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Question 1)
Question 2)
Question 3)
Question 4)
A2) The Indian Constitution defines a metropolis as a multi-district and multi-municipal entry, with a population of one million or more. Municipalities drive a nation’s employment and GDP growth through services agglomeration and economies of scale, and 9 Indian metros have been included in the top 150 of the world in economic performance indices.
However, the governance of metropolitans is not optimised in India as:
a) The constitutionally mandated Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC) for determining metro planning, investment and development have been constituted only for 9 out of 18 metros.
b) Where MPCs have formed, the local elected representatives have insufficient powers to drive those changes due to unsuccessful decentralisation.
c) The current local bodies still only focus on the development of their individual urban area, instead of collaborating with their peers and the state government, resulting in fragmented development.
To improve the situation of metros, the government has launched the Smart Cities Mission, that encompasses 100 cities all over India, including metros, to promote core infrastructure of cities, where the cities themselves are encouraged to submit proposals containing a vision, plan, and an intended outcome. The implementation of this plan will be driven by the Urban Local Bodies and they will be encouraged to include private sector investment.
While the Mission is a welcome step in the right direction, the following steps are also needed:
a) Apart from urban development, issues like disaster management, climate change and national mobility, which affect not one but several metropolises must also be partially delegated to the ULBs.
b) Coordination between the metropolis and surrounding areas must be driven by elected representatives to further cooperative federalism.
Hi Utkarsh
Try to write on the paper and upload it. It will help you better than this format in long run.
Coming to your answer, the points are good and in right direction.
Use subheadings for better presentation.
Conclusion is missing. Work on it.
Marks: 3
A3) Genetically modified (GM) crops are those whose genome has been altered by tinkering with their DNA in order to give them certain properties like resistance to pests or enhanced yield. In India, there has been a recent furore on unauthorised planting of BT-brinjal in Haryana.
The controversy over GM crops is due to:
a) High price of GM seeds sold by private companies and low price of the yield only profit consumers, not the farmers.
b) According to experts, GM crops harm the biodiversity of natural crops and health effects due to their consumption over a long time are still insufficiently studied.
c) Thorough probes over impact of GM crops in public and environmental health in a purely Indian context have never been done.
GM crops help in the agricultural development as:
a) GM crops can help improve yield, nutrient value and shelf life of food crops in nations like India where farmland has not increased in area for several years. They can also be engineered to resist climate change.
b) Crops afflicted by pests, insects and harmful microbes can be modified to resist those. BT-cotton resists the pink bollworm, while BT-brinjal used in Bangladesh has reduced pesticide use by 80%.
c) Numerous international organisations like WHO and FAO have repeatedly tested GM crops scientifically and have found them to be safe for human consumption.
Therefore, BT-brinjal, which has been approved by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee, the scientific authority for testing GM crops in India, needs to be studied for long-term effects and may be introduced after farmers have been financially strengthened.
Good intro. Keep linking the intro with the recent events related to the topic.
While the main body is decent, but answer lacks a good and concrete way forward. Read the model answer in that regard.
Marks: 2.5
Q1
Hi Kunal
Good intro.
main body is decent.
To get more leverage out of this answer, discuss some of the issues with corporate sector managing disaster management and conflict of interest in some industries where corporates are the one inducing disasters.
Good way forward.
Marks: 3.5
Q2
Once again good intro.
Points in the main body are good and solid.
You can add human resource and adjoining issue of corruption with it. when dealing with metropolitan cities. lack of talent and outside expertise are some of the issues.
Decent discussion on 7th CA
Decent way forwards. Points are crisp and good language.
Marks: 5
Q3
While your main body of the answer is quite decent once again, but there are some issues with the conclusion
Intro and the direction of the 1st and 2nd part of the answer is nicely dealt with and answer is rightly balanced.
But do not overtly disregard GM Crops in your conclusion. Instead take middle approach. Mention what should be ideal approach by balancing both scientific advancements as well as organic and natural farming.
read the model answer for this part.
Marks: 3.5
Q4
Intro is suitable to the demand of the question.
The relationship between laws and ethics is discussed in apt manner. The dichotomy is framed in lucid manner.
The example of section 377 is good. You can give couple of more in the answer to drive home your point.
Content in the answer could be enlarged a bit. Answer ends abruptly when it starts gaining momentum. Hence, as i said, you can give couple of more examples.
Marks: 4.5
The world is experiencing an unprecedented transition from predominantly rural to chiefly urban living. India is by no means an exception, with its urban population having increased from 222 million in 1990, to 410 million in 2014 and is forecast to increase to 814 million by 2050. In fact the pace of urbanization in India has been so rapid, that Delhi and Mumbai are now the 2nd and 6th most populous cities in the world.
This rapid increase in India’s urban population has put significant pressure on its existing urban infrastructure and services. According to the findings of a World Economic Forum survey, included in the recently published Reforms to Accelerate the Development of India’s Smart Cities report, cities in India face a range of challenges to meet demand and supply gaps in urban regions, in areas such as water, waste management, energy, mobility, the built environment, education, healthcare and safety and if timely and adequate action is not taken, these challenges may worsen and could derail India’s growth.
Figure 1: Challenges in urban India
Image: World Economic Forum’s Reforms to Accelerate the Development of India’s Smart Cities report
In this context, the government of India launched its ambitious 100 Smart Cities Mission. In essence, this provides a holistic city rejuvenation programme for 100 selected cities in India. The government plans to invest $7.5 billion in the 100 cities over the next four years, with an equal contribution coming from state-level government, in order to enhance physical infrastructure (water, energy, built environment, waste, mobility and ICT) and social infrastructure (health, education and recreational facilities). The 100 smart cities are selected through a “Smart City Challenge”, which makes cities compete against each other, while engaging citizens in identifying the key challenges facing the city and developing a plan to deliver smart solutions. So far 20 cities have been selected.
This programme has placed a new emphasis on the development of cities in a country that has traditionally focussed on rural development. In addition, it has brought renewed interest from international and domestic investors, who recognise that public private collaboration is required to enable India to bridge the infrastructure investment gap and invest $640.2 billion in urban infrastructure up to 2030.
Figure 2: Urban infrastructure requirement: 2012 – 2031
Image: The Future of Urban Development & Services: Urban Development Recommendations for the Government of India
However, the message of investors is clear: smart cities cannot exist without smart governance and smart regulation, and urgent reforms are required at the institutional, business and sectorial level. This requires the following key challenges to be urgently addressed:
Institutional challenges: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) will play a crucial role in implementing the 100 Smart Cities Mission, but they lack the resources to execute. The same World Economic Forum survey highlighted that ULBs are the least prepared to execute of all the stakeholders which include the national government, state governments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and academic institutions. Their lack of preparedness emanates from the lack of empowered leadership, inadequate institutional capacity, inadequate revenues, a lack of collaboration between multiple planning and administration bodies, and archaic processes.
Figure 3: Business environment issues
Image: World Economic Forum’s Reforms to Accelerate the Development of India’s Smart Cities report
Business environment challenges: The private sector needs a stable business environment. However, the results of the same survey indicate that major reforms are required in the procurement process, land acquisition, permitting process, dispute resolution and to address risks in public private partnerships, such as changes in scope, market distortion, community risks and breach of contracts risks. These reforms must be made a priority to attract private-sector participation.
Figure 4: Most significant risks in public-private partnerships
Image: World Economic Forum’s Reforms to Accelerate the Development of India’s Smart Cities report
Sector-specific challenges: To date there has only been incremental changes in the way urban infrastructure and services are being provisioned, with the greatest transformation taking place in the mobility and energy sectors, and few changes in recreational facilities, water, waste management and sanitation sectors. The survey results indicate that the sectors with major demand and supply gaps (water, waste and sanitation) are those that are least attractive for private sector participation. The challenges across these key sectors include the lack of user charges (to fund infrastructure capacity expansion) and the propensity to pay such charges, distribution losses and behavioural issues. Mayor reforms are required to make key sectors appealing to the private sector, so that the demand and supply gaps can be bridged.
Figure 5: Reforms to Accelerate Urban Development
Image: World Economic Forum’s Reforms to Accelerate the Development of India’s Smart Cities report
If India properly plans and develops its urban environment, urbanization can provide an efficient way for people to live, enabling economies of scale in the delivery of infrastructure and services. Moreover, the proximity and diversity of people can spark innovation, create employment and provide the country’s economic engine. However, without proper planning and sustainable development, sprawling cities could become flashpoints of discontent. Therefore, the World Economic Forum has identified the following key reforms to deliver smart cities in India. These include:
Strengthen city administration
At present, a mayor is only a ceremonial figure in cities in India, and the municipal commissioner, who is deputed by the state government and accountable to the state, is the executive head of the city.
An executive mayor – directly elected by the city or elected by council – with a unified command over all the city functions could bring accountability and purpose to city-level administration, which is currently plagued by frequent leadership changes.
Additionally, the executive wing of the city needs to develop technical and management capacity to execute large urban rejuvenation programmes.
Get the business environment right
India needs to adopt a structured approach to public-private partnerships with an emphasis on project preparation and optimal risk sharing to enhance investor confidence. A single window system that eases the permitting process during the start of the project and during execution will accelerate project execution, reduce cost and time overrun, and improve intra- and interdepartmental collaboration. Further, process reforms during land acquisition in terms of using technology and innovative methods of land acquisition will enhance infrastructure development for greenfield and redevelopment initiatives.
Reform all sectors, starting with those least attractive for private sector investment
Major reforms are required to deliver the urban infrastructure and services required for India’s urban population. Reforms will be required to establish independent regulators, ensure metering, develop skilled resources, enforce collections (of user charges and taxes) from large defaulters and adopt integrated planning. Similarly, for social infrastructure, financially sustainable models will have to be created for the private sector to participate in education, healthcare and safety.
Hi Dibyaranjan
Avoid language used in article.
Answer is too lengthy and seemed to be copied from article (because of the reference of figures and images which are not in the answer.) Please avoid this. take references from sources but use them in your own understanding and words.
Coming back to your answer, your intro is way too large and that too without discussing the main theme of the question: “India is yet to begin the discourse on a governance framework for the future of its metropolises.”
The statement of any question should be your base for intro. Remember this.
There is a fine line and difference between urban development and metropolitan issues. You have to discuss urban development under the larger umbrella of metropolitan issues in this question.
Points are ok but way too lengthy and out of structure.
Read the model answer.
Marks: 2.5
What is ethics?
Ethics, also described as moral philosophy, is a system of moral principles which is concerned with what is good for individuals and society. [1]
What is law?
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior.[2]
Similarities between ethics and laws:
In general, laws are made based on moral values of a particular society. They describe the basic behavior of human beings. In another word, laws represent the minimum standards of human behaviors, that is, ethical behavior. [3] Besides, both laws and ethics are systems which maintain a set of moral values and prevent people from violating them. They both provide people guidelines of what may do or what may not do in certain situations. In a word, they exist in a purpose of making people benefit from being members of a well-regulated society.
Differences between ethics and laws:
However, there are many distinctions between ethics and laws. Firstly, ethics comes from people’s awareness of what is right and what is wrong while laws are written and approved by governments. [4] It means that ethics may vary from people to people because different people may have different opinions on a certain issue, but laws describe clearly what is illegal no matter how people arguing. To some extent, ethics is not well defined but laws are defined and precise. Ethics can also be distinguished by looking at whether people are being punished after they violate the rules. Nobody will be punished when they violate ethics; but whoever violates laws is going to receive punishment carried out by relevant authorities. Besides, an action can be illegal, but morally right. For example, in ancient China, some people rob properties from rich people, and give it to poor people, and it is considered to be morally right but be illegal. Similarly, an action that is legal can be morally wrong. For instance, some people spend thousands of dollars on their pets while some poor people on the street can not have enough food. Moreover, some laws are nothing to do with ethics, like cars should go on the left side of roads. Lastly, ethics emphasizes more on positive aspects while laws are more concerned with negative actions.
In Conclusion, ethics and laws and closely related since laws represent minimum ethical behaviors of human beings; but they are distinct from many aspects. Ethics provides people guidelines on how to behavior in order to create a peaceful society; but laws carry out restrictions through punishment. Sometimes ethics and laws do not necessarily have any overlap, but these two combined define how people should behavior in the society.
Dibyaranjan do not copy from online sources! It is evident from your answers (this time its annotations that gave away this fact!!) This will not take you any further because this is not your original knowledge. Hence honest suggestion – Right your own answers. You might write not so good answers initially but eventually you will improve.
The points on the 1st part are good.
The 2nd part is too lengthy. Avoid lengthy paragraphs.
Discussion is too technical. Try to keep it simple and short. Give relevant real life examples.
Good conclusion.
Marks: 2
MOJO9619C00D60847622
Hi Mahesh
Q.2)
Dont be too critical or negative in your approach, specially in the intro. Answers should be balanced and optimistic.
While content is ok but do mention in the end what more needs to be done apart from what government has done so far.
read the model answer.
Work on your presentation.
Marks: 2.5
Q.3)
What are the pros of GM crops in agri development in India? Do discuss this aspect as well.
Way forward is good.
Use subheadings before discussing a new thread of points. That will improve your structure as well as presentation.
Marks: 3
Thanks sir… I will keep in mind your suggestions for next answers.
Q1
Paid
Hi Prakhar
While the direction and the structure of the answer is quite good, points, specially in the corporate sector role, are general in nature.
Giver concrete points in your answers, specially if discussing the main question.
Marks: 2
Q2
@Parth Verma Not checked
Payment ID MOJO9611300N14575632
Q1
Overall nice answer.
All the points are covered,
The depth and coverage of the answer is apt.
Good attempt.
Marks: 5
Q3
What are the pros of GM crops in agri development in India? Do discuss this aspect as well.
Way forward is good.
Overall content and discussion in it is good.
Marks: 4
Payment ID MOJO9611300N14575632
Q2
Very good intro.
Your discussion on the issues with metropolis in India lacks depth and content. There are various issues and reasons behind those issues like:
“only nine out of 18 cities mandated to form MPCs have constituted frameworks for metropolitan governance; their functionality is questionable
limited role of local elected representatives
non-availability of an institutional mechanism for inter-agency coordination, including special purpose vehicles, for effective delivery; robust spatial plan; enhance the voices of the urban poor; digital master plan; data-driven decision making; availability of skilled human resources; financing smart cities and financial sustainability of ULBs; yet to recognize that disaster management, mobility, housing, climate change, etc.”
The discussion on the steps taken by the government is decent but too lengthy. Avoid lengthy paras.
The way forward (last para) is general and is not leading anywhere. rather then saying that requirement is a more comprehensive and inclusive approach, mention what that approach should be that. Avoid general statements like this.
Marks: 2
Payment ID MOJO9611300N14575632
Q3
Good intro once again. You have the ability to link the static discussion with the recent developments or current affairs in your answer. Keep it up.
Content in the main body of the answer is good.
What are the pros of GM crops in agri development in India? Do discuss this aspect as well.
Way forward is missing.
Marks: 2
Payment ID MOJO9611300N14575632
Q4
You can give couple of more in the answer to drive home your point.
Content in the answer could be enlarged a bit. Answer ends abruptly when it starts gaining momentum. Hence, as mentioned above, you can give couple of more examples. Examples form a large base for ethics answers.
Whatever discussion happened in the answer, it was lucid and flow was good. But as i said give more points.
Marks: 3
Q4
Quite good discussion.
All the points are covered nicely.
Good and apt examples.
Conclusion is well placed.
Marks: 4
CDTEST26218
Question-4
Nicely framed
all points are covered
Both similarity as well as dichotomy has been covered in apt manner.
Conclusion an be made better,
Marks: 4.5
CDTEST26218
Question-3
Overall well written.
Structured well.
Touched multiple dimensions.
Could have stressed more on ‘pros for agri development’ aspect which requires you to discuss some parts more regarding positives of GM crops in concept of agri dev. Overall well-done.
Individual dimension is goof.
Marks: 4.5
Hello Sir,
Could you please clear whether Individual dimension is good or not… because goof has different meaning.
haha!
Its good. That was a “goof” up!!! Thanks for pointing it out!
CDTEST26218
Question-2
Dont make such congested diagrams because such small diagrams lose their value. Make it little bit larger and clearer.
While you tried to cover many points but failed to explain them logically. Points are too fragmented and there is lack of flow in the answer.
Work on your structure and presentation of the answer.
Read the model answer.
Good way forward.
Marks: 3
CDTEST26218
Question-1
Good intro.
main body is decent.
To get more leverage out of this answer, discuss some of the issues with corporate sector managing disaster management and conflict of interest in some industries where corporates are the one inducing disasters.
Good way forward.
Marks: 3
Q2
Intro is good.
Content is good.
You tried to cover max points.
Work on your presentation skills though. It will help you in other answers.
Conclusion is missing.
Marks: 3
Payment ID
MOJO9615J00A46183569
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1fF34KoPjbWjnlfVO9zvPwc001dGRkx2C
Hi Mohsin
When using flowchart as you did in the first part, try to make it clear and avoid writing too small. This will make it irrelevant.
Points in the main body are well articulated
Structure is good.
You mentioned good points and touched multiple dimension which many students missed like the constraints.
Work on your presentation skills though.
Marks: 5
Q1 MOJO9611C00A14581096
Really good use of flowchart. Many skipped discussion the issues in DM but you managed to cover it which is good. Keep it up.
You can remove the paragraph after the flowchart and instead mention the corporate sector in intro itself.
Main body of the answer is covered nicely
Good use of example of CII.
To get more leverage out of this answer, discuss some of the issues with corporate sector managing disaster management and conflict of interest in some industries where corporates are the one inducing disasters.
Way forward is missing
Marks: 3.5
MOJO9612I00A26476355
Ans 1
Hi vinod.
Work on your presentation skills. You will face space issue in the mains examination with this much spacing between words and handwriting. Start working on it.
Intro is too big. You havent come to the main body till 4th paragraph. You can do away 1st para and combine and summarise the content of para 2 and 3 for one simple intro.
You mainly discussed barriers in DM protocol right now but how can corporate overcome this barrier? You skipped to discuss this in detail.
What are the challenges for corporate in this regard? What should be the way forward?
Work on your content, structure and presentation
Marks: 1.5
Q3 MOJO 9611C00A14581096
content is fine
structure is really impressive
Presentation is fine
keep writing
Marks: 5.5
1
Hi Utkarsh
Good intro.
main body is decent.
You tried to cover maximum points which is good.
To get more leverage out of this answer, discuss some of the issues with corporate sector managing disaster management and conflict of interest in some industries where corporates are the one inducing disasters.
Way forward, as in what should be the future policy regarding this, is missing. Do add it. these little things will give value addition to your answer and fetch more marks.
Marks: 3
2
While you tried to be multi dimensional with your answers, i have few suggestions to you.
First if the question is touching polity, then do add technical and polity related key words and discussions like 74th CA or Article 243 etc.
Secondly when discussing issues with urban local governance, never forget to mention issues with urban governance itself. Like only nine out of 18 cities mandated to form MPCs have constituted frameworks for metropolitan governance; their functionality is questionable; limited role of local elected representatives; non-availability of an institutional mechanism for inter-agency coordination, including special purpose vehicles, for effective delivery; enhance the voices of the urban poor; digital master plan; data-driven decision making; availability of skilled human resources; financing smart cities and financial sustainability of ULBs; yet to recognize that disaster management, mobility, housing, climate change, etc.”
Second part of the answer is covered in better manner and it is multi dimensional.
Goo way forward.
Marks: 2.5
3
Nicely framed answer
All the dimensions are covered holistically and structure is very good.
Good concluding paragraph.
Marks: 5
4
The structure of your answer is good
The flow of the answer is continuous and despite it being attempted in paragraph style, the discussion is relevant and structured.
Points are good
But more examples are needed in ethics paper. Try to give more examples to drive home your point.
Marks: 4.5
Q4 MOJO9611C00A14581096
Good answer Varsha.
You have given some really good examples here.
Points are logical and relevant.
Good conclusion
Marks: 4.5
MOJO9614D00D56022707
Q.1)
well written and approached answer.
Discussed almost all the key points that could have been mentioned.
All the parts, intro, main body and conclusion, are covered in apt manner.
Many students missed to discuss the issues with the involvement of corporate sector but you did discussed it, which makes the answer multi dimensional.
Very good answer overall.
Marks: 6.5
Q.2)
The present intro of the answer can be made better. You could discuss indian metropolis and their technical definition. Then jump to the main body of the answer.
Good main body. Use of flowchart is good.
While you tried to be multi dimensional with your answers, i have a suggestion to you.
If the question is touching polity, then do add technical and polity related key words and discussions like 74th CA or Article 243 etc.
Way forward are really good.
Marks: 5
Payment ID: MOJO9618H00A99184118
hi, i reduce intro. Explaining GM crops and the current status in india will be enough.
in critical analysis, have to write positive aspects also. You wrote negative side of GM crops
reduce overall size of answer.
Some of the details given in the intro can be done away with to make it smaller and crisp. You took five paragraphs to come to the main body of the answer (which is pros and cons of Bt Brinjal in the framework for agricultural development.) Avoid this approach. Just define what are GM crops and briefly mention their status in India. Thats it. Then jump onto the main body of the answer.
While you did discussed some of the points regarding cons of Bt Brinjal, but your length of the intro made them look smaller compared to what they should have been. give 15 percent weighatge respectively to intro and concluion and leave 70 percent for your main body. That is the ideal approach.
Also do discuss what are the so called positives of these types of crops in Indian scenario. Try to make your answers multi dimensional and discuss both sides of the arguments.
Conclusion needs work. What should be the ideal way forward? Wat is the middle ground regarding it?
Marks: 1.5
Q4
Payment ID- MOJO9617P00D58497630
Hi Parth
Answer is good….but try to make sentences short and simple when writing in paragraph style.
Examples quoted are praise worthy and the intro is really good.
Overall nothing wrong in the answer except for the one suggestion that I made.
Marks: 5
Q3
Payment ID- MOJO9617P00D58497630
While you did discussed the issue of Bt Brinjal and tried to give multi dimensional answer, but try to discuss it in the light of the opening statement of the question which is: “Bt brinjal runs counter to the framework for agricultural development.”
hence your discussion for both sides of the arguments should reflect the situation under the framework for agri development…
Points are good. Good intro,
Way forward is dealt with nicely and points mentioned there are apt.
Marks: 3.5
Q2
Payment ID- MOJO9617P00D58497630
Very good intro. Its good to see that you mentioned 74th CAA because most of the students failed to even mention this clause while discussing urban local governance. Keep using these kind of details. It will surely boost your marks.
Main body and its points are well placed. You covered almost all the issues.
Overall nothing wrong in the answer. Very good attempt.
Marks: 6
Q1
Payment ID- MOJO9617P00D58497630
Couple of suggestions:
You can remove the diagram. It is not adding value to the answer and instead taking space. Its good to have images and diagrams in the answer but sometimes they dont serve any purpose.
Secondly shorten your discussion on challenges faced during DM operations. Do not over explain there. Just use a flowchart and discuss what are the issues. Like instead of writing full sentence like: “there is a lack of early warning system that could have prevented…….” you just have to write lack of early warning system. This is because its not the main part of your body. Its just the toping to the main body of the answer and hence do not go with over details in this section. A simple flowchart with points like lack of early warning system, lack of funding, lack of technology and equipment and lack of knowledge leading to man made disasters etc.
The discussion on the main aspect of the question is very little and too late. There are plethora of points regarding corporate sector’s role during DM operations like access to funds, infra, training, local community outreach, warnings etc.
What are the challenges in taking help of corporate sector? What are the issues? What should be the policy framework for better public private partnership in DM operations? These are the points that you missed in the answer.
Marks: 1.5
Kindly review. (Q1 & Q2)
ORDER ID-CDTEST26697
Hi Rahul
Q.1)
The structure, presentation and content of the answer is noteworthy.
You can remove the diagram though. That can be explained simply in a statement also. No point in making diagram for just a single point. Diagram should add value. Right now its taking space and your time. Intent is good but sometimes its not necessary.
You covered all the dimensions perfectly and use of flowchart is good.
In the concluding statements, you can add some points regarding what should be the framework for public private partnership in DM operations.
Marks: 4.5
Q.2)
While you tried to be multi dimensional with your answers, there are a few suggestions.
First if the question is touching polity, then do add technical and polity related key words and discussions like 74th CA or Article 243 etc.
Secondly when discussing issues with urban local governance, never forget to mention issues with urban governance itself.
While you did mentioned some of the points regarding steps taken by the government, but you have to mention what “more needs to be done” and mention other slew of measures from your end. These always fetch more marks.
Structure and the presentation of the answer are good.
Marks: 3
Please Review
@Parth verma Sir