the country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining money out of India. Naoroji described 6 factors which resulted in the external drain. Firstly, India is governed by a foreign government.

Secondly, India does not attract immigrants which bring labour and capital for economic growth. Thirdly, India pays for Britain’s civil administrations and occupational army. Fourthly, India bears the burden of empire building in and out of its borders. Fifthly, opening the country to free trade was actually a way to exploit India by offering highly paid jobs to foreign personnel. Lastly, the principal income-earners would buy outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel.

In Naoroji’s book ‘Poverty’ he estimated a 200–300 million pounds loss of India’s revenue to Britain that is not returned. Naoroji described this as vampirism, with money being a metaphor for blood, which humanised India and attempted to show Britain’s actions as monstrous in an attempt to garner sympathy for the nationalist movement.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 548”

“Option D is Correct:
English education was advocated by the following groups for the respective reasons:
– Missionaries – Open gates for proselytisation
– Utilitarians – Fulfilment of british imperial mission
– East India Company – Reduce cost of governing Indians

– It were opposed by Orientalists who wanted the medium to be local languages.

”

“Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Tarak Nath Das in Vancouver (Canada) started the Free Hindustan and adopted a very militant nationalist tone.G.D. Kumar set up a Swadesh Sevak Home in Vancouver on the lines of the India House in London and also began to bring out a Gurmukhi paper called Swadesh Sevak which advocated social reform and also asked Indian troops to rise in revolt against the British.In 1910, Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar set up the United India House in Seattle in the U.S.A.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 289”

“Both Statements are Correct:
The Theosophist movement advocated the revival and strengthening of the ancient religions of Hinduism,Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.This movement came to be allied with Hindu renaissance. It accepted Hindu beliefs such as reincarnation, Upanishads and Vedanta.

Annie Besant is associated with this movement and was elected as the President of the Theosophical Society in 1907.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 200”

“All Statements are Correct:
N.M. Lokhanday could be regarded as the first leader of the Indian workers. In 1890, he founded Mumbai Mill Hands Association and protested against the poor conditions in the factories.

He published the journal Deenbandhu.

Sasipada Banerjee founded the first labour organization ‘Working Men’s Club’ in 1870 at Kolkata.

He also published the journal Bharat Sramjeevi.

The Trade Union Act of 1926 was passed in the year 1926 but it came into effect in the year 1927. The Act contains the provisions related to registration, regulation, benefits, and protection for trade unions. Section 3 to Section 14 of Chapter 2 of the Act deals with the registration of trade unions in the territory of India.

”

“Option B is Correct:
Arya Samaj is an Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas. The samaj was founded by the sannyasi Dayananda Saraswati on 7 April 1875

Nil Darpan is a Bengali play written by DinabandhuMitra in 1858–1859. The play was published from Dhaka in 1860.

Anandamath is a Bengali fiction, written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and published in 1882.

Satyendranath Tagore(first to clear ICS) was selected for the Indian Civil Servicein June, 1863

”

“All Statements are Correct:
Dadabhai Naoroji, G. Subramaniya lyer and R. C. Dutt raised basic questions regarding the nature and purpose of British rule. Eventually, they were able to trace the process of the colonialization of the Indian economy and conclude that colonialism was the main obstacle to India’s economic development.

They clearly understood the fact that the essence of British imperialism lay in the subordination of the Indian economy to the British economy.

Further Reference: Spectrum (2019 Edition), Page 250”