Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline;
Mains level: Geopolitical tension in Europe;
Why in the News?
For over 40 years, Russian gas has been transported to Europe through Ukraine, but these supplies are set to cease on January 1, following Ukraine’s Naftogaz decision not to renew its most recent five-year transit agreement with Russia’s Gazprom.
Note: Student you can use this content in Prelims for facts related to map and mains exam for substantiate the argument related to geopolitical tension in Europe.
Do you know about the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline?
- The Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, also known as the Brotherhood pipeline, is a significant natural gas export route from Russia to Europe, primarily traversing Ukraine. The pipeline starts at the Urengoy gas field in northwest Siberia and extends southwest to Uzhhorod, Ukraine, near the Slovakian border.
- It spans approximately 4,500 kilometers (2,800 miles), with about 1,160 kilometers (720 miles) located in Ukraine.
- The pipeline was commissioned in 1984 and has been a crucial part of Russia’s gas export strategy to Europe.
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What is the volume of gas supplied through Ukraine?
- Historical Context: At its peak, the pipeline system, including the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, delivered approximately 201 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas to Europe in 2018. However, this volume has drastically decreased over the years due to geopolitical tensions and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
- Recent Figures: In 2023, only about 15 bcm of gas was shipped through Ukraine, a significant drop from 65 bcm when the last five-year contract began in 2020.
What are the Possible Impacts?
- Economic Consequences for Ukraine: Ukraine is expected to lose up to $1 billion annually in transit fees due to the cessation of gas flows. To mitigate this loss, it plans to quadruple gas transmission tariffs for domestic consumers, which could burden its industry with additional costs exceeding $38.2 million per year.
- Impact on Gazprom: Russia’s Gazprom is projected to lose around $5 billion in gas sales as a result of this halted transit.
- European Energy Security: The European Union has prepared for this transition and does not anticipate immediate impacts on consumer prices.
- Countries like Slovakia and Austria have secured alternative gas supplies from sources such as Norway and LNG imports from the U.S. and Qatar.
- Hungary will continue receiving Russian gas through the TurkStream pipeline under the Black Sea.
TurkStream pipeline
- Energy Crisis in Moldova: The cessation has led to an energy emergency in Transdniestria, a breakaway region of Moldova that relies on these transit flows, resulting in cutoffs of heating and hot water supplies for residents
Way forward:
- Enhanced Energy Diversification: Europe and Ukraine should continue to strengthen alternative energy supply routes, including LNG imports and renewable energy projects, to reduce reliance on Russian gas and ensure long-term energy security.
- Support for Affected Regions: Provide immediate humanitarian and financial assistance to regions like Transdniestria and Moldova for energy infrastructure upgrades, while encouraging energy-efficient solutions to mitigate the crisis.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Initiatives related to agriculture;
Why in the News?
The government extended two crop insurance schemes, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS), for another year until 2025-26. It also set aside ₹824.77 crore to improve these schemes using advanced technology.
What are the provisions and key features of PMFBY?
- Comprehensive Risk Coverage: PMFBY provides coverage against all non-preventable natural risks from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages, including droughts, floods, and pests.
- Subsidised Premium Rates: Farmers pay a fixed premium of 1.5% for rabi crops, 2% for kharif crops, and 5% for cash crops. The remaining premium is shared between the central and state governments.
- Financial Support: It offers financial assistance to farmers suffering from crop loss due to unforeseen events, aiming to stabilise their income and encourage modern agricultural practices.
- Technology Integration: The scheme incorporates technological initiatives like YES-TECH for yield estimation and WINDS for weather data collection, enhancing efficiency in claim settlement.
Why was RWBCIS introduced?
- Financial Protection Against Weather Risks: RWBCIS was introduced to safeguard farmers from financial losses caused by adverse weather conditions such as rainfall, temperature fluctuations, wind, and humidity, which can severely impact crop yields and farmer income.
- Comprehensive Coverage for Various Crops: The scheme aims to provide insurance protection for a wide range of crops, including food crops, oilseeds, and commercial or horticultural crops, thereby mitigating the impact of natural calamities like droughts and floods on farmers’ livelihoods.
What is the difference between PMFBY and RWBCIS?
|
PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) |
RWBCIS (Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme) |
| Launch |
Launched in 2016 (replacing NAIS and MNAIS). |
Introduced in 2016 to safeguard farmers against adverse weather conditions. |
| Primary Focus |
Protects against crop failure due to natural calamities, pests, diseases. |
Provides insurance based on weather parameters (e.g., rainfall, temperature, wind) to mitigate financial losses from weather extremes. |
| Risk Assessment Method |
– Area-based approach with crop-cutting experiments, remote sensing, etc.
– Yield vs. threshold yield determines compensation. |
– Weather-based triggers using data from weather stations.
– Predefined thresholds (e.g., rainfall levels) activate payouts automatically. |
| Premium Structure |
– Uniform, capped rates for farmers: 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, 5% for horticulture/commercial crops.
– No upper limit on government subsidy. |
– Varies based on weather risks and policy design.
– Similar subsidy approach, but rates are dependent on specific weather-based insurance products. |
| Coverage |
– All notified crops in a defined area.
– Includes food crops, oilseeds, and commercial/horticultural crops. |
– Covers food crops, oilseeds, and commercial/horticultural crops for weather-induced losses (e.g., drought, flood, cyclone, hailstorm). |
| Enrollment |
– Initially compulsory for farmers with crop loans (KCC).
– Made voluntary for all farmers from Kharif 2020. |
– All farmers, including sharecroppers and tenant farmers, are eligible if they grow notified crops in notified areas. |
| Key Objectives |
– Provide financial support and stabilize income in the event of crop failure.
– Encourage innovative and modern farming practices. |
– Protect farmers from weather aberrations, ensuring swift compensation when weather thresholds are met or breached. |
| Unique Features |
– “One Nation, One Scheme” concept.
– Loss-based compensation linked to actual yield shortfall. |
– Trigger-based system; payouts depend on deviation from normal weather parameters (no extensive damage assessment). |
What is the role of FIAT in crop insurance schemes?
The Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT) has been established with a corpus of ₹824.77 crore to enhance the implementation of PMFBY and RWBCIS. There are various key roles:
- Technological Advancement: Funding technological initiatives aimed at improving the assessment of crop damage and expediting claim settlements.
- Research Support: Facilitating research and development studies that enhance the effectiveness of crop insurance schemes through innovative practices.
- Improving Accessibility: Aiding in the use of digital technologies for easier enrollment processes and expanding coverage among farmers.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Awareness and Accessibility: Increase farmer outreach through targeted awareness campaigns and simplify enrollment processes using digital platforms to ensure maximum participation in crop insurance schemes.
- Enhanced Technology Integration: Expand the deployment of advanced tools like remote sensing and automated weather monitoring to improve accuracy in loss assessment, and claim settlements, and minimize disputes.
Mains PYQ:
Q How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Annual Ground Water Quality Report – 2024
Why in the News?
The Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024 was released by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti. Conducted by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the report provides a scientific baseline for groundwater quality across India.
Annual Groundwater Quality Report, 2024: Key Highlights
Monitoring Scale
- Data collected from 15,200 locations and 4,982 trend stations both before and after the monsoon.
Contamination Levels
- Nitrate
- 20% of samples exceeded the safe limit of 45 mg/L.
- Hotspots include Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra (>40% of samples), Telangana (27.48%), Andhra Pradesh (23.5%), and Madhya Pradesh (22.58%).
- States such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland remain within safe limits.
- Fluoride
- 9.04% of samples above permissible limits.
- Affected states: Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
- Arsenic
- Detected in Ganga-Brahmaputra floodplains (West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh).
- Linked to cancer and skin lesions.
- Uranium
- 42% of Rajasthan and 30% of Punjab samples exceed 100 ppb.
- Over-exploited zones in Gujarat, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh also show elevated levels, posing kidney damage risks.
Agricultural Suitability
- SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) & RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate): 81% of samples suitable for irrigation; 100% suitability in North-Eastern states.
- High Sodium: Elevated levels in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, risking soil degradation.
- Salinity (as a measure of Electrical Conductivity (EC)): High in Rajasthan, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka.
Temporal Trends
- Seasonal Improvements: Post-monsoon recharge improves EC (salinity) and fluoride levels.
- Stable Nitrate since 2015 in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat.
- Rising Nitrate (2017–2023) in Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana.
Hotspots of Contamination
- Nitrate:
- Rajasthan (Barmer, Jodhpur), Maharashtra (Wardha, Jalgaon), Andhra Pradesh (Palnadu), Tamil Nadu (Villupuram), Punjab (Bathinda).
- Uranium:
- Over-exploited aquifers in Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat.
- Arsenic:
- Ganga-Brahmaputra floodplains in West Bengal, Assam, Bihar.
What are the key factors contributing to decline in Groundwater quality?
Groundwater quality declines due to:
- Industrialization, with untreated waste introducing heavy metals and chemicals into aquifers, and agricultural practices, where excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides leads to nitrate contamination.
- Urbanization worsens the problem through improper waste disposal, sewage leakage, and landfill contamination.
- Over-extraction for agriculture and domestic use lowers water tables, exposing aquifers to pollutants like arsenic and uranium.
- Climate change and poor livestock waste management further exacerbate contamination and reduce aquifer recharge.
Government Initiatives to conserve Groundwater
- Jal Jeevan Mission – Groundwater Component (2023): Ensures source sustainability for rural water supply by focusing on groundwater recharge and sustainable extraction with local governance participation.
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain (2021): A nationwide campaign promoting rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge, emphasizing the creation of water conservation structures.
- National Aquifer Mapping and Management Program (Updated 2020): Maps groundwater aquifers to guide sustainable management, particularly in over-exploited areas.
- Atal Bhujal Yojana (2019): Focuses on sustainable groundwater management through community participation in seven water-stressed states, with decentralized planning involving Gram Panchayats.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to the water on the planet Earth, consider the following statements:
1. The amount of water in the rivers and lakes is more than the amount of groundwater.
2. The amount of water in polar ice caps and glaciers is more than the amount of groundwater.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP)
![[pib] What is Di-Ammonium Phosphate?](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dap.jpg)
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the extension of the One-time Special Package on Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) beyond the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme.
What is Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP)?
- DAP is a two-nutrient fertilizer that contains 18% nitrogen (N) and 46% phosphorus (P) as P2O5.
- DAP is highly soluble in water and soil, releasing phosphate and ammonium that plants can use.
- DAP is a popular choice for farming and other industries because of its high nutrient content and physical properties. It’s particularly effective in the early stages of plant development.
|
What is Fertilizer Subsidy in India?
| Details |
- Ensures affordable fertilizers for farmers to boost agricultural productivity.
- Applies to both Urea and Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, each with distinct pricing/subsidy mechanisms.
Types of Subsidies:
1. Urea Subsidy
- Fixed MRP: Urea is sold at a statutorily notified MRP (₹5,360/ton in 2023), irrespective of production costs.
- Government Compensation: Bridges the cost gap, making urea highly affordable but often leading to overuse.
2. Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) for P&K (2010)
- Nutrient-Based Approach: Subsidies depend on Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) content, promoting balanced fertilization.
- Pricing Revision: Subsidy rates are reviewed annually or bi-annually based on global market prices.
- Objectives: Improve soil health, nutrient efficiency, and ensure affordability of P&K fertilizers.
3. Subsidies as per New Investment Policy (NIP) for Urea (2012)
- Self-Sufficiency Focus: Encourages new urea plants and revival of old ones to reduce imports.
- Investment Incentives: Aim to increase domestic production through favourable policies and pricing.
|
| Concerns Related to Subsidy |
- Overuse of Urea: Low urea prices lead to excessive application, causing soil nutrient imbalance and environmental harm.
- Fiscal Burden: Total subsidy expenditures reached ₹2.25 lakh crore (2023–24), placing a heavy load on public finances.
- Imbalanced Nutrient Use: Heavy reliance on urea discourages the use of P&K fertilizers, degrading soil quality over time.
- Import Dependency: India relies significantly on P&K imports, exposing farmers to global price volatility.
|
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements:
1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tobacco Board, Tobacco Cultivation in India
Why in the News?
The Tobacco Board of India, established on January 1, 1976, under the Tobacco Board Act, 1975, plays a pivotal role in ensuring the growth and sustainability of the tobacco industry.
About Tobacco Board of India
- It is established under the Tobacco Board Act, 1975, operational from January 1, 1976.
- It functions under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It is headquartered in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
- Objective: To promote the orderly development of India’s tobacco industry, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
- Functions:
- Regulates the production, curing, grading, and marketing of Virginia tobacco (Flue-Cured Virginia and Burley).
- Issues licenses and registrations for growers, manufacturers, exporters, and dealers.
- Collaborates with research institutes to develop new crop varieties and improve farming practices.
- Engages in market promotion, price stabilization, and quality control to protect farmers and maintain fair trade.
About the Tobacco Production and Trade
India
- Tobacco is drought-tolerant, hardy, and short-duration, cultivable on soils where other crops are less profitable.
- It is grown on 0.45 million hectares, accounting for 0.27% of India’s net cultivated area.
- India produces around 750 million kilograms of tobacco leaf annually.
- India is the second-largest producer globally (after China) and second-largest exporter (after Brazil).
- About 300 million kg of Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco is produced on 0.20 million ha, while 450 million kg of non-FCV varieties come from 0.25 million ha.
- India contributes 10% of global tobacco acreage and 9% of world tobacco production
PYQ:
[2008] Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists:
| List-I(Board) |
List-II (Headquarters) |
| A. Coffee Board |
1. Bengaluru |
| B Rubber Board |
2. Guntur |
| C Tea Board |
3. Kottayam |
| D Tobacco Board |
4. Kolkata |
Code: A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 1 3 4 2
(c) 2 3 4 1
(d) 1 4 3 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sanctions
Why in the News?
The United States has imposed sanctions on entities in Iran and Russia, accusing them of attempting to interfere in the 2024 US presidential election.
Understanding Sanctions: Purpose, Application, and Impact
- Sanctions are strategic tools used to influence behavior, deter aggression, and enforce compliance with international norms.
- Sanctions are commonly used to address counterterrorism, human rights abuses, nuclear proliferation, and election interference.
Types of Sanctions
- Comprehensive Sanctions: Broad measures against entire countries (e.g., U.S. embargo on Cuba).
- Targeted (Smart) Sanctions: Focused on specific individuals or entities (e.g., asset freezes, travel bans).
- Common Forms:
- Trade restrictions and arms embargoes.
- Asset freezes and capital restraints.
- Travel bans and reductions in foreign aid.
How sanctions work?
- United States:
- Managed by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).
- Targets include terrorism (e.g., al-Qaeda), nuclear programs (e.g., Iran), and election meddling (e.g., Russia).
- Example: 2024 sanctions on Iranian and Russian entities for using AI to interfere in U.S. elections.
- United Nations:
- Imposed by the UN Security Council, requiring no veto from the five permanent members (U.S., UK, France, China, Russia).
- Measures include asset freezes, travel bans, and arms embargoes.
- Example: Sanctions on North Korea to curb its nuclear weapons program.
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Why are Sanctions Imposed?
Sanctions aim to:
- Coerce: Change policies or actions, such as dismantling nuclear programs.
- Deter: Prevent future aggression or cyberattacks.
- Punish: Impose costs for violating international norms.
- Shame: Isolate violators diplomatically and economically.
Impacts on Regional and Global Geopolitics
- Economic Effects:
- Sanctions can weaken economies, such as Iran’s reduction in oil exports or Russia’s challenges in energy markets.
- However, some nations adapt; Russia’s economy grew by 3.6% in 2023, despite sanctions.
- Shifting Alliances:
- Targeted nations strengthen ties with others (e.g., Russia’s growing relations with China and Iran).
- Trade Realignment:
- EU sanctions on Russia accelerated Europe’s move to renewable energy sources.
- Humanitarian Consequences:
- Comprehensive sanctions can harm civilians, as seen in Iraq during the 1990s.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Importance of QUAD;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Foreign Ministers of the Quad countries issued a joint statement to mark 20 years of their partnership.
What are the Highlights of the Joint Statement?
- Commitment to a Free and Open Indo-Pacific: The Quad nations reaffirmed their vision of a peaceful, stable, and prosperous Indo-Pacific, emphasizing the importance of effective regional institutions.
- Support for ASEAN: The ministers expressed unwavering support for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its central role in the region, endorsing the implementation of the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific.
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: They reiterated their commitment to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, noting ongoing efforts to enhance disaster preparedness and response across the Indo-Pacific.
- Collective Response to Challenges: The joint statement emphasized collaboration in addressing complex challenges such as climate change, pandemics, maritime security, and emerging technologies.
What are the Strategic Significance of Quad?
- Regional Stability: The Quad serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific, promoting a rules-based international order that respects sovereignty.
- Multilateral Cooperation: It fosters cooperation among member nations in various sectors including security, infrastructure development, and technological advancement.
- Disaster Response Framework: Originating from a joint response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the Quad has evolved into a robust partnership capable of coordinating humanitarian efforts during crises.
What are the achievements of QUAD?
- Expanded Areas of Cooperation: The Quad has evolved from a security dialogue into a multifaceted partnership, establishing six working groups focused on diverse areas such as climate change, cybersecurity, health security, infrastructure development, critical technologies, and space cooperation.
- Vaccine Distribution and Health Initiatives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Quad successfully coordinated efforts to distribute vaccines, particularly through the Quad Vaccine Partnership.
- The Quad committed to delivering over 1.2 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines to countries in the region by 2022.
- Maritime Security and Regional Stability: The Quad has actively engaged in enhancing maritime security in the Indo-Pacific, conducting joint exercises like Malabar naval exercises, which include all four member nations (India, Japan, Australia, and the US) and launching initiatives like the Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA).
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What are the Challenges Faced by the Quad?
- Geopolitical Tensions: China’s increasing assertiveness poses significant challenges to the Quad’s objectives in maintaining regional stability.
- Diverse Interests Among Members: Each member nation has its own national interests and priorities, which can complicate unified action on various issues.
- Implementation of Initiatives: While there is strong rhetoric around cooperation, effectively implementing initiatives across diverse political landscapes remains a challenge.
What Should Quad Members Do? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Institutional Frameworks: Establish a formal mechanism or secretariat to streamline decision-making, enhance coordination, and ensure the effective implementation of initiatives.
- Expand Inclusive Regional Engagement: Deepen partnerships with ASEAN, Pacific Island nations, and other regional stakeholders to build trust, enhance collective capabilities, and counter perceptions of exclusivity.
Mains PYQ:
Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Accountability of Judiciary;
Why in the News?
In the U.S. Supreme Court, dissenting opinions often reflect the political views of judges, as they are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. In contrast, dissenting opinions in the Indian judiciary cover a wider range, including political, social, and purely intellectual disagreements
What is the significance of dissenting opinions?
- Preservation of Judicial Independence: Dissenting opinions serve as a safeguard for judicial independence, allowing judges to express their disagreements with majority decisions without fear of repercussions. This fosters a culture of open debate within the judiciary, which is essential for a healthy democracy.
- Shaping Legal Precedents: Dissent can influence future legal interpretations and decisions. Over time, dissenting views may gain traction and become part of the evolving legal landscape, as seen in cases like ADM Jabalpur and P.V. Narasimha Rao, where dissents later informed subsequent rulings.
- Encouraging Public Discourse: Dissenting opinions can stimulate public discussion and debate about important legal and constitutional issues. They often highlight alternative perspectives that may resonate with societal values or concerns, thereby enriching democratic dialogue.
How does dissent in the Indian judiciary compare to that in the U.S.?
- Political Influences: In the U.S., dissent often reflects the political affiliations of justices, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. For example, Justice Samuel Alito’s dissents align with conservative viewpoints on issues like abortion and same-sex marriage.
- In contrast, Indian judges are selected through a collegium system, which aims to reduce political influence on judicial decisions, resulting in dissents that may not necessarily align with current political sentiments.
- Nature of Dissents: U.S. Supreme Court dissents frequently stem from ideological divides among justices, whereas Indian judicial dissents encompass a broader spectrum, including political, social, and intellectual disagreements.
- For instance, Justices Khehar and Nazeer in Shayara Bano focused on the social implications of personal law rather than political affiliations.
- Impact on Law: While both systems recognise the importance of dissent in shaping jurisprudence, Indian dissents have historically led to significant legal changes post-ruling, as seen in cases like Sita Soren where earlier dissents influenced the court’s later position on parliamentary immunity.
What challenges and criticisms surround judicial dissent in India?
- Risk of Retaliation: Judges who dissent against majority opinions may face professional backlash or career repercussions. Notable cases include Justice H.R. Khanna, who was superseded as Chief Justice after his dissent in ADM Jabalpur, highlighting potential risks for dissenters within the judiciary.
- Infrequent Dissent: Despite its importance, dissent is relatively rare in the Indian Supreme Court compared to its potential significance. The Chief Justice often avoids dissenting opinions in constitutional bench cases, which raises concerns about conformity over independent judicial reasoning.
- Public Perception: Judicial dissent can sometimes be viewed negatively by the public or political entities as undermining judicial authority or coherence. This perception can discourage judges from expressing their dissent openly.
What are the accountable-related issues?
- High Bar for Impeachment: The process requires “proved misbehaviour or incapacity” and a two-thirds majority in Parliament, making it almost impossible to remove errant judges.
- Resignation to Evade Accountability: Judges like Justice Soumitra Sen and P.D. Dinakaran resigned before the completion of impeachment proceedings, avoiding scrutiny while retaining post-retirement benefits.
- Immunity Misuse: Judges continue to enjoy post-retirement benefits even after accusations of misconduct, as seen in Justice Ramaswami’s case, undermining accountability.
- Limited Scope for Independent Oversight: The judiciary lacks an independent review mechanism outside the Parliament-driven impeachment process, leaving little room for holding judges accountable in real time.
What is the review mechanism of committee set up under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968?
- Initiation: A removal motion, signed by 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs, is submitted and approved by the Speaker or Chairman to initiate the process.
- Investigation: A three-member committee (Supreme Court judge, Chief Justice of a High Court, and an eminent jurist) is constituted under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 to investigate allegations of “proved misbehaviour or incapacity.”
- Parliamentary Decision: If the committee confirms the charges, the motion is debated in Parliament and requires a two-thirds majority in both Houses for the judge’s removal by the President.
|
Way forward:
- Institutional Support for Dissent: Establish mechanisms to safeguard dissenting judges from career repercussions, such as transparent evaluation criteria and protections for judicial independence, ensuring open debate within the judiciary.
- Promote Judicial Dialogue: Encourage a culture of constructive dissent by incorporating dissenting opinions into judicial training and fostering recognition of their long-term contributions to legal evolution.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to Delimitation;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, N. Chandrababu Naidu and M.K. Stalin, expressed their frustration over the proposed delimitation exercise, which might lead to their states losing parliamentary seats.
How Does Population Control Influence Delimitation?
- Population as the Basis for Representation: Delimitation exercises are based on the population count, which determines the number of seats allocated to states in Parliament.
- Southern States’ Success in Population Control: Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, which have achieved lower fertility rates, face the risk of reduced parliamentary representation.
- Demographic Divide: States with higher population growth (mainly in northern India) may gain more seats, leading to an imbalance in political representation.
What are the implications of current demographic trends on political representation?
- Seat Redistribution: The impending delimitation exercise, scheduled for 2026, may lead to a significant redistribution of Lok Sabha seats.
- Estimates suggest that states like Uttar Pradesh could gain up to 14 additional seats, while Tamil Nadu might lose several, decreasing its representation from 39 to potentially 30 seats.
- Federal Structure Concerns: The southern states argue that using population counts for political representation undermines the federal structure of India. They contend that it is unjust to penalize regions that have successfully managed population growth while rewarding those with higher growth rates.
What are the arguments for and against reversing population control measures during delimitation?
Reversing population refers to attempts to increase fertility rates through incentives, aiming to counteract declining population growth trends.
- Argument in favour of Reversal:
-
- Political Strategy: South political leaders advocate for incentivizing larger families as a means to maintain or increase political representation in light of the delimitation concerns.
- Cultural Context: There is a push to celebrate larger families as a cultural norm, with comments from leaders suggesting an exaggerated approach to family size as a humorous response to the delimitation threat.
- Argument against Reversal:
- Long-term Consequences: Experts argue that reversing fertility rates through incentives may not be effective or sustainable. Historical examples, such as China’s one-child policy, illustrate the challenges and unintended consequences of aggressive population control measures.
- Social Support Necessity: Encouraging higher birth rates without adequate social support for families could place additional burdens on women and society at large. Effective policies should focus on providing necessary support rather than merely increasing birth rates.
What reforms are necessary for a fair delimitation process? (Way forward)
- Equitable Representation Criteria: Reforms should consider not only population counts but also socio-economic characteristics, ensuring that regions with successful population management are not unfairly penalized in political representation.
- Stakeholder Consultations: Increased dialogue among stakeholders is essential to address concerns regarding the delimitation process. This could involve re-evaluating how political representation is determined based on demographic trends and regional development successes.
- Migration Policies: To address regional population imbalances, promoting migration could serve as a viable solution alongside revising how political representation is allocated based on demographic characteristics rather than sheer numbers alone.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Willow Quantum Processor
Why in the News?
Google has unveiled its latest quantum processor, ‘Willow’, which has sparked excitement about the potential of quantum computers to solve practical problems.
About Willow Quantum Processor:
- Google’s team of researchers developed Willow and shared their results in the scientific journal Nature.
- Willow has 105 qubits, which are the basic units of information in quantum computers.
- Some qubits perform the actual calculations (called data qubits).
- Others check for mistakes and fix them (called measurement qubits).
- It operates at an extremely low temperature—almost absolute zero (-273.15°C)—to keep its qubits stable.
- How fast is It? Willow solved a tough problem in just a few minutes. The same task would take the world’s best regular computer 10 septillion years (that’s 1 followed by 24 zeros!).
- Each qubit can stay stable for 100 microseconds (a tiny fraction of a second), which is a big improvement for quantum computers.
Features and Significance
- Smarter Error Handling:
- Quantum computers are extremely sensitive, and even the tiniest disturbance can cause errors.
- Willow uses a system where some qubits (called measurement qubits) are dedicated to spotting and fixing errors without disturbing the main qubits (called data qubits) that are doing the calculations.
- Bigger, Better Performance:
- Willow has 105 qubits: about half for computations and the rest for error correction.
- Most quantum computers become less reliable as more qubits are added. Willow is different—it actually improves its performance as more qubits are included.
- Longer Stability:
- Qubits in Willow remain stable for 100 microseconds—a significant improvement that allows it to perform more complex tasks.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Simlipal Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
Tigress Zeenat, originally from Maharashtra’s Tadoba, was relocated to Odisha’s Similipal Tiger Reserve after straying through Jharkhand into West Bengal, complicating tracking efforts.
About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
|
Details |
| Geographical Features |
- Situated in the Mayurbhanj District, Northern Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
- Twin peaks Khairiburu and Meghashini, rising to 1515 meters above mean sea level.
- Undulating and hilly terrain, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
- Inhabited by tribes like Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
- Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; brought under Project Tiger in 1973.
- Included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2009.
|
| Flora and Fauna |
- Flora: Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal as the dominant tree species.
- Fauna: Rich wildlife, including Leopards, Gaurs, Elephants, Langurs, Barking Deer, Spotted Deer, Sloth Bears, Mongoose, Flying Squirrels, Porcupines, Pythons, Sambar, Pangolins, and more.
- It is critical habitat for birds, including migratory species like Bar-Headed Geese and Brahmini Ducks, and home to freshwater snails (Radix genus) in its water bodies.
- Melanistic Tigers:
- Similipal hosts 27 of Odisha’s 30 tigers (AOTE-2023-24), including 13 pseudo-melanistic tigers with unique black-striped patterns due to a mutation in the Taqpep gene.
- It is the only wild habitat in the world with pseudo-melanistic tigers.
|
PYQ:
[2011] Two important rivers – one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha – merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area.
Which one of the following could be this?
(a) Bhitarkanika
(b) Chandipur-on-sea
(c) Gopalpur-on-sea
(d) Simlipal |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coastal Security Scheme
Why in the News?
Non-operational patrolling boats, insufficient funds for training, and manpower shortages are among the challenges highlighted by 13 coastal states and Union Territories during a review of the Coastal Security Scheme (CSS) phases I and II.
What is the Coastal Security Scheme?
- CSS was launched to strengthen security across India’s 7,516.6 km coastline, including 1,382 offshore islands, in order to prevent unauthorized entry, smuggling, and infiltration.
- It is overseen by the Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), in collaboration with coastal States/UTs and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
- Core Objective: Bolster coastal security by enhancing infrastructure, resources, and coordination among central and state agencies, ensuring effective maritime surveillance and prompt emergency response.
Implementation Phases
- Phase I (2005–2011)
- Budget: ₹646 crore
- Established 73 coastal police stations, 97 check-posts, 58 outposts, 30 barracks, 204 interceptor boats, 153 jeeps, and 312 motorcycles.
- Phase II (2011–2020)
- Budget: ₹1,579.91 crore
- Added 131 coastal police stations, 60 jetties, 10 marine operational centers, 225 boats, 131 four-wheelers, and 242 motorcycles.
|
Key Features
- Infrastructure Development: Construction of coastal police stations, jetties, outposts, barracks, and marine operation centers.
- Marine Patrolling: Deployment of interceptor boats for rapid response and improved surveillance.
- Manpower & Training: Specialized marine police personnel trained at the National Academy of Coastal Policing (Gujarat).
- Technological Integration: Collaboration with the Coastal Surveillance Network (CSN) for real-time monitoring and swift threat detection.
Current Status
- Phase III Plans:
- Upgraded Boats & Equipment: Introducing larger, more stable vessels and better maintenance.
- More Manpower: Focused recruitment and specialized training for marine police.
- Infrastructure Expansion: Building new jetties and operational centers, backed by adequate funding.
- Insurance Coverage: Proposals to protect marine police personnel operating in high-risk conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CPGRAMS
Why in the News?
According to the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) resolved over 70 lakh grievances from 2022 to 2024.
About Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)
- CPGRAMS is an online platform that allows citizens to register grievances related to government service delivery, functioning 24×7.
- It was established in June 2007 by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG); the National Informatics Centre (NIC) developed the technical framework.
- The Prime Minister serves as the supreme head of CPGRAMS.
Key Functions
- Grievance Lodging & Tracking: Each complaint gets a unique registration number for monitoring.
- Role-Based Access: Ministries and states can access and resolve relevant grievances.
- Appeal Facility: Citizens can appeal if they are not satisfied with the resolution.
- Feedback Mechanism: Complainants can rate the resolution; a “Poor” rating reopens the case for further appeals.
Exclusions: Subjudice cases, personal/family disputes, RTI queries, matters affecting national/international integrity, and government employees’ service issues.
Key Reforms to Improve CPGRAMS
- Reduced Timelines: Grievance resolution deadlines shortened from 30 days to 21 days, with mandatory interim updates.
- Integrated Platform: A unified portal for all ministries, departments, and states; accessible via web, mobile apps, and UMANG.
- Feedback & Appeals: Citizens can provide feedback through SMS/email; a “Poor” rating escalates unresolved issues.
- AI-Driven Process Improvements: Tools like the Tree Dashboard help identify problems and streamline grievance handling.
- Training & Monitoring: Under SEVOTTAM (Service Excellence through Total Quality Management), Grievance Officers get specialized training, with regular performance reviews to enhance service delivery.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Refugee crises;
Why in the News?
A recent study by The Azadi Project and Refugees International has found that Rohingya refugees detained in India face serious violations of their basic rights. It also criticizes India for not meeting its responsibilities under international human rights agreements.
What has a recent report said about India’s refugee policy for the Rohingya people?
- Human Rights Violations: The report indicates that Rohingya refugees are subjected to “gross violations of constitutional and human rights,” including arbitrary detention without charges and inhumane living conditions in detention centres.
- Call for Legal Revisions: It urges India to clarify the legal status of Rohingya refugees and revise outdated laws like the Foreigners Act of 1946 to align with international refugee standards.
- Recommendations for Action: The report advocates for the immediate release of vulnerable detainees and calls on international actors, including the U.S. and UNHCR, to engage with India on these issues.
What does the 1951 Refugee Convention state?
The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol establish fundamental principles for the protection of refugees, including:
- Non-refoulement: This principle prohibits states from returning individuals to countries where they may face persecution or serious harm. It is a cornerstone of international refugee law and is considered customary international law, binding even on states not party to the Convention.
- Rights of Refugees: The Convention outlines various rights that refugees are entitled to, such as access to legal assistance, work, education, and social services, ensuring their dignity and protection from discrimination.
Note: India is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention.
What is India’s stand?
- Non-signatory Status: India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol, which it argues absolves it from legal obligations to provide asylum or adhere to non-refoulement principles.
- Detention Practices: The Indian government continues to detain Rohingya refugees under domestic laws that classify them as illegal migrants. Recent court rulings have reinforced this stance, stating that while they have a right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution, they lack right to reside or settle in India.
- Judicial Interpretation: Despite India’s non-signatory status, some High Courts have interpreted international norms as applicable under Article 21, suggesting a potential pathway for legal protections for refugees.
What are India’s international obligations?
- International Treaties: India is a party to several international human rights treaties that imply obligations related to the treatment of individuals at risk of torture or inhumane treatment. For instance:
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) includes provisions against refoulement (forcible return of refugees) under Article 7.
- Other treaties like the Convention Against Torture also emphasise non-refoulement principles, even if India’s ratification status complicates direct enforcement.
- Constitutional Mandates: Article 51(c) of the Indian Constitution encourages respect for international law and treaty obligations. Landmark Supreme Court rulings have indicated that international conventions should guide domestic law when local legislation is lacking
Way forward:
- Establish a Comprehensive Refugee Policy: India should enact a uniform refugee law aligning with international principles, ensuring legal clarity and protection for all refugees, including the Rohingya, while upholding the constitutional mandate under Article 21.
- Strengthen Collaboration with UNHCR and Civil Society: Engage with international agencies and local organizations to improve refugee support systems, focusing on humane detention practices, legal aid, and sustainable resettlement initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation”. Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Space sector;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) in space with a PSLV rocket.
What is SpaDeX mission?
- The SpaDeX mission, or Space Docking Experiment, is a significant initiative by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) aimed at demonstrating advanced in-space docking technology.
- Docking technology involves manoeuvring two spacecraft into the same orbit, aligning them precisely, and physically joining them to enable modular assembly, resupply, crew transfer, or sample return missions in space.
What is Space Docking?
- Space docking refers to the process where two spacecraft in orbit rendezvous and physically connect to form a single entity. It is a highly complex and precise maneuver essential for advanced space missions.
- Key Steps of Space Docking:
- Rendezvous: Involves bringing two spacecraft into the same orbit with minimal distance and velocity difference.
- Docking: Establishing a mechanical connection between the spacecraft using specialized docking systems.
- Power and Resource Sharing: Once docked, the spacecraft can transfer power, fuel, or crew to support joint operations.
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What is the significance of India’s achievement in space docking technology?
- Joining an Elite Club: With the successful completion of the SpaDeX mission, India becomes only the fourth country in the world, after the United States, Russia, and China, capable of conducting space docking operations. This positions India as a key player in global space exploration and technology.
- Foundation for Future Missions: The docking capability is crucial for various upcoming missions, including India’s plans for a lunar sample return mission (Chandrayaan-4) and establishing its own space station by 2035. The ability to dock spacecraft allows for complex missions that require multiple launches and assembly in orbit.
How does the SpaDeX mission contribute to India’s future space exploration goals?
- Support for Lunar Missions: SpaDeX is designed to demonstrate technologies necessary for future lunar missions, particularly for Chandrayaan-4, which will involve multiple components that need to be docked in space before proceeding to the Moon.
- Bharatiya Antariksh Station: The mission is a critical step towards building the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), which will consist of several modules that must be docked together in orbit. The first module is expected to launch by 2028.
- Satellite Servicing and Interplanetary Missions: The docking technology developed through SpaDeX will facilitate satellite servicing missions and interplanetary missions, enhancing India’s capabilities in space exploration.
What technological advancements were demonstrated through the SpaDeX mission?
- Innovative Docking Technology: The mission showcases advanced docking techniques using two small satellites (SDX01 and SDX02), which require high precision due to their smaller size compared to typical spacecraft. This necessitates more intricate maneuvering during the docking process.
- New Sensors and Systems: SpaDeX employs various new sensors such as Laser Range Finders and Rendezvous Sensors to ensure accurate measurements during docking.
- Additionally, it utilizes a new processor for determining relative positions and velocities, paving the way for future autonomous docking systems.
- Biological Experiments: For the first time, ISRO is conducting biological experiments in space with the CROPS (Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies), which will study plant growth under microgravity conditions. This adds a new dimension to India’s space research capabilities.
Way forward:
- Enhancing Autonomous Docking Systems: Focus on developing fully autonomous docking capabilities for complex missions, enabling seamless execution of lunar, interplanetary, and modular space station operations.
- Strengthening Collaborative Ventures: Leverage international partnerships to exchange expertise and expand applications of docking technology in satellite servicing, resupply missions, and deep-space exploration.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme?(UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Digital transactions;
Why in the News?
In just eight years, UPI now handles nearly 80% of India’s digital transactions which valued at ₹20.60 lakh crore in August, despite challenges like PhonePe and Google Pay’s market dominance.
What are the implications of market concentration in the UPI ecosystem?
- Systemic Vulnerability: The dominance of two Third Party App Providers (TPAPs) for online transactions like UPI PhonePe and Google Pay, which together control over 85% of the market share, creates a risk of systemic failure.
- Any disruption in their services could significantly impact the entire UPI ecosystem, given that nearly 80% of transactions occur through these platforms.
- Reduced Competition and Innovation: The high market concentration discourages competition, leading to fewer incentives for innovation among existing players. Smaller or new entrants face significant barriers to entry due to the scale and resources of the dominant TPAPs, stifling diversity in service offerings.
- Foreign Dominance Risks: Both leading TPAPs are foreign-owned, raising concerns about data security and sovereignty. This foreign dominance can lead to potential vulnerabilities in terms of data protection and access to sensitive information about Indian users.
How effective are regulatory measures in addressing duopoly issues?
- Regulatory Challenges: The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has attempted to address market concentration by capping TPAP market shares at 30%. However, this measure has not been effectively enforced, with extensions granted that allow dominant players to maintain their substantial market positions.
- Limited Impact of Existing Regulations: Despite regulatory intentions, the continued growth of PhonePe and Google Pay indicates that existing measures have not sufficiently mitigated the risks associated with a duopoly. The potential increase in market share cap from 30% to 40% may further entrench the dominance of these platforms rather than promote a competitive landscape.
What strategies can smaller players adopt to compete in this landscape?
- Innovation and Niche Services: Smaller players can focus on niche markets or specialized services that cater to specific user needs, differentiating themselves from larger competitors. This could include unique features or localised services that appeal to underserved populations.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Forming alliances with banks, fintech companies, or other service providers can help smaller players leverage resources and technology to enhance their offerings and reach a broader audience.
- User Education and Trust Building: Investing in user education about digital payments and building trust through transparent practices can attract users who may be hesitant to switch from established platforms. Emphasizing security features and customer support can also enhance user confidence.
What should the Indian Government do to reduce the dependency? (Way forward)
- Enforce and Strengthen Regulatory Caps: Mandate strict enforcement of market share caps for TPAPs and ensure timely compliance to prevent excessive concentration. Introduce penalties for non-compliance and avoid extensions to foster a competitive ecosystem.
- Promote Indigenous Development: Provide financial incentives, subsidies, and grants to Indian TPAPs to enhance their competitiveness. Encourage innovation through dedicated programs and regulatory frameworks that support startups in the payments space.
Mains PYQ:
Q Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Household Consumption Expenditure Survey, 2023-24
Why in the News?
The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24 highlights key trends in consumption patterns across India. It is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) every 5 years.
Important Highlights of HCES, 2023-24:
- Rural Spending: Monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) increased by 9.3% to ₹4,122 in 2023-24 (from ₹3,773 in 2022-23); significantly higher than ₹1,430 in 2011-12.
- Urban Spending: MPCE rose by 8.3% to ₹6,996 (from ₹6,459 in 2022-23); up from ₹2,630 in 2011-12.
- Rural-Urban Gap: Narrowed to 69.7% in 2023-24, compared to 71.2% in 2022-23 and 83.9% in 2011-12.
- Food Expenditure: Share increased to 47.04% in rural and 39.68% in urban households, reversing a decades-long decline.
- Rural households spent most on beverages and processed food (11.09%), followed by milk products (8.44%) and vegetables (6.03%).
- Urban households spent most on beverages and processed food (9.84%), milk products (7.19%), and vegetables (4.12%).
- Decline in expenditure on sugar and salt, with rising spending on beverages and processed foods, signaling dietary shifts.
- Non-Food Expenditure: Accounted for the majority in both rural (52.96%) and urban areas (60.32%).
- Major rural non-food expenses: Conveyance (7.59%), medical expenses (6.83%), and clothing & bedding (6.63%).
- Major urban non-food expenses: Conveyance (8.46%), entertainment (6.92%), and durable goods (6.87%).
– Regional Variations:
- Highest MPCE: Sikkim (Rural – ₹9,377; Urban – ₹13,927) and Chandigarh (Rural – ₹8,857; Urban – ₹13,425).
- Lowest MPCE: Chhattisgarh (Rural – ₹2,739; Urban – ₹4,927).
- States with largest rural-urban gaps: Meghalaya (104%), Jharkhand (83%), and Chhattisgarh (80%).
- Consumption Inequality: Gini coefficient declined from 0.266 to 0.237 in rural areas and 0.314 to 0.284 in urban areas, indicating reduced income disparity.
Features and Significance
- Consumption Trends: Indicates rising food expenditure driven by inflation and evolving post-pandemic behaviors.
- Narrowing Rural-Urban Gap: Highlights improved rural consumption growth outpacing urban areas.
- Changing Diet Patterns: Increased preference for beverages and processed foods in both rural and urban households reflects dietary shifts.
- Regional Disparities: Offers insights into high- and low-spending regions, aiding targeted interventions.
- Policy Implications: Highlights the need for price stabilization for essentials, rural infrastructure investments, and urban employment growth to address income disparities and rising expenses.
PYQ:
[2019] In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because:
(a) poverty rates vary from State to State
(b) price levels vary from State to State
(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State
(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pangong Lake
Why in the News?
The Indian Army has installed a statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj on the bank of Pangong lake at an altitude of 14,300 feet, a region that is close to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China in the eastern Ladakh sector.
About Pangong Lake (Pangong Tso)
- Its name is derived from the Tibetan term “Pangong Tso,” meaning “high grassland lake.” It is an endorheic (landlocked) lake with no outflow.
- Location & Size:
- Spans 134 km, divided between India (1/3) and the Tibetan Autonomous Region (2/3).
- Situated at an altitude of 4,350 meters, covers 604 sq. km, and is 5 km wide at its broadest point.
- Water & Climate:
- Brackish water that completely freezes in winter.
- The lake’s color shifts with sunlight and weather, displaying shades of blue, green, and red.
- Wildlife: Acts as a breeding ground for Bar-Headed Geese, Brahmini Ducks, and Radix freshwater snails.
- Strategic Importance: Located in the Chushul approach, a key route for potential Chinese offensives, and was a major site of conflict during the 1962 war.
Political Features:
- Border & Control: Lies on the Ladakh-China border, with the Line of Actual Control (LAC) passing through it.
- Contested Terrain: The northern bank is a hotspot due to differing boundary perceptions; China has built roads highlighting the lake’s strategic value.
- 1999 Incident: During Operation Vijay, China constructed a 5-km road inside Indian territory.
- 2020 Standoff:
- Began on May 5, 2020, following a clash in the Pangong Lake area.
- Disengagement on the north and south banks concluded in 2021.
- On October 21, 2024, India and China resolved the final friction points (Demchok, Depsang), ending a four-and-half-year border standoff.
PYQ:
[2020] Siachen Glacier is situated to the
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise SURYA KIRAN
Why in the News?
The Indian Army contingent has departed for Nepal to participate in the 18th edition of the Battalion-Level Joint Military Exercise SURYA KIRAN.
About the Exercise Surya Kiran
- Exercise Surya Kiran is a bilateral joint military exercise conducted annually between India and Nepal since 2011.
- The 18th edition is being held in Saljhandi, Nepal, from 31st December 2024 to 13th January 2025.
- It alternates between India and Nepal as the host nation.
- The Indian Army contingent, consisting of 334 personnel, is led by a battalion from the 11th Gorkha Rifles.
- The Nepal Army contingent is represented by the Srijung Battalion.
- The exercise aims to enhance interoperability in areas like jungle warfare, counter-terrorism operations in mountainous terrains, and humanitarian assistance under the United Nations Charter.
Features and Significance
- Strengthens combat readiness in jungle warfare and counter-terrorism.
- Facilitates the exchange of ideas, experiences, and best practices between the armies of both nations.
- Reinforces the strong cultural and historical ties shared by India and Nepal.
- Prepares both nations to address shared security challenges effectively.
PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?
- This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
- It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
- Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
- Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
Why in the News?
The 2014-2016 Pacific marine heatwave (MHW) killed over four million common murres (Uria aalge) (IUCN: Least Concerned) in Alaska. A study published in Science revealed that this event marked the largest recorded vertebrate die-off linked to warming oceans.
About Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)
|
Details |
| What is it? |
- As per the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), prolonged periods of sea surface temperatures rising 3 to 4°C above average for at least five consecutive days.
- IMD defines a marine heat wave (MHW) as a period when the sea’s temperature is above the 90th percentile(seasonally varying threshold) for at least 5 consecutive days.
- Can last from weeks to years, depending on intensity and extent.
- Frequency: Increasing in both occurrence and intensity due to climate change.
- Identified as one of the most significant stressors on global marine ecosystems, causing large-scale disruptions.
|
| Key Observations on MHWs |
2014-2016 Pacific MHW:
- Caused the death of over 4 million common murres (Uria aalge) in Alaska, the largest vertebrate die-off linked to warming oceans.
- Highlighted rapid and severe population declines in marine birds and a lack of ecosystem recovery even years later.
- Increasing frequency and intensity are reshaping ecosystems, creating new survival challenges for marine species.
- Evidence of shifts in marine environments, disrupting population dynamics.
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| Impacts of MHWs |
On Ecosystems:
- Mass Mortality: Loss of habitat-forming species like kelps and corals, degrading ecosystems.
- Trophic Cascades: Displacement of lower-trophic species and reduced ecosystem productivity.
On Marine Species:
- Reduced breeding success and increased mortality.
- Example: 2014–2016 Pacific MHW killed half the common murre population in Alaska.
On Biodiversity:
- Loss of key predators disrupts food webs.
- Threatened species face survival challenges due to limited adaptability.
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PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?
- OMT is measured up to a depth of 26ºC isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
- OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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