What is ‘Due Constitution’ notification by ECI?
• Sec 67 of the RPA, 1951, says that “the returning officer shall report the (election) result to the appropriate authority and the Election Commission.
• The authority shall cause to publish in the Official Gazette the declarations containing the names of the elected candidates.
• Sec 73 of the Act provides that the ECI shall publish in the gazette the names of all elected members in a notification, called ‘Due Constitution’ notification, whereafter Lok Sabha shall be deemed to be duly constituted.

Gujarat Emission Trading Scheme (ETS)
• The programme is a market-based system where the government sets a cap on emissions and allows industries to buy and sell permits to stay below the cap.
• It is initiated by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB).
• It was designed with the help of a team of researchers from the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC), the Economic Growth Center at Yale University and others.
• The government has set a cap on concentration of emissions for each industrial unit at 150 microgramme per cubic metre (ug/m3), which is the 24-hour average for emission standard set by the Central government for industrial units.
• The Gujarat programme is the first in the world to regulate particulate air pollution.
How actual trading happens?
• Under the cap and trade system, the regulator first defines the total mass of pollution that can be put into the air over a defined period by all factories put together.
• Then, a set of permits is created, each of which allows a certain amount of pollution, and the total is equal to the cap.
• These permits are the quantity that is bought and sold.
• Each factory is allocated a share of these permits (this could be equal or based on size or some other rule).
• After this, plants can trade permits with each other, just like any other commodity on the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX).

Fiscal Performance Index (FPI)
• The composite FPI developed by CII is an innovative tool using multiple indicators to examine quality of Budgets at the Central and State levels.
• The index has been constructed using UNDP’s Human Development Index methodology which comprises six components for holistic assessment of the quality of government budgets.
Components of FPI
• Quality of revenue expenditure: measured by the share of revenue expenditure other than interest payments, subsidies, pensions and defence in GDP
• Quality of capital expenditure: measured by share of capital expenditure (other than defence) in GDP
• Quality of revenue: ratio of net tax revenue to GDP (own tax revenue in case of States)
• Degree of fiscal prudence I: fiscal deficit to GDP
• Degree of fiscal prudence II: revenue deficit to GDP and
• Debt index: Change in debt and guarantees to GDP

Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018

• India is now the lowest-cost producer of solar power globally, according to a report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
• The IRENA report revealed that the total installed costs of utility-scale solar PV in India is as low as $793 per kilowatt (kW) in 2018 which is 27 per cent lower than for projects commissioned in 2017.
• Canada has the highest cost at $2,427 per kW.
• IRENA analysed eight major solar PV markets from 2010 to 2018 which include China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US.
• From the analysis, it is concluded that costs have dropped by 80 per cent in India.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)
• ENDS of which electronic cigarettes are the most common prototype, are devices that do not burn or use tobacco leaves but instead vaporize a solution the user then inhales.
• The main constituents of the solution, in addition to nicotine when nicotine is present, are propylene glycol, with or without glycerol and flavoring agents.
• ENDS solutions and emissions contain other chemicals, some of them considered to be toxicants.
• Use of ENDS or e-cigarettes has documented adverse effects on humans, which include DNA damage; carcinogenic, cellular, molecular and immunological toxicity; respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological disorders; and adverse impact on fetal development and pregnancy.
• ICMR noted that e-cigarettes and other such devices contained not only nicotine solution, which was highly addictive, but also harmful ingredients such as flavoring agents and vaporizers.