Changes in the army after revolt of 1857
• The domination of the army by its European branch was carefully guaranteed.
• The proportion of Europeans to Indians in the army was raised and fixed at one to two in the Bengal Army and two to five in the Madras and Bombay armies.
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• The European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions. The crucial branches of the army like artillery and, later in the 20th century, tanks, and armored corps were put exclusively in European hands.
• The older policy of excluding Indians from the officer corps was strictly maintained. Till 1914, no Indian could rise higher than the rank of a subedar.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The organization of the Indian section of the army was based on the policy of “balance and counterpoise” or “divide and rule” so as to prevent its chances of uniting again in an anti-British uprising.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Discrimination on the basis of caste, region, and religion was practiced, in recruitment to the army.
• A fiction was created that Indians consisted of “martial” and “non-martial” classes.
• Soldiers from Avadh, Bihar, Central India, and South India who had first helped the British conquer India but had later taken part in the Revolt of 1857, were declared to be non-martial. They were no longer taken in the army on a large scale.
• The Sikhs, Gurkhas, and Pathans, who had assisted in the suppression of the Revolt, were declared to be martial and were recruited in large numbers.
• The Indian regiments were made a mixture of various castes’ and groups’ which were so placed as to balance each other.
• Communal, caste, tribal, and regional loyalties were encouraged among the soldiers, so that the sentiment of nationalism would not grow among them.
• It was isolated from nationalist ideas by every possible means. Newspapers, journals, and nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the soldiers.

Books written on the Revolt of 1857
• The Indian War of Independence by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
• Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium by Puran Chand Joshi
• The Indian Mutiny of 1857 by George Bruce Malleson
• Great Mutiny by Christopher Hibbert
• Religion and Ideology of the Rebels of 1857 by Iqbal Hussain
• Excavation of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of Independence by Khan Mohammad Sadiq Khan

The tenets of Brahmo Samaj may be summed as:
• It denounced polytheism and idol worship. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• It discarded faith in incarnations. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It criticised the caste system. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• It took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• It denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.

• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan made it his special endeavor to persuade his co-religionists to keep aloof from the Congress, which was showing growing signs of opposition towards British policy and administration.
Hence, stateents 2 and 4 are correct.
• In 1888, Sir Syed Ahmad established the United Patriotic Association, which included Muslims as well as Hindu members, all of whom were opposed to the Congress.
• In 1893 he formed the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India, confining its membership to Muslims and Englishmen.

• The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded at Bombay in December 1885. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The early leadership – Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer, among others – was largely from Bombay and Calcutta.
• A retired British official, A.O. Hume, also played a part in bringing Indians from the various regions together.
• Formation of Indian National Congress was an effort in the direction of promoting the process of nation building.
• In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among different parts of the country.
• The President belonged to a region other than where the Congress session was being held. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• All sessions of INC were held within India. It was decided to hold a session in London in 1892, but owing to the British elections of 1891 the proposal was postponed and never revived later. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Some of Aurobindo’s many literary works:
• Bases of Yoga
• Bhagavad Gita and Its Message
• The Future Evolution of Man
• Rebirth and Karma
• Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol
• Hour of God

Sudesha Geethangal is wriiten by C. Subraniya Bharathiyar.

Shyamji Krishna Varma
• Shyamji Krishna varma was an Indian revolutionary fighter, lawyer and journalist.
• He founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India House and The Indian Sociologist in London.
• An admirer of Dayanand Saraswati’s approach of cultural nationalism, and of Herbert Spencer, Krishna Varma believed in Spencer’s dictum: “Resistance to aggression is not simply justified, but imperative”.
• The India House and The Indian Sociologist rapidly developed as an organised meeting point for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time and one of the most prominent centres for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India. Most famous among the members of this organisation was Veer Savarkar.
• Shyamji Krishan was also an admirer of Lokmanya Tilak and supported him during the Age of Consent bill controversy of 1890. However, he rejected the petitioning, praying, protesting, cooperating and collaborating policy of the Congress Party.

Major provisions of the Morley-Minto reforms
• The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size.
– Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60 members
– Legislative Councils of Bengal, Madras, Bombay and United Provinces – 50 members each
– Legislative Councils of Punjab, Burma and Assam – 30 members each
• The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces were to have four categories of members as follows:
– Ex officio members: Governor-General and members of the executive council.
– Nominated official members: Government officials who were nominated by the Governor-General.
– Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials.
– Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians.
• The elected members were elected indirectly. The local bodies elected an electoral college who would elect members of the provincial legislative councils. These members would, in turn, elect the members of the Central legislative council.
• The elected members were from the local bodies, the chambers of commerce, landlords, universities, traders’ communities and Muslims.
• In the provincial councils, non-official members were in the majority. However, since some of the non-official members were nominated, in total, a non-elected majority was there. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Indians were given membership to the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims and only Muslims could vote their representatives.
• The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions. They could also discuss matters of public interest.
• They could also ask supplementary questions.
• No discussions on foreign policy or on relations with the princely states were permitted.
• Lord Minto appointed (on much persuasion by Morley) Satyendra P Sinha as the first Indian member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian affairs.

Shore committee
• An organization set up by the local Indian community to assist the passengers of the Komagata Maru with food, provisions and legal challenges.
• The main leaders were Husain Rahim, Sohan Lal Pathak and Balwant Singh.
• Funds were raised and protest meetings organised.

Comparison between Tilak’s Home Rule League and Annie Besant’s Home Rule League:
• Annie Besant started the Home Rule League in September, 1916, and Tilak started it in April 1916.
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Tilak’s movement was confined to Maharashtra and Karnataka. Annie Besant movement spread to other parts of India.
• But as far as organization skill is concerned, Tilak’s Home Rule League movement was more organized, and there were many volunteers who worked for Tilak.
Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The number of people who took part in Tilak’s movement was much more compared to Annie Besant.
Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• Mohammed Ali Jinnah also had the first experience of participating in politics in India by taking part in the Home Rule League of Annie Besant.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Annie Besant tried to mobilize participation through the publication of her two newspapers: a) New India b) Commonweal. However, Tilak continued writing in ‘Kesari’, ‘Mahratta’, and Young India to spread the message of the Home Rule League.
Thus the activity of Tilak and Annie Besant were very important to Indian Nationalism. This period marks the transition from the moderate, or deliberate phase of Indian National politics to the agitational phase stared by M.K. Gandhi. Thus, it had a great impact.

• Anasuya Sarabhai’s name will remain etched in eternal history for championing the women’s labour movement in India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Known as ‘Motaben’, Gujarati for ‘elder sister’, she was born in 1885 into the affluent Sarabhai family of Ahmedabad.
• When epidemic hit Ahmedabad in 1914, the condition of the mill workers deteriorated further and they approached Anasuya to take up their cause.
– She gave an ultimatum to the mill owners and even went against her brother, Ambalal, who was the then-president of the Mill Owners’ Association, demanding better wages and working ambience for the labourers.
– Her endeavour was successful and the trade union movement in India took its baby steps.
• She was supported in her work by Mahatma Gandhi and in 1918, Anasuya managed mill owners to accede to the demand of Ahmedabad weavers for a 35% wage hike. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Tens of thousands of workers participated in the protest, laying the foundation for Gujarat’s and India’s oldest labour union, Majoor Mahajan Sangh (Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association or TLA), that was established on February 25, 1920.
• The name of Ela Bhatt is synonymous with Anasuya. It was in the 1950s that she came in contact with Motaben and she became one of her closest aides and their relationship became the backbone of the formation of the Self-Employed Women’s Association of India (SEWA) in 1972. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Achievements of Swarajist party
• Swarajist Vithalbhai Patel became speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• They outvoted the government many times even in matters related to budgetary grants. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• They were able to defeat the Public Safety Bill in 1928. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• They exposed the weaknesses of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.
• They gave fiery speeches in the Assembly on self-rule and civil liberties.

• Bandi Jiwan : Sachin Sanyal
• Pather Dabi : Sharatchandra Chatterjee
• The Philosophy of the Bomb : Bhagwaticharan Vohra

• Raleigh Commission was set up to go into conditions of universities in India- to suggest measures for improvement in their constitution and working. The commission precluded from reporting on primary or secondary education. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Based on its recommendations, the Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• As per the Act,
– universities were to give more attention to study and research.
– the number of fellows of a university and their period in office were reduced and most fellows were to be nominated by the Government.
– Government was to have powers to veto universities’ senate regulations and could amend these regulations or pass regulations on its own.
– conditions were to be made stricter for affiliation of private colleges.
– five lakh rupees were to be sanctioned per annum for five years for improvement of higher education and universities. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Curzon justified greater control over universities in the name of quality and efficiency, but actually sought to restrict education and to discipline the educated towards loyalty to the Government. The nationalists saw in it an attempt to strengthen imperialism and to sabotage nationalist feelings.
• Gokhale called it a “retrograde measure”.

Role of Sarojini Naidu during the Independence Movement
• Following the partition of Bengal in 1905, Sarojini Naidu began to play an active role in the Indian independence movement.
• Her meeting with leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Rabindranath Tagore spurred her on to work against the British Colonial government and towards social reform.
• Between 1915 and 1918 she travelled the length and breadth of the country to deliver lectures on social welfare, the emancipation of women etc.
• In 1917 she helped in the formation of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA). Later that year she would accompany her colleague Annie Besant, the president of the Home Rule League, in presenting the universal suffrage for India in front of the Joint Select Committee in London. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Sarojini Naidu took part in the Salt March with Mahatma Gandhi and was arrested by the British authorities along with all the Congress leaders in 1930. The arrests prompted Congress to stay away from the First Round Table Conference taking place in London. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931 however, Sarojini Naidu and other leaders would participate in the Second Round Table Conference. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Naidu was one of the significant figures to have led the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement led by Gandhi. She faced repeated arrests by the British authorities during the time and even spent over 21 months in jail.
• Following the Indian independence, Sarojini Naidu became the first governor-general of Uttar Pradesh. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Recommendations of the report
• Dominion status for India (like Canada, Australia, etc.) within the British Commonwealth. (This point was a bone of contention with the younger set of leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose who favoured complete independence.)
• Nineteen fundamental rights including the right to vote for men and women above 21 years of age, unless disqualified.
• Equal rights for men and women as citizens. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• No state religion.
• No separate electorates for any community. It did provide for reservation of minority seats. It provided for reservation for seats for Muslims at the centre and in provinces where they were in a minority and not in Bengal and Punjab. Similarly, it provided for reservation for non-Muslims in the NWFP.
• A federal form of government with residual powers with the centre. There would be a bicameral legislature at the centre. The ministry would be responsible to the legislature.
• Governor-General to be the constitutional head of India. He would be appointed by the British monarch.
• A proposal for the creation of a Supreme Court. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The provinces would be created along linguistic lines. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• The language of the country would be Indian, written either in Devanagari (Sanskrit/Hindi), Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi or Gujarati in character. Usage of English to be permitted.

Living wage to workers was one of the provisions of the National Economic Programme. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
• Federal constitution with residual powers with the provinces. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Provincial autonomy.
• No constitutional amendment without the agreement of the states. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• All legislatures and elected bodies to have adequate Muslim representation without reducing Muslim majority in a province to minority or equality.
• Adequate Muslim representation of Muslims in the services and in self-governing bodies.
• 1/3rd representation of Muslims in the Central Legislature. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• 1/3rd Muslim members in the central and state cabinets.
• Separate electorates.
• No bill to be passed in any legislature if 3/4th of a minority community considers it against its interests.
• Any reorganisation of territories not to affect the Muslim majority in Bengal, Punjab and the NWFP.
• Separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency.
• Constitutional reforms in the NWFP and Baluchistan.
• Full religion freedom for all communities. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• Protection of the religious, cultural, educational and language rights of Muslims.

Result of Gandhi Irwin Pact
• The INC participated in the Second Round Table Conference which was held in 1931 during September – December.
• The government agreed to withdraw all ordinances.
• It agreed to release all political prisoners not convicted of violence.
• It agreed to allow peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops.
Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• It agreed to revoke the ban on the INC.
• It agreed to restore the confiscated properties of the Satyagrahis.
• It agreed to permit the collection of salt by people near the sea coasts.
• It agreed to forego fines not yet collected. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• It agreed to the lenient treatment of all government servants who had resigned from service in the wake of the civil disobedience movement.

Demands of Gandhi not agreed to by Irwin:
• A public inquiry into police excesses during its suppression of the movement. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Commuting the death sentences of Bhagat Singh and his associates to life sentences.

Gandhiji’s social Work:
• He worked for the upliftment of untouchables and gave them a new name ‘Harijan’ meaning the children of God.
• In September 1932, B.R. Ambedkar negotiated the Poona Pact with Mahatma Gandhi.
• His symbol of self-reliance – the spinning wheel – became a popular symbol of Indian Independence Movement.
• He played a key role in pacifying people and averting the Hindu-Muslim riots as tensions rose before and during the partition of the country.
• He founded the Hindustani Prachar Sabha in 1942 at Wardha in Maharashtra. The aim of the organisation was to promote Hindustani, a link language between Hindi and Urdu.
Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.

• The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Annie Besant. She presided over 1917 session held in Calcutta. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman President and presided over Kanpur session in 1925.
• The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji. He presided over Madras session in 1887. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The first European President was George Yule. He presided over 1888 session held in Allahabad. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.