Answer: (a)
Quasars represent intensely energetic entities fueled by supermassive black holes situated at the cores of galaxies. Astronomers examine them using telescopes operating across various wavelengths.
Quasars are defined as highly energetic objects driven by supermassive black holes located at the centers of galaxies. Astronomers employ telescopes operating across different wavelengths to study them. Quasars, being a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN), are characterized by their extreme luminosity and activity. They are believed to originate in regions of the universe with higher-than-average matter density.

Answer: (a)
Statement 3 is not correct.
• iDEX, launched in 2018, serves as the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Defence with the primary goal of nurturing an innovation ecosystem in the defence and aerospace sector.
• iDEX is funded and managed by the Defence Innovation Organization (DIO).
• It is a not-for-profit company formed under the Companies Act 2013.
• Founding members include Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) like HAL and BEL.
• iDEX serves as the executive arm of DIO, driving essential activities, while DIO provides overarching policy guidance.
• Engaging with over 400 startups and MSMEs, iDEX has emerged as a game-changer in the defence ecosystem, garnering accolades such as the PM Award for Innovation in the defence sector.

Answer: (c)
Who is a Mayor?
• In India, the mayor is the head of an urban local body, which is responsible for providing essential services and infrastructure to the residents of a city or town.
• The mayor is usually elected by the members of the Municipal Corporation or Council.
• He/She serves as the ceremonial head of the local government.
History of Mayor’s elections in India
• Municipal corporation mechanisms in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762.
• However the process of introduction for an elected President in the municipalities was made in Lord Mayo’s Resolution of 1870.
• Since then the current form and structure of municipal bodies followed is similar to Lord Ripon’s Resolution adopted in 1882 on local self-governance.
• The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 was introduced providing for the transfer of 18 different powers to urban local bodies, including the election of a mayor and to recognise them which included Municipal Corporations, Nagar Panchayats, and Municipal Councils.
Elections and tenure
• The method of electing mayor and their tenure varies for each city in India.
• In Bengaluru (Karnataka) the election process is indirect with a tenure being for one year.
• In Mumbai (Maharashtra) it follows indirect elections with tenure for 2.5 years and Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) follows a directly elected mayor with a term for 5 years.

Answer: (c)
A money bill is a Money Bill only if it contains provisions related to taxation, borrowing of money by the government, expenditure from or receipt to the consolidated fund of India. Bills that only contain provisions that are incidental to these matters would also be regarded as Money Bills.

Answer: (b)
Godavarman Judgement
• The Godavarman Judgment is a landmark environmental case in India, first heard in the Supreme Court in 1996, commonly referred to as the “Godavarman Case.”
• Originating as a PIL filed by Mr Godavarman, a retired forest officer, it addressed concerns about forest degradation due to various developmental activities without proper environmental clearances.
• The order defined Forests as any area recorded as forest in the Government record irrespective of the ownership. This definition is broad and encompasses any area recorded as a forest in government records, regardless of its legal status or ownership.