Option b is correct.

Due to the absence of moderation effect of sea on climate, extreme temperatures are found in the Interiors of large continents. This effect is called Continentality which implies being surrounded by only land, leading to a reduced moderation effect of the seas.
Coastal regions will see the land and sea breeze moderating climate. Similar can be said for plains that are near large water bodies.
Tropical regions do not see much variation in temperatures and precipitation.

1 and 2 are correct.

Black soil is also known as regur soils.
Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.
They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. They are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
It is believed that climatic condition, along with the parent rock material, are the important factors for the formation of black soil.
This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows.
They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.

Option a is correct.

1 and 2 are correct.

Coastlines of Emergence
These are formed either by an uplift of the land or by the lowering of the sea level. Bars, spits, lagoons, salt marshes, beaches, sea cliffs and arches are the typical features.
The east coast of India, especially its south-eastern part (Tamil Nadu coast), appears to be a coast of emergence. The west coast of India, on the other hand, is both emergent and submergent. The northern portion of the coast is submerged as a result of faulting and the southern portion, that is the Kerala coast, is an example of an emergent coast.
Coastlines of Submergence
A submerged coast is produced either by subsidence of land or by a rise in sea level. Ria, fjord, Dalmatian and drowned lowlands are its typical features. Limestone vegetation in tropical regions is luxuriant because of the heavy rainfall all the year round.

Option b is correct.

Indonesia’s Mount Sinabung volcano erupted recently. The volcano became active in 2010, erupting after nearly 400 years of inactivity. Indonesia is home to many active volcanoes, due to its position on the “Ring of Fire”, or the Circum-Pacific Belt, which is an area along the Pacific Ocean characterised by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The Ring of Fire is home to about 75 per cent of the world’s volcanoes and about 90 per cent of its earthquakes.
Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano in Tanzania.
It is the highest mountain in Africa.
Mount Paektu or Changbai (in Chinese) is a volcanic mountain that last erupted over 1,000 years ago. Situated at the border between Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and China. At a height of about 9,000 feet, it is also the highest peak in the Korean peninsula.
Mt. Aconcagua
It is the highest peak of the Andes Mountains in Argentina, South America. The mountain is one of the so-called Seven Summits of the seven continents