Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ESCAP
Mains level: Paper 2-Challenges facing Asia-Pacific region and scope for cooperation
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is one of the five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. This article examines the common challenges that ESCAP region faces- such as danger of pollution to the marine ecosystem, lack of data about ocean, connectivity issue faces by small island nations etc. Scope for the collaboration between ESCAP nations is explored.
Strain on marine ecosystem and its implications
- The Asia-Pacific seas provide food, livelihoods and a sense of identity, especially for coastal communities in the Pacific island states.
- Escalating strains on the marine environment is threatening our growth and way of life.
- In less than a century, climate change and unsustainable resource management have degraded ecosystems and diminished biodiversity.
- Over-fishing has exponentially increased, leaving fish stocks and food systems vulnerable.
- Marine plastic pollution originating from region’s rivers has contributed to most of the debris flooding the ocean.
Lack of data for SDG 14: Life below water
- Insights from ‘Changing Sails: Accelerating Regional Actions for Sustainable Oceans in Asia and the Pacific’, the theme study of this year’s Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), focuses a lot on the need of data collection in the region.
- At present, data are available for only two out of ten targets for the Sustainable Development Goal 14, ‘Life Below Water’.
- Due to limitations in methodology and national statistical systems, information gaps have persisted at uneven levels across countries.
Challenges facing the region
1. Plastic Pollution
- Asia and the Pacific produces nearly half of global plastic by volume, of which it consumes 38%.
- Plastics represent a double burden for the ocean: 1) their production generates CO2 absorbed by the ocean, 2) as a final product enters the ocean as pollution.
- Need of the hour is effective national policies and re-thinking production cycles i.e. promoting a circular economy approach.
- Economic incentives and disincentives are necessary for the adoption of these policies as well as for minimizing resource use.
2. Decline in fish stocks
- Region’s position as the world’s largest producer of fish has come at the cost of over-exploitation.
- The percentage of stocks fished at unsustainable levels has increased threefold from 10% in 1974 to 33% in 2015.
- Generating complete data on fish stocks, fighting illicit fishing activity and conserving marine areas must remain a priority.
3. Connectivity of island nations
- While the most connected shipping economies are in Asia, the small island developing States of the Pacific experience much lower levels of connectivity.
- This leaves them relatively isolated from the global economy.
- Closing the maritime connectivity gap must be placed at the centre of regional transport cooperation efforts.
- We must also work with the shipping community to navigate toward green shipping. Enforcing sustainable shipping policies is essential.
Areas of cooperation
- Trans-boundary ocean management and linking ocean data in the region can be the starting step.
- Harnessing ocean statistics through strong national statistical systems will serve as a compass guiding countries to monitor trends, devise timely responses and clear blind spots.
- ESCAP by using Ocean Accounts Partnership can help to harmonise ocean data and provide a space for regular dialogue among nations.
- Translating international agreements and standards into national action is the key here. Also ensuring capacity building among nations to do so.
- ESCAP is working with member states to implement International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements.
Consider the question-“What are the challenges facing the nations of Asia-Pacific amid growing levels of pollution and climate change. How cooperation among the countries of the region mitigate the risks? “
Conclusion
Our oceans keep our economy and our lives above the waves. We must use the years ahead to steer our collective fleets toward sustainable oceans.
Back2Basics: ESCAP- United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
- India has been the founding member of ESCAP.
- UNESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific, with a membership of 62 Governments, including 58 from the region.
- Established in 1947 with its headquarters in Bangkok, Thailand.
- UNESCAP serves as the highest intergovernmental regional platform to promote cooperation among member States for creating a more interconnected region working to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic and social development.
- It carries out work in the areas of macroeconomic policy, poverty reduction and financing for development; trade and investment; transport; environment and sustainable development; information and communications technology and disaster risk reduction; social development; statistics, sub-regional activities for development; and energy.
- UNESCAP also focuses on sub-regional activities to provide in-depth technical assistance to address specific key priorities, including poverty reduction and sustainable development, in the respective sub-regions.
IMO- International Maritime Organisation
- The IMO was established following agreement at a UN conference held in Geneva in 1948.
- And the IMO came into existence ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959.
- As a specialized agency of the United Nations, IMO is the global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping.
- Its main role is to create a regulatory framework for the shipping industry that is fair and effective, universally adopted and universally implemented.
- IMO measures cover all aspects of international shipping – including ship design, construction, equipment, manning, operation and disposal – to ensure that this vital sector for remains safe, environmentally sound, energy-efficient and secure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various labour laws.
Mains level: Paper 2- Legal issues in the suspension of labour laws by the States.
In keeping with the exigencies caused by the pandemic, some State governments have suspended several provision of labour laws. This article analyses the implications of such suspensions. And also emphasises the lack of legal basis in the State governments actions. Evolution of the labour laws in India is also discussed here. So, what are these legal issues? Read to know more…
Some labour laws suspended by the UP government
- The Uttar Pradesh government has issued an ordinance keeping in abeyance almost all labour statutes.
- Which includes laws on maternity benefits and gratuity.
- The Factories Act, 1948.
- The Minimum Wages Act, 1948.
- The Industrial Establishments (Standing Orders) Act, 1946.
- The Trade Unions Act, 1926.
- This will take away the protection conferred on organised labour by Parliament.
Some repressive labour laws in colonial era
- Bengal Regulations VII, 1819 was enacted for the British planters in Assam tea estates.
- Workers had to work under a five-year contract and desertion was made punishable.
- Later, the Transport of Native Labourers’ Act, 1863 was passed in Bengal.
- The Act strengthened control of the employers and even enabled them to detain labourers in the district of employment and imprison them for six months.
- Bengal Act VI of 1865 was later passed to deploy Special Emigration Police to prevent labourers from leaving and return them to the plantation after detention.
Workers’ struggle in British India
- The labour laws in India have emerged out of workers’ struggles, which were very much part of the freedom movement against oppressive colonial industrialists.
- Since the 1920s there were a series of strikes and agitations for better working conditions.
- Several trade unionists were arrested under the Defence of India Rules.
- The workers’ demands were supported by our political leaders.
- Britain was forced to appoint the Royal Commission on Labour, which gave a report in 1935.
- The Government of India Act, 1935 enabled greater representation of Indians in law-making.
- This resulted in reforms, which are forerunners to the present labour enactments.
- The indentured plantation labour saw relief in the form of the Plantations Labour Act, 1951.
Acts passed in India to protect workers’ rights
- The Factories Act lays down eight-hour work shifts, with overtime wages, weekly offs, leave with wages and measures for health, hygiene and safety.
- The Industrial Disputes Act provides for workers participation to resolve wage and other disputes through negotiations so that strikes/lockouts, unjust retrenchments and dismissals are avoided.
- The Minimum Wages Act ensures wages below which it is not possible to subsist.
Constitutional basis of the labour laws
- These enactments further the Directive Principles of State Policy.
- These laws also protect the right to life and the right against exploitation under Articles 21 and 23.
- Trade unions have played critical roles in transforming the life of a worker from that of servitude to one of dignity.
- In the scheme of socio-economic justice the labour unions cannot be dispensed with.
Is the suspension of labour laws legally sound?
- The Supreme Court, in Glaxo Laboratories v. The Presiding Officer, Labour (1983) said about contract between employer and employee “the contract being not left to be negotiated by two unequal persons but statutorily imposed.”
- The ‘two unequal’ here refers to the inequality between employee and employer.
- In Life Insurance Corporation v. D. J. Bahadur & Ors (1980), the Supreme Court highlighted that any changes in the conditions of service can be only through a democratic process of negotiations or legislation.
- Moreover, Parliament did not delegate to the executive any blanket powers of exemption.
- Section 5 of the Factories Act empowers the State governments to exempt only in case of a “public emergency”.
- Which is explained as a “grave emergency whereby the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or internal disturbance”.
- There is no such threat to the security of India now.
- Labour is a concurrent subject in the Constitution and most pieces of labour legislation are Central enactments.
- The U.P. government by Ordinance has said that labour laws will not apply for the next three years.
- How can a State government, in one fell swoop, nullify Central enactments?
- The Constitution does not envisage approval by the President of a State Ordinance which makes a whole slew of laws enacted by Parliament inoperable in the absence of corresponding legislations on the same subject.
- The orders of the State governments therefore lack statutory support.
Consider the question, “Several State governments have resorted to the suspension of labour laws in the aftermath of corona crisis. Examine the implications of the suspension of the laws for the rights of the labours.”
Conclusion
Governments have a constitutional duty to ensure just, humane conditions of work and maternity benefits. The health and strength of the workers cannot be abused by force of economic necessity. Labour laws are thus civilisational goals and cannot be trumped on the excuse of a pandemic.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ONORC Scheme
Mains level: Assurance of Food Security with the ONORC Scheme
Finance Minister has announced the nationwide rollout of a ‘One Nation, One Ration Card (ONORC)’ system in all states and UTRs by March 2021. As of now, about 20 states have come on board to implement the inter-state ration card portability.
Practice question for mains:
Q. The ‘One nation one ration card ‘scheme would bring perceptible changes to the lives of India’s internal migrant workers. Comment.
What is PDS?
- The Public distribution system (PDS) is an Indian food Security System established under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.
- PDS evolved as a system of management of scarcity through distribution of food grains at affordable prices.
- PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State Governments.
- The Central Government, through Food Corporation of India (FCI), has assumed the responsibility for procurement, storage, transportation and bulk allocation of food grains to the State Governments.
- The operational responsibilities including allocation within the State, identification of eligible families, issue of Ration Cards and supervision of the functioning of Fair Price Shops (FPSs) etc., rest with the State Governments.
- Under the PDS, presently the commodities namely wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene are being allocated to the States/UTs for distribution. Some States/UTs also distribute additional items of mass consumption through the PDS outlets such as pulses, edible oils, iodized salt, spices, etc.
Evolution of PDS in India
- PDS was introduced around World War II as a war-time rationing measure. Before the 1960s, distribution through PDS was generally dependant on imports of food grains.
- It was expanded in the 1960s as a response to the food shortages of the time; subsequently, the government set up the Agriculture Prices Commission and the FCIto improve domestic procurement and storage of food grains for PDS.
- By the 1970s, PDS had evolved into a universal scheme for the distribution of subsidised food
- Till 1992, PDS was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers without any specific target.
- The Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was launched in June, 1992 with a view to strengthen and streamline the PDS as well as to improve its reach in the far-flung, hilly, remote and inaccessible areas where a substantial section of the underprivileged classes lives.
- In June, 1997, the Government of India launched the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) with a focus on the poor.
- Under TPDS, beneficiaries were divided into two categories: Households below the poverty line or BPL; and Households above the poverty line or APL.
- Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): AAY was a step in the direction of making TPDS aim at reducing hunger among the poorest segments of the BPL population.
- A National Sample Survey exercise pointed towards the fact that about 5% of the total population in the country sleeps without two square meals a day. In order to make TPDS more focused and targeted towards this category of population, the “Antyodaya Anna Yojana” (AAY) was launched in December, 2000 for one crore poorest of the poor families.
- In September 2013, Parliament enacted the National Food Security Act, 2013. The Act relies largely on the existing TPDS to deliver food grains as legal entitlements to poor households. This marks a shift by making the right to food a justiciable right.
How does the PDS system function?
- The Central and State Governments share responsibilities in order to provide food grains to the identified beneficiaries.
- The centre procures food grains from farmers at a minimum support price (MSP)and sells it to states at central issue prices. It is responsible for transporting the grains to godowns in each state.
- States bear the responsibility of transporting food grains from these godowns to each fair price shop (ration shop), where the beneficiary buys the food grains at the lower central issue price. Many states further subsidise the price of food grains before selling it to beneficiaries.
Importance of PDS
- It helps in ensuring Food and Nutritional Security of the nation.
- It has helped in stabilising food prices and making food available to the poor at affordable prices.
- It maintains the buffer stock of food grains in the warehouse so that the flow of food remains active even during the period of less agricultural food production.
- It has helped in the redistribution of grains by supplying food from surplus regions of the country to deficient regions.
- The system of minimum support price and procurement has contributed to the increase in food grain production.
Issues Associated with PDS System in India
- Identification of beneficiaries: Studies have shown that targeting mechanisms such as TPDS are prone to large inclusion and exclusion errors. This implies that entitled beneficiaries are not getting food grains while those that are ineligible are getting undue benefits.
- According to the estimation of an expert group set up in 2009, PDS suffers from nearly 61% error of exclusion and 25% inclusion of beneficiaries, i.e. the misclassification of the poor as non-poor and vice versa.
- Leakage of food grains: (Transportation leakages + Black Marketing by FPS owners) TPDS suffers from large leakages of food grains during transportation to and from ration shops into the open market. In an evaluation of TPDS, the erstwhile Planning Commission found 36% leakage of PDS rice and wheat at the all-India level.
- Issue with procurement: Open-ended Procurement i.e., all incoming grains accepted even if buffer stock is filled, creates a shortage in the open market.
- Issues with storage: A performance audit by the CAG has revealed a serious shortfall in the government’s storage capacity.
- Given the increasing procurement and incidents of rotting food grains, the lack of adequate covered storage is bound to be a cause for concern.
- The provision of minimum support price (MSP) has encouraged farmers to divert land from production of coarse grains that are consumed by the poor, to rice and wheat and thus, discourages crop diversification.
- Environmental issues: The over-emphasis on attaining self-sufficiency and a surplus in food grains, which are water-intensive, has been found to be environmentally unsustainable.
- Procuring states such as Punjab and Haryana are under environmental stress, including rapid groundwater depletion, deteriorating soil and water conditions from overuse of fertilisers.
- It was found that due to the cultivation of rice in north-west India, the water table went down by 33 cm per year during 2002-08.
What is the one ‘One Nation, One Ration Card’ system?
- Under the National Food Security Act, 2013, about 81 crore persons are entitled to buy subsidized foodgrain — rice at Rs 3/kg, wheat at Rs 2/kg, and coarse grains at Re 1/kg — from their designated Fair Price Shops (FPS) of the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
- Currently, about 23 crore ration cards have been issued to nearly 80 crore beneficiaries of NFSA in all states and UTs.
- In the present system, a ration cardholder can buy foodgrains only from an FPS that has been assigned to her in the locality in which she lives.
- However, this will change once the ONORC system becomes operational nationally.
How would that work?
- Under the ONORC system, the beneficiary will be able to buy subsidised foodgrains from any FPS across the country.
- The new system, based on a technological solution, will identify a beneficiary through biometric authentication on electronic Point of Sale (ePoS) devices installed at the FPSs.
- This would enable that person to purchase the number of foodgrains to which she is entitled under the NFSA.
How will the system of ration card portability work?
- Ration card portability is aimed at providing intra-state as well as inter-state portability of ration cards.
- While the Integrated Management of PDS portal provides the technological platform for the inter-state portability of ration cards.
- It enables a migrant worker to buy foodgrains from any FPS across the country.
- The Annavitaran portal hosts the data of the distribution of foodgrains through E-PoS devices within a state.
- The portal enables a migrant worker or his family to avail the benefits of PDS outside their district but within their state.
- While a person can buy her share of foodgrains as per her entitlement under the NFSA, wherever she is based, the rest of her family members can purchase subsidised foodgrains from their ration dealer back home.
Revamping of the PDS
- The PDS system was marred with inefficiency leading to leakages in the system. To plug the leakages and make the system better, the government started the reform process.
- For, this purpose it used a technological solution involving the use of Aadhaar to identify beneficiaries. Under the scheme, the seeding of ration cards with Aadhaar is being done.
- Simultaneously, PoS machines are being installed at all FPSs across the country.
- Once 100 per cent of Aadhaar seeding and 100 per cent installation of PoS devices is achieved, the national portability of ration cards will become a reality.
- It will enable migrant workers to buy foodgrains from any FPS by using their existing/same ration card.
How many states have come on board?
- It was initially proposed to nationally roll out the ONORC scheme by June 1, 2020.
- So far, 17 major states and UTs have come on board to roll out the inter-state portability of ration cards under the NFSA.
- Three more states — Odisha, Mizoram, and Nagaland — are expected to come on board by June 1, taking the number of States and UTs to 20 under the One Nation, Once Ration Card System.
How has been the experience of Ration Card Portability so far?
- The facility of inter-state ration card portability is available in 20 states as of now but the number of transactions done through using this facility has been low so far.
- According to data available on the IMPDS portal, only 275 transactions have been done until May 14.
- However, the number of transactions in the intra-state ration card portability is quite high.
- The data available on the Annavitaran portal shows that about one crore transactions took place using the facility last month.
- It means that usages of intra-state ration card portability are way higher than the inter-state portability.
Back2Basics: National Food Security Act, 2013
- The NFS Act, 2013 (also Right to Food Act) aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two-thirds of India’s 1.2 billion people.
- It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.
- The NFSA 2013 converted into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes.
- It includes the Midday Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System.
- Further, the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements.
- The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two-thirds of the population (75% in rural areas and 50% in urban areas).
- Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Oslo Peace Accord, West Bank
Mains level: Israeli claims over West Bank and Gaza
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo met Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu to discuss plans to annex parts of the West Bank.
The strategic location of Gaza strip, West Bank, Dead Sea etc. creates a hotspot for a possible map based prelims question. Consider this PYQ from 2015 CSP:
Q. The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events related to:
a) Central Asia
b) Middle East
c) South-East Asia
d) Central Africa
Where is West Bank Located?
- The West Bank is located to the west of the Jordan River.
- It is a patch of land about one and a half times the size of Goa, was captured by Jordan after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
- Israel snatched it back during the Six-Day War of 1967 and has occupied it ever since.
- It is a landlocked territory, bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel to the south, west, and north.
- Following the Oslo Accords between the Israeli government and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) during the 1990s, part of the West Bank came under the control of the Palestinian Authority.
- With varying levels of autonomy, the Palestinian Authority controls close to 40 percent of West Bank today, while the rest is controlled by Israel.
Back2Basics: Gaza Strip
- The Gaza Strip is a small boot-shaped territory along the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Israel.
- A couple of years later in 2007, Hamas, an anti-Israel military group, took over Gaza Strip. The militia group is often involved in violent clashes with the Israeli Defence Forces.
- While Palestine has staked claim to both territories — West Bank and Gaza Strip — Israel’s objective has been to keep expanding Jewish settlements in these regions.
For complete details on Israel-Palestine conflict, kindly refer:
[Burning Issue] West Asia Peace Plan
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ToD Scheme
Mains level: Need for restructure of the armed forces
The Indian Army has planned to take civilians on a three-year “Tour of Duty” (ToD) or short service” on a trial basis to serve as officers and in other ranks initially for a limited number of vacancies which will be expanded later.
Practice question for mains:
Q. The “Tour of Duty” (ToD) Scheme is a significant move to free up funds for the Army’s modernization. Comment.
Tour of Duty Scheme
- Indian Army is thinking to induct youngsters for three-year “Tour of Duty (ToD) tenure as both officers and jawans.
- The ToD scheme, in case approved, will initially be launched with around 100 vacancies for officers and 1,000 for jawans.
- As per Army, a ToD officer will earn Rs 80,000-90,000 per month. After ToD tenure, youngsters can find lucrative private and public sector jobs.
- The Army says it will restructure the cadre and help modernize the force.
Advantages of ToD Scheme
- ToD is expected to result in a significant reduction in the expenditure on pay and pensions and free up funds for the Army’s modernization.
- The overall purpose of the ToD concept is ‘internship/temporary experience’.
- There will be no requirement of attractive severance packages, resettlement courses, professional encashment training leave, ex-servicemen status, ex-servicemen Contributory Health Scheme for ToD officers and other ranks.
- Analysing the cost of training incurred on each personnel compared with the limited employment of the manpower for three years, the proposal calculates that it will indeed have a positive benefit.
The cost factor
- The approximate cost incurred is nearly ₹5.12 crore and ₹6.83 crores for a Short Service Commission (SSC) officer if he or she is released from service after 10 and 14 years, respectively.
- The costs for those released after a three-year ToD is just ₹80-85 lakh.
- Similarly, estimates for a jawan with 17 years of service as compared to a ToD recruit with three years’ service shows that the prospective lifetime savings of just one jawan are ₹11.5 crores.
- Thus, savings for only 1,000 jawans could be ₹11,000 crores, which could be used for the much-needed modernization of the Army.
Other benefits
- This scheme is for those who did not want a full career in the Army but still wanted to put on the uniform.
- Individuals who opted for ToD would get a much higher salary than their peers in the corporate sector.
- They would also have an edge after leaving the service and going to the corporate sector.
- The Army hoped that this would attract individuals from the best colleges, including the Indian Institutes of Technology.
Back2Basics: Permanent Commission (PC) Vs. Short Service Commission (SSC)
- SSC means an officer’s career will be of a limited period in the Indian Armed Forces whereas a PC means they shall continue to serve in the Indian Armed Forces, till they retire.
- The officers inducted through the SSC usually serve for a period of 14 years. At the end of 10 years, the officers have three options.
- A PC entitles an officer to serve in the Navy till he/she retires unlike SSC, which is currently for 10 years and can be extended by four more years, or a total of 14 years.
- They can either select for a PC or opt-out or have the option of a 4-years extension. They can resign at any time during this period of 4 years extension.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Forest Resources Assessment
Mains level: Global afforrestation measures and its success
The deforestation rate globally declined between 2015 and 2020, according to the Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2020. This decline is a result of sustainable management measures worldwide.
Possible prelim question:
Q. The Global Forest Resources Assessment Report recently seen in news is published by-
a) UN-FAO
b) UN Forum on Forests
c) International Union of Forest Research Organizations
d) None of these
Global Forest Resources Assessment
- The Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) reports on the status and trends of the world’s forest resources.
- It is led by the Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- The FRA reports the extent of the world’s forest area as well as other variables, including land tenure and access rights, sustainable forest management (SFM), legal and institutional frameworks for forest conservation, and sustainable use.
Click here for amazing visuals of the FRA
Highlights of the 2020 report
- The rate of forest loss in 2015-2020 declined to an estimated 10 million hectares (mha), down from 12 million hectares (mha) in 2010-2015, according to the FRA 2020.
- The FRA 2020 has examined the status of, and trends in, more than 60 forest-related variables in 236 countries and territories in the period 1990–2020.
- The world lost 178 mha of forest since 1990, an area the size of Libya, according to the report.
- However, the rate of net forest loss decreased substantially during 1990–2020 due to a reduction in deforestation in some countries, plus increases in the forest area in others through afforestation.
- The largest proportion of the world’s forests were tropical (45 per cent), followed by boreal, temperate and subtropical.
Data on losses and gains
- The world’s total forest area was 4.06 billion hectares (bha), which was 31 per cent of the total land area. This area was equivalent to 0.52 ha per person.
- Among the world’s regions, Africa had the largest annual rate of net forest loss in 2010–2020, at 3.9 mha, followed by South America, at 2.6 mha.
- On the other hand, Asia had the highest net gain of forest area in 2010–2020, followed by Oceania and Europe.
- However, both Europe and Asia recorded substantially lower rates of the net gain in 2010–2020 than in 2000–2010.
- Oceania experienced net losses of forest area in the decades 1990–2000 and 2000–2010.
- More than 54 per cent of the world’s forests were in only five countries — the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China.
- The highest per cent of plantation forests were in South America while the lowest was in Europe.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Energy Transition Index
Mains level: India's transition towards renewable energy
India has moved up two positions to rank 74th on a Global ‘Energy Transition Index (ETI)’ with improvements on all key parameters of economic growth, energy security and environmental sustainability.
Possible prelim question:
Q. The Global Energy Transition Index recently seen in news is released by:
a) International Energy Agency (IEA)
b) World Economic Forum (WEF)
c) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
d) International Solar Alliance
Energy Transition: What does it mean?
- Energy transition refers to the global energy sector’s shift from fossil-based systems of energy production and consumption — including oil, natural gas and coal — to renewable energy sources like wind and solar, as well as lithium-ion batteries.
- The increasing penetration of renewable energy into the energy supply mix, the onset of electrification and improvements in energy storage are all key drivers of the energy transition.
What is the Energy Transition Index (ETI)?
- The ETI is a fact-based ranking intended to enable policy-makers and businesses to plot the course for a successful energy transition.
- The benchmarking of energy systems is carried out annually across countries.
- Part of the World Economic Forum’s Fostering Effective Energy Transition initiative, it builds on its predecessor, the Energy Architecture Performance Index.
- The ETI is a tool for energy decision-makers that strive to be a comprehensive, global index that tracks the performance of energy systems at the country level.
- It also incorporates macroeconomic, institutional, social, and geopolitical considerations that provide enabling conditions for an effective energy transition.
Global rankings
- Results for 2020 show that 75 per cent of countries have improved their environmental sustainability.
- Sweden has topped the ETI for the third consecutive year and is followed by Switzerland and Finland in the top three.
- Surprisingly, France (ranked 8th) and the UK (7th) are the only G20 countries in the top ten.
- The scores for the US (32th), Canada (28th), Brazil (47th) and Australia (36th) were either stagnant or declining.
India’s highlights
- India is one of the few countries in the world to have made consistent year-on-year progress since 2015.
- India’s improvements have come across all three dimensions of the energy triangle — economic development and growth, energy access and security, and environmental sustainability.
- The WEF said that the emerging centres of demand such as India (74th) and China (78th) have made consistent efforts to improve the enabling environment.
- For India, gains have come from a government-mandated renewable energy expansion programme, now extended to 275 GW by 2027.
- India has also made significant strides in energy efficiency through bulk procurement of LED bulbs, smart meters, and programs for labelling of appliances.
Threats posed by COVID-19
Beyond the uncertainty over its long‑term consequences, COVID-19 has unleashed cascading effects in real-time:
- The erosion of almost a third of global energy demand
- Unprecedented oil price volatilities and subsequent geopolitical implications
- Delayed or stalled investments and projects
- Uncertainties over the employment prospects of millions of energy‑sector workers
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much.
Mains level: Paper 3- Making the economy self reliant.
‘Atma-nirbhar’ has become a buzzword after PM Modi mentioned it in his speech. This article analyses the policy statement announced by the PM that focuses on self-reliance of the country in the future. So, what exactly the term self-reliance could include? what are the areas in which India is dependent on other economies? Read the article to know more about these issues.
Policy statement of 1991
- In 1991, only four policy statements were made —the end of licence-permit Raj, steep cuts in fiscal deficit and tariffs, and devaluation of the Rupee.
- With four policy measures, the economy was pulled out of a crisis and placed on a new growth path.
- The key to 1991 was the political articulation of a vision that went beyond platitudes.
What is there in the PM’s vision statement?
- The PM’s vision statement had four elements.
- First, a step up in public spending and investment, aimed at promoting the welfare and raising the investment rate.
- Second, policy reforms aimed at making the domestic economy more globally competitive.
- Third, a long-term structural shift making the economy more “self-reliant” and less dependent on the world economy.
- The fourth wheel of this new growth engine will be Lockdown Model 4 that is to be announced in a few days.
Commitment of political leadership: key to spending and investment
- Increased public spending will certainly boost demand and generate employment in the short term and add to infrastructure capacity in the medium term.
- Policy reform, including changes in land, labour and other policies, could yield results in the medium term.
- But for now, investors will wait and watch to test the sincerity and efficiency of governments at the Centre and in the states.
- They will wait to see how the various policy steps being announced by the FM get implemented — how quickly and how efficiently.
- The government can meet with success if investors, consumers and other economic agents believe in the commitment of the political leadership and the capability of the administration to deliver.
Focus on the self-reliance
- PM has said that his version of self-reliance does not imply isolationism and inward-orientation.
- His version of self-reliance will inject greater self-confidence in the people by reducing the country’s dependence on other nations.
- Theotonio Dos Santos, defined dependence as a situation in which a country’s economy is “conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy”.
- He said that to be self-reliant the growth process of an economy “should not become dominated or dependent on another economy”.
So, on which economies is India excessively dependent?
- 1. The oil-exporting economies.
- Oil and gas account for a bulk of India’s imports.
- Whatever new sources of energy India may tap in the foreseeable future, it will remain import-dependent for energy.
- Fortunately, for India, the global crude oil and gas markets are likely to remain buyers’ markets for some time to come.
- 2. Dependence on foreign exchange.
- Second is the dependence on foreign exchange inflows both in the form of remittances, mainly from the Gulf and the US, and financial flows into capital markets.
- It is not clear how the new Modi strategy of self-reliance proposes to deal with this dependence.
- If anything, India is seeking more FDI and external debt.
- 3. Defence equipment.
- The third dependence is on imported defence equipment, mainly from Russia, the US, Israel and France.
- 4. Electronic and pharmaceuticals.
- Fourth, import dependence in electronic goods and pharmaceuticals, mainly from China.
- Thus far, government policy does not address these dependencies.
- The immediate focus of PM’s self-reliance seems to be China.
How to turn import dependence into import power?
- Post-Deng Xiaoping China established long ago that for a large economy, it is possible to be both self-reliant and globalised at the same time.
- Trade in itself does not create dependence if a country is able to grow both exports and imports.
- China has demonstrated the geo-economic power of both exports and imports by making trade partners dependent on it on both counts.
- When China refuses to buy wine and beef from Australia, it is using its import power, not demonstrating its import dependence.
- If an economy is willing to live without those imports or can substitute them with domestic production, then it is not badly hurt.
So, what are the lessons for India?
- It is export dependence that can make even a large economy vulnerable.
- It is China’s dependence on US markets that President Donald Trump has aimed to reduce by waging a trade war.
- India has never had such export dependence on any one country.
- Indian government’s hope that multinational companies exiting China will relocate to India can only make India more export-dependent since these MNCs aim to sell globally.
- Making India less dependent on China cannot be the only measure of self-reliance.
Consider the question “For India, it is not trading dependence that makes India vulnerable but the inadequacy of its human capital. Comment”
Conclusion
For India to be truly self-reliant and self-confident, public investment in education, human capability and research and development has to increase.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much.
Mains level: Paper 3- Changes in labour laws and growth in the economy.
Recently several State governments made changes in their labour laws and removed or expanded limits on working hours and changed several other provisions. The article argues that the move may not be as beneficial as it is thought to be. So, how come the changes turned out to be detrimental to the interests of the workers? and what are the other issues involved? Read to know more…
What changed laws mean?
- Uttar Pradesh introduced an ordinance that has scrapped most labour law for three years.
- This was done ostensibly for two reasons- 1) creating jobs and 2)for attracting factories exiting China.
- These laws deal with -the occupational safety, health and working conditions of workers, regulation of hours of work, wages and settlement of industrial disputes.
- They apply mostly to the economy’s organised (formal) sector, that is, registered factories and companies, and large establishments in general.
- Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have quickly followed suit.
- Reportedly, Punjab has already allowed 12-hour shifts per day.
Why it is not a good move?
- Significantly, migrant labour will be critical to restoring production once the lockdown is lifted.
- In fact, factories and shops are already staring at worker shortages.
- Instead of encouraging workers to stay back or return to cities by ensuring livelihood support and safety nets, State governments have sought to strip workers of their fundamental rights.
- The abrogation of labour laws raises many constitutional and political questions.
- Scrapping labour laws to save on labour costs will not help start the economy but will do exactly the opposite.
- It will reduce wages, lower earnings (particularly of low wage workers) and reduce consumer demand.
- Further, it will lead to an increase of low paid work that offers no security of tenure or income stability.
- It will increase informal employment in the formal sector instead of encouraging the growth of formal work.
Demand is a reason for the slowdown
- There are no inherent shortages at the moment as the inflation rate remains moderate.
- Before the lockdown, the annual GDP growth rate had plummeted to 4.7% during October-December quarter of 2019-20, from 8.3% in the full year of 2016-17.
- The slowdown is due to lack of demand, not of supply, as widely suggested.
- With massive job and income losses after the lockdown, aggregate demand has totally slumped, with practically no growth.
- Therefore, the way to restart the economy is to provide income support and restore jobs.
- This will not only address the humanitarian crisis but also help revive consumer demand by augmenting incomes.
2 concerns over the rationale of scrapping laws
- The rationale for scrapping labour laws to attract investment and boost manufacturing growth poses two additional questions.
- One, if the laws were in fact so strongly pro-worker, they would have raised wages and reduced business profitability.
- But the real wage growth (net of inflation) of directly employed workers in the factory sector has been flat (2000-01 to 2015-16).
- This is because firms have increasingly resorted to casualisation and informalisation of the workforce to suppress workers’ bargaining power.
- Two, it is not right to blame the disappointing industrial performance mainly on labour market regulations.
- Industrial performance is not just a function of the labour laws.
- The industrial performance also depend on the size of the market, fixed investment growth, credit availability, infrastructure, and government policies.
- In fact, there is little evidence to suggest that amendment of key labour laws by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in 2014 took them any closer to their goal of creating more jobs or industrial growth.
- The role of labour market regulations may be more modest than the strong views expressed against them in the popular debates.
Time to rationalise the labour laws
- India’s complex web of labour laws, with around 47 central laws and 200 State laws, need rationalisation.
- However, now more than ever before, reforms need to maintain a delicate balance between the need for firms to adapt to ever-changing market conditions and workers’ employment security.
- Depriving workers of fundamental rights such as freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, and a set of primary working conditions such as adequate living wages, limits on hours of work and safe and healthy workplaces, will create a fertile ground for the exploitation of the working class.
- Presently, over 90% of India’s workforce is in informal jobs.
- These informal jobs have no regulations for decent conditions of work, no provision for social security and no protection against any contingencies and arbitrary actions of employers.
Consider the question “There is a rising demand for reforms in the labours laws in India. Examine the issues with the current labour laws in India. Suggest the areas which require improvements “
Conclusion
The changes made by the State governments should not end up doing more harm than good. To ensure that there must be a careful calibration of the move and its consequences.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MGNREGA
Mains level: Paper 3- Employment issues caused due to economic disruption of the pandemic.
The article suggests ways to revive the economy while keeping in mind the livelihood issues of the vulnerable section of society. Urgent concern should be addressed by the food and cash transfer, after that for livelihood in the rural area MGNREGA can be of great help. In the urban area, a scheme based on the lines of MGNREGA is suggested. In the end, some ways to increase revenue are suggested.
Food and cash transfers
- Providing every household with ₹7,000 per month for a period of three months and every individual with 10 kg of free foodgrains per month for a period of six months is likely to cost around 3% of our GDP (assuming 20% voluntary dropout).
- This could be financed immediately through larger borrowing by the Centre from the Reserve Bank of India.
- The Centre should also clear outstanding Goods and Services Tax compensation.
- Food and cash transfer are doable for the following reasons.
- First, foodgrains are plentiful, as the Food Corporation of India had 77 million tonnes, and rabi procurement could add 40 million tonnes.
- Second, because of the lockdown restrictions multiplier effect would be less. (so, fewer concerns about inflation)
- Third, cash transfers in many spheres will only enable current demand to continue (such as payment of house rent to continue occupancy) and not create any fresh demand.
- Fourth, when greater normalcy finally allows demand held back during lockdown to the surface, output could also expand because of resumed economic activity.
- Finally, putting money in the hands of the poor is the best stimulus to an economic revival, as it creates effective demand and in local markets.
- Hence, an immediate programme of food and cash transfers must command the highest priority.
Need for changes in MGNREGA
- Millions of migrant workers have gone back home, and are unlikely to return to towns in the foreseeable future.
- Employment has to be provided to them where they are, for which the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) must be expanded greatly and revamped with wage arrears paid immediately.
- The 100-day limit per household has to go.
- Work has to be provided on demand without any limit to all adults.
- And permissible work must include not just agricultural and construction work, but work in rural enterprises and in care activities too.
- The revamped MGNREGS could cover wage bills of rural enterprises started by panchayats, along with those of existing rural enterprises, until they can stand on their own feet.
- This can be an alternative strategy of development, recalling the successful experience of China’s Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs).
- Public banks could provide credit to such panchayat-owned enterprises and also assume a nurturing role vis-à-vis them.
- Pandemic highlighted unsustainability of the earlier globalisation.
- Which means that growth in India in the coming days will have to be sustained by the home market.
- Since the most important determinant of growth of the home market is agricultural growth, this must be urgently boosted.
- The MGNREGS can be used for this, paying wages for land development and farm work for small and medium farmers.
- Also the government support through remunerative procurement prices, subsidised institutional credit, other input subsidies, and redistribution of unused land with plantations is possible.
- Agricultural growth in turn can promote rural enterprises, both by creating a demand for their products and by providing inputs for them to process.
- Both these activities would generate substantial rural employment.
Focus on urban area
- In urban areas, it is absolutely essential to revive the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Simultaneously, the vast numbers of workers who have stayed on in towns have to be provided with employment and income after our proposed cash transfers run out.
- The best way to overcome both problems would be to introduce an Urban Employment Guarantee Programme, to serve diverse groups of the urban unemployed, including the educated unemployed.
- Urban local bodies must take charge of this programme and would need to be revamped for this purpose.
- “Permissible” work under this programme should include, for the present, work in the MSMEs.
- This would ensure labour supply for the MSMEs and also cover their wage bills at the central government’s expense until they re-acquire robustness.
- It should imaginatively also include care work, including of old, disabled and ailing persons, educational activities, and ensuring public services in slums.
The CARE economy: Public health, education, employment
- The pandemic has underscored the extreme importance of a public health-care system, and the folly of privatisation of essential services.
- The post-pandemic period must see significant increases in public expenditure on education and health, especially primary and secondary health including for the urban and rural poor.
- The “care economy” provides immense scope for increasing employment.
- Vacancies in public employment, especially in such activities, must be immediately filled.
- Anganwadi and Accredited Social Health Activists/workers who provide essential services to the population, including during this pandemic, are paid a pittance and treated with extreme unfairness.
- We must improve their status, treat them as regular government employees and give them proper remuneration and associated benefits, and greatly expand their coverage in settlements of the urban poor.
- These could easily come within the total package announced by the Prime Minister, which could be financed by printing money.
- But in the medium term, public revenues must be increased.
- This is not because there is a shortage of real resources which, therefore, has to be taken from other existing uses through taxation.
- Rather, since much-unutilised capacity exists in the economy, the shortage is not of real resources; the government has to just get command over them.
Suggestions to increase public revenue
- A combination of wealth and inheritance taxation and getting multinational companies to pay the same effective rate as local companies through a system of unitary taxation will garner substantial public revenue.
- They will also reduce wealth and income inequalities which have become horrendous.
- A 2% wealth tax on the top 1% of the population, together with a 33% inheritance tax on the wealth they bequeath every year to their progeny, could finance an increase in government expenditure to the tune of 10% of GDP.
- It would be argued that this might cause large financial outflows, which the country can ill-afford.
- Contrarily, even foreign capital is more likely to be attracted to a growing economy than one in sharp decline because of a lack of stimulus.
- Also, a fresh issue of special drawing rights by the International Monetary Fund which India has surprisingly opposed along with the United States would provide additional external resources.
- These additional resources, would suffice to finance the institution of five universal, justiciable, fundamental economic rights:1) the right to food, 2)the right to employment, 3)the right to free public health care, 4)the right to free public education and 5)the right to a living old-age pension and disability benefits.
Consider the question, “The economic disruption caused by the pandemic threatens the progress made on the front of inclusive growth. Suggest the measures to ensure the livelihood of the economically vulnerable section of the society in the aftermath of the pandemic in rural and urban areas.”
Conclusion
The broken economy must be rebuilt in ways to ensure a life of dignity to the most disadvantaged citizen. The ways suggested here shows how to achieve that.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Credit Guarantee Scheme
Mains level: Reviving MSME Sector of India
Finance Minister has announced some details of the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan economic package. The main thrust of the announcements was a relief to Medium, Small and Micro Enterprises (MSMEs) in the form of a massive increase in credit guarantees to them.
Practice questions:
Q. Discuss the efficacy of various tranches of credit facilities to MSMSEs provided under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.
Q. Discuss how the nationwide lockdown to control the coronavirus outbreak has led to the resurfacing of inherent bottlenecks in India’s MSME Sector.
What is the package about?
- Instead of directly infusing money into the economy or giving it directly to MSMEs in terms of a bailout package, the government has resorted to taking over the credit risk of MSMEs.
- These credit guarantees should help the formal banking system meet the credit demand of the MSME sector (see Chart 2).
What is the credit guarantee scheme for MSMEs?
- Loans to MSMEs are mostly given against property (as collateral) because often there isn’t a robust cash flow analysis available.
- But in times of crisis, like the one currently playing out, property prices fall and this inhibits the ability of MSMEs to seek loans. It also means that banks are less willing to extend loans.
- A credit guarantee by the government helps as it assures the bank that its loan will be repaid by the government in case the MSME falters.
How does it work?
- For instance, if the government provides say a 100% credit guarantee up to an amount of Rs 1 crore to a firm, it means that a bank can lend Rs 1 crore to that firm; in case the firm fails to pay back, the government will make good all of Rs 1 crore.
- If this guarantee was for the first 20% of the loan, then the government would guarantee to pay back only Rs 20 lakh.
Why need credit guarantees?
- Even before the Covid-19 crisis, Indian government finances were in poor health. This pandemic has meant that government revenues will come under further pressure.
- For instance, experts are already talking about a GDP contraction of 5% to 10% in the current financial year. It will result in a revenue loss of anywhere between Rs 5 to 7 lakh crore.
- And yet, this is also the year when employees and firms want the government to help them out financially.
- Banks, quite justifiably, suspect that any new loans will only add to their growing mountain of non-performing assets (NPAs).
- So the government was facing an odd problem: Banks had the money but were not willing to lend to the credit-starved sections of the economy, while the government itself did not have enough money to directly help the economy.
- The solution — credit guarantees — finally chosen by the government is not a new one, because this fiscal conundrum is not a new one either (Chart 3).
Quantum of credit guarantee facilitated by FM
- There are three proposals but the main one is for standard MSMEs — that is, those MSMEs which were running fine until the COVID-19-induced lockdown disrupted their work.
- For these, the government has provided a credit guarantee of Rs 3 lakh crore.
- This is like an emergency credit line, said the Finance Minister, and it is for MSMEs that have an already outstanding loan of Rs 25 crore or those with a turnover less than Rs 100 crore.
- The loans will have a tenure of 4 years and they will have a moratorium of 12 months (that is, the payback starts only after 12 months).
Why Rs 3 lakh crore?
- The total outstanding loan to MSMEs by the banking and NBFC sector is around Rs 16 to 18 lakh crore.
- Assuming that 80% of these loans are working capital loans where there would be a 20% incremental funding needs, that gives an amount of approximately Rs 3 lakh crore.
- So the government is hoping that this credit guarantee will help those MSMEs take out another loan and recover.
- The hope is that since these MSMEs were able to pay back before the crisis, there is no reason why they cannot after the crisis, provided they are given some extra money to survive this period.
What were the other measures?
- There is a subordinate debt scheme, worth Rs 20,000 crore, which will allow loans to MSMEs that were already categorised as “stressed”, or struggling to pay back.
- In this case, the government’s guarantee is not full, but partial.
- The third measure is the creation of a fund with a corpus of Rs 50,000 crore to infuse equity into “viable” MSMEs, thus helping them to expand and grow.
- The government intends to put in Rs 10,000 crore and get others, possibly institutions like LIC and SBI, to fund the remaining amount.
- Then there is a change in the definition of an MSME that was pending for long. Now MSMEs are judged on turnover and there will be no difference between a manufacturing MSME and services MSME.
How far will these measures help?
- The Rs 3 lakh crore credit guarantees are the most substantive announcement as it will most likely have a significant impact.
- It will help MSMEs pay salaries and keep their heads above the water even as the economy slows down.
- This measure is expected to help as many as 45 lakh MSMEs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Palliative Care
Mains level: Psychosocial impacts of the covid-19 pandemic
The newscard talks about palliative healthcare which may help when the world is reeling under this most unexpected and unprecedented pandemic, COVID-19.
Palliative Care is a promising approach to counter the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak. We can use this as an example to quantify the measures required to improve mental healthcare infrastructure in India.
Social sufferings caused by the pandemic
- COVID-19, because of its unique nature and magnitude has brought in its wake, not only physical illness but more of emotional and social suffering.
- These include- fear, anxiety, uncertainty, loss of loved ones and social distress such as losing jobs and income, inability to move freely to work and other places, frustrations, staying long hours at home and other hardships, all leading to psychological disturbances for many.
What is Palliative Care?
- The literal meaning of the word ‘palliate’ is ‘to alleviate pain — physical and emotional’, meaning, relief of suffering. ‘Suffering’ literally means ‘the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship’.
- It is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with a life-threatening illness.
- It involves prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.
- It is part and parcel of treatment for any patient for any disease at any stage, for any age. It is simply a ‘whole person’ approach to improving health in any patient.
A promising remedy
- ‘Palliative Medicine’ is a medical speciality, which involves the treatment of pain, breathing difficulty and other distressing physical symptoms caused by chronic and life-limiting diseases.
- It also addresses the psychological issues of both patient and family, with the sole aim of improving the quality of life. It is most beneficial when started early in the disease trajectory.
- It is also a form of supportive care, giving that extra layer of support a patient needs, to alleviate suffering, alongside disease treatment even in acute illness.
- In the present scenario, in addition to what physicians are toiling with to cure patients, and the government and health care policies and strategies, palliative care can play a supportive role.
Supportive role
- Distressing physical symptoms like pain, breathing difficulty, restlessness (delirium) and others can be well relieved or palliated with medicines in consultation with the specialists.
- Similarly, skilled counselling is an integral part of the palliative approach.
- It helps address the psychological, social and spiritual issues, which both patient and family are experiencing in the present scenario.
- There is a way of responding to their fears, anxieties and to questions. They rarely need antidepressants when we acknowledge their emotions as normal.
Conclusion
- Active listening is by far the most important part of counselling.
- This care can be availed of from psychologists, specialists in palliative medicine, as well as those from medical organisations who have the expertise and willingness to render their services.
- Hence, Palliative care is the reinstatement of the humane aspects of medical care and is complementary to all medical specialities, a common thread running through the total care of all patients.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Nutrition Report, 2020
Mains level: State of Mother-Child health in India
The Global Nutrition Report 2020 has stated that India is among 88 countries that are likely to miss global nutrition targets by 2025.
UPSC may puzzle you by asking a prelim question like-
With reference to the Global Nutrition Report, which of the following is/are a Global Nutrition Targets?
Visit this link for more graphics related to India: https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/asia/southern-asia/india/
About the Global Nutrition Report
- The GNR is a report card on the world’s nutrition—globally, regionally, and country by country—and on efforts to improve it.
- It is an independently produced annual stock-take of the state of the world’s nutrition. It is a multi-stakeholder initiative, consisting of a Stakeholder Group, Independent Expert Group and Report Secretariat.
- It was conceived following the first Nutrition for Growth Initiative Summit (N4G) in 2013 and was first published in 2014.
- The report tracks global nutrition targets on maternal, infant and young child nutrition and on diet-related Non-Communicable Diseases adopted by member states of the WHO as well as governments’ delivery against their commitments.
India would miss the targets
- According to the Global Nutrition Report 2020, India will miss targets for all four nutritional indicators for which there is data available, i.e.
1) Stunting among under-5 children,
2) Anaemia among women of reproductive age,
3) Childhood overweight and
4) Exclusive breastfeeding
What are Global nutrition targets?
- In 2012, the World Health Assembly identified six nutrition targets for maternal, infant and young child nutrition to be met by 2025. They are:
1) Reducing stunting by 40% in children under 5 years age
2) Reducing anaemia by 50% among women in the age group of 19-49 years
3) Ensuring a 30% reduction in low-birth-weight
4) Ensuring no increase in childhood overweight,
5) Increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months up to at least 50% and
6) Reducing and maintaining childhood wasting to less than 5%.
Data on Underweight children
- Between 2000 and 2016, rates of underweight have decreased from 66.0% to 58.1% for boys and 54.2% to 50.1% in girls.
- However, this is still high compared to the average of 35.6% for boys and 31.8% for girls in Asia.
- In addition, 37.9% of children fewer than 5 years are stunted and 20.8% are wasted, compared to the Asia average of 22.7% and 9.4% respectively.
- One in two women of reproductive age is anaemic, while at the same time the rate of overweight and obesity continues to rise, affecting almost a fifth of the adults, at 21.6% of women and 17.8% of men.
Data about India
-
Stunting and wasting among children
- Data: 37.9% of children under 5 years are stunted and 20.8% are wasted, compared to the Asia average of 22.7% and 9.4% respectively.
- Inequity:
-
-
- India is identified as among the three worst countries, along with Nigeria and Indonesia, for steep within-country disparities in stunting, where the levels varied four-fold across communities.
- For example, Stunting level in Uttar Pradesh is over 40% and their rate among individuals in the lowest income group is more than double those in the highest income group at 22.0% and 50.7%, respectively.
- In addition, stunting prevalence is 10.1% higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
- Overweight and Obesity
- Data: Rate of overweight and obesity continues to rise, affecting almost a fifth of the adults, at 21.6% of women and 17.8% of men.
- Inequity: There are nearly double as many obese adult females than there are males (5.1% compared to 2.7%).
- Anaemia
- One in two women of reproductive age is anaemic.
Inequities in Malnutrition
- The report emphasises on the link between malnutrition and different forms of inequity, such as those based on geographic location, age, gender, ethnicity, education and wealth malnutrition in all its forms.
- Inequity is a cause of malnutrition — both under-nutrition and overweight, obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases.
- Inequities in food and health systems exacerbate inequalities in nutrition outcomes that in turn can lead to more inequity, perpetuating a vicious cycle, says the report.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Much
Mains level: Paddy cultivation in India
Farmers are now being encouraged to adopt ‘direct seeding of rice’ (DSR) in place of conventional transplanting due to lack of labourers, who are stranded due to lockdown.
Recall the classification of cropping seasons on India based on onset and retreat of Monsoon.
The kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soyabean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc. The rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats (cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds) etc. Kindly make a note of this.
What is ‘Direct Seeding of Rice’ (DSR)?
- In transplanting, farmers prepare nurseries where the paddy seeds are first sown and raised into young plants.
- These seedlings are then uprooted and replanted 25-35 days later in the main field.
- Paddy seedlings are transplanted on fields that are “puddled” or tilled in standing water using tractor-drawn disc harrows.
- In DSR, there is no nursery preparation or transplantation. The seeds are instead directly drilled into the field by a tractor-powered machine.
How is the question of herbicides addressed in DSR?
- Paddy being very much water-intensive is compromised by weeds that compete for nutrition, sunlight and water.
- Water prevents the growth of weeds by denying them oxygen in the submerged stage, whereas the soft ‘aerenchyma tissues’ in paddy plants allow air to penetrate through their roots.
- Water, thus, acts as a herbicide for paddy. The threat from weeds recedes once tillering is over; so does the need to flood the fields.
- In DSR, water is replaced by real chemical herbicides. Farmers have to only level their land and give one pre-sowing irrigation or rauni.
- Once the field has good soil moisture, they need to do two rounds of ploughing and planking (smoothening of soil surface), which is followed by the sowing of the seeds and spraying of herbicides.
What are these herbicides?
- There are two kinds. The first is called pre-emergent, i.e. applied before germination. In this case, the pre-emergent herbicide used is Pendimethalin.
- The second set of herbicides is post-emergent, sprayed 20-25 days after sowing, depending upon the type of weeds appearing.
- They include Bispyribac-sodium (Rs 600-700 at 100 ml/acre) and Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (Rs 700-800 at 400 ml/acre).
What is the main advantage of DSR?
- The most obvious one is water savings. The first irrigation (apart from the pre-sowing rauni) under DSR is necessary only 21 days after sowing.
- This is unlike in transplanted paddy, where watering has to be done practically daily to ensure submerged/flooded conditions in the first three weeks.
- The second savings, relevant in the present context, is that of labour. About three labourers are required to transplant one acre of paddy at almost Rs 2,400 per acre.
- As against this, the cost of herbicides under DSR will not exceed Rs 2,000 per acre.
Limitations of DSR
- The main issue is the availability of herbicides.
- The seed requirement for DSR is also higher, at 8-10 kg/acre, compared to 4-5 kg in transplanting.
- Further, laser land levelling, which costs Rs 1,000/acre, is compulsory in DSR. This is not so in transplanting.
- The yields are as good as from normal transplanting, but one need to sow by the first fortnight of June. The plants have to come out properly before the monsoon rains arrive.
- There is no such problem in transplanting, where the saplings have already been raised in the nursery.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Integrated Battle Groups (IBG)
Mains level: Need for IBG
The Army’s new concept of agile Integrated Battle Groups (IBG) as part of the overall force transformation will be operationalised very soon, confirmed Army Chief.
Practice question for mains:
The deployment of Integrated Battle Groups (IBG) is necessary for counter-insurgency operations across the terror hit borders of India. Discuss.
What are IBGs?
- IBGs are brigade-sized, agile, self-sufficient combat formations, which can swiftly launch strikes against an adversary in case of hostilities.
- Each IBG would be tailor-made based on Threat, Terrain and Task and resources will be allotted based on the three Ts.
- They need to be light so they will be low on logistics and they will be able to mobilise within 12-48 hrs based on the location.
- An IBG operating in a desert needs to be constituted differently from an IBG operating in the mountains.
- The key corps of the Army is likely to be reorganized into 1-3 IBGs.
Objective of IBG
- Holistic integration to enhance the operational and functional efficiency, optimize budget expenditure, facilitate force modernization and address aspirations
Structure
- While a command is the largest static formation of the Army spread across defined geography, a corps is the largest mobile formation.
- Typically each corps has about three brigades.
- The idea is to reorganise them into IBGs which are brigade-sized units but have all the essential elements like infantry, armoured, artillery and air defence embedded together based on the three Ts.
- The IBGs will also be defensive and offensive. While the offensive IBGs would quickly mobilise and make a thrust into enemy territory for strikes, defensive IBGs would hold ground at vulnerable points or where enemy action is expected.
Why need IBGs?
- After the terrorist attack on the Parliament, the Indian military undertook massive mobilization but the Army’s formations which deep inside took weeks to mobilise losing the element of surprise.
- Following this, the Army formulated a proactive doctrine known as ‘Cold Start’ to launch swift offensive but its existence was consistently denied in the past.
- Its existence was acknowledged for the first time by Gen Rawat in January 2017.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JAM
Mains level: Paper 3- Issues associated with JAM and options to deal with them.
JAM Trinity is one of the flagship policy of the government. In times of COVID crisis, this article highlights some limits of JAM trinity. Issues of inclusion error, exclusion error and even problem of transparency with JAM accounts are discussed. The NREGA cards instead of Jan Dhan account is suggested as the better option. Why is it so? Read to know more…
High hopes from JAM
- The original formulation, in 2015, mentioned two possible forms of the JAM trinity: mobile banking and post office payments.
- The second option never made much progress.
- So, Aadhaar-enabled mobile banking became the supreme goal.
- In January 2017, NITI Aayog CEO Amitabh Kant predicted the imminent demise of all cash-transfer paraphernalia other than mobiles.
- These hopes reached new heights as the JAM project latched on to another flourishing narrative, universal basic income (UBI).
- If you want to make cash transfers to everyone, what better platform can you have than Aadhaar, India’s unique biometric ID, doubling up as a permanent financial address?
Corona crisis belied the hopes from JAM
- In the early days of the crisis, JAM was often invoked sometimes along with UBI as a possible tool of emergency relief.
- But when the time actually came to make cash transfers to the poor, JAM turned out to be of little use.
- The JAM had not gone beyond some fancy digital-payment systems for the privileged.
- Poor people were still running from pillar to post to collect their meagre benefits from old-fashioned bank accounts.
- Some also use the services of “business correspondents”, but those have little to do with JAM.
- Sure enough, long bank queues and related hardships started to emerge, especially in rural areas where the density of banks is relatively low.
- In a Dalberg survey conducted last month in 10 states, only 25% of poor households reported that it was “easy” to access cash benefits.
NREGA job Cards: A better option than Jan Dhan Account
- The lead cash-relief measure in the national relief package consists of monthly transfers of ₹500 to women’s JDY accounts.
- But is that a good idea?
- Let’s compare women’s JDY accounts with another possible basis for cash transfers, at least in rural areas: the list of households that have a National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) job card.
- The numbers of accounts are roughly comparable: about 14 crore for NREGA job cards, and 12 crore or so for women’s JDY accounts in rural and semi-urban.
JDY approach fares poorly on the following 3 counts
1. Lack of transparency and clarity
- JDY accounts are a mighty mess – the NREGA job-cards list is far more transparent and well-organised.
- During the frantic initial JDY wave, in 2014-15, banks opened JDY accounts en masse to meet the targets. Banking norms were not followed always.
- Later on, a large proportion of JDY accounts – 40% in March 2017, down to 19% in January 2020– went “dormant” as customers were unable or unwilling to use them.
2. Large exclusion error
- The cash transfers to women’s JDY accounts are likely to involve large exclusion errors.
- According to a recent Yale study, less than half of poor adult women have a JDY account, an even lower proportion, 21%, know that they have a JDY account.
- The NREGA job-card list is likely to have much better coverage of poor households.
- The natural complementarity between NREGA and social security pensions covering more than four crore persons under the National Social Assistance Programme alone would further help to reduce exclusion errors.
3. Large inclusion error
- Inclusion errors are also likely to be larger in the JDY approach.
- Job cards are meant for rural workers, JDY accounts are for everyone.
- National Election Studies 2019 data show that JDY beneficiaries tend to be better-off than NREGA beneficiaries. ( and still, they would get benefits i.e. inclusion error)
- Earlier survey data suggest that the probability of having a JDY account is more or less the same for poor and non-poor households.
Comparison on reliability basis
- There have been significant issues e.g. delayed, rejected, blocked or diverted payments with NREGA payments, often related to Aadhaar.
- But then, numerous “direct benefit transfer” schemes –social security pensions, scholarships, maternity benefits, among others have faced similar problems, also reflected in official transaction data.
- Both the Aadhaar Payment Bridge System(APBS) and the Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) are shot through with technical glitches.
- Transfers to women’s JDY accounts are unlikely to be more reliable than transfers to job-card holders.
Cash in hand option
- As far as effective payment is concerned, there is a further argument in favour of the NREGA job-cards list.
- Unlike JDY accounts, it lends itself to the “cash-in-hand” method on-the-spot payment in cash, instead of bank payments as a possible fallback.
- The reason is that the job-cards list is a transparent, recursive household list with village and gram panchayat identifiers, while the list of JDY accounts is an opaque list of individual bank accounts.
- Cash-in-hand may seem like the antithesis of JAM, but this option may become important in the near future if the banking system comes under further stress.
- There are precedents of effective use of the cash-in-hand method, notably in Odisha for pension payments, and in various states for NREGA wage payments.
- Several states including Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Tamil Nadu have already resorted to cash-in-hand for relief payments during the lockdown.
Consider the question, ” The need for financial inclusion is far more in times of corona crisis. Discuss opportunities and challenges with respect to policies like JAM trinity during corona pandemic. Suggest other alternatives for such transfers.”
Conclusion
There is nothing compelling about the use of women’s JDY accounts for cash relief. In fact, it is a bit of a shot in the dark. The government do well to consider other options for further relief majors, including a switch to the NREGA job-cards list in rural areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Plan under DMA 2005
Mains level: Paper 2- Cooperative federalism amid Covid-19.
Federalism is part of Basic Structure (Doctrine) of the Constitution. The article is about the lack of cooperative federalism in some of the Central Government’s actions in its fight against the corona crisis. What are those actions? Read to know…
Opinion of political thinkers on federalism in India
- K.C. Wheare notes, federalism traditionally signifies the independence of the Union and State governments of a country, in their own spheres.
- The members of India’s Constituent Assembly carefully studied the Constitutions of other great federations like the US, Canada, Australia and Switzerland.
- However, they adopted a ‘pick and choose’ policy to formulate a system suited uniquely to the Republic’s need.
- As a result, India’s Constituent Assembly became the first-ever constituent body in the world to embrace what H. Birch and others have referred to as ‘cooperative federalism’.
- ‘Cooperative federalism’ is administrative cooperation between the Centre and the States, and a partial dependence of the States upon payments from the Centre.
- Accordingly, Indian constitutional law expert Granville Austin remarks that despite a strong Centre, cooperative federalism doesn’t necessarily result in weaker States.
- He also said that the progress of the Republic rests upon active cooperation between the two.
Lack of consultation with States under DMA 2005
- The zone classifications into ‘red’ and ‘orange’ has evoked sharp criticisms from several States.
- The States have demanded more autonomy in making such classifications.
- The Disaster Management Act of 2005 under which binding COVID-19 guidelines are being issued by the Centre to the States mandates consultation with the States.
- The Act envisages the creation of a ‘National Plan’ under Section 11, as well as issuance of binding guidelines by the Centre to States under Section 6(2), in furtherance of the ‘National Plan’.
- The ‘National Plan’ then is a broader vision document while the binding guidelines are its enforcement mechanism.
- Now, Section 11(2) of the Act mandates State consultations before formulating a ‘National Plan’.
- And when such binding guidelines are ultimately issued under it, they are expected to represent the views of the States.
- However, the Centre has not formulated the ‘National Plan’, and has chosen instead to respond to COVID-19 through ad hoc binding guidelines issued to States.
- Such guidelines thereby circumvent the legislative mandate of State consultations.
- This selective application of the Act serves to concentrate all decision-making powers with the Centre.
Lack of funds
- The Centre has declared that corporations donating to PM-CARES can avail CSR exemptions, but those donating towards any Chief Minister’s Relief Fund cannot.
- This directly disincentivises donations to any Chief Minister’s Relief Fund.
- And diverts crores in potential State revenues to PM-CARES; and makes the States largely dependent upon the Centre.
- Further, the revenue streams of several States have dried up because of the liquor sale ban; negligible sale of petrol/diesel; no land dealings and registration of agreements.
- States’ GST collections have also been severely affected with their dues still not disbursed by the Centre.
- All this has made it difficult for States to defray expenses of salaries, pensions and welfare schemes.
- As it is the States which act as first responders to the pandemic, supplying them with adequate funds becomes a pre-requisite in effectively tackling the crisis.
- This requires the Centre to view the States as equals, and strengthen their capabilities, instead of increasing their dependence upon itself.
Consider the question-“Cooperative federalism is the key in the country’s fight against the corona pandemic. Critically examine.”
Conclusion
Keeping the spirit of cooperative federalism alive whether in consultation with the States or taking care of their finances is essential as the country is fighting the pandemic. The Centre must realise that we have the best chance of winning the war against pandemic when we are united.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DMA 2005, Residuary power of the Union legislature.
Mains level: Paper 2- Issues arising out of the use of the DMA 2005 to deal with the pandemic.
This article analyses the legal basis of application of the Disaster Management Act to deal with the pandemic by the Central Government. The Disaster Management Act had been enacted using the residuary power of the Union legislature. So, its application to deal with the pandemic gives rise to certain legal issues. Read to know more about such issues.
Two examples of why centralised approach may be counter-productive?
- One, the Central government has classified all districts in the country as red, orange or green zones.
- This classification was done in a bid to lift lockdown restrictions in an area-specific manner.
- Some States/Union Territories objected to the classification of certain areas/districts as red zones on the ground that these areas are very large.
- They pointed out that there was no need to keep economic activity on hold in an entire district when cases had been reported only from a small portion of that district.
- Two, Kerala, probably the best-performing State in terms of its response to COVID-19, was sent a missive by the Central government to refrain from relaxing restrictions in the State.
- The Central government did not trust the wisdom and judgment of the State government in the matter.
The federal scheme and residuary power to legislate
- Under the federal scheme, Parliament can legislate on matters under the Union List (List I).
- Stage legislatures can legislate on matters under the State List (List II).
- And both Parliament and State legislatures can legislate on matters under the Concurrent List (List III).
- The residuary power to legislate on matters that are not mentioned in either List II or List III vests with Parliament under Article 248 of the Constitution read with Entry 97 of List I.
- Furthermore, the rule of harmonious construction dictates that the entries in the legislative lists must be interpreted harmoniously.
- And in the event of any overlap between two or more entries, the specific subject matter contained in a particular entry must be deemed to have been excluded from another entry which may deal with a more general subject matter.
- Finally, as per Articles 73 and 162, the executive power of the Centre and the States is co-extensive with their respective legislative powers.
- Coextensive legislative and executive power means that the Central and State governments can only take executive actions in matters where Parliament and State legislatures, respectively, have powers to legislate.
So, which list contains Disaster Management?
- Disaster management as a field of legislation does not find mention in either List II or List III.
- Nor does any particular entry in List I specifically deal with this.
- Thus, the Disaster Management Act could only have been enacted by Parliament in the exercise of its residuary powers of legislation under Article 248 read with Entry 97 of List I.
Legal problems in using Disaster Management Act for pandemic
- The Disaster Management Act allows the Centre to issue guidelines, directions or orders to the States for mitigating the effects of any disaster.
- The definition of ‘disaster’ under the Act is quite broad and, literally speaking, would include a pandemic too.
- Such a reading of the Act would vest the Central government with powers to issue directions and guidelines to State governments for dealing with the pandemic in their States.
- However, ‘public health and sanitation’ is a specific field of legislation under Entry 6 of List II.
- This would imply that States have the exclusive right to legislate and act on matters concerning public health.
- Thus, the Centre’s guidelines and directions to the States for dealing with the pandemic trench upon a field of legislation and executive action that is exclusively assigned to the States — public health.
- The Supreme Court has held time and again that federalism is a basic feature of the Constitution and the States are sovereign.
- The Disaster Management Act cannot be applied to pandemics in view of the fact that the power to legislate on public health is vested specifically and exclusively with the States.
- Also, under Entry 29 of List III, both Parliament and State legislatures are competent to legislate on matters involving inter-State spread of contagious or infectious diseases.
- Therefore, theoretically speaking, Parliament would be competent to pass a law that allows the Central government to issue directions to the States to prevent inter-State spread of a disease like COVID-19.
- That law is not the Disaster Management Act which is concerned with disasters in general, and not pandemics in particular.
- ‘Prevention of inter-State spread of contagious and infectious diseases’ being a specific legislative head provided in List III, the same must be deemed to have been excluded from Parliament’s residuary legislative powers.
- Therefore, the Disaster Management Act, which has been enacted under Parliament’s residuary legislative powers, cannot be applied to the prevention of the inter-State spread of contagious and infectious diseases.
Role of Centre under Epidemic Diseases Act 1897
- The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, has the objective of preventing “…the spread of dangerous epidemic diseases.”
- However, under this Act, it is the State governments which have the prerogative to take appropriate measures for arresting the outbreak or spread of a contagious or infectious disease in their respective States.
- The Central government’s powers are limited to taking measures for inspecting and detaining persons travelling out of or into the country.
- Even if that Act were to be amended, it would not empower the Central government to issue directions to the States to contain the pandemic within the State.
- It can only deal with the inter-State spread of the disease.
Consider the question, “Use of the Disaster Management Act to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic gave rise to certain legal issues. Examine them.”
Conclusion
Instead of resorting to the Epidemic Diseases Act which gives powers to the States, the Centre has applied the Disaster Management Act. The States are not legally bound to observe the directions/guidelines being issued by the Central government and would be well within their rights to challenge them before the apex court.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalapani Region
Mains level: India-Nepal relations and the Chinese hinderance
Nepal has protested against India’s inauguration of a Himalayan link road built in a disputed territory which falls at a strategic three-way junction with Tibet and China. Kathmandu claims the highly strategic areas of Limpiyadhura and Kalapani, although Indian troops have been deployed there since the 1962 war.
Practice question for mains:
Q. The India-Nepal bilateral relations these days are increasingly seen through the lens of China factor. Examine.
Kalapani Region
- Mapped within Uttarakhand is a 372-sq km area called Kalapani, bordering far-west Nepal and Tibet.
- A treaty signed between Nepal and British India in 1816 determined the Makhali river, that runs through Kalapani, as the boundary between the two neighbours.
- The Treaty of Sugauli concluded between British India and the Kingdom of Nepal in the year 1816, maps the Makhali river as the western boundary with India but different British maps showed the source of the tributary at different places which was mainly due to underdeveloped and less-defined surveying techniques used at that time.
- However, the river has many tributaries that meet at Kalapani. For this reason, India claims that the river begins at Kalapani but Nepal says that it begins from Lipu Lekh pass, which is the source of most of its tributaries.
- While the Nepal government and political parties have protested, India has said the new map does not revise the existing boundary with Nepal.
- India claims that the river begins at Kalapani but Nepal says that it begins from Lipu Lekh pass, which is the source of most of its tributaries.
Legal Dimension of Issue
According to International Laws, the principles of avulsion and accretion are applicable in determining the borders when a boundary river changes course.
- Avulsion: It is the pushing back of the shoreline by sudden, violent action of the elements, perceptible while in progress. Also it can be defined as the sudden and perceptible change in the land brought about by water, which may result in the addition or removal of land from a bank or shoreline.
- Accretion: It is the process of growth or enlargement by a gradual buildup. It is the natural, slow and gradual deposit of soil by the water.
If the change of the river course is rapid – by avulsion – the boundary does not change. But if the river changes course gradually – that is, by accretion – the boundary changes accordingly.
Since, the Gandak change of course has been gradual, India claimed Susta as part of their territory as per international laws.
- On several occasions, India has tried to resolve the issue through friendly and peaceful negotiations, but the Nepali leadership has always shown hesitation in resolving the issue.
- In Nepal, the issue has become a tool for arousing strong public sentiment against India. Therefore, resolving the issue may not be in the best interest of Nepal’s domestic politics.
Significance for India
- The Lipu Lekh pass serves strategic importance for India as a key point to monitor Chinese troop movement.
- The link road via Lipulekh Himalayan Pass is also considered one of the shortest and most feasible trade routes between India and China.
- The Nepalese reaction would probably have triggered in response to Chinese assertion.
An undefined boundary claimed by Nepal
- Nepal’s western boundary with India was marked out in the Treaty of Sugauli between the East India Company and Nepal in 1816.
- Nepali authorities claim that people living in the low-density area were included in the Census of Nepal until 58 years ago.
- Five years ago, Nepali Foreign Minister Mahendra Bahadur Pande claimed that the late King Mahendra had “handed over the territory to India”.
- By some accounts in Nepal, this allegedly took place in the wake of India-China War of 1962.
Treaty of Saguali
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Helicopters of the Chinese Army came close to the border during the face-off with the Indian Army near Pangong Tso Lake in Eastern Ladakh last week.
Keep a watch on some facts related to the Pangong Tso Lake like nearby rivers, passes, Ramsar status etc.
Aircraft restricted near LAC
- As per existing agreements between India and China, operation of fighter aircraft and armed helicopters is restricted to a distance from the LAC.
- According to the Agreement on Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the LAC in India-China Border Area’ of 1996 combat aircraft (to include fighter, bomber, reconnaissance, military trainer, armed helicopter and other armed aircraft) shall not fly within 10 km of the LAC.
Pangong Tso Lake
- Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake is an endorheic lake in the Himalayas situated at a height of about 4,350 m.
- It is 134 km long and extends from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region, China.
- Approximately 60% of the length of the lake lies within the Tibetan Autonomous Region.
- The lake is 5 km wide at its broadest point. All together it covers 604 sq.km.
- During winter the lake freezes completely, despite being saline water.
- It is not a part of the Indus river basin area and geographically a separate landlocked river basin.
- Formerly, Pangong Tso had an outlet to Shyok River, a tributary of Indus River, but it was closed off due to natural damming.
- The lake is in the process of being identified under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance.
- This will be the first trans-boundary wetland in South Asia under the convention.
Back2Basics: India-China Border Dispute
The India-China borders disputes exist between three regions:
1) J&K region
- The Aksai Chin sector which originally was a part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir is claimed by China as part of its autonomous Xinjiang region.
- After the 1962 war, it is administered by China. It is the second-largest Indo-China border area covering over 38000 sq. km. However, it is uninhabited land.
- While India claims the entire Aksai Chin territory as well as the Shaksgam valley (Indian Territory gifted to China by Pakistan), China contests Indian control over Daulat Beg Oldi (a tehsil in Leh south of Aksai China-it is believed to host the world’s highest airstrip).
2) Sikkim region
- China has recognised India’s sovereignty over Sikkim and had initiated the trade at Nathu La pass.
- However, this is the region where the Doklam standoff took place.
3) Arunachal Pradesh Region
- The Arunachal Pradesh border that China still claims to be its own territory is the largest disputed area, covering around 90000 sq. km.
- It was formally called North-East Frontier Agency.
- During the 1962 war, the People’s Liberation Army occupied it but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew respecting the international boundary (Mcmahon Line).
- However, it has continued to assert its claim over the territory.
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