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Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

[25th November 2025] Hindu OpED Bridging India’s numeracy gap

op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2020] National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.
Linkage: NEP 2020 aligns with SDG-4 by focusing on equitable, high-quality education and foundational learning. However, implementation gaps and weak learning outcomes, especially in numeracy, limit its SDG-4 impact so far.
Mentor’s Comment
India’s learning crisis has silently shifted from illiteracy to numeracy failure. While the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and NIPUN Bharat Mission strengthened foundational literacy, recent evidence shows that numeracy continues to stagnate sharply, closing the doors of higher education for millions. This article decodes why numeracy outcomes matter for economic, cognitive, and social mobility, and what a multi-pronged policy roadmap must look like.
INTRODUCTION
NEP 2020 identifies Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) as the cornerstone of future learning, and NIPUN Bharat translated this into classroom action. While literacy outcomes have shown improvement, numeracy remains stubbornly low, particularly in conceptual understanding and real-life application. India is now at a point where foundational literacy success must be expanded to higher-order mathematical learning.
WHY IN THE NEWS 
The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 shows that while 48.7% of Class 5 students read fluently, only 30.7% can solve a basic division problem, marking an 18% performance gap between literacy and numeracy. No State reports higher numeracy than literacy, highlighting a national trend of mathematics stagnation. Also, nearly 70% of Class 8 students and more than 50% of Class 5 students remain unable to perform basic division, despite classroom-based math instruction. The gap between school learning and real-life mathematical use is widening, closing higher-education opportunities as teens fail to cross the Class 10 board exam numeracy threshold.
Where does India’s numeracy gap originate?
  1. Hierarchical nature of mathematics: partial understanding in lower grades (e.g., place value) blocks higher concepts such as addition and decimals.
  2. Cumulative error effect: once gaps form, students rarely recover, unlike in language.
  3. Traditional syllabus-driven pedagogy: focuses on advancement, not mastery; students progress without clearing conceptual blocks.
Why does classroom learning not translate into real-world mathematical ability?
  1. High classroom performance, low life applicability: Evidence from the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab: students who excel in assessments fail to apply math in real-life situations.
  2. Real-world tasks do not transfer to classroom problems: Children able to handle money or shop-related calculations cannot solve textbook problems.
  3. Mismatch in learning environment: Schooling moves faster than the pace of conceptual consolidation.
What are the consequences of India’s numeracy stagnation?
  1. Academic roadblocks: students struggle in science and mathematics subjects that dominate board exams.
  2. Early exit from education: adolescents leave school before Class 10 due to fear of mathematics.
  3. Reduced human capital formation: failure to master numeracy blocks access to high-skill employment and technical careers.
Why does Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) need expansion beyond early grades?
  1. Persistent learning gaps after Grade 3: 70% of Class 5 and more than 50% of Class 8 students cannot divide.
  2. COVID-19 widened numeracy deficits: most Class 3 students reached upper-primary without core math skills.
  3. Transferable higher-grade pedagogy required: FLN-style teaching must be extended to older students.
What does an effective multi-pronged response look like?
  1. Strengthening middle-grade support: extend FLN interventions to Class 8 to prevent permanent numeracy loss.
  2. Teaching math through everyday life: bills, ratios, fractions, percentages, and measurements.
  3. Child-friendly activity-based pedagogy: aligned with real literacy levels rather than grade-based syllabus.
  4. Embedding numeracy across subjects: problem-solving in science, geography, social sciences.
CONCLUSION
India has cracked foundational literacy but not foundational numeracy. The nation stands at a turning point where classroom success must evolve into real-life mathematical competence, ensuring that students not only pass but thrive academically and economically. Extending FLN-style pedagogy to middle-grade stages remains the most urgent policy priority.

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Governor vs. State

What will mean for Chandigarh if it is brought under Article 240

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary
Introduction
Chandigarh is a Union Territory that also serves as the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. The Governor of Punjab currently holds additional charge as the Administrator of Chandigarh. The proposal to place Chandigarh under Article 240 of the Constitution may allow the Centre to appoint an independent Administrator and frame regulations for Chandigarh without relying on state mechanisms. The move carries political, administrative, and federal ramifications, especially for Punjab and Haryana.
Why in the news? 
Bringing Chandigarh under Article 240 could give the Centre sweeping legislative and administrative powers over the Union Territory, including the ability to repeal or amend laws applicable to Chandigarh through Parliament or Presidential regulations. This marks a sharp departure from the existing model, where Punjab’s Governor also administers Chandigarh. The move could influence bureaucratic control, fiscal provisions, and power distribution among Punjab, Haryana, and the Centre, making the stakes exceptionally high.
What is Article 240?
  • Empowers the President to make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of certain Union Territories.
  • Regulations issued under Article 240 have the force of Parliamentary law, making them equivalent to an Act of Parliament.
  • Allows amendment or repeal of existing laws in a UT, giving the Union direct legislative authority.
  • Applies to UTs without a legislative assembly: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu.
  • Applies to Puducherry only when its Assembly is dissolved or suspended, enabling temporary Central control.
  • Enables the Centre to bypass State governments in UT governance, creating a more unitary administrative model.
Chandigarh’s current administrative arrangement
  1. Shared capital system: Chandigarh serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.
  2. Additional charge: The Governor of Punjab functions as the Administrator of Chandigarh.
  3. UT governance limitations: Chandigarh lacks its own Legislative Assembly.
What Article 240 enables
  1. Sweeping Central authority: The President can make regulations for peace, progress, and good government for UTs.
  2. Regulatory override: Any law applicable to Chandigarh can be repealed or amended via Parliamentary legislation.
  3. Direct central rule template: Similar model followed in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Puducherry (when its Assembly is dissolved/suspended).
Implications if Chandigarh is brought under Article 240
  1. Independent Administrator: No additional charge by Punjab Governor; Centre appoints directly.
  2. Bureaucratic restructuring: Large administrative staff of Punjab and Haryana currently posted in Chandigarh may face institutional and coordination changes.
  3. Legislative possibilities: May enable eventual Legislative Assembly for Chandigarh in the future.
  4. Greater Central oversight: Budgetary and policy matters would fall more firmly under Union control.
  5. Concerns raised: Critics fear this would give excessive control to the Centre.
Arguments that the move benefits Chandigarh
  1. Clear autonomy: Reduced administrative overlap from two states.
  2. Institutional accountability: A dedicated Administrator creates faster decision-making.
  3. Long-term governance clarity: Removes ambiguity caused by shared capital model.
Previous administrative attempts
  1. 1984 attempt: Proposal to appoint an independent Administrator linked to counter-terror coordination; Punjab was under President’s Rule.
  2. 2016 attempt: Opposition arose due to the practice of Punjab Governor holding Administrator’s charge.
Conclusion
Placing Chandigarh under Article 240 reflects a significant recalibration of Centre-State dynamics. While the move promises administrative clarity and efficiency, it raises questions of federal balance and the political stakes of Punjab and Haryana. The issue remains a critical case-study in Indian federalism, constitutional design, and UT governance.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2024] What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism.
Linkage: The question reflects the recent shift in Centre-State power balance through greater Union control in administrative, fiscal and institutional domains. It links directly with debates like Chandigarh under Article 240, Governor-State tensions, GST Council dynamics and UT re-organisation, core themes of Indian federalism in GS-II.

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Judicial Appointments Conundrum Post-NJAC Verdict

What does the SC’s advisory opinion imply?

| Polity | Mains Paper 2: Constitutional Bodies,Executive & Judiciary,Federalism

INTRODUCTION

The advisory opinion of the Supreme Court was sought to address concerns raised by delays in assent to Bills passed by State Assemblies and the earlier judicial attempt to impose fixed timelines on Governors. The reference involved 14 constitutional questions focused on the interpretation of Articles 200 and 201 and the Court’s jurisdiction to intervene. The new opinion aims to clarify the contours of discretionary powers while protecting legislative authority under the Constitution.

WHY IN THE NEWS

The Supreme Court has issued a landmark advisory opinion on a Presidential reference under Article 143, reversing the April 2025 ruling that introduced the concept of “deemed assent” and mandated a three-month timeline for Governors and the President to act on Bills. The Court has clarified that while Governors ordinarily act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, their powers under Articles 200 and 201 are discretionary, without any judicially enforceable time limits. This ruling has reshaped the dynamics between constitutional heads and elected State governments, impacting legislative functioning and federal balance.

What triggered the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion

  1. Presidential reference origin: Resulted from the two-judge bench judgment in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu (April 2025).
  2. Three-month timeline mandate: The earlier ruling specified that Governors and the President must act on Bills within three months.
  3. Deemed assent invocation: The bench used Article 142 to grant deemed assent for Tamil Nadu Bills pending with the Governor.
  4. Government concern: The Union Government sought clarity on whether Bills become justiciable before enactment and whether courts can prescribe time limits.
  5. Magnitude of reference: A total of 14 constitutional questions were raised relating to Articles 200 and 201 and the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.

What were the key takeaways from the Supreme Court’s opinion?

  1. Three constitutional choices under Article 200: The Governor may assent, return the Bill for reconsideration, or reserve it for the President’s consideration.
  2. Discretion of Governor: The Governor exercises discretion in choosing among the three options and is not necessarily bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers.
  3. Non-justiciability before enactment: Courts cannot compel Governors to act before a Bill becomes law due to absence of constitutionally prescribed timelines.
  4. Autonomy of President under Article 201: The President’s powers operate independently and cannot be substituted by judicial directives.
  5. Absence of deemed assent: The Constitution does not provide for deemed assent; judicial power under Article 142 cannot be used to invent such a mechanism.

Does this opinion contradict earlier judicial interpretations?

  1. Earlier judicial logic: Decisions in Shamsher Singh (1974) and Nabam Rebia (2016) held that Governors act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
  2. Present reinterpretation: The Court has held that Article 200 functions fall within discretionary power despite the general rule of acting on ministerial advice.
  3. Shift in constitutional balance: The new interpretation expands discretionary authority when dealing with State legislation.
What about time limits for Governors and the President?
  1. Punchhi Commission recommendation (2010): Suggested that the Governor should decide on assent within six months.
  2. Precedent in K.M. Singh case (2020): The Court had earlier prescribed a three-month limit for the Speaker to decide disqualification petitions; however, no such limit exists for Governors.
  3. Current ruling: The Supreme Court held that no enforceable time limit applies because the Constitution does not prescribe one.
  4. Implication: The possibility of prolonged delays in assent continues to exist, which may contribute to legislative gridlock.
What concerns emerge from the current interpretation
  1. Democratic risk: Legislative functioning may be hindered when Bills remain pending without a time frame for disposal.
  2. Centre-State tension: Expanded discretion may tilt the institutional balance toward appointed constitutional heads over elected State governments.
  3. Potential politicisation: Use of gubernatorial office could intensify where State and Union Governments are politically opposed.
Way Forward
  1. Introduce timelines: Fix a statutory/constitutional time limit for assent to Bills.
  2. Record reasons: Make reservation of Bills and delays explainable in writing.
  3. Structured coordination: Establish periodic Raj Bhavan-State Government consultation mechanism.
  4. Federal ethics: Encourage Governors to follow constitutional neutrality over political alignment.
  5. Legislative reporting: Present pendency reports of Bills before the State Legislature annually.
  6. Capacity building: Train Raj Bhavan staff on constitutional conventions and cooperative federalism.
CONCLUSION
The Supreme Court’s advisory opinion carefully aligns with constitutional text by overturning “deemed assent” and reaffirming discretion under Articles 200 and 201. However, it leaves unresolved the core challenge of prolonged delays in gubernatorial action on Bills passed by elected Assemblies. While the opinion respects constitutional separation of powers and prevents judicial overreach, it simultaneously highlights the need for clearer institutional safeguards to protect democratic accountability and cooperative federalism.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2022] Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.
Linkage: This PYQ connects directly to current debates on Governors’ discretionary powers, assent to Bills, and constitutional limits on ordinance-making. It is highly relevant after the Supreme Court’s recent advisory opinion on Articles 200 and 201, which redefines executive-legislature balance and safeguards federalism.

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Judicial Appointments Conundrum Post-NJAC Verdict

Justice Surya Kant Sworn in as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI)

Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

Why in the News?

Justice Surya Kant took oath as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI) on November 24, 2025, administered by President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan.

About Justice Surya Kant

  • Born: 10 February 1962, Hisar, Haryana.
  • Youngest Advocate General of Haryana (appointed 2000).
  • Judge, Punjab & Haryana High Court (2004).
  • Chief Justice, Himachal Pradesh High Court (2018).
  • Appointed to Supreme Court: 24 May 2019 (along with Justice B.R. Gavai).

Tenure

  • Will serve until 2 February 2027 — a little over one year.

Major Priorities as the 53rd CJI

  • Reduce pendency of 90,000+ cases in the Supreme Court to a “manageable number.”
  • Address growing trend:
    • Litigants bypassing High Courts and approaching SC directly.
    • Repeated “miscellaneous applications” causing prolonged litigation

Major Cases Involving Justice Surya Kant

  • Abrogation of Article 370 (J&K’s special status removed).
  • Electoral Bonds Case – Bench struck down the scheme as unconstitutional.
  • Pegasus spyware case.
  • Suspension of sedition law deliberations.
  • Granted conditional interim bail to Ashish Mishra (Lakhimpur Kheri incident).

Procedure for Selection of the Chief Justice of India (CJI)

Constitutional Basis

  • Article 124(2) of the Constitution deals with the appointment of Supreme Court judges (including the CJI). The CJI is appointed by the President of India.

Seniority Convention

  • By long-standing constitutional convention, the most senior judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the next CJI.
  • Seniority = date of appointment to the Supreme Court Bench.

Role of the Collegium

When the CJI’s post is falling vacant:

  • The outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most SC judge to the Government of India.
  • This recommendation is part of the Collegium system, but only the CJI’s advice is required, not the full Collegium.

Role of the Law Ministry

  • The Ministry of Law & Justice processes the recommendation.
  • Sends it to the Prime Minister, who advises the President.

Appointment by the President

  • The President formally appoints the recommended judge as the Chief Justice of India.
  • Appointment is notified in the Gazette.

Oath of Office

  • The President administers the oath of office to the new CJI at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
  • Oath is under Article 124(6).

Tenure

  • The CJI holds office until the age of 65.

Q. With reference to Indian Judiciary, consider the following statements:

1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.

2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

[A] 1 only 

[B] 2 only 

[C] Both 1 and 2 

[D] Neither 1 nor 2

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Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

INS Sahyadri–HMAS Ballarat in AUSINDEX 2025

Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

 Why in the News?

INS Sahyadri of the Indian Navy and HMAS Ballarat of the Royal Australian Navy participated in the AUSINDEX 2025 bilateral maritime exercise in the Northern Pacific, strengthening India–Australia defence cooperation and enhancing interoperability.

What is AUSINDEX?  

  • Bilateral naval exercise between India and Australia
  • First held in 2015
  • Aims at maritime cooperation, interoperability, and security
  • Conducted alternately in India and Australia / designated oceanic regions

AUSINDEX 2025 

  • Location: Northern Pacific
  • Participants:
  • INS Sahyadri – Shivalik-class guided-missile stealth frigate
  • HMAS Ballarat – Anzac-class frigate
  • Focus areas:
      • Anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
      • Gunnery drills
      • Advanced flying operations
      • Joint maritime manoeuvres
  • Objective: Boost interoperability and reaffirm commitment to a free, open, inclusive Indo-Pacific
With reference to India’s defence, consider the following pairs: (2025)

I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft 

II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft III. C-17 Globemaster 

III : Military transport aircraft 

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched? 

(a) Only one 

(b) Only two 

(c) All the three 

(d) None

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Internal Security Trends and Incidents

DRI Seizes 32 kg Methamphetamine in North East

Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Border Area Security Challenges,Organized Crime & Terrorism

Why in the News?

The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) has seized 32 kg methamphetamine tablets worth ₹32 crore in two separate operations in Assam and Tripura, exposing the continued use of the Indo–Myanmar route for drug trafficking. Three persons have been arrested under the NDPS Act, 1985.

About Methamphetamine  

  • A synthetic psychostimulant
  • Known as Ya Ba / Speed pills in Southeast Asia
  • Highly addictive
  • Controlled under Schedule of NDPS Act, 1985

What is Hydroponic Weed?

  • Marijuana grown in nutrient-rich water systems, not soil
  • Higher potency due to controlled conditions
  • New smuggling trend: carried by air passengers into NE India

NDPS Act, 1985  

  • Regulates narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances
  • Provides for seizure, arrests, forfeiture
  • Commercial quantity offences: 10–20 years imprisonment
  • Empowered agencies: DRI, NCB, Customs, State Police, BSF, Assam Rifles
Q: India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What countermeasures should be taken to prevent the same? (UPSC 2018) 

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Dams and Hydroprojects

HMDA to use bioremediation to clean up Hussainsagar lake

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the News?

The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) has announced a new advanced bioremediation initiative using enzyme solutions and biochar-based Bokashi balls to clean and restore Hussainsagar Lake, which has long suffered from algal blooms, foul odour, sewage inflow, and industrial pollution.

About Hussainsagar Lake

  • A 16th-century artificial lake in Hyderabad.
  • Faces severe pollution due to:
    • Sewage inflow
    • Nutrient overload (nitrates, phosphates)
    • Industrial waste
  • Problems: algal blooms, foul odour, low Dissolved Oxygen (DO), high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).

What Is Bioremediation?

  • Definition: Use of microorganisms, enzymes, or biological materials to break down pollutants and restore ecosystems.

  • Types relevant here:
    • In-situ bioremediation – treating the lake onsite without removing water.
    • Bio-augmentation – adding microbial cultures to enhance degradation.
    • Aerobic/oxygenation systems – boost DO to improve water quality.

New Intervention Planned by HMDA

  • Enzyme Solutions

      • Enhance microbial breakdown of organic pollutants.
      • Help reduce nutrient load responsible for algal blooms.

  • Bokashi Balls (with Biochar)

    • Bokashi = fermented organic matter rich in beneficial microbes.
    • Biochar:
      • Carbon-rich material produced from biomass.
      • Increases microbial activity, absorbs toxins, improves water clarity.
    • Purpose:
      • Reduce algae, odour, pathogenic bacteria.
      • Increase water transparency and DO levels.
In the context of solving pollution problems what is/are the advantage/disadvantages of bioremediation technique? (2017)

1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 

2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 

3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Moss Spores Survive Months in Space

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T,Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the news?

A recent study published in iScience revealed that moss spores (Physcomitrium patens) survived nine months outside the International Space Station (ISS), enduring vacuum, cosmic radiation, microgravity, and temperature extremes. Over 80% of the spores survived and successfully germinated on return to Earth. Scientists estimate moss could survive up to 15 years in space.

Key Findings of the Study

  • 20,000 moss spores were placed outside the ISS in March 2022.
  • Exposed to: Vacuum, Cosmic radiation, Microgravity and Extreme temperatures
  • After 283 days, the spores were retrieved.
  • Results: 80% survived
    • Among survivors, 89% germinated successfully
    • Chlorophyll levels normal except a 20% drop in chlorophyll a, but not harmful
  • Survival attributed to multiple spore wall layers offering passive protection.

About the Species

  • Species: Physcomitrium patens
  • Model organism for plant evolutionary studies
  • Mosses are one of the earliest land plants
  • Already known for surviving:
    • Antarctica
    • Volcanic fields
    • Deserts

Why Moss Survived – Scientific Insight

  • Multiple thick-walled layers → physical shielding
  • Ability to remain in dormant state
  • Natural mechanisms to handle:
    • Radiation
    • Desiccation
    • Freezing and thawing cycles

Why Is This Significant?

  • Implications for Space Exploration: 
      • Ability to survive harsh space environments → potential role in: Oxygen generation, Humidity control, Soil formation on Moon/Mars.
      • Supports concepts of bioregenerative life-support systems
      • It could be used in terraforming experiments on other celestial bodies

  • Astrobiology

      • Supports the idea that primitive plant life could survive interplanetary transport.
      • Relevant to panspermia hypothesis (life spreading across planets via spores).

  • Long-term Human Habitats

    • Moss can grow with minimal resources
    • Can contribute to:
      • Closed-loop ecosystems
      • Sustainable habitats
      • Psychological well-being in isolated environments (greenery)
Consider the following statements: (2023)

1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature above the boiling point of water. 

2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature below the freezing point of water. 

3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environment with a pH below 3. 

How many of the above statements are correct? 

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

[24th November 2025] The Hindu OpED: The future of health lies in harmony

op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

Linkage: Traditional medicine is gaining global traction, so protecting it from patenting and biopiracy is now a core policy priority rather than a cultural concern. As India leads the global traditional medicine agenda, this linkage makes the topic very likely to appear in future UPSC exams under health governance, IPR and soft-power.

Mentor’s Comment

The global health landscape is undergoing a paradigm shift. Traditional medicine, once seen as alternative, is now being recognised as a scientific and social asset. With India emerging as a hub of innovation and evidence-based traditional research, and hosting the Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine, the world is witnessing a renewed focus on health systems rooted in balance, sustainability and technology-enabled well-being.

INTRODUCTION

Health, in its original meaning, has always signified harmony, within the human body, and between humans and nature. With modern lifestyles driving chronic diseases, mental strain and ecological imbalance, traditional systems of medicine offer a rediscovered pathway to well-being that integrates mind, body, community, and environment. India, with its rich heritage of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Sowa-Rigpa, is repositioning traditional medicine as an engine of science-driven global healthcare transformation.

WHY IN THE NEWS?

The Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine hosted by India marks a watershed moment, for the first time, traditional medicine is being institutionalised globally as a scientific, evidence-backed and sustainable component of public health systems. With around 90% of WHO member-states reporting usage of traditional medicine, and India’s AYUSH market reaching USD 34.3 billion, global health priorities are shifting from reactive sick-care to proactive well-being. The Summit signals the beginning of a new chapter where traditional medicine integrates with modern technologies, data analytics and global governance.

Why is traditional medicine gaining global significance?

  1. Escalating lifestyle diseases: rising non-communicable diseases demand preventive, holistic models of care.
  2. Fragmented systems failing: reactive, curative-centric models cannot ensure long-term public well-being.
  3. Biodiversity-nutrition-livelihood interlinkages: traditional medicine influences food security, sustainability and livelihoods.
  4. Affordability for LMICs: for billions across low- and middle-income regions, traditional medicine remains first access to healthcare.

How is traditional medicine evolving from belief to science?

  1. Evidence-based research: WHO emphasises integration supported by data, learning and scientific validation.
  2. Shift from consumer preference to collective responsibility: well-being linked to shared ecosystems and sustainability.
  3. Recognition as a scientific and social asset: elevated at the 2023 WHO Summit in Gandhinagar.
  4. Institutional reforms in India: dedicated AYUSH department at BIS, and global standards under ISO/TC 249/SC 2.

What is India’s leadership role in global traditional medicine?

  1. WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre (GTMC) in Jamnagar: a knowledge hub for innovation, analytics and sustainability.
  2. Memorandum of Understanding with WHO: India co-hosts global Summit and participates in shaping global priorities.
  3. Political and scientific commitment: Prime Minister’s focus leads to increasing investments and ecosystem building.
  4. Vision of collective global stewardship: India positions traditional knowledge as shared global heritage.

How does technology change future pathways of traditional medicine?

  1. Digital health and analytics: enable real-time monitoring, transparency and measurable clinical outcomes.
  2. Sustainability and biodiversity research: bridges traditional practice with ecological protection.
  3. Innovation-led scaling: makes traditional systems compatible with global regulatory and safety frameworks.
  4. Data-driven inclusion: ensures equitable access to health knowledge and solutions.

How does the Summit reshape global health governance?

  1. Benefit sharing and fair access: ensures equitable utilisation of biological and cultural assets.
  2. Value of local heritage in globalisation: respects indigenous knowledge in global supply chains.
  3. Integration with modern health priorities: aligns traditional medicine with contemporary clinical and public health goals.
  4. Ethical anchoring of future innovation: technology with community-rooted ethics and sustainability.

CONCLUSION

The world is moving toward a health model where prevention, sustainability, community participation and science converge. Traditional medicine, empowered by research, technology and equitable access, offers a pathway to resilience against lifestyle diseases and global health inequalities. India’s leadership in steering this transformation reinforces health not as the absence of disease, but as a state of balance between humans and nature.

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Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

Labour codes: what changes for workers and employers

Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

Introduction

The four labour codes, Code on Wages, Code on Social Security, Industrial Relations Code, and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, aim to simplify compliance for industries, expand social security to workers, and improve ease of doing business. However, labour being a concurrent subject, implementation depends on states, and concerns have emerged about job security, worker rights, and the impact on collective bargaining.

Why in the News

The government has notified the implementation of four labour codes after over five years of deliberation and the consolidation of 29 central labour laws. This marks the first time India will operate under a uniform nationwide wage system and a consolidated social security architecture. While the reforms promise simplified compliance and a push for manufacturing efficiency, trade unions warn of reduced strike power, easier employee termination, and increased precarity for informal workers, making it one of the most debated labour reforms in recent times.

Labour Codes and the Changing Labour Landscape

  1. Consolidation of 29 laws into four codes to create uniformity and remove overlapping provisions.
  2. Target shift from penal to compliance-based enforcement, especially for small firms and first-time offences.
  3. Push for economies of scale in manufacturing, signalling alignment with global production norms.

Code on Wages: What changes for employees and employers?

  1. Uniform definition of wages: It ensures consistency in minimum wage calculation across states and sectors.
  2. Mandated national floor wage: It enables states to set minimum wages only above the national baseline.
  3. Time-bound wage payment: within 2 days of resignation/termination and 7 days of completion of the wage period.
  4. Broader coverage for all employees irrespective of industry or wage threshold.
  5. Overtime provisions strengthened: capped at 48 hours weekly, 12 hours daily shift duration permitted with breaks.

Code on Social Security: Is the social net expanding?

  1. Unified ecosystem of social security: It covers unorganised, informal, gig, and platform workers for the first time.
  2. National Social Security Board: For recommendations, registration, schemes, and funding decisions.
  3. Corporate Co-contribution: Corporates may co-contribute to gig/platform worker benefits but funding split still unclear.
  4. ESIC expansion: Applies to sectors previously exempt; plantation workers included voluntarily.
  5. Formalisation incentive through maternity benefits, gratuity reforms, and inclusion of fixed-term employees.

Industrial Relations Code: Does it limit collective bargaining?

  1. Stricter strike rules: 60-day notice before strike and prohibition of strike in the next 14 days of conciliation.
  2. Increase in threshold: Threshold for prior permission for layoffs raised from 100 to 300 workers, enabling easier hiring-firing.
  3. Negotiating Union provision: Only unions with 51% membership can negotiate; multi-union negotiation councils for fragmented memberships.
  4. Push for stable industrial climate: It is criticised for shrinking bargaining space for workers.

OSH Code: Will workplace safety improve?

  1. Standardised norms: Across industries norms for working hours, workplace safety, and facility obligations.
  2. Mandatory free annual health check-ups: For workers in notified industries.
  3. Women allowed in all sectors and night shifts: subject to safety conditions.
  4. Increased accountability for establishments: In case of handling hazardous activities and migrant labour.

Conclusion

The labour codes aim to simplify compliance and strengthen India’s labour market to support manufacturing-led growth. However, concerns persist regarding job security, collective bargaining, and implementation across states. Successful outcomes depend on balancing economic flexibility with worker protection and ensuring that reforms lead to formalisation without vulnerability.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2024] Discuss the merits and demerits of the four ‘Labour Codes’ in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard?

Linkage: Growth driven mainly by labour productivity has led to GDP rising without proportional job creation. This links to the four Labour Codes, which seek higher productivity and flexibility, but face concerns on whether they will create jobs while protecting workers.

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How can State PSCs be reformed

Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

Introduction

Public Service Commissions are constitutional institutions meant to ensure merit-based appointments insulated from political pressures. A century after the Montagu–Chelmsford report envisaged them, State PSCs face credibility challenges due to recruitment irregularities and systemic inefficiencies that affect millions of aspirants.

Why in the news?

At the 2025 National Conference of Chairpersons of State Public Service Commissions hosted by Telangana PSC, members acknowledged recruitment controversies and demanded urgent reforms. Aspirant protests in Hyderabad highlighted how even minor delays disrupt youth livelihood prospects. Persistent exam cancellations and unclear syllabi have deepened mistrust despite PSCs’ constitutional mandate of meritocracy.

Historical evolution of State PSCs :

  1. Montagu-Chelmsford Report :
    1. Recommended statutory recruitment bodies for welfare-oriented administration.
    2. Laid conceptual foundation for PSCs in India.
  2. First Public Service Commission (1926) :
    1. Set up for the Government of India before Independence.
    2. Marked beginning of institutionalised merit-based recruitment.
  3. Constitutionalisation through Article 315:
    1. Provided for separate Public Service Commissions for Union and States.
    2. Ensured autonomy and continuity post-Independence.

Constitutional structure and organisation :

  1. Appointment and tenure of members: Governor appoints chairperson and members with fixed tenure and protected service conditions.
  2. Constitutional independence: PSCs function autonomously and discharge duties without executive interference.
  3. Role of UPSC in relation to State PSCs: UPSC may advise State PSCs on service matters when requested.
  4. Role of Ministry of Personnel: Helps maintain coherence in administrative policies across States.

Present functioning and examination framework :

  1. Syllabus review mechanism: Periodic syllabus updates mandated to align with evolving administrative requirements.
  2. Question paper setting and evaluation: PSC sets papers, evaluates answer scripts and prepares selection lists.
  3. Cut-offs and result publication: Merit lists released after evaluation; criteria finalised by the PSC.

Current challenges and bottlenecks

  1. Irregular recruitment cycles: Long gaps between notification and appointments disrupt careers and spark protests.
  2. Lack of transparency: Limited disclosure on answer keys and evaluation has lowered institutional credibility.
  3. Paper leaks and cancellations: Allegations of malpractice lead to cancellation, delays and erosion of public trust.
  4. Outdated syllabus issues: Poor syllabus revisions fail to reflect new governance themes and legal developments.
  5. Inconsistent standards across States: Divergent evaluation standards hinder mobility and generate inequality.

Proposed reforms and restructuring measures:

  1. Revised manpower planning: Systematic vacancy forecasting to prevent examination delays.
  2. Fixed examination calendar: Annual, predictable and uniform recruitment schedule across States.
  3. Transparent evaluation policy: Mandatory disclosure of answer keys, normalisation criteria and cut-off logic.
  4. Academic and administrative alignment: Regular syllabus revision to match governance and administrative reality.
  5. Professional expertise induction: Inclusion of subject experts to improve paper quality and evaluation fairness.

Conclusion

State PSCs were created to provide equal opportunity in public employment. However, recruitment delays, unclear syllabi and opacity have damaged public trust. Ensuring predictability, transparency and institutional professionalism is essential to protect youth aspirations and restore confidence in constitutional recruitment bodies.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2024] What are the aims and objects of the recently passed and enforced Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State Education Board examinations too are covered under the Act?

Linkage: The Act directly links to the PSC crisis by targeting leaks, exam fraud and loss of trust in public recruitment. It sets a future-ready template for PSC reforms through transparency, deterrence and integrity in examinations.

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Freedom of Speech – Defamation, Sedition, etc.

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji: Martyrdom Day

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History,Salient features of Indian Society

Why in the news?

On the eve of the 350th Martyrdom Day of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, the President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu paid tribute to the ninth Sikh Guru, highlighting his supreme sacrifice for the protection of righteousness, humanity and freedom of faith.

Who was Guru Tegh Bahadur?  

  • Ninth Guru of Sikhism (1621–1675).

  • Youngest son of Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Guru.

  • Known as “Hind di Chadar” (Shield of India) for defending religious freedom.

  • Key teachings recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib, including hymns on detachment, courage, and equality.

Why is His Martyrdom Significant?

  • Guru Tegh Bahadur opposed forced conversions under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
  • He defended the rights of Kashmiri Pandits, who sought his protection.
  • Arrested and executed in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, on 24 November 1675.
  • His martyrdom represents:

    • Protection of freedom of conscience
    • Defence of pluralism and interfaith harmony
    • Upholding justice and truth

President of India’s 2025 Message: Key Highlights

  • Tribute to his valour, sacrifice, and principles.
  • Emphasised his role in preserving: Righteousness, Humanity, Truth.
  • Called upon citizens to imbibe his values to strengthen harmony and unity in India.

Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Contributions  

  • Spiritual Teachings: Advocated nirbhau (fearlessness) and nirvair (compassion). Stressed spiritual liberation through humility and service.
  • Establishment of Sikh Centres: Founded the city of Anandpur Sahib (1665). Travelled widely across the Indian subcontinent, spreading Sikh philosophy.
  • Guru Granth Sahib Contribution: Composed 116 hymns, including shaloks on detachment and moral courage.
(2009) With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements: 

1. Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry. 

2. Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Hunger and Nutrition Issues – GHI, GNI, etc.

Ultra-Processed Food Epidemic in India

Prelims Only | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

Why in the news?

A recent Lancet three-paper series highlights the rapid rise in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption globally, including India, and its strong link to rising obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality. The case of an 18-year-old Indian youth with obesity and early-onset metabolic disorders illustrates the growing public health crisis.

What are Ultra-Processed Foods?

According to the NOVA classification, ultra-processed foods are:

  • Industrial formulations with multiple chemical and cosmetic ingredients
  • Made using high-fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated oils, flavour enhancers, emulsifiers, preservatives, colours
  • Designed for long shelf life, hyper-palatable taste and convenience
    Examples: Soft drinks, chips, packaged noodles, biscuits, sugary beverages, chocolates, breakfast cereals, frozen pizzas, ready-to-heat meals, chicken nuggets, processed meats.

Difference from Processed Foods:
 Processed = minimal changes (washing, canning, cooking).
 Ultra-processed = heavy industrial formulations, low nutrients, high calories.

Note: NOVA is a food classification system developed by the University of SĂŁo Paulo (Brazil) that categorises foods based on the extent and purpose of industrial processing, not nutrients.

India’s UPF Consumption – Why It’s a Concern?

  • Huge surge in consumption: Retail sales of UPFs in India jumped from USD 0.9 billion (2006) → USD 38 billion (2019) (approx. 40-fold increase).
  • Rising NCD (Non-Communicable Diseases) burden: As per ICMR–INDIAB (2023): Obesity: 28.6%, Diabetes: 11.4%, Prediabetes: 15.3%, Abdominal obesity: 39.5% and Childhood obesity rising: 2.1% → 3.4% (NFHS).
A company marketing food products advertises that its items do not contain trans-fats. What does this campaign signify to the customers? (2011)

1. The food products are not made out of hydrogenated oils. 

2. The food products are not made out of animal fats/oils. 

3. The oils used are not likely to damage the cardiovascular health of the consumers. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Air Pollution

Thermal Power Plants Near Delhi Operating Without FGD

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the news?

Delhi’s air quality deteriorated sharply in November 2025. A major contributing factor identified is the continued operation of several thermal power plant units within a 300-km radius of Delhi without Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems.

What is FGD?

Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) is a pollution-control technology used in thermal power plants and industrial units to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from exhaust flue gases before they are released into the atmosphere.

Status of FGD Installation 

Thermal Power Plants within 300 km of Delhi

  • Total plants: 11
  • Total units: 35
  • Units with FGD (as of Apr 2025): 13
  • Units without FGD: 22
  • Units currently operating without FGD (Nov 2025): 15
  • Units shut/reserve shutdown: 6

States & Operators

  • Haryana (HPGCL): Panipat TPS, Yamuna Nagar TPS.
  • Punjab (PSPCL): Guru Hargobind TPS and Ropar TPS.
  • Private: Talwandi Sabo (Vedanta).

Why SO₂ Emissions Matter?  

  • SO₂ converts into secondary PM2.5, the most harmful pollutant for human health.
  • Causes: Respiratory diseases, Acid rain and Visibility reduction (smog)
  • Travels long distances, affecting entire regions beyond plant boundaries.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions? (2024)

(a) Locomotives using fossil fuels 

(b) Ships using fossil fuels 

(c) Extraction of metals from ores 

(d) Power plants using fossil fuels

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Low-Pressure Area in Bay of Bengal (November 2025) 

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

Why in the news?

According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a low-pressure area formed over the Bay of Bengal on November 22, 2025. It is expected to intensify into a depression by November 24 and move west-northwestwards.

What Has the IMD Reported?  

a) Formation: Low-pressure area formed near the Malacca Strait over the South Andaman Sea. It arose due to a cyclonic circulation.

b) Likely Path: Expected to move west-northwestwards. Likely to intensify into a depression over southeast Bay of Bengal & adjoining south Andaman Sea by November 24.

c) Further IntensificationCould intensify further over the southwest Bay of Bengal within 48 hours after formation. IMD is uncertain whether it will develop into a cyclonic storm.

d) State Impact (Odisha & Coastal Areas): System is far from Odisha coast → dry weather Farmers in coastal and southern regions have started harvesting mature paddy in anticipation of possible heavy rains. The State Agriculture Department has not yet issued advisories.

(2015) In the South Atlantic and South-Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the reason? 

(a) Sea surface temperatures are low 

(b) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs 

(c) Coriolis force is too weak 

(d) Absence of land in those regions

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Governor vs. State

Presidential Reference on Governors & State Bills (2025)

Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Constitutional Bodies,Federalism
 Why in the news?
 Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai, on November 23, 2025, clarified the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion in the 2025 Presidential Reference regarding timelines for Governors and the President in granting assent to State Bills.

What is a Presidential Reference?

  • Made under Article 143 of the Constitution.
  • The President can seek the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of law or matters of public importance.
  • Not binding, but carries high persuasive value.
  • Cannot overrule an existing judgment, but can clarify the law.

CJI Gavai emphasised that the advisory opinion is not a judicial review judgment.

Background: 

Tamil Nadu Governor Case (April 8 Judgment) The April 8, 2025 Supreme Court judgment held:
  • Governors/President must act on pending Bills within 3 months,
  • Or else the Bill would be “deemed to have received assent”.

This introduced a judicially created timeline not explicitly present in the Constitution. This triggered the Presidential Reference seeking clarity.

Supreme Court’s Advisory Opinion (November 20, 2025)

A five-judge Bench led by CJI Gavai issued the following clarifications:

a) No Mandatory Timeline: The Constitution does not prescribe specific timelines for Governors or the President. Judiciary cannot read timelines into the Constitution.

b) “Reasonable Period” Standard: Governors and President must act within a “reasonable period”. However, the Court did not define what constitutes “reasonable”.

c) No Endless Delay: Governors cannot sit indefinitely on Bills. Courts may exercise limited judicial review in extreme delay cases.

d) Context Matters: Routine Bills → 1 month may be reasonable. Bills related to internal/external emergency → may require more time.

Key Constitutional Provisions Involved

Article 200 – Governor’s options on State Bills
  1. Give assent
  2. Withhold assent
  3. Return the Bill (if not a Money Bill)
  4. Reserve the Bill for President’s consideration
Article 201 – President’s powers over reserved Bills
  • Grant or withhold assent
  • No fixed timeline prescribed
Article 143 – Presidential Reference
  • Supreme Court gives advisory opinion

Why is this Important for UPSC Prelims?

This case clarifies the separation of powers, federalism, and the role of constitutional authorities.

Prelims often tests:

  • Powers of Governor
  • Assent procedures for Bills
  • Nature of advisory jurisdiction
  • Limits of judicial interpretation

Other Key Statements by CJI Gavai (Factual Highlights)

a) Advisory Opinion vs Judgment: Advisory opinion cannot overturn a judgment.

b) Judiciary–Executive Relations: CJI rejected the idea that “friction” is necessary between judiciary and government.

c) Judicial Independence: A judge’s independence is not measured by ruling against the government.

d) High Court Judge Transfers: Transfers made for administrative reasons and sometimes due to complaints after verification.

e) Personal Note: CJI forgave a lawyer who threw an object at him: “It’s how I was brought up.”

Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State? (PYQ 2014)

1. Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule 

2. Appointing the Ministers 

3. Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India 

4. Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 1 and 3 only 

(c) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

Centre notifies four new Labour Codes

Bills/Act/Laws | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

Why In The News?

The Centre notified all four Labour Codes, introducing major reforms and replacing 29 outdated labour laws dating back to the 1930s.

1)Introduction to the Labour Codes Notification:

  • Major Reform Announcement: The Centre notified all four Labour Codes, introducing wide-ranging changes in India’s labour framework.
  • Key Focus Areas: The reforms expand social security to gig workers, ensure gender pay parity, enhance women’s workplace rights, and introduce fixed-term employment.
  • Replacement of Old Laws: The Codes replace 29 fragmented labour laws dating back to the 1930s–1950s.

2)Government’s Stance:

  • Prime Minister’s View: PM Modi described the reforms as one of the most comprehensive labour transformations since Independence.
  • Worker Empowerment: The government highlights that the Codes aim to ensure universal social security, timely wage payments, and safer workplaces.
  • Simplified Compliance: The reforms are expected to promote ease of doing business through simplified compliance mechanisms.
  • Minister’s Statement: Labour Minister Mansukh Mandaviya said the Codes will formalise employment and make the labour ecosystem globally aligned.
  • State-Level Readiness: Most States have already issued draft rules; the Centre is supporting those still finalising rules.

3)Key Provisions:

  • Women’s Safety and Rights: Expanded rights, including permission for night shifts and enhanced workplace safety.
  • Health and Social Security: Free annual health check-ups for workers above 40 and nationwide ESIC coverage, including hazardous units.
  • Simplified Procedures: A single registration, licensing, and return system for employers.
  • Wage and Safety Standards: Introduction of a national floor wage and creation of a National OSH Board for uniform safety standards.
  • Fixed-Term Employment: Allows fixed-term workers to receive all benefits equivalent to permanent workers.
  • New Work Categories: Gig workers, platform workers, and aggregators are legally defined for the first time.
  • Universal Account Number: Aadhaar-linked UAN ensures portability and easy access to welfare benefits.
  • Inclusion of Plantation Workers: Plantation workers brought under OSHWC and Social Security Codes.

4)Responses from Stakeholders:

Trade Union Concerns:

  • Opposition to Codes: Several central trade unions reject the Labour Codes, labelling them anti-worker and pro-employer.
  • Issues with Timing: CTUs argue implementing the Codes amid rising unemployment and inflation will worsen workers’ hardships.
  • Protest Plans: Unions have announced nationwide protests on November 26 and cite earlier strikes against the Codes.
  • Fear of Exploitation: Trade unions warn the reforms could revive a “master-servant” relationship, reducing worker protections.

BMS Standpoint: The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh supports implementation but seeks amendments to remove perceived anti-worker provisions in OSH and Industrial Relations Codes.

Industry View: CII praises the reforms as a transformative step towards a modern and simplified labour ecosystem.

[UPSC 2021] With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements: 1.All casual workers are entitled to Employees Provident Fund coverage.

2.All casual workers are entitled to regular working hours and overtime payment.

3.The government can, by notification, specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account. Which of the above statements are correct? Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3

 

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Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: Rajasthan farmers’ protests on insurance claims

Bills/Act/Laws | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

Why In The News?

Farmers in Rajasthan’s Churu district held a ‘Kisan Ekta Tractor March’ demanding pending crop insurance claims, fertiliser availability, transparency in the insurance portal, and inclusion of certain crops in PM Dhan Dhanya Yojana. The protest was postponed after government assurances during late-night negotiations.

About Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):

  • Launch & Purpose:
    • Launched on 18 February 2016 by the Ministry of Agriculture to provide affordable crop insurance and financial protection against losses from natural calamities, pests, and diseases.
    • Implemented through insurance companies and banks.
  • Objectives:
    • Provide financial assistance for crop loss due to unforeseen events.
    • Stabilise farmer income and ensure continuity in farming.
    • Promote modern agricultural practices.
    • Encourage crop diversification, enhance creditworthiness, and improve agriculture sector competitiveness.
  • Eligibility:
    • All farmers including sharecroppers and tenant farmers growing notified crops in notified areas.
    • Compulsory: Loanee farmers with Seasonal Agricultural Operations (SAO) loans.
    • Voluntary: Non-loanee farmers.
    • Must have insurable interest and valid land ownership/tenure documents.
    • Must not receive duplicate compensation from other sources.
    • Special focus on SC/ST/Women farmers with proportional budget allocation.
  • Benefits:
    • Affordable Premiums:
      • Farmers pay 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, and 5% for commercial/horticultural crops.
      • Government provides premium subsidy; pays full premium in NE states, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh.
    • Comprehensive Coverage:
      • Covers natural disasters, pests, diseases, and post-harvest losses (hailstorm, landslide).
      • Excludes losses due to war, nuclear risks, malicious damage, or preventable risks.
    • Timely Compensation:
      • Claims processed within two months of harvest.
    • Technology-Driven Implementation:
      • Uses satellite imaging, drones, and mobile apps for precise loss estimation.
      • NCIP for digital processing; YES-TECH for remote-sensing yield estimation; CROPIC for geotagged crop verification.
[UPSC 2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture?
1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
3. Social Capital development
4. Free electricity supply to farmers
5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments
Select the correct answer using the code given below: Options: (a) 1, 2 and 5 only (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 2, 3 and 6 only* (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

 

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Government plans unification of port security regulations- sovereign entity to oversee private ports while CISF will regulate 80 ports

DOMR | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Border Area Security Challenges

Why In The News?

The government has designated CISF as the security regulator for 250+ seaports to strengthen coastal security.

1) New Security Framework:

  • Sovereign Entity at Seaports: Government to deploy CISF as a sovereign security force at private cargo-handling ports for a uniform security system.
  • Initial Coverage: CISF to regulate 80 major export-import seaports for access control, cargo screening, and seafront patrolling.
  • Phase-wise Expansion: Remaining 170 seaports will be brought under CISF in stages.
  • ISPS Code Role: CISF designated as the Recognised Security Organisation under the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code.

2)Framework for Seaport Security in India:

  • International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code:
    India’s port security system aligns with the mandatory global ISPS Code, introduced after 9/11 to protect ships and port facilities from terrorism and other maritime threats.
  • Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) as Security Regulator:
    The Government of India has recently designated the CISF as the Recognised Security Organisation (RSO) for ports, marking a major reform to strengthen and standardise port security across the country.

3)Challenges to Port Security:

  • Non-Standardised Security Framework:
    • Security at many non-major ports historically lacked uniformity and expert oversight.
    • Heavy dependence on private security agencies or local police resulted in inconsistent standards.
  • Transnational & Non-Traditional Threats:
    • Maritime terrorism remains a persistent risk.
    • Smuggling and drug trafficking, with ports often used for large narcotics consignments.
    • Cyberattacks targeting port IT systems and critical infrastructure.
  • Infrastructure & Manpower Gaps:
    • Difficulty in ensuring uniform, high-quality security infrastructure across 250+ ports.
    • Significant manpower shortages: CISF requires 800-1,000 personnel per major seaport and has requested 10,000 additional personnel for initial deployment.
  • Coastal Vulnerabilities:
    • Large stretches of coastline remain open, poorly monitored, or unguarded.
    • Absence of a sovereign security force at private ports has created long-standing security gaps.
  • Identified Gaps in Official Reviews:
    • Coastal security flagged as a priority for discussion at the Director Generals of Police (DGP) Conference, attended by the Prime Minister.
    • The 2023 MHA guidelines highlighted major deficiencies and recommended comprehensive improvements.

4) Committee Recommendations:

  • Committee Findings: A 2024 Joint Committee (CISF + Director General Shipping) conducted gap analysis and proposed corrective measures.
  • Hybrid Security Model: Core security functions to be handled by CISF, while State Police/private agencies manage non-core duties.

5)About CISF:

  • Overview: CISF is a Central Armed Police Force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, headquartered in New Delhi; motto: “Protection and Security.”
  • Establishment:
    • Formed in 1969 through the CISF Act, 1968 with three battalions.
    • Declared an Armed Force of the Union after the 1983 amendment.
    • Expanded into a multi-skilled force with 188,000+ personnel.
    • Provides security to 359 establishments nationwide.
  • Organisation Structure:
    • Headed by a Director-General (IPS), assisted by an Additional DG.
    • Divided into seven sectors: Airport, North, North-East, East, West, South, Training.
    • Has a dedicated Fire Service Wing.
  • Functions:
    • Secures critical infrastructure: nuclear and space facilities, airports, seaports, power plants.
    • Protects Delhi Metro, Parliament Complex, heritage monuments, and major government buildings.
    • Responsible for airport security since 2000 (post IC-814 hijacking).
    • Provides VIP security to designated protectees.
    • Trained in disaster management (floods, earthquakes, cyclones).
    • Operates India’s largest Fire Protection Service among CAPFs.
    • Post-2008 Mumbai attacks, expanded to private sector security.
    • Functions as a compensatory cost force, billing clients for services.
[UPSC 2023] With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements:

1. Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government.

2. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in maintenance of internal security.

3. To prevent infiltration on the international border/coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some States.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) All three (d) None

 

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Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

IAF’s Tejas jet crashes during demo flight at Dubai Air Show, pilot killed

Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

Why In The News?

An Indian Air Force Tejas fighter jet crashed during the Dubai Air Show, killing Wing Commander Namansh Syal, after spiralling out of control and igniting on impact at Al Maktoum International Airport.

1)Tejas Mk1A: 

  • About: The Tejas Mk1A is an upgraded variant of India’s Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
  • Purpose: This version is aimed to enhance operational and combat capabilities, survivability and maintainability over the baseline Mk1.
  • Capabilities:
    • Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar integration.
    • Electronic Warfare Suite (EWS) – radar‑warning and self‑protection jamming.
    • Upgraded Flight Control Computer (DFCC Mk1A) for better maneuverability and stability.
    • Missile compatibility- Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles, Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground missiles and Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missiles (ASRAAM).
    • Planned integration of Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT), Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Operating Data Link (ODL) with existing onboard avionics.

2) LCA Tejas:

  • About: The LCA Tejas programme, initiated by the Government of India in 1984, aimed to replace the ageing MiG-21 fighter jets. The programme is managed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA).
  • Features:
    • Lightest, smallest, and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter in its class.
    • Capable of carrying a variety of air-to-air, air-to-surface, and precision-guided weapons.
    • Maximum payload capacity of 4000 kg.
    • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8.
    • Range: 3,000 km.
  • Variants of Tejas:
    • Tejas Trainer: 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.
    • LCA Navy: Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.
    • LCA Tejas Navy MK2: This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.
    • LCA Tejas Mk-1A: This is an improvement over the LCA Tejas Mk1 with a higher thrust engine.

3)Fifth Generation Fighter Jets:

  • About:
    • Combat Role: Designed for highly contested combat zones with advanced air and ground threats.
    • Stealth & Speed: Feature stealth technology and supercruise capability.
    • Key Advantages:
      • Multi-spectral low-observable design
      • Enhanced self-protection
      • Radar jamming capabilities
      • Fully integrated avionics systems
    • Global Operators:
      • Russia: Sukhoi Su-57
      • China: Chengdu J-20
      • United States: F-35 series
  • Need for India:
    • Squadron Strength: IAF has ~30 squadrons, below the sanctioned 42.
    • Ageing Fleet:
      • MiG-21
      • MiG-29
      • Jaguar
      • Mirage 2000
      • All to be phased out by mid-next decade.
    • Airpower Gap:
      • China: 3,304 aircraft
      • India: 2,296 aircraft
      • Pakistan: 1,434 aircraft
    • Strategic Need: Strengthen air defences against China and Pakistan and increase defence self-reliance.
    • Indigenous Development:
      • Developing AMCA
      • Five prototypes planned
      • Joint effort by ADA, HAL, and private industry
    • Strategic Positioning: 5G fighters would place India alongside the US, Russia, and China.
[UPSC 2024] Question: Consider the following aircraft:

1. Rafael

2. MiG-29

3. Tejas MK-1

How many of the above are considered fifth generation fighter aircraft?

Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*

 

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