| PYQ Relevance:
Q) The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. (2023) |
Mentor’s Comment: This question focused on India’s strategic positioning and alliances with the West, relates to the broader context of high-level summit diplomacy and strategic interactions between nations
A strong leader is often seen as someone who holds significant power, shaping both government policies and their political party. This leadership style is debated, but many agree it can be useful in politics and diplomacy. Leaders like Donald Trump and Narendra Modi are considered strong leaders. Both actively engage in summit diplomacy, which has both advantages and risks. While decisive leadership can bring benefits, relying too much on personal judgment can lead to problems. Despite these challenges, summit diplomacy has become a key tool for powerful leaders in handling major global issues like war and peace.
Today’s editorial highlights the importance of summit diplomacy and the key traits of a strong leader. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 in the UPSC Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Despite unplanned meetings like Trump’s, summit diplomacy will remain important in global relations.
What are the key characteristics of a “strong leader” in the context of modern politics and diplomacy?
- Centralization of Power: A strong leader often consolidates power, making key policy and political decisions with minimal consultation. Example: Vladimir Putin’s centralized control over Russian politics and military decisions.
- Assertive Foreign Policy and Summit Diplomacy: They engage directly in high-profile diplomatic negotiations, often prioritizing personal rapport over traditional diplomatic channels. Example: Donald Trump’s direct summits with Kim Jong-un to negotiate North Korea’s nuclear program.
- Image Building and Popular Appeal: They craft a strong public persona through rhetoric, social media, and large-scale events to project authority and national pride. Example: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s use of mass rallies and media control to consolidate power in Turkey.
- Decisive but Controversial Decision-Making: They make bold decisions, sometimes bypassing institutional checks, which can lead to both positive reforms and authoritarian tendencies. Example: Xi Jinping’s removal of term limits in China, allowing him to rule indefinitely.
| Why is summit diplomacy considered both beneficial and problematic in resolving international conflicts?
Benefits of summit diplomacy:
- Direct and Efficient Decision-Making: Summits allow leaders to bypass bureaucratic delays and make high-stakes decisions quickly. Example: The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) saw U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev negotiate directly, preventing nuclear war.
- Confidence-Building and Diplomatic Trust: Face-to-face interactions help build mutual trust and diplomatic relationships between nations. Example: The Reagan-Gorbachev Summits (1985-1988) played a key role in reducing Cold War tensions and leading to nuclear arms reduction.
- Breakthroughs in Long-Standing Disputes: Summit diplomacy has resolved historical disputes that traditional diplomacy failed to address. Example: The Camp David Accords (1978) led to peace between Egypt and Israel after decades of hostility.
- Symbolic and Strategic Value: High-profile summits reinforce a country’s global leadership and strategic partnerships. Example: The Singapore Summit (2018) between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un, which temporarily reduced tensions on the Korean Peninsula.
- Crisis Management and De-escalation: Summits provide a platform for crisis diplomacy, helping to prevent conflicts from escalating into full-scale wars. Example: The Dayton Accords (1995) ended the Bosnian War by bringing together leaders of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia for direct negotiations.
Problems of summit diplomacy:
- Risk of Superficial Agreements: Leaders often prioritize political optics over substantive solutions, leading to vague or unenforceable agreements. Example: The Minsk Agreements (2014-2015) aimed at resolving the Ukraine conflict but lacked effective implementation mechanisms.
- Personal Egos and Power Imbalances: Strong-willed leaders may focus more on personal victories rather than genuine conflict resolution. Example: The Trump-Zelenskyy Summit (2025), where public confrontations and political grandstanding overshadowed meaningful negotiations on Ukraine.
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How did the Trump-Zelenskyy exchanges highlight the complexities and risks of pseudo-summit diplomacy?
- Blurred Lines Between Diplomacy and Personal Interests: Instead of focusing purely on state interests, pseudo-summit diplomacy can be influenced by personal or political gains. Example: The Trump-Zelenskyy phone call (2019) became controversial when Trump allegedly pressured Zelenskyy to investigate Joe Biden’s son, intertwining diplomacy with U.S. domestic politics.
- Lack of Institutional Safeguards: Informal or direct leader-to-leader diplomacy can bypass traditional diplomatic channels, reducing oversight and accountability. Example: The absence of career diplomats in the Trump-Zelenskyy exchanges led to concerns over improper diplomatic conduct and potential abuse of power.
- Vulnerability to Misinformation and Manipulation: Without structured diplomatic engagement, such interactions can be misused for propaganda or misinterpreted in ways that escalate tensions. Example: The impeachment inquiry against Trump was fueled by the whistleblower complaint alleging that the U.S. was leveraging military aid for political favors.
What should India learn from this? (Way forward)
- Institutionalize Diplomatic Processes: Informal leader-to-leader diplomacy should not replace structured diplomatic engagement involving foreign service professionals.
- India should prioritize institutional mechanisms (e.g., MEA-led negotiations) to ensure consistency and avoid undue political influence in international relations.
- Avoid Mixing Domestic Politics with Foreign Policy: Diplomatic engagements must remain separate from electoral or partisan interests to maintain credibility.
- India must ensure that foreign policy decisions are not dictated by short-term political gains and avoid using international diplomacy for domestic political narratives.
- Strengthen Transparency and Accountability: Diplomatic engagements should be conducted with oversight to prevent misuse or misinterpretation.
- India should continue using parliamentary committees and professional diplomats to maintain transparency and avoid secretive deals that could lead to unintended consequences.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Data protection; impact of APAAR;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Education introduced the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID to digitally store each student’s academic records, providing a single, reliable source of their educational history throughout their life in India.
Should the APAAR ID be imposed without a legal framework in place?
- Violation of Right to Privacy: Without a legal framework, imposing APAAR violates the right to privacy upheld by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Example: The Court ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandatory for basic services like school admissions. APAAR, linked to Aadhaar, may similarly infringe on privacy rights.
- Lack of Informed Consent: Mandatory implementation without clear legal guidelines undermines voluntary participation and informed consent. Example: Parents in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka face pressure to enroll their children despite official claims that APAAR is voluntary.
- Data Security Risks: Collecting sensitive student data without legal safeguards increases vulnerability to data breaches and misuse. Example: The Aadhaar leak incidents exposed millions of personal records, highlighting risks in handling large-scale digital databases without strict protection laws.
- Discrimination and Exclusion: Errors in digital records (e.g., name mismatches) can exclude students from educational benefits if no legal recourse is available. Example: In DigiLocker, discrepancies in Aadhaar details have led to failed registrations and denial of services. Similar risks exist with APAAR.
- Need for Legislative Oversight: A legal framework ensures transparency, accountability, and public trust in the system’s operation. Example: Countries like Germany regulate educational data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to protect citizens’ privacy. India lacks similar comprehensive safeguards for APAAR.
What is the purpose of the APAAR ID introduced by the Ministry of Education?
- Digitisation of Academic Records: APAAR (Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry) aims to create a digital repository for every student’s academic transcripts, ensuring a lifetime record of their educational journey.
- It seeks to provide a unified and verified database for academic credentials, reducing discrepancies and ensuring authenticity across institutions.
- Improved Accessibility and Portability: Enables students to access, share, and transfer their academic records seamlessly across educational institutions and employment platforms.
- Integration with Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): APAAR is part of the broader Digital Public Infrastructure strategy, aligning with initiatives like UDISE+ and the Student Database Management System to enhance educational governance.
- Facilitating Future Opportunities: It aims to streamline processes like scholarship applications, higher education admissions, and employment verification, making these services more efficient and transparent.
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How are schools and state education authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka enforcing APAAR enrolment?
- Imposing 100% Enrolment Targets: Schools have been directed to achieve “saturation”, meaning complete APAAR enrolment for all students, putting pressure on administrators and parents. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, education authorities have set strict deadlines for schools to register every student under the APAAR system.
- Threatening Consequences for Non-Enrolment: Schools are warning parents of potential penalties or loss of educational services if they refuse to enroll their children. Example: In Karnataka, some schools have informed parents that students may face issues in accessing government benefits and future educational opportunities without APAAR registration.
- Targeting Minority Institutions and Administrators: Religious minority schools and district education officials face increased scrutiny for discrepancies between APAAR and existing student records. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, authorities have questioned minority institutions over mismatched enrollment data, raising concerns about discrimination and administrative overreach.
Way forward:
- Enact a Clear Legal Framework: Introduce legislation to regulate APAAR, ensuring data protection, informed consent, and compliance with the right to privacy as upheld by the Supreme Court.
- Ensure Voluntary Participation and Transparency: Maintain APAAR enrolment as optional, provide clear communication to parents and institutions, and establish grievance redressal mechanisms to address errors and concerns.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Reason- UPSC’s focus on privacy concerns related to government actions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Adivasi communities;
Why in the News?
The shutdown of the only Gondi-medium school in Maharashtra’s Gadchiroli district, which was started in 2019 by the Mohgaon gram panchayat, raises concerns about tribal students learning in their own language.
What constitutional provisions support the preservation of Adivasi languages and cultures in India?
- Article 29: Protects the rights of minorities to conserve their distinct languages, scripts, and cultures.
- Article 350A: Directs the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary education level for minority children.
- Fifth Schedule: Provides special protections and governance provisions for Scheduled Areas, where many Adivasi communities reside.
- Sixth Schedule: Grants autonomy to certain tribal areas in the northeastern states, allowing self-governance and cultural preservation.
- Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA): Recognizes the role of gram sabhas in self-governance, including decisions related to education in tribal areas.
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How do the forces of absorption in secular and religious realms impact Adivasi communities?
- Marginalization of Adivasi Languages in Education: Adivasi students are forced to learn in dominant languages, leading to the decline of their mother tongues and weakening of cultural identity. Example: The closure of the Gondi-medium school in Maharashtra due to non-recognition under the Right to Education Act.
- Loss of Land and Displacement Due to Development Projects: Adivasi communities are displaced from their ancestral lands due to industrial and infrastructural projects, leading to economic instability and cultural loss. Example: Large-scale mining and dam projects in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have forced many Adivasis to migrate to urban slums.
- Religious Assimilation and Erosion of Indigenous Beliefs: Traditional tribal religious practices are undermined or replaced by dominant religions, leading to cultural homogenization. Example: The decline of Sarna worship among Adivasis due to conversions to Hinduism and Christianity.
- Market-Driven Cultural Appropriation: Tribal art, music, and traditions are exploited for commercial purposes without benefiting the Adivasi creators. Example: Warli and Gond paintings being sold globally, while many Adivasi artists remain in poverty.
- Denial of Political and Constitutional Recognition: The lack of official recognition for Adivasi languages and cultures weakens their identity and limits access to resources and opportunities. Example: Gondi, spoken by over 2.9 million people, is not included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, whereas Sanskrit, spoken by fewer than 25,000, is recognized.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Emphasizes mother-tongue-based education at the primary level, promoting indigenous languages. Example: Bilingual textbooks in tribal languages have been introduced in states like Odisha and Jharkhand.
- Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Aims to provide quality education to tribal students while incorporating their cultural heritage. Example: Over 700 EMRS schools are planned across India, with some offering instruction in tribal languages.
- Documentation and Digital Preservation Initiatives: Projects to document and preserve endangered tribal languages and cultures. Example: The Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL) under the CIIL (Central Institute of Indian Languages) focuses on documenting languages like Gondi.
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What are the factors that highlight the contrast between the recognition of Sanskrit and Gondi in the Eighth Schedule?
- Oral vs. Textual Tradition: Sanskrit has a vast corpus of classical texts and scriptures, whereas Gondi follows an oral tradition, making it vulnerable to erosion without formal preservation efforts. Example: Ancient Sanskrit texts like the Vedas are archived and studied, but Gondi folklore and oral histories are at risk of being lost due to a lack of institutional documentation.
- Number of Speakers: Gondi is spoken by over 2.9 million people across six states, while Sanskrit has fewer than 25,000 speakers. Example: Despite its widespread use among Adivasi communities, Gondi remains unrecognized, whereas Sanskrit, with a much smaller speaker base, is included in the Eighth Schedule.
- State Support and Promotion: Sanskrit receives government funding, university courses, and institutional backing, whereas Gondi lacks state-supported educational and literary initiatives. Example: Sanskrit is taught in schools and has dedicated institutions like the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, while Gondi-medium schools struggle for recognition, such as the case in Maharashtra.
- Socio-Political Influence: Sanskrit is associated with elite Brahminical traditions and enjoys support from powerful socio-political groups, whereas Gondi is linked to marginalized Adivasi communities with limited political representation. Example: Political leaders and policymakers advocate for Sanskrit’s preservation, but there is little lobbying for Gondi’s inclusion in the Eighth Schedule.
- Economic and Employment Relevance: Sanskrit is promoted as a classical and sacred language, but it has minimal practical usage in employment, whereas Gondi is actively spoken by tribal communities in daily life. Example: Sanskrit is used in religious and academic contexts, while Gondi is the primary language for communication among Adivasis, yet lacks state recognition.
Way forward:
- Institutional Recognition and Policy Support: Need to include Gondi and other major Adivasi languages in the Eighth Schedule to ensure constitutional recognition, funding for education, and cultural preservation.
- Community-Led Preservation and Promotion: The Government should strengthen grassroots efforts by empowering Adivasi organizations, establishing indigenous language schools, and promoting digital documentation of oral traditions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category? (UPSC IAS/2022)
Reason- This question is relevant because the closure of the Gondi-medium school highlights the specific educational needs of a particular tribal community (Gondi speakers).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals
Why in the News?
Union Coal and Mines Minister has launched the first-ever auction of Exploration Licences (ELs) for 13 critical mineral blocks.
About the Critical Minerals Exploration Policy
- India’s Critical Minerals Policy is designed to reduce import dependence, boost domestic production, and ensure secure access to essential minerals required for modern technology, defense, and clean energy.
- It is driven by amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR), 2023, introduces systematic exploration, private sector participation, and transparent auctions.
- Key Features of the Policy:
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- Private Sector Involvement: Allows private companies to explore and develop mineral blocks through Exploration Licences (ELs).
- Transparent Auction Process: Introduces an auction-based allocation of exploration blocks, ensuring efficiency and competition.
- Focus on Deep-Seated Minerals: Encourages the exploration of hard-to-extract minerals like lithium, rare earth elements (REEs), and platinum group metals (PGMs).
- Financial Support for Exploration: Provides risk-sharing mechanisms, where 50% of exploration costs are borne by the government if minerals are not found.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical minerals are essential elements required for high-tech industries, clean energy technologies, and national security.
- They are however at risk of supply chain disruptions due to their limited availability or geopolitical factors.
- India’s 30 Critical Minerals (2023 List) includes: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Graphite, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Platinum Group Elements (PGEs), Silicon, Phosphorous, Potash, Tin, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, and others.
Uses of Critical Minerals:
- Electronics & Semiconductors: Copper, gallium, germanium, indium.
- Electric Vehicles & Batteries: Lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite.
- Renewable Energy Technologies: Rare Earth Elements (REEs) for wind turbines and solar panels.
- Aerospace & Defense: Titanium, tungsten, platinum group elements (PGEs).
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:
- Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
- State governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
- State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H5N1 Bird Flu
Why in the News?
Bihar is currently facing a bird flu outbreak, yet the state lacks a dedicated testing facility for confirming cases.
What is H5N1 Bird Flu?
- H5N1 (Avian Influenza A) is a highly contagious virus affecting birds and some mammals.
- It was first detected in China in 1996 and has since spread globally, including India.
- In 2020, a highly pathogenic strain emerged, leading to outbreaks in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Impact of H5N1 on Animals:
- Wild birds, especially endangered species like California condors, have suffered mass casualties.
- The virus previously targeted poultry, but now marine mammals (sea lions, dolphins) and terrestrial mammals (foxes, bears, pumas, minks) are also infected.
- India’s first H5N1 outbreak occurred in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2015.
Human Risk and Potential Transmission:
- Direct human infections are rare and usually occur through close contact with infected birds.
- Climate change is worsening the spread, altering bird migration patterns and increasing interspecies interactions.
- Human-to-human transmission is uncommon, but experts warn that mutations could make it possible in the future.
PYQ:
[2015] H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases?
(a) AIDS
(b) Bird flu
(c) Dengue
(d) Swine flu |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aditya L1 Mission, CMEs
Why in the News?
India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1, has made a significant scientific observation—a flareless Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) using the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) Payload.
About Flareless Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)
- A Flareless CME is a solar eruption that occurs without an associated solar flare.
- Unlike typical CMEs, which are often linked to intense bursts of electromagnetic radiation, flareless CMEs result from magnetic instabilities in the solar corona without sudden energy releases.
Key Features of Flareless CMEs:
- No Solar Flare Trigger: Unlike most CMEs, they do not originate from an intense energy burst.
- Magnetic Instability Driven: Plasma ejection occurs due to internal rearrangements in the Sun’s magnetic field.
- Gradual Energy Release: These CMEs may expand more slowly compared to CME-flare events.
- Scientific Significance: Helps differentiate CME mechanisms from flare activities, improving space weather forecasts.
About the Aditya-L1 Mission
- Aditya-L1 is India’s first space-based observatory dedicated to solar studies.
- Launched by ISRO, it is positioned at Lagrange Point 1 (L1), about 1.5 million km from Earth.
- It takes 125 days to reach L1, where gravitational equilibrium allows continuous solar observation.
- It is India’s second space observatory after AstroSat (2015).
- Mission Objectives:
- Study the solar corona, photosphere, chromosphere, and solar wind dynamics.
- Monitor solar activity, flares, and CMEs to predict space weather events.
- Provide early warnings for geomagnetic storms affecting Earth’s satellites and power grids.
- Scientific Instruments:
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- Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC): Observes the solar corona and tracks CMEs.
- Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): Captures images of the Sun’s lower atmosphere.
- Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS): Measures soft X-ray emissions from the Sun.
- High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS): Detects high-energy solar X-rays.
- Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX): Studies solar wind particles and their impact on space weather.
- Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA): Analyzes plasma properties in the solar wind.
- Magnetometer: Measures magnetic field variations at L1.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth ?
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only (d) 2, 5 and 6 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Quantum Mission (NQM)
Why in the News?
The Government of India has launched four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) for quantum computing research, with Uttar Pradesh receiving the highest allocation of ₹28.7 crore for quantum technology development in FY 2024-25, followed by Karnataka, Maharashtra, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
About the Quantum Hubs
- Quantum Hubs, also known as Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs), are specialized research centres established under India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM).
- They are designed to drive innovation, research, and development in different aspects of quantum technology.
- Four T-Hubs have been established in leading academic institutions.
- Each hub focuses on a specific domain of quantum research:
- Quantum Computing (IISc Bengaluru).
- Quantum Communication (IIT Bombay).
- Quantum Sensing & Metrology (IIT Delhi).
- Quantum Materials & Devices (IIT Madras).
- IIT Kanpur serves as the management coordinating center, overseeing administration and funding allocation.
- The hubs operate across 17 States and 2 Union Territories, with 14 technical research groups collaborating on different projects.
About National Quantum Mission (NQM)
- The NQM was launched by the Union Cabinet on April 19, 2023, with a total budget of ₹6,003.65 crore for a period of eight years (2023-2031).
- It is implemented by the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Ministry of Science & Technology.
- The mission aims to build intermediate-scale quantum computers, starting with:
- 20-50 qubits in 3 years,
- 50-100 qubits in 5 years, and
- 50-1,000 qubits in 8 years.
- Additionally, it seeks to establish satellite-based quantum communication over 2,000 km within India, inter-city quantum key distribution (QKD), and multi-node quantum networks.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender Budget; Vulnerable class issues;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 has increased funding for women-centric schemes to ₹4.49 lakh crore, a 37.25% rise from ₹3.27 lakh crore in the previous year. This increase remains significant even after accounting for an estimated inflation rate of 3.61%.
What are the major reasons for the underutilisation of funds allocated under the Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)?
- Bureaucratic Delays and Complex Procedures: In many states, lengthy approval processes and multi-tiered administrative hurdles delay fund disbursement, preventing timely implementation of welfare schemes. The “Post-Matric Scholarship for SC/ST Students” often faces delays due to slow bureaucratic processing.
- Lack of Community Involvement in Planning: The absence of direct consultation with SC/ST communities results in schemes that do not align with their specific needs.
- In tribal areas, the lack of local representation has led to the failure of livelihood programs tailored for forest-based communities.
- Inadequate Awareness and Outreach: Many eligible beneficiaries are unaware of available programs due to poor dissemination of information. Despite a substantial allocation to the “Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana,” low awareness among SC/ST households has limited its reach.
- Underutilisation due to Misallocation: Funds intended for targeted development are often diverted to general welfare projects, reducing the impact on SC/ST communities. In some states, funds under the TSP have been used for infrastructure projects that do not directly benefit tribal populations.
- Digital and Procedural Barriers: The shift to digital application processes without adequate digital literacy programs has excluded many SC/ST beneficiaries. In Rajasthan, digitization of welfare schemes like “PVTG Development Programmes” has created barriers for those lacking internet access or digital skills.
Why is the lack of gender-disaggregated data within SCSP and TSP a major challenge in assessing the impact on SC/ST women?
- Inability to Measure Gender-Specific Outcomes: Without data distinguishing male and female beneficiaries, it’s challenging to evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives aimed at SC/ST women.
- For instance, literacy rates among SC women stand at 56.5%, and among ST women at 49.4%, compared to the national female literacy rate of 64.63%.
- Failure to Address Intersectional Disparities: SC/ST women experience layered discrimination based on caste, gender, and class. Without data distinguishing their experiences, policies fail to address these overlapping vulnerabilities.
- For example, in tribal areas, women’s access to maternal healthcare remains poor because gender-specific needs are not reflected in TSP allocations.
- Ineffective Policy Design and Implementation: The absence of gender-specific data prevents the government from designing targeted interventions and monitoring their effectiveness.
- In the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin), there is no separate data on SC/ST women beneficiaries, making it difficult to assess if they are receiving adequate housing support.
How has digitalisation created new barriers for women, particularly those from marginalised communities?
- Limited Digital Literacy and Access: Many women from SC/ST and other marginalised groups lack basic digital skills, making it difficult to access welfare schemes and online services. For instance, beneficiaries of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana often struggle to navigate digital banking platforms, leading to dependency on intermediaries.
- Exclusion Due to Lack of Digital Infrastructure: Poor digital infrastructure in rural and tribal areas limits women’s ability to participate in digital governance processes. For example, the Aadhaar-linked Public Distribution System (PDS) often fails to deliver benefits to women in remote regions due to biometric authentication issues.
- Increased Dependence on Intermediaries: Digital processes intended to reduce corruption have increased reliance on middlemen for those who cannot navigate online systems. For instance, women applying for the PM Ujjwala Yojana face difficulties completing online applications, forcing them to seek help and sometimes pay additional fees.
Case study: What lessons can be drawn from Kerala’s Kudumbashree mission to improve the effectiveness of gender budgets?
- Community-Led Participatory Approach: Involving women from the grassroots level in planning, implementation, and monitoring ensures that schemes address their real needs. For instance, Kudumbashree’s neighbourhood groups empower women to influence local budget decisions, ensuring better allocation and utilisation of resources.
- Transparent Monitoring and Accountability: Regular audits and community-based tracking improve fund utilisation and prevent leakages. For example, Kudumbashree’s micro-level monitoring system tracks welfare schemes, ensuring funds reach the intended beneficiaries and improving service delivery.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Data Systems and Targeted Monitoring: Implement gender-disaggregated and caste-specific data collection within SCSP and TSP to track the impact on SC/ST women and address intersectional vulnerabilities effectively.
- Enhance Digital and Community Accessibility: Invest in digital literacy programs and community-based facilitation to ensure equitable access to welfare schemes, especially for women in rural and marginalised communities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation? (UPSC IAS/2024)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to linguistic policies ;
Why in the News?
India faces a challenge in advancing global technology and promoting cultural nationalism.
What are the key contradictions between India’s linguistic policies and its ambitions for global technological leadership?
- Promotion of Global Tech Leadership vs. Linguistic Nationalism: While the government advocates for technological innovation and global collaboration (e.g., PM Modi’s co-chairing of the AI Action Summit in Paris), cultural nationalist groups like the RSS push to reject English and promote indigenous languages. Example: Maharashtra’s mandate to prioritize Marathi in government offices conflicts with the need for English proficiency in global tech and business environments.
- Dual Education System: Private schools emphasize English, preparing students for global opportunities, while most government schools focus on regional languages, limiting access to global knowledge. Example: Elite private-school graduates secure jobs in multinational tech firms, while students from regional-language schools face barriers in competitive industries like AI and software development.
- Language as Identity vs. Economic Pragmatism: While India debates language as a cultural marker, other countries treat English as a tool for economic advancement. Example: China and South Korea prioritize English proficiency to foster technological growth, whereas India’s linguistic nationalism hampers similar progress.
- Global Collaboration vs. Linguistic Isolation: Success in emerging fields like AI requires collaboration in English-led international forums, but domestic policies discourage its widespread adoption. Example: Israel mandates English alongside STEM education, enabling global research participation, while India’s restrictive policies hinder such integration.
- Access to AI and Digital Technologies: AI technologies are predominantly developed and documented in English, yet linguistic policies limit access for a majority of Indians. Example: Indian startups working on AI and machine learning struggle to scale globally due to the language barrier affecting workforce readiness.
Why is English proficiency considered crucial for India’s future workforce in the AI-driven economy?
- Access to Global Knowledge and Innovation: Most research papers, technical documentation, and AI frameworks are published in English. Without proficiency, Indian professionals face barriers to understanding and applying the latest advancements. Example: Cutting-edge AI models like GPT and TensorFlow are primarily documented in English, making it essential for developers to engage with and innovate using these tools.
- Enhanced Employment Opportunities: English is the dominant language in multinational companies and global tech ecosystems. Proficiency opens doors to better-paying jobs and international collaborations. Example: Indian engineers fluent in English are preferred by global tech giants like Google, Microsoft, and Meta for roles in AI development and data science.
- Participation in Global AI Governance and Policy: As AI evolves, international regulatory frameworks and ethical discussions are conducted in English. Without linguistic competence, India risks being sidelined in shaping global AI norms. Example: India’s ability to contribute to forums like the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) depends on having experts who can engage in technical and policy dialogues in English.
Which regions in India demonstrate better educational and economic outcomes due to their multilingual approach?
- Southern States (Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu): These states follow a three-language policy (regional language, Hindi, and English) in schools, ensuring proficiency in English while preserving local identity. Example: Bengaluru in Karnataka is a leading global technology hub, attracting investments in AI and IT due to a highly skilled, multilingual workforce.
- Western States (Maharashtra, Gujarat): Urban areas in these states emphasize English-medium education alongside regional languages, enabling access to both domestic and international job markets. Example: Mumbai’s multilingual workforce supports thriving sectors like finance, media, and global trade, making it India’s economic powerhouse.
- Union Territories (Delhi, Chandigarh): The education system here integrates English, Hindi, and local languages, fostering linguistic adaptability and attracting businesses requiring bilingual professionals. Example: Delhi’s multilingual policies contribute to its prominence in sectors like legal services, information technology, and international commerce.
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Way forward:
- Balanced Language Policy: Implement a multilingual education framework that promotes regional languages while ensuring universal access to English from an early age to enhance global competitiveness.
- Inclusive Digital Ecosystem: Invest in translating AI resources and technical content into regional languages while encouraging English proficiency to bridge the linguistic divide in emerging technologies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer.” (2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hantavirus
Why in the News?
Betsy Arakawa, wife of Oscar-winning actor Gene Hackman, died from a respiratory illness linked to hantavirus, a rare disease transmitted by infected rodents, officials have confirmed.
What is Hantavirus?
- Hantavirus is a family of viruses carried by rodents that cause severe illnesses in humans. The two primary diseases it causes are:
- Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – A fatal respiratory illness common in the Americas.
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) – Affects the kidneys and causes internal bleeding, mostly found in Asia and Europe.
- Hantavirus spreads through contact with infected rodent waste, primarily via:
- Inhalation (Aerosolization) – Breathing in airborne particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva.
- Direct Contact – Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.
- Open Wounds – Virus entering through cuts or scratches.
- Rodent Bites (Rare).
- Human-to-Human Transmission – Extremely rare, except for Andes virus in South America.
Is there a Cure or Treatment?
- No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine exists.
- Medical care focuses on symptom management:
- Oxygen therapy for breathing difficulties.
- ICU support & mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
- Early detection is crucial – Seek medical help immediately after potential rodent exposure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission
Why in the News?
India achieved a major milestone in space docking technology with the successful undocking of satellites under the SpaDeX mission, marking ISRO’s first-ever undocking operation on March 14, 2025, just two months after the initial docking.
With this success, India joins an elite group of nations—the U.S., Russia, and China—that have demonstrated space docking and undocking capabilities.
What is PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission?
- The PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission is a landmark mission aimed at demonstrating in-space docking and undocking technology.
- This mission would position India as the fourth country in the world to master space docking, following the US, Russia, and China.
- Objective:
- To demonstrate the docking, undocking, and rendezvous capabilities of two satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO).
- Facilitate power transfer between docked spacecraft, an essential capability for future space missions.
- Satellites: (Each weighing 220kg.)
- SDX01 (Chaser): Equipped with a High-Resolution Camera (HRC).
- SDX02 (Target): Carries a Miniature Multispectral Payload (MMX) and a Radiation Monitor (RadMon).
- Configuration:
- The satellites will be launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C60) in a core-alone (CA) configuration, meaning without strap-on boosters.
- They will be placed in a 476-km circular orbit with an inclination of 55°.
- Post-Docking:
- After the docking demonstration, the satellites will continue standalone missions for two years, conducting imaging, natural resource monitoring, and radiation environment studies.
- Significance: It is a strategic step towards several ambitious space objectives, including:
- Preparing for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight program
- Enabling Chandrayaan-4 lunar sample return missions
- Developing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), India’s proposed space station35
What is Space Docking?
- Space docking refers to the process where two spacecraft in orbit rendezvous and physically connect to form a single entity. It is a highly complex and precise maneuver essential for advanced space missions.
- Key Steps of Space Docking:
- Rendezvous: Involves bringing two spacecraft into the same orbit with minimal distance and velocity difference.
- Docking: Establishing a mechanical connection between the spacecraft using specialized docking systems.
- Power and Resource Sharing: Once docked, the spacecraft can transfer power, fuel, or crew to support joint operations.
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PYQ:
[2018] “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to-
Options:
(a) Voyager-2 (b) New Horizons (c) LISA Pathfinder (d) Evolved LISA |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three-Stage Cycle of Addiction
Why in the News?
A groundbreaking study at the University of British Columbia, published in Nature Mental Health, reveals that addiction involves a complex neural circuit regulating cravings, emotions, and decision-making, shifting approaches to treatment and recovery.
Key Findings of the Research:
- Addiction Alters a Network of Brain Regions: A multi-center study analyzing 144 neuroimaging studies with 9,000 participants confirmed that addiction does not affect isolated brain areas but rather disrupts a circuit responsible for craving, emotional regulation, and decision-making.
- Brain’s Reward System is Hijacked: The nucleus accumbens releases dopamine, reinforcing pleasurable behaviors. Addictive substances exploit this mechanism, making substance use compulsive over time.
- Withdrawal Causes Emotional Distress: The extended amygdala triggers stress, anxiety, and irritability when substance use stops, driving continued consumption to avoid discomfort.
- Decision-Making is Impaired: The prefrontal cortex weakens, reducing impulse control and rational thinking, making quitting extremely difficult despite awareness of harm.
- Adolescents are More Vulnerable: Since the prefrontal cortex matures last, early substance exposure increases long-term addiction risk.
- Neuroadaptations Persist Even After Abstinence: Brain changes caused by addiction do not immediately reverse, leading to relapse vulnerability even after long periods of sobriety.
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The Three-Stage Cycle of Addiction
- Binge/Intoxication Stage (Basal Ganglia – Reward Processing)
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- Substance use triggers dopamine release, reinforcing pleasurable behaviors.
- Over time, the brain associates substance use with intense rewards, increasing dependence.
- Users experience cravings, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
- Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage (Extended Amygdala – Emotional Distress)
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- When substance use stops, individuals experience withdrawal symptoms like stress, anxiety, and depression.
- The brain craves relief, pushing individuals toward continued substance use to avoid discomfort.
- This stage makes quitting extremely difficult, reinforcing addiction.
- Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage (Prefrontal Cortex – Impulse Control & Cravings)
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- The prefrontal cortex weakens, impairing decision-making and self-control.
- Cravings dominate thoughts, leading to obsessive focus on substance use.
- Despite knowing the negative consequences, individuals struggle to quit due to impaired cognitive function.
This cycle continuously repeats, making addiction a self-reinforcing loop.
PYQ:
[2007] Which one of the following parts of the human brain is the regulating center for swallowing and vomiting?
Options:
(a) Cerebellum (b) Cerebrum (c) Medulla oblongata (d) Pons |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (UPSC CSE 2019) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the strategy of objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together (2019) and the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development. (2020).
California recently faced devastating wildfires, causing around $250 billion in damage—close to Greece’s GDP in 2023. This reveals the hidden costs of development in wealthy nations. If all countries consumed resources like the U.S. or EU, we would need multiple Earths. Yet, the HDI still promotes these unsustainable models as ideals, ignoring ecological realities.
Today’s editorial talks about how the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI) give a misleading view of progress. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 and GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Indicators like the United Nations’ HDI and PHDI overlook the fact that Earth has limited resources, promoting development models that may harm the environment and exceed planetary boundaries.
How does the Human Development Index (HDI) create a misguided perception of progress?
- Ignores Environmental Impact: HDI measures life expectancy, education, and income but does not account for the environmental damage caused by development. Example: Countries like the United States and Norway have high HDI scores despite being among the largest carbon emitters and resource consumers.
- Promotes Unsustainable Consumption Patterns: It celebrates the lifestyles of affluent countries without considering whether these consumption patterns can be replicated globally. Example: If every country consumed resources like the European Union, we would need multiple Earths to sustain global life.
- Overlooks Inequality and Social Justice: HDI does not reflect internal inequalities within countries, masking disparities in wealth distribution and social justice.
Example: Despite India’s improving HDI score, significant inequalities exist between rural and urban populations in access to education and healthcare.
- Creates a One-Size-Fits-All Model of Development: It assumes that higher incomes and longer life expectancy automatically equate to better development, disregarding cultural and ecological diversity. Example: Countries like Costa Rica achieve high life expectancy and literacy with a low ecological footprint, offering a sustainable development model.
- Fails to Recognize Planetary Boundaries: HDI does not measure whether a country’s development exceeds ecological limits, encouraging a pursuit of progress at the cost of environmental sustainability. Example, Nordic countries maintain top HDI rankings despite consuming resources equivalent to five Earths per capita.
What is Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI)?
- The PHDI is a modified version of the Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2020.
- It adjusts a country’s HDI score by accounting for the environmental impact of its development, particularly focusing on carbon emissions and material consumption.
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Why did the United Nations introduce the Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI)?
- To Address Environmental Sustainability: The PHDI was introduced to account for the environmental pressures caused by high levels of human development, such as carbon emissions and resource consumption. Example: Countries with high HDI scores, like the United States and Australia, receive lower PHDI rankings due to their significant carbon footprints.
- To Provide a More Holistic Measure of Progress: It aims to offer a more comprehensive understanding of development by balancing human well-being with environmental responsibility. Example: While Norway ranks highly on the HDI, its PHDI score is reduced because of its high per-capita ecological impact.
- To Encourage Sustainable Development Models: The PHDI highlights the need for nations to pursue progress within planetary boundaries, promoting more sustainable policy frameworks.
Example: Costa Rica, with its focus on renewable energy and forest conservation, maintains a more balanced PHDI compared to other high-income countries.
What should be the true meaning of progress for developing nations like India?
- Sustainable Development within Ecological Limits: Progress should balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, ensuring the responsible use of natural resources without depleting them for future generations. Example: India’s National Solar Mission aims to increase renewable energy capacity while reducing dependence on fossil fuels, promoting cleaner and sustainable progress.
- Inclusive and Equitable Growth: Development must ensure social justice by reducing inequalities and providing access to basic services like healthcare, education, and employment for all sections of society. Example: Aspirational Districts Programme focuses on improving underdeveloped areas by enhancing healthcare, education, and infrastructure, fostering inclusive growth.
- Quality of Life and Human Dignity: True progress prioritizes human well-being, ensuring that every citizen lives with dignity and has access to a safe, healthy, and fulfilling life. Example: The Swachh Bharat Mission improved sanitation across rural India, enhancing public health and ensuring better living conditions.
Why should developing countries like India adopt a different vision of progress?
- Environmental Sustainability and Resource Limits: Following the Western model of high consumption is unsustainable for resource-rich but ecologically vulnerable countries. Developing nations must prioritize sustainable practices to avoid environmental degradation. Example: India’s Green Hydrogen Mission aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote clean energy, aligning growth with environmental conservation.
- Addressing Social Inequalities: A different vision of progress focuses on reducing socio-economic disparities by ensuring equitable access to basic services like healthcare, education, and livelihoods. Example: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana promotes financial inclusion by providing banking services to marginalized communities, fostering inclusive development.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (2008): Includes eight missions focusing on renewable energy, water conservation, and sustainable agriculture. Example: The National Solar Mission aims to achieve 280 GW of solar power by 2030.
- Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): Promotes the use of green hydrogen to reduce fossil fuel dependency and cut carbon emissions.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) (2014): Provides banking access to the unbanked population, enhancing financial inclusion.
- Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) (2018): Provides health coverage to over 500 million people, ensuring access to quality healthcare for low-income groups.
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) (2005): This guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households, ensuring livelihood security.
- Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (2014): Focuses on skill development and employment for rural and urban poor.
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Way forward:
- Adopt a Balanced Development Approach: Integrate environmental sustainability with social and economic policies, ensuring that progress respects planetary boundaries while addressing socio-economic disparities. Example: Strengthen initiatives like the Green Hydrogen Mission and promote circular economy practices to reduce ecological footprints.
- Enhance Social Equity and Human Well-being: Prioritize inclusive growth by improving access to quality healthcare, education, and employment for all, especially marginalized communities. Example: Expand programs like Ayushman Bharat and Skill India Mission to ensure equitable opportunities and better living standards.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: GDP Growth;
Why in the News?
The rise in real and nominal growth rates is expected to impact future economic growth plans and long-term strategies.
Recently, the National Statistical Office (NSO) has provided two types of data.
- Revised Annual GDP/GVA Estimates: Updated figures for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA) for the financial years 2022-23, 2023-24, and 2024-25, reflecting changes based on the latest economic data.
- Quarterly and Advance Estimates: GDP and GVA data for the third quarter (Q3) of 2024-25, along with the second advance estimates predicting the overall economic performance for 2024-25.
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Why have the real and nominal growth rates been revised upwards?
- Improved Sectoral Performance: Significant upward revisions in key sectors like manufacturing (by 2.4 percentage points) and financial, real estate, and related services (by 1.9 percentage points) contributed to higher GDP estimates.
- Higher Investment Contributions: Increased gross capital formation (GCF) in 2023-24 (10.5% growth) led to stronger economic activity, positively impacting overall GDP figures. Example: Real investment rate (Gross Fixed Capital Formation to GDP ratio) reached 33.4% in 2024-25.
- Stronger Consumption Demand: A rebound in Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) contributed to the upward revision, especially in sectors like trade and hospitality. Example: PFCE contribution to GDP increased to 5.3 percentage points in Q4, reflecting stronger consumer spending.
Which sectors experienced the maximum upward revision in growth?
- Manufacturing Sector: Revised upward by 2.4 percentage points, reflecting improved industrial production and better capacity utilization. Example: Manufacturing growth increased from 2.1% in Q2 to 3.5% in Q3 of 2024-25, indicating a gradual recovery.
- Financial, Real Estate, and Related Services: Revised upward by 1.9 percentage points, driven by increased financial activities and a stronger real estate market. Example: The growth in these services contributed significantly to the overall 9.2% GDP growth in 2023-24, up from the previous estimate of 8.2%.
What are the key challenges in achieving the implied fourth-quarter GDP growth of 7.6% for 2024-25?
- Weak Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) Growth: The required PFCE growth for achieving 7.6% GDP growth is 9.9%, which is historically high and challenging to sustain. Example: PFCE contribution fell from 4.3 percentage points in Q1 to 3.3 percentage points in Q2, leading to slower GDP growth of 5.6%.
- Insufficient Government Capital Expenditure: The government needs to spend ₹2.61 lakh crore in the last two months to meet the revised target of ₹10.18 lakh crore, which is significantly higher than the recent trend. Example: Average government capital expenditure during February-March (2021-24) was ₹1.81 lakh crore, making the target difficult to achieve.
- Slow Recovery in Manufacturing Sector: Despite some improvement, manufacturing growth remains sluggish at 3.5% in Q3, limiting its contribution to overall GDP. Example: Manufacturing growth in Q2 was only 2.1%, indicating continued structural weaknesses and reduced industrial output.
- Decline in Investment Contribution: The contribution of investment to GDP growth fell from 2.3 percentage points in Q1 to 1.8 percentage points in Q3, reducing overall economic momentum. Example: Gross capital formation growth dropped from 10.5% in 2023-24 to 5.8% in 2024-25, reflecting lower private sector investments.
- Global Economic Uncertainty: External factors like geopolitical tensions and fluctuating global demand can negatively impact exports and foreign investments. Example: Persistent global uncertainties in energy markets and supply chains may hinder India’s export-led growth in Q4.
What are the present policies of the Government in this regard?
- National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): Launched to invest approximately ₹111 lakh crore (US$1.4 trillion) in infrastructure projects from 2020 to 2025, focusing on energy, roads, railways, and urban development to stimulate economic growth.
- PM Gati Shakti Plan: Introduced to enhance multimodal connectivity by integrating various transportation modes, aiming to improve logistics efficiency and boost industrial productivity.
- Goods and Services Tax (GST) Rationalization: The government plans to reduce and simplify GST rates to alleviate the tax burden on businesses and consumers, fostering a more business-friendly environment.
- Energy Sector Reforms: Legislation has been approved to encourage oil and gas exploration. For example, Amendments to the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948: In December 2024, the Rajya Sabha approved amendments aimed at streamlining licensing processes and improving investor confidence.
- Establishment of a Coal Trading Exchange: India’s Coal Ministry is proposing a coal trading exchange to manage increased domestic coal production and facilitate competitive sales. This initiative aims to shift from a government-controlled sales model to a “many-to-many” platform for efficient price discovery.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Private Sector Participation: Implement targeted incentives and streamline regulatory processes to boost private investments in critical sectors like manufacturing and infrastructure. Example: Expanding the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to emerging industries can drive long-term growth.
- Strengthen Consumption and Export Demand: Promote domestic consumption through targeted tax relief and social welfare programs while enhancing export competitiveness by supporting value-added manufacturing and reducing trade barriers. Example: Implementing sector-specific export promotion schemes can mitigate global uncertainties.
Mains PYQ:
Q Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.”Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India Sri Lanka relations;
Why in the News?
Last week, Bimal Rathnayake, the Leader of the House in Sri Lanka’s Parliament and the country’s Transport and Highways Minister, urged the Indian and Tamil Nadu governments to take strong action against illegal fishing in Sri Lankan waters.
How do domestic factors in both India and Sri Lanka influence their respective foreign policies concerning the fishing dispute?
For India:
- Livelihood Dependency and Economic Pressure: Thousands of fishermen in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry rely on fishing in the Palk Bay for their livelihoods. Limited fishing zones and declining fish stocks in Indian waters push them into Sri Lankan territory.
- Example: Fishermen from districts like Ramanathapuram and Nagapattinam regularly cross the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) due to insufficient catch within Indian waters.
- Political and Electoral Pressures: Tamil Nadu’s regional parties, such as the DMK and AIADMK, often raise the fishing dispute to secure voter support, pressuring the central government to prioritize the issue in foreign policy.
- Example: Before elections, Tamil Nadu politicians routinely demand stronger diplomatic efforts to release Indian fishermen detained by the Sri Lankan Navy.
- Legal and Regulatory Constraints: Indian regulations, like the Tamil Nadu Marine Fishing Regulation Act (1983), restrict the use of mechanized boats close to the shore, limiting fishing areas and driving fishermen toward Sri Lankan waters.
- Example: The 1983 Act bans trawling within three nautical miles of the Indian coastline, making deeper Sri Lankan waters more attractive despite the legal risks.
For Srilanka:
- Protection of Northern Province Fishermen’s Livelihoods: Sri Lankan Tamil fishermen in the Northern Province rely on traditional fishing methods and face competition from Indian trawlers, which threatens their livelihoods.
- Post-Civil War Economic Recovery: The Northern Province, which was heavily affected by the civil war, is still recovering economically. Safeguarding local fishing areas is seen as vital for the region’s rehabilitation and economic stability.
- Example: The Sri Lankan government prioritizes protecting fishing zones to support the economic revival of communities affected by the civil war.
- Political and Nationalist Sentiments: There is domestic pressure on the Sri Lankan government to take a strong stance against perceived violations of territorial waters, especially from nationalist groups and local political parties.
- Example: In 2015, then-Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe defended the Sri Lankan Navy’s actions against Indian fishermen, reflecting nationalist sentiments on protecting maritime boundaries.
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Why is resolving the “festering Palk Bay sheries dispute” considered crucial for the Tamil-speaking fishermen of Sri Lanka’s Northern Province?
- Protection of Livelihoods: Tamil-speaking fishermen in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province depend on local marine resources for their survival. Illegal fishing by Indian trawlers reduces fish stocks, threatening their primary source of income.
- Example: Frequent incursions by Indian fishermen using bottom trawling disrupt the local fishing economy, making it difficult for Sri Lankan fishermen to sustain their livelihoods.
- Environmental Sustainability: Bottom trawling by Indian fishermen causes severe damage to marine ecosystems, affecting fish breeding and long-term marine biodiversity.
- Example: The destruction of fish habitats due to bottom trawling reduces future fish yields, directly impacting the sustainability of fishing communities in the Northern Province.
- Socio-Economic Recovery Post-Civil War: The Northern Province is still recovering from the socio-economic impacts of Sri Lanka’s civil war. Protecting their fishing waters is vital for long-term economic stability and community rebuilding.
- Example: Ensuring exclusive access to local waters helps these communities rebuild their economy and strengthens their post-war rehabilitation efforts.
What role can India play in resolving the Palk Bay fishing dispute? (Way forward)
- Promoting Sustainable Fishing Practices: India can encourage and support its fishermen to adopt sustainable fishing methods, reducing the harmful impact of bottom trawling in Sri Lankan waters.
- Example: Expanding the Palk Bay deep-sea fishing scheme and integrating it with the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana can help Indian fishermen transition to deep-sea fishing, reducing pressure on the Palk Bay region.
- Facilitating Bilateral Talks: India can work with Sri Lanka to resume and mediate talks between fishermen from both countries, fostering dialogue and finding mutually beneficial solutions.
- Example: India previously supported fishermen-level talks in 2016, which allowed both sides to voice concerns and seek collaborative solutions. Restarting such discussions can ease tensions.
- Strengthening Legal and Diplomatic Cooperation: India can strengthen legal frameworks and diplomatic channels to enforce maritime boundaries while ensuring the protection of its fishermen’s rights.
- Example: The Joint Working Group on Fisheries (established in 2016) provides a platform for both governments to discuss and implement measures to prevent illegal fishing and resolve disputes amicably.
Mains PYQ:
Q In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how do mestic factors influence foreign policy. (2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mycelium Bricks
Why in the News?
A promising eco-friendly alternative gaining attention is mycelium bricks—a biodegradable, lightweight, and fire-resistant material derived from fungal filaments.
What Are Mycelium Bricks?
- Mycelium is a network of thin fungal strands called hyphae that function similarly to plant roots.
- It grows in soil or other substrates, secreting digestive enzymes to break down organic material, providing nutrients to the fungi, plant partners, and other organisms.
- Mycelium bricks are made by combining sawdust, husk, and fungal spores, which then solidify into a lightweight, insulating material over a few days.
- They are biodegradable, fire-resistant, and offer thermal insulation, making them a potential green alternative to conventional bricks.
Advantages of Mycelium Bricks
- Lower Carbon Footprint: Mycelium bricks don’t require high-temperature kilns, significantly reducing CO₂ emissions.
- Lightweight: Easier to transport and handle, reducing logistics-related emissions.
- Good Thermal Insulation: Helps regulate indoor temperatures, reducing energy consumption in buildings.
- Biodegradability: Mycelium naturally decomposes, making it a zero-waste material.
- Versatile Applications: Potential use in interior panelling, circuit boards, liquid filters, and sports equipment.
Challenges Limiting Large-Scale Adoption
- Lower Load-Bearing Strength: Mycelium composites have a high strength-to-weight ratio, but they are 100 times weaker than concrete.
- Susceptibility to Moisture: Mycelium is highly absorbent, making it prone to fungal decay and moisture damage in humid environments.
- Shorter Lifespan: Unlike conventional bricks, mycelium biodegrades within a few years, raising concerns about long-term durability.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements:
1.Some mushrooms have medicinal properties.
2.Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties.
3.Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties.
4.Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
Why in the News?
The PM chaired the 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) at Gir National Park, marking the first full-body meeting of the NBWL since 2012.
What is National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)?
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Details |
| About |
- NBWL is India’s apex statutory advisory body for wildlife conservation and policy formulation.
- Established in 2003 under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).
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| Evolution from IBWL to NBWL |
- 1952: IBWL formed;
- 1961: Declared Peacock as National Bird;
- 1972: Wild Life (Protection) Act (WLPA) passed;
- 1973: Project Tiger launched; 1982-83: Keoladeo National Park declared a Ramsar site;
- 1997: IBWL last met under PM H.D. Deve Gowda;
- 2003: IBWL replaced by NBWL.
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| Structure of NBWL |
- Chairperson: Prime Minister of India (ex officio).
- Vice-Chairperson: Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
- Members (47 total): – Government Officials: Chiefs of Army Staff, Secretaries from Defence, Tribal Affairs, Finance, I&B Ministries.
- Parliamentary Members: 3 Lok Sabha MPs, 1 Rajya Sabha MP.
- Experts: 10 eminent conservationists, ecologists, environmentalists.
- NGO: 5 from non-governmental sectors.
- + Director General of Forests (MoEFCC).
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| Mandate of NBWL |
- Wildlife Conservation Policy: Formulates and updates India’s wildlife policies and provides recommendations on biodiversity conservation.
- Development Project Regulation: Reviews and grants environmental clearances for projects near wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and eco-sensitive zones (ESZs).
- Protected Area Management: Recommends creation and expansion of protected areas.
- Monitoring Conservation Programs: Oversees Project Tiger (1973), Project Elephant (1992), Project Cheetah (2022), and Project Lion Expansion.
- Ecological Impact Assessment: Evaluates deforestation, poaching, and human-wildlife conflicts.
Standing Committee of NBWL:
- A smaller body that evaluates infrastructure projects impacting wildlife habitats, grants fast-track approvals, and advises on conservation policies.
- It has the power to approve or reject projects affecting protected areas.
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| Major Contributions |
- Framed key wildlife policies including National Wildlife Action Plan.
- Approved eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) around national parks and sanctuaries.
- Strengthened Project Tiger, Project Elephant, and species-specific conservation programs.
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PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Viticulture in India
Why in the News?
Despite concerns over high tariff rates that India applies on European wine, going up to 150%, Italy sees the Indian market, along with China, as a big window of opportunity for its signature wines.
About India’s Wine Market
- Wine accounts for only 2% of India’s alcohol market, while whiskey and beer dominate with 98%.
- India’s per capita wine consumption is just 9 ml—1/8000th of France’s.
- The domestic wine market is expanding at 20-30% annually, fueled by urban demand.
- Mumbai, Goa, Bengaluru, and Delhi-NCR account for 70% of total wine consumption.
- Goa leads in per capita wine consumption, driven by tourism and relaxed liquor policies.
- India has 110+ wineries, with Maharashtra and Karnataka leading in production.
- Sula Vineyards, India’s largest and most popular winery, produces over 1 million cases annually.
- Events like the Nashik Wine Festival and Bengaluru Wine Festival attract tourists and wine enthusiasts.
- Vineyard tourism is boosting the rural economy in Nashik and Nandi Hills of Karnataka.
Viticulture in India
- India’s wine industry revival in the 1980s and 1990s led to increased vineyard expansion, making viticulture a key agricultural activity.
- Nashik, Maharashtra, is known as the “Wine Capital of India”, producing over 80% of the country’s wine.
- The semi-sandy soil, dry winters, and proximity to major cities like Mumbai and Pune make it ideal for viticulture.
- The region has over 6,000–7,000 acres of vineyards dedicated to winemaking.
- Key Wine Regions in India:
- Nashik, Maharashtra – India’s largest wine-producing region, with optimal conditions for vineyards.
- Nandi Hills, Karnataka – A cooler climate and high altitude favor premium wine production.
- Himachal Pradesh & Tamil Nadu – Emerging high-altitude viticulture hubs.
- Types of Grapes Used in Indian Wines:
- Red Wine Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinot Noir.
- White Wine Grapes: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin Blanc.
- Indian Varieties: Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Thompson Seedless.
PYQ:
[2002] Consider the following plants:
1. Bougainvillea 2. Carnations 3. Cocoa 4. Grapes
Which of these plants are propagated by stem cuttings?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
[2006] Consider the following statements:
1. Caffeine, a constituent of tea and coffee, is a diuretic.
2. Citric acid is used in soft drinks.
3. Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.
4. Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2, only (b) 1, 2 and 3, only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4″ |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat 6G Alliance
Why in the News?
Prime Minister has released India’s 6G vision “Bharat 6G Vision” document which envisaged India to be a frontline contributor in design, development and deployment of 6G technology by 2030.
What is the Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA)?
- The B6GA is a collaborative platform established to drive India’s leadership in 6G technology.
- It is an alliance of public and private enterprises, academic institutions, research organizations, and standardization bodies.
- Objectives of B6GA:
- Foster Global Collaboration: Partner with international 6G alliances to share knowledge and best practices.
- Develop India-Centric 6G Use Cases: Identify key industry applications suited to India’s socio-economic landscape.
- Drive High-Impact Research & Development: Facilitate cutting-edge research in terahertz communications, AI-driven networks, and quantum-enabled security.
- Standardization & Spectrum Identification: Influence global 6G standards through active participation in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC-27).
Operationalization of 6G Technology:
The Bharat 6G Project is structured into 2 key phases:
- Phase 1 (2023-2025): Focus on:
- Exploratory research on futuristic telecom technologies.
- Proof-of-concept testing in research labs.
- Risky and innovative pathways in wireless communication.
- Phase 2 (2025-2030): Focus on:
- Intellectual property (IP) creation for India-led 6G innovations.
- Deployment of testbeds leading to large-scale commercialization.
- International Telecom Union (ITU) is evaluating new spectrum bands for 6G:
- 4400-4800 MHz, 7125-8400 MHz, and 14.8-15.35 GHz.
- Final decision to be taken at World Radiocommunication Conference 2027 (WRC-27).
- Currently, 600 MHz to 26 GHz spectrum bands are allocated for IMT (2G-6G) services in India.
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference / differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?
1. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.
3. VoLTE requires IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network for voice calls.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MAHASAGAR Initiative
Why in the News?
PM Modi has unveiled ‘MAHASAGAR’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) during his March 2025 visit to Mauritius, outlining India’s expanded vision for security and development across the Global South.
What is MAHASAGAR?
- Mahasagar is India’s expanded strategic vision aimed at enhancing security, trade, and development cooperation across the Global South.
- It builds on India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, which focused on the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Three Core Pillars:
- Trade for Development: Enhancing economic ties through technology-sharing and trade facilitation.
- Capacity Building for Sustainable Growth: Supporting nations with infrastructure, education, and economic partnerships.
- Mutual Security for a Shared Future: Strengthening regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense ties.
- It seeks to address China’s expanding presence in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean by promoting India-led cooperation models.
- It aims to position India as a champion of the Global South, amplifying their voice in global policymaking (e.g., G20, IORA, BRICS).
How Mahasagar builds on SAGAR (2015)?
- India’s SAGAR policy (2015) was a regional framework focused on maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Mahasagar broadens this vision to global engagement with the Global South.
|
SAGAR (2015) |
Mahasagar (2025) |
| Geographic Scope |
Indian Ocean Region (IOR) |
Global South, Indo-Pacific, Africa, Latin America |
| Focus Areas |
Maritime security, economic ties, blue economy, regional stability |
Trade-driven development, technology-sharing, capacity building, global security |
| Strategic Partnerships |
Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, IOR countries |
Expands to Africa, ASEAN, Latin America, Pacific Island Nations |
| Security & Defense Cooperation |
Anti-piracy, maritime domain awareness, EEZ protection |
Joint naval exercises, cyber security, defense partnerships |
| Economic & Developmental Focus |
Blue economy, infrastructure, trade corridors in IOR |
Technology transfer, concessional loans, trade in local currencies |
| Diplomatic Strategy |
Regional cooperation through IORA, BIMSTEC |
Voice of the Global South in G20, BRICS, UN initiatives |
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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