Music, dance and painting had also developed under the patronage of the Pallavas.
• The Mamandur inscription contains a note on the notation of vocal music.
– The Kudumianmalai inscription referred to musical notes and instruments.
– The Alwars and Nayanmars composed their hymns in various musical notes.
• Dance and drama also developed during this period.
– The sculptures of this period depict many dancing postures.
• The Sittannavasal paintings belonged to this period.
• The commentary called Dakshinchitra was compiled during the reign of Mahendravarman I, who had the title Chittirakkarapuli.

The Chalukya temples may be divided into two stages. The first stage is represented by the temples at Aihole and Badami.
• Among the seventy temples found at Aihole, four are important.
1. Ladh Khan temple is a low, flat-roofed structure consisting of a pillared hall.
2. Durga temple resembles a Buddha Chaitya.
3. Huchimalligudi temple.
4. The Jain temple at Meguti.
• Among the temples at Badami, the Muktheeswara temple and the Melagutti Sivalaya are notable for their architectural beauty.
– A group of four rock-cut temples at Badami are marked by high workmanship. The walls and pillared halls are adorned by beautiful images of gods and human beings.

• The second stage is represented by the temples at Pattadakal. There are ten temples here, four in the northern style and the remaining six in the Dravidian style.
– The Papanatha temple is the most notable in the northern style.
– The Sangamesvara temple and the Virupaksha temple are famous for their Dravidian style.
– The Virupaksha temple is built on the model of the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram. It was built by one of the queens of Vikramaditya II. Sculptors brought from Kanchi were employed in its construction.

Parantaka I was one of the important early Chola rulers.
• He defeated the Pandyas and the ruler of Ceylon. But he suffered a defeat at the hands of the Rashtrakutas in the famous battle of Takkolam.
• Parantaka I was a great builder of temples. He also provided the vimana of the famous Nataraja temple at Chidambaram with a golden roof.
• The two famous Uttiramerur inscriptions that give a detailed account of the village administration under the Cholas belong to his reign.

Sufism was a liberal reform movement within Islam. It had its origin in Persia and spread into India in the eleventh century. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Sufism stressed the elements of love and devotion as effective means of the realisation of God. Love of God meant love of humanity and so the Sufis believed service to humanity was tantamount to service to God.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• In Sufism, self discipline was considered an essential condition to gain knowledge of God by sense of perception. While orthodox Muslims emphasise external conduct, the Sufis lay stress on inner purity. While the orthodox believe in blind observance of rituals, the Sufis consider love and devotion as the only means of attaining salvation.
• According to them one must have the guidance of a pir or guru, without which spiritual development is impossible. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Sufism also inculcated a spirit of tolerance among its followers.
• Other ideas emphasised by Sufism are meditation, good actions, repentance for sins, performance of prayers and pilgrimages, fasting, charity and suppression of passions by ascetic practices.

India has the richest variety of types and styles of shadow puppets.
• Shadow puppets are flat figures. They are cut out of leather, which has been treated to make it translucent.
• Shadow puppets are pressed against the screen with a strong source of light behind it. The manipulation between the light and the screen make silhouettes or colourful shadows, as the case may be, for the viewers who sit in front of the screen.
• This tradition of shadow puppets survives in Orissa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu:
– Togalu Gombeyatta, Karnataka
– Tholu Bommalata, Andhra Pradesh
– Ravanachhaya, Orissa

• This type of sculpture art flourished during the Kushana time at Amaravati and Nagarjunkonda in Andhra Pradesh. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• White marble was used in this art and the thees were Buddha’s life and Jataka tales. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The curly hair of Buddhha is a feature that is influenced by the Greeks.
• Amaravati sculptures have a sense of movement and energy with profound and quiet naturalism in human, animal and floral forms.
• Symbolic representation of Buddha’s life is mainly seen, the Buddha almost always being represented by a symbol, though only in two or three places he is personified. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Both religious and secular images were present in this style.

• Charvaka Philosophy is considered as materialistic/hedoist school of philosophy. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• It is also called Lokayata. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It believed that only those things which could be perceived directly were thought to exist.
• They were of the view that heaven and hell are nothing but inventions.
• All things are made of air, earth, fire and water. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Providing a good living for the priests is a sufficient explanation for the practice of religion.

• Madhavacharya is the proponent of Dvaita philosophy.
• It considers Brahman and Atman as two different entities, and Bhakti as the route to eternal salvation.
• According to Dvaita, Jivatma are many and Paramatma is one.
• Considering the soul Madhavacharya says that no two souls are alike. They each have different characteristics, different states of happiness/sorrow.

• The founder of the Sankhya school of philosophy was Maharishi Kapil. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• It is a strong proponent of Dualism. There are only two realities viz. Purusha and Prakriti.By Purusha they mean consciousness and by Prakriti, they mean substance or realm of matter. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• This school does not believe in the existence of God. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• It believes in the doctrine of Karma and transmigration of souls.

• Chhatri: central pillar supporting a triple umbrella form.
• Harmika: square railing on top of the mound.
• Anda: hemispherical mound symbolic of the mound of dirt used to cover Buddha’s remains.
• Vedika: the railings made around the stupa.