The institutional development within the oligarchies of Vedic societies suggests a stabilized agrarian economy. In such a stable economy, there existed a hierarchy based on land ownership and distribution. Sources mention wealthy householders (gahapatis) employing slaves and hired labourers to work on their lands. The existence of gahapatis suggests the breaking up of clan ownership of land and the emergence of individual holdings.

The Edicts of Asoka deal with Asoka’s Dhamma and also instructions given to his officials. The XIII Rock Edict gives details about his war with Kalinga. The Pillar Edict VII gives a summary of his efforts to promote the Dhamma within his kingdom. Thus the Asokan inscriptions remain valuable sources for the study of Asoka and the Mauryan Empire.

Cornwallis – Europeanisation of administrative machinery and Introduction of Civil services.
Wellesley – Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance, 1798.
William Bentinck – Educational reforms and introduction of English as the official language.
Dalhousie – Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms.

Statement 1 is correct while statement 2 is incorrect.
The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of modern sciences in the country.
In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an educational system for India. Considered the “Magna Carta of English Education in India”, this document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India.

Statement 1 is incorrect while statement 2 is correct.
The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called ecological succession. During succession some species colonise an area and whereas populations of other species decline and even disappear.