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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Solstice

Mains level: Not Much

solstice

Today, December 21, is Winter Solstice, the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, conversely, it was Summer Solstice, the year’s longest day.

What is Winter Solstice?

The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth’s poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun.
This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere.

What are Solstices?

Solstices occur because Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted about 23.4 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun.
This tilt drives our planet’s seasons, as the Northern and Southern Hemispheres get unequal amounts of sunlight over the course of a year.
From March to September, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more toward the sun, driving its spring and summer.
From September to March, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away, so it feels like autumn and winter.
The Southern Hemisphere’s seasons are reversed.
On two moments each year—what are called solstices—Earth’s axis is tilted most closely toward the sun.

Impact on day-time

The hemisphere tilted most toward our home star sees its longest day, while the hemisphere tilted away from the sun sees its longest night.
During the Northern Hemisphere’s summer solstice—which always falls around June 21—the Southern Hemisphere gets its winter solstice.
Likewise, during the Northern Hemisphere’s winter solstice—which always falls around December 22—the Southern Hemisphere gets its summer solstice.

Impact of the tilted axis

The Northern Hemisphere spends half the year tilted in the direction of the Sun, getting direct sunlight during long summer days.
During the other half of the year, it tilts away from the Sun, and the days are shorter.
Winter Solstice, December 21, is the day when the North Pole is most tilted away from the Sun.
The tilt is also responsible for the different seasons that we see on Earth.
The side facing the Sun experiences day, which changes to night as Earth continues to spin on its axis.

Un-impacted regions

On the Equator, day and night are equal. The closer one moves towards the poles, the more extreme the variation.
During summer in either hemisphere, that pole is tilted towards the Sun and the polar region receives 24 hours of daylight for months.
Likewise, during winter, the region is in total darkness for months.

Celebrations associated with the Winter Solstice

For centuries, this day has had a special place in several communities due to its astronomical significance and is celebrated in many ways across the world.
Jewish people call the Winter Solstice ‘Tekufat Tevet’, which marks the start of winter.
Ancient Egyptians celebrated the birth of Horus, the son of Isis (divine mother goddess) for 12 days during mid-winter.
In China, the day is celebrated by families coming together for a special meal.
In the Persian region, it is celebrated as Yalda or Shab-e-Yalda. The festival marks the last day of the Persian month of Azar and is seen as the victory of light over darkness.
Families celebrate Yalda late into the night with special foods such as ajeel nuts, pomegranates and watermelon, and recite works of the 14th-century Sufi poet Hafiz Shirazi.

In Vedic tradition

In Vedic tradition, the northern movement of the Earth on the celestial sphere is implicitly acknowledged in the Surya Siddhanta.
It outlines the Uttarayana (the period between Makar Sankranti and Karka Sankranti). Hence, Winter Solstice is the first day of Uttarayana.

Try this MCQ:

Q. On 21st June, the Sun

(a) Does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle

(b) Does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle

(c) Shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator

(d) Shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn

Post your answers here.
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