Administrative changes
• By the Government of India Act 1858, the power to govern India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The authority over India, which was wielded by the directors of the Company and the Board of Control, was now to be exercised by the Secretary of State for India aided by a Council.
• The Act of 1858 provided that the Governor-General would have an Executive Council whose members were to act as heads of different departments and as his official advisers.

Provincial Administration
• The Act of 1861 marked the turning of the tide of centralization. It laid down that legislative councils similar to that of the centre should be established first in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal and then in other provinces.
• In 1870, under Lord Mayo, provincial governments were granted fixed sums out of central revenues for the administration of certain services like police, jails, education, medical services and roads and were asked to administer them as they wished.
• In 1877, Lord Lytton transferred to the provinces certain other heads of expenditure like Land Revenue, Excise, General Administration, and Law and Justice.
• In 1882, all sources of revenue were divided into three heads- general, provincial, and those to be divided between the centre and the provinces.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Local Bodies
• The Government further decentralized administration by promoting local government through municipalities and district boards.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Local services like education, health, sanitation and water supply were transferred to local bodies that would finance them through local taxes.
• Ripon resolution of 1882 laid down the policy of administering local affairs largely through local bodies, a majority of whose members were to be non-officials.
• However, the local bodies functioned just like departments of the government as the Government retained the right to exercise strict control over the activities of the local bodies.

Public Services
• Maximum age of entry into the civil service was gradually reduced from 23 in 1859 to 19 in 1878.
• Under Indian pressure, different administrative services were gradually Indianised after 1918; but the position of control and authority were still kept in British hands.
• Moreover, people soon discovered that Indianisation of these services had not put any part of political power in their hands. The Indians in these services functioned as agents of British rule and loyally served Britain’s imperial purposes.

Regulating Act, 1773
• This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’. In other words, it introduced the element of centralized administration.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The act provided for the appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the Governor-General in Council.
• As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William.
• The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war against Indian states without Bengal’s approval.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire every year. Also, they could not be re-elected.
• The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities.
• A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice. Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Major provisions of the Morley-Minto reforms
• The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size.
– Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60 members
– Legislative Councils of Bengal, Madras, Bombay and United Provinces – 50 members each
– Legislative Councils of Punjab, Burma and Assam – 30 members each
• The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces were to have four categories of members as follows:
– Ex officio members: Governor-General and members of the executive council.
– Nominated official members: Government officials who were nominated by the Governor-General.
– Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials.
– Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians.
• The elected members were elected indirectly. The local bodies elected an electoral college who would elect members of the provincial legislative councils. These members would, in turn, elect the members of the Central legislative council.
• The elected members were from the local bodies, the chambers of commerce, landlords, universities, traders’ communities and Muslims.
• In the provincial councils, non-official members were in the majority. However, since some of the non-official members were nominated, in total, a non-elected majority was there.
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Indians were given membership to the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims and only Muslims could vote their representatives.
• The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions. They could also discuss matters of public interest.
• They could also ask supplementary questions.
• No discussions on foreign policy or on relations with the princely states were permitted.
• Lord Minto appointed (on much persuasion by Morley) Satyendra P Sinha as the first Indian member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian affairs.

Comparison between Tilak’s Home Rule League and Annie Besant’s Home Rule League:
• Annie Besant started the Home Rule League in September, 1916, and Tilak started it in April 1916.
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Tilak’s movement was confined to Maharashtra and Karnataka. Annie Besant movement spread to other parts of India.
• But as far as organization skill is concerned, Tilak’s Home Rule League movement was more organized, and there were many volunteers who worked for Tilak.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The number of people who took part in Tilak’s movement was much more compared to Annie Besant.
Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• Mohammed Ali Jinnah also had the first experience of participating in politics in India by taking part in the Home Rule League of Annie Besant.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Annie Besant tried to mobilize participation through the publication of her two newspapers: a) New India b) Commonweal. However, Tilak continued writing in ‘Kesari’, ‘Mahratta’, and Young India to spread the message of the Home Rule League.
Thus the activity of Tilak and Annie Besant were very important to Indian Nationalism. This period marks the transition from the moderate, or deliberate phase of Indian National politics to the agitational phase stared by M.K. Gandhi. Thus, it had a great impact.

• Lord Chelmsford served as Governor General and Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921.
• Important events during his tenure included-
1. Lucknow Pact (1916)
2. Khilafat Movement
3. Emergence of Gandhi as national leader
4. Passing of Rowlatt Act and Jallianwalla Bagh Tragedy (1919)
5. Non-Cooperation Movement
6. Third Afghan War and Treaty of Rawalpindi
7. August Declaration (1917)
8. Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (1919).

Chauri Chaura incident took place during the tenure of Lord Reading.

Proposals of Cripps Mission
• Setting up of an Indian dominion. This dominion would have the freedom to remain with the British Commonwealth or to secede from it. It would also be at liberty to take part in international organisations.
• A Constituent Assembly would be formed to frame a new constitution for the country. This Assembly would have members elected by the provincial assemblies and also nominated by the princes.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Any province unwilling to join the Indian dominion could form a separate union and have a separate constitution.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The transfer of power and the rights of minorities would be safeguarded by negotiations between the Constituent Assembly and the British government.
• In the meantime, until this new constitution came into force, India’s defence would be controlled by the British and the powers of the Governor-General would remain unaltered.

Both the Indian National Congress and Muslim League rejected the Cripps Mission.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

• Warren Hastings (1732 – 1818) became the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) in 1772 and the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1774 till he resigned in 1785.
• He started his career as a writer (clerk) in the East India Company at Calcutta in 1750.
• In 1758, he became the British resident at Murshidabad, the capital of Bengal, after Mir Jafar was installed as the Nawab after the Battle of Plassey.
• During his term, the First Anglo-Maratha war and the second Anglo-Mysore war were fought.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed during his term.
• He supported Sir William Jones in the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1785.
• Hastings abolished the Dual System that had been established by Robert Clive.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• For revenue collection, a Board of Revenue was set up at Calcutta.
• The judicial powers of the Zamindars were abolished.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Civil and criminal courts were established. Two appellate courts were established at Calcutta, one for civil (Sadar Diwani Adalat) and one for criminal (Sadar Nizamat Adalat) cases.

Lord William Bentick (1828-1835)
• It was during his term as governor of Madras that the Vellore Mutiny took place prompted by his order that the Indian troops be denied permission to wear their traditional dress. As a result, he was recalled in 1807.
• His career in the army continued. He was also a member of the House of Commons. In 1828, he was appointed the Governor-General of Bengal. His chief task was to recover the loss-making East India Company.
• He was able to bring about a sound financial management system for the company, but the process was also accompanied by a policy of westernisation. He was influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s and James Mill’s utilitarian principles.
• Bentinck revised the court system as well as the educational system.
• In 1831 William Bentinck took control of Mysore on the grounds of misgovernance.
• He passed the English Education Act 1835 that replaced Persian with English in the higher courts. He also advocated Indians to be educated in the western style so that more Indians could be employed in the administration.
• He opened the Calcutta Medical College in 1835 and it became the first western medical school in all of Asia where people could be admitted irrespective of caste or creed.
• Along with Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Bentinck tried to suppress many superstitious practices prevalent then. • Sati, the practice of widow burning, was abolished by the Bengal Sati Regulation (Regulation XVII) on 4th December 1829.
• He also tried to control, with Ram Mohan Roy’s advocacy, practices like polygamy, child marriages and caste rigidity.
• The Charter Act of 1833 was passed in his tenure. This Act marks the centralisation in India’s administration and also made provisions for the inclusion of Indians in government service. This also made Bentinck the first Governor-General of India.
• He reformed the military by banning flogging as a punishment in the British Indian army.
• Bentinck also did a commendable job of controlling organised Thugee. Thugs were gangs of professional thieves and even murderers that had created a huge law and order problem. Thugee was finished off by 1837.
• He was the Governor-General of India till 20th March 1835.
• Lord Bentinck died on 17 June 1839 in Paris.

Cornwallis Code:
• There was a separation of revenue and justice administration.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• European subjects were also brought under jurisdiction.
Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Government subjects were answerable to the civil courts for actions done in their official capacity.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The principle of sovereignty of law was established.
Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Positive Aspects of British rule:
• New Job Opportunities: The British introduce new job opportunities that were especially beneficial to the members of the lower caste. With these opportunities, there was a better chance of upward social mobility for them.
• Rise of the modern middle class in India: British rule led to the rise of an influential middle-class who would become pioneers of Indian industrialization in the post-independent era.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Development of Infrastructure: The British authorities built many important infrastructures such as hospital schools and the most important of all, railways. Of course, this was done not to enhance the lives of the local Indians but rather to facilitate their exploitation. Regardless these infrastructures laid the foundation of India becoming a major economic powerhouse.
• Introduction of new technology and ideas: The introduction of new technology like steamships, telegraphs and trains completely changed the economic landscape of the Indian subcontinent. Culturally, the British put an end to social evils such as Sati (with the passing of the Bengal Sati Regulation Act on December 4, 1829) and weakened the caste system to an extent.
• Protection from external enemies: India was known as the “jewel in the crown of the British Empire”. Thus the British provided protection against like Persia and Afghanistan. Even other western nations like France were deterred from being too involved with India. Though a boon, it turned out to be a bane in the long run as it made India too heavily dependent on the British.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.

They introduced railway network to help the European products reach the remotest corners of the country and not for inter-state movement of Indian goods.
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Statement 1 is Incorrect:
Congress Socialist Party was founded in 1934 as a left wing party within the Congress. CSP wanted to remain within the Congress, but was ready to cooperate with non-Congress Leftist groups. All Congress Socialists agreed that that they must work inside the Congress because it was the primary body leading the national struggle.

The first meeting of All India Congress Socialist Party was held under presidentship of Sampurnanad at Bombay.

The first conference of All India Congress Socialist Party was held under presidentship of Acharya Narendra Dev at patna.

The CSP leaders believed that the Indian People could be mobilized into a movement only under Gandhiji’s leadership and that, in fact, there was no alternative to Gandhiji’s leadership. Intially the CSP wanted to transform the Congress through displacing the existing leadership and CSP was to develop as nucleus of the alternative socialist leadership of the Congress.

However, soon this was found to be unrealistic and the idea was abandoned in favour of a ‘composite’ leadership in which socialists would be taken into the leadership at all levels. They had reservation about Gandhi’s constructive programme.At Tripuri, in 1939, when it came to splitting the Congress on a Left-Right basis, they shied away.

Statement 3 is Incorrect:
The Indian Home Rule Leagues were organized on the lines of the Irish Home Rule Leagues and they represented the emergence of a new trend of aggressive politics.

Annie Besant and Tilak were the pioneers of this new trend who set up separate leagues after the 1st world war.

While Besant’s league focused upon swaraj (self-government) and reentry of extremists into Congress, demands of Tilak’s league included Swarajya, Formation of linguistic states, Education in the vernacular languages.

The universal adult franchise was advocated by Congress at Karachi resolution in 1931.

Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The terms of the August Offer:
A representative Indian body would be framed after the war to frame a constitution for India. Dominion status was the objective for India in an unspecified future.

The Viceroy’s Executive Council would be expanded right away to include for the first time more Indians than whites. However, defence, finance and home portfolios were to remain with the British.

An advisory war council and post war constitutional consultative body was to be established.

An assurance was given to the minorities that no transfer of power would take place “to any system of government whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in Indian national life.”

The Viceroy also stated that there would be no revision of the Government of India Act. He also said that before any real constitutional reform could be done, the differences between the INC and the Muslim League would have to be resolved.

Both Statements are Correct:
Arthur Zimmermann was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from 22 November 1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917. His name is associated with the Zimmermann Telegram during World War I.

However, he was closely involved in plans to support rebellions in Ireland and in India, and to assist the Bolsheviks to undermine Tsarist Russia.

Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Khudai Khidmatgar was a Pashtun non-violent movement against the British Empire by the Pashtun people of the North-West Frontier Province (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India.

Also called Surkh Posh or “Red Shirts”, this was originally a social reform organisation focusing on education and the elimination of blood feuds; it was known as the Anjuman-e-Islah-e Afaghina (society for reformation of Afghans). The movement was led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known locally as Bacha Khan or Badshah Khan.

The Khudai Khidmatgar movement faced another crackdown for its role in the Quit India Movement after 1940; in that period it started facing increasing opposition from the Muslim League in the province. Its Congress affiliate won the 1946 election again.

The Khudai Khidmatgars strongly opposed the proposal for the partition of India, siding with the Indian National Congress and All India Azad Muslim Conference.When the Indian National Congress declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, Bacha Khan, the leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, felt very sad and told the Congress “you have thrown us to the wolves.”

In June 1947, the Khudai Khidmatgars declared the Bannu Resolution, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan, composing all Pashtun territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan.

However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution. In response, the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the 1947 NWFP referendum about the province joining Pakistan or India, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.

All Statements are Correct:
– Congress had gradually developed a foreign policy based on opposition to the spread of Imperialism and supported struggle against imperialism worldwide

– In 1927,JL Nehru attended Congress Of Oppressed Nationalities on behalf of INC at Brussels organised by political exiles revolutionaries from countries of Africa,Asia and Latin America suffering from economic or political imperialism.

– Nehru was also elected to the Executive council of the League Against imperialism that was born in the congress.

Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Desai-Liaqat Pact was concluded between Bhulabhai Desai of the Congress and Liaqat Ali Khan of the Muslim League. It was to find out the way out of the 1942-45 political impasses.

• Nomination of equal number of persons by both in the Central Executive.

• Representation of the minorities in particular of the Schedule caste and the Sikhs.

• The government was to be formed and was to function with the framework of the existing Government of India Act, 1935.

M.K Gandhi’s attempt to resolve the political deadlock by persuading Bhulabhai Jivanji Desai to make an attempt to appease the league leaders, but the proposal were not formally endorsed either by the Congress or the League. It paved the way for the Simla Conference.

Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The Indian capitalist class had its own notions of how the anti-imperialist struggle ought to be waged. It was always in favour of not completely abandoning the constitutional path and the negotiating table and generally preferred to put its weight behind constitutional forms of struggle as opposed to mass civil disobedience.

This was due to several reasons;

First, there was the fear that mass civil disobedience, especially if it was prolonged, would unleash forces which could turn the movement revolutionary in a social sense (i.e., threaten capitalism itself).

Second, the capitalists were unwilling to support a prolonged all-out hostility to the government of the day as it prevented the continuing of day-to-day business and threatened the very existence of the class.

The Indian capitalists‘ support to constitutional participation, whether it be in assemblies, conferences or even joining the Viceroy‘s Executive Council, is not to be understood simply as their getting co-opted into the imperial system or surrendering to it. Further, however keen the capitalists may have been to keep constitutional avenues open, they clearly recognized the futility of entering councils.

Finally, it must be noted that for the capitalist class constitutionalism was not an end in itself, neither did it subscribe to what has often been called ̳gradualism‘ in which case it would have joined hands with the Liberals and not supported the Congress which repeatedly went in for nonconstitutional struggle including mass civil disobedience.

The Indian capitalist class grew from about the mid 19th century with largely an independent capital base and not as junior partners of foreign capital or as compradors. The capitalist class on the whole was not tied up in a subservient position with pro-imperialist feudal interests either economically or politically.

Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Swarajaya or Swarajist Party, established as the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party, in January 1923 after the Gaya session in December 1922 of the Indian National Congress included Motilal Nehru and C.R Das as its members. They believed that nationalists should end the boycott of legislative councils, enter them, obstruct their working, expose their weaknesses etc.

However, Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr Rajendra Prasad opposed council entry.

All Statements are Correct:
The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas.

The Communal Award was made by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald on 16 August 1932 granting separate electorates in India for the Forward Caste, Lower Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Untouchables (now known as the Dalits) etc.

Indian Councils Act, 1909: The Indian Councils Act 1909 or Morley-Minto Reforms was passed by British Parliament in 1909. For the first time, the Indian Councils act gave recognition to elective principle for the appointment of nonofficial members to the councils. However, it introduced seperate electorates.The electorate was decided on the basis of class & community. For the provincial councils a provision of three categories was made viz. general, special and chambers of commerce. However, for the central council, a fourth category Muslims was added.