Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: COP29

Why in the News?

COP29 is set to be hosted by Azerbaijan from November 11 to 22. It has a central focus on finalising a agreement on Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) particularly for the post-2025 period.

Proposals by Azerbaijan:

Azerbaijan has included key proposals in the COP29 Action Agenda, such as:

  • Increasing global energy storage capacity by six times by 2030.
  • Promoting a global market for green hydrogen.
  • Ensuring the carbon footprint from digitisation and data centres is kept to a minimum.

About the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF):

  • The CFAF will be capitalised with contributions from fossil fuel producing countries
  • It will be headquartered with its secretariat in Baku, Azerbaijan.
  • It will rely on voluntary contributions from fossil-fuel producing countries and companies.
  • Azerbaijan, a major petroleum economy, will make the first contribution to kickstart the fund.
  • Fossil-fuel producing countries and companies will have the option to make annual contributions, either as a fixed sum or based on production volumes.
  • The funds will be divided equally:
    • 50% will go toward climate projects in developing countries.
    • 50% will support developing nations in implementing national climate action plans.
  • The fund will become operational once it reaches a minimum corpus of $1 billion.
  • At least 10 countries must commit to being shareholders for the fund to start.
  • 20% of the revenues generated from investments will be deposited in a Rapid Response Funding Facility (2R2F) providing highly concessional and grant-based support.

What did Paris Agreement of 2015 said on Climate Finance?

  • Under the Paris Agreement (2015), developed countries are obligated to raise at least $100 billion annually to aid developing nations in their fight against climate change.
    • This amount is expected to increase after 2025.
  • Negotiations have been slow, and countries are still debating the quantum of finance that industrialised nations should provide.

 

PYQ:

[2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
  2. It aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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