Statement 1 and 3 are correct while statement 2 is incorrect.
Article 123 deals with the ordinance making power of the President. President has many legislative powers and this power is one of them.
He can only promulgate the ordinance under these circumstances:
• When both the houses or either of the house is not in session
• Circumstances occur where the President thinks it necessary to act without waiting for houses to assemble.
An ordinance can be retrospective in nature.
The Parliament has to approve the ordinance within six weeks from its reassembly.
The power of ordinance making is not to be taken as a substitute for the legislative power. Only under special circumstances, ordinances can be rolled out.

A cirque is an amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion. An Aretes is a narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys. It is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. Bergschrund are crevasse at the junction of a glacier or snowfield with a steep upper slope. These are landforms of glaciation.

The Indian Constitution provides certain fundamental rights only to citizens whereas certain fundamental rights are provided to citizens as well as foreigners. The fundamental rights available only to citizens are Article 15, 16, 19, 29 and 30.
Article 20 provides protection in respect of conviction for offences. Both citizens and foreigners enjoy this fundamental right.
Article 21A declares that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of 6 to 14 years in such a manner as the State may determine. It is also available to both citizens and foreigners.
Article 19 guarantees to all citizens the right to freedom of speech and expression; right to assemble peaceably and without arms; right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies; right to move freely throughout the territory of India; right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. It is available only to citizens.
Article 22 provides protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. It is available to both foreigners and citizens.
Article 25 guarantees freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. It is available to both citizens and foreigners (Foreigners do not include enemy aliens).

Statement 1 is correct while statement 2 is incorrect.
A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction.
The term biodiversity hotspot specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat.
The remaining natural habitat in these biodiversity hotspots amounts to just 1.4 percent of the land surface of the planet, yet supports nearly 60 percent of the world’s plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species.
The British biologist Norman Myers coined the term “biodiversity hotspot” in 1988 as a biogeographic region characterized both by exceptional levels of plant endemism and by serious levels of habitat loss.
The word “Ecology” was given by a German biologist, Ernst Haeckel in 1869. Sir Arthur Tansley coined the term “Ecosystem” in 1935.

Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states including: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.