Area of interest: North India, Central India, and South India. After the decline of Harsha’s empire, a number of large… Continue reading Chapter 9 | Post-Gupta Period II (750AD – 1000AD)

Area of interest: North India, Deccan India & South India The political situation became complex with the passing away of… Continue reading Chapter 8 | Post-Gupta Period I (600AD – 750AD) Later Guptas, Badami Chalukyas, Pallavas, Pandyas

Areas of Interest: North India, Central India, and South India Unlike the previous period, this period saw was marked by… Continue reading Chapter 7 | Gupta Period (300AD – 600AD)

Areas of Interest – North, South & East India (specifically Kalinga) The five centuries that passed between the fall of… Continue reading Chapter 6 | Post Mauryan Period (200BC to 300AD)

Areas of Interest: North India NORTH INDIA I. Political Background The period from the sixth to the late fourth century… Continue reading Chapter 5 | Mauryan Period (400BC – 200BC)

Note4Students It is important to understand the transformations that occur from the Vedic to the Later Vedic period as many… Continue reading Chapter 4 | Vedic and Later Vedic Period (1500BC – 600BC)

Note4Students This topic is not one of UPSC’s favorites. A deeper understanding is not required. You need to make a… Continue reading Chapter 1 | Stone Age – Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic

What is Agroforestry? Agroforestry is a sustainable management mechanism for land that: increases overall production, combines agricultural crops, tree crops,… Continue reading Agroforestry

Cropping Pattern refers to a yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in a given area Cropping pattern… Continue reading Part 4 | Cropping Patterns and Systems in India

Important Food Crops 1. Rice: Geographical Conditions of Growth: Rice grows best in areas of warm, humid climate; rice requires… Continue reading Part 2 | Important Food Crops (Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets, Pulses and Barley) and Horticultural Crops

We discussed in detail alluvial, black, red and laterite soils. Let’s continue the discussion and move on to the next… Continue reading Part 5 | Indian Soils – Arid, Saline and Alkaline, Peaty and Forest Soils

We learnt about the various ways to classify soils. In this article, we will look at the various types of… Continue reading Part 4 | Indian Soils – Alluvial, Black, Red and Laterite soils

India is one of the 17 mega diverse countries of the world. With only 2.4% of the world’s land area,… Continue reading Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Part 6 | Conservation of Wildlife

In this article, we continue the discussion and look at various conservation attempts made to protect the Indian forests. Conservation… Continue reading Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Part 5 | Conservation of Forests – Afforestation Schemes and Other Initiatives

Vegetation in the Himalayas: The Himalayan ranges show a succession of vegetation from the tropical to the tundra, which changes… Continue reading Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Part 4 | Vegetation Zones of the Himalayas, The Problems of Indian Forestry

4. Subtropical Vegetation A. Sub-tropical Broad-leaved Hill Forests: Distribution: These forests occur on the lower slopes of the Himalaya in… Continue reading Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Part 3 | The Sub-tropical, Temperate, Sub-Alpine and Alpine, Littoral and Swamp Vegetation

Moving on, let’s discuss the various natural vegetation types of India in detail: Natural Vegetation Types of India 1. Tropical… Continue reading Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Part 2 | Tropical Evergreen, Tropical Deciduous and Tropical Thorny Vegetation

Before we discuss the natural vegetation types found in India, let’s get acquainted with some basic terms: Flora, Vegetation and… Continue reading Natural Vegetation and Wildlife- Part 1 | An Overview of Natural Vegetation Types Found in India

India’s Climatic Calendar: The Southwest Monsoon Season Chief Characteristics of Monsoonal Rainfall: Monsoonal rainfall is largely governed by relief or… Continue reading The Southwest Monsoon Season (Jun – Sep) | Part 2

India’s Climatic Calendar: the South-West Monsoon Season Temperature Conditions during this season: As the sun shifts northwards, the temperature rapidly… Continue reading The Southwest Monsoon Season (Jun – Sep) | Part 1