Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 15(1)
Mains level: Paper 2- Need for anti-discrimination law in India
Context
“Silent segregation” on the grounds of marital status, gender, sexual orientation or eating preferences are followed in several housing societies and residents’ associations. Legal remedies are needed for its victims.
Issue of the prevalence of discrimination on various grounds
- The recent Pew Research Center Report has confirmed that a substantial number of Indians prefer not to have a person from a different religious community as their neighbour.
- The absence of a proper legal recourse for those who suffer from housing discrimination only makes matters worse.
- Social prejudice against members of the LGBTQIA+ community in the country remains strong, despite Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was read down by the Supreme Court of India.
- In April, the Supreme Court, in Patan Jamal Vali vs State of Andhra Pradesh, recognised intersectional discrimination.
- It is discrimination on the basis of the intersection of personal characteristics, such as that faced by Dalit women as Dalits, as women and in the unique category of Dalit women.
- Discriminatory practices may also be indirect in nature, whereby policies that seem neutral and not expressly targeted at a particular group, still cause a disproportional adverse impact on disadvantaged sections of society.
Why Article 15(1) is not enough
- Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics such as religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.
- But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to.
- Nor does it expressly list ethnicity, linguistic identity, nationality, marital status, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance and other personal characteristics as prohibited grounds of discrimination.
We need a comprehensive anti-discrimination legal framework
- A comprehensive anti-discrimination legal framework is required to fill the existing legal lacunae.
- India is one of the few liberal democracies without such a framework.
- The Sachar Committee, in 2006, recognised the need for an anti-discrimination law.
- This was further reiterated by the Expert Group on Equal Opportunity Commission headed by Prof. N.R. Madhava Menon.
Way forward
- The States can lead the way, by enacting anti-discrimination laws in their respective jurisdictions.
- States have a vital role in strengthening our right to equality.
- The State legislature can use its powers under Entry 8 of List III in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution to enact an anti-discrimination law.
- And if States take the initiative, the demand for a national anti-discrimination law to cover services and institutions under the domain of the Union government will be reignited.
- The law should have provisions that prohibit employers, landlords, traders, service providers, private persons performing public functions, and public authorities, from discriminating.
- Law should prohibit discrimination on grounds of caste, race, ethnicity, descent, sex, gender identity, gender expression, pregnancy, sexual orientation, religious identity, tribe, disability, linguistic identity, HIV-status, nationality, marital status, dietary preference, skin tone, physical appearance, place of residence, place of birth, age or analogous characteristics which are beyond the control of an individual or those that constitute a fundamental choice.
- The law should also balance the anti-discrimination mandate with other rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
- The anti-discrimination mandate can be restricted in pursuance of a legitimate objective.
- Affirmative-action provisions can be included whereby public authorities are obliged to progressively realise diversification of their workforces.
Consider the question “Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics. But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to. In light of this, discuss the need for anti-discrimination law in India and its provisions.”
Conclusion
We must recognise that anti-discrimination law is not a panacea for the problems of inequality and social prejudice that are deeply rooted in our society. Nevertheless, it is a necessary step — an idea whose time has come.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 2- India-Japan-Italy partnership
Context
Recently, Mr. Draghi, Italy’s Prime Minister described Chinese competitive practices as “unfair” and invited the EU to be franker and more courageous in confronting Beijing on various issues. Against this backdrop, a trilateral partnership between India-Japan-Italy could play important role in the Indo-Pacific region.
India’s growing centrality in Indo-Pacific strategic architecture
- Countries that share similar values and face similar challenges are coming together to create purpose-oriented partnerships.
- In the context of the Indo-Pacific, the challenges posed by China’s assertive initiatives clash with a region lacking multilateral organisations capable of solving problems effectively.
- But as a new pushback against China takes shape and as Indian foreign policy becomes strategically clearer, there is new momentum to initiatives such as the Quad.
India-Italy-Japan trilateral partnership
- Recently, Italy has also begun to signal its intention to enter the Indo-Pacific geography.
- It has done so by seeking to join India and Japan in a trilateral partnership.
- Italy has become more vocal on the risks emanating from China’s strategic competitive initiatives.
- On the Indian side, there is great interest in forging new partnerships with like-minded countries interested in preserving peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.
- The responsibility of keeping the Indo-Pacific free and open, and working for the welfare of its inhabitants falls on like-minded countries within and beyond the region.
Potential of trilateral partnership
- Their compatible economic systems can contribute to the reorganisation of the global supply chains that is now being reviewed by many players as a natural result of the Chinese mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- At the security level, the well-defined India-Japan Indo-Pacific partnership can easily be complemented by Italy.
- At the multilateral level, the three countries share the same values and the same rules-based world view.
The way forward for trilateral cooperation
- The Italian government must formulate a clear Indo-Pacific strategy that must indicate its objectives.
- But Rome must go beyond that in defining and implementing, at the margins of the EU’s common initiatives, its own policy with respect to the Indo-Pacific.
- The India, Italy and Japan trilateral initiative can be a forum to foster and consolidate a strategic relationship between these three countries, and specifically expand India-Italy bilateral relations.
- A trilateral cooperation can be the right forum for India and Italy to learn more from each other’s practices and interests and consolidate a strategic dialogue that should include the economic, the security and the political dimensions.
- To consolidate the trilateral cooperation in this field, the three countries need to define a common economic and strategic agenda.
Conclusion
A clear political will is needed from all sides, and Italy, in particular, should recognise its interests in playing a larger role towards the maintenance of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Robust India-Italy strategic ties can be the first step towards the realisation of this goal.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 2- Arbitrations and issues with it in India
Context
Plagued by delays and rising costs, arbitration in India needs urgent attention. The pandemic has only worsened the situation.
Issues with arbitrations process in India
- Arbitrations in India suffers from rising costs and sluggish proceedings.
- Arbitration proceedings are often dragged on by lawyers on either side filing misconceived applications at various stages of the proceedings.
- Litigants, too, at times contribute to this delay with their stubbornness in not conceding a loss or defeat.
- The courts have narrowed down the scope of judicial interference under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act.
- The very limited recourse for setting aside an arbitral award under the Act invariably means that it will be upheld, even if it appears unfair or illogical.
- The aggrieved party may well be stuck with the award and precluded forever from challenging it.
- Arbitration hearings are generally held in camera, and decisions are usually not publicly accessible, giving rise to doubts about impartiality and fairness.
- Arbitration proceedings have become more complex with time.
- The Supreme Court, in Guru Nanak Foundation v. Rattan Singh and Sons, had expressed disappointment against the procedural delays and tardiness in the resolution of disputes through arbitration.
- Even the clauses providing for fees of the arbitrators and fixed timelines for disposal are often disregarded by the players
- The inevitable consequence of these drawbacks is a slow departure of the biggest litigant, the government, from the arbitration spectrum.
- A sector that is dominated by approvals, protocols and scrutiny, uncertainty about the budget outlay towards arbitrations and unexpected delays in disposal does not inspire confidence and detracts from the sanctity of the process.
Way forward
- Arbitrators have endeavoured to simplify the proceedings by limiting the pleadings, insisting on written arguments, reducing the number of sittings and laying down a schedule for various milestones.
- Some restraint is needed from all quarters to bring its wheels back on the tracks. These are:
- A small check on the arbitral fees and timelines.
- Careful drafting of arbitration clauses.
- Stringent procedural safeguards to curb delays.
- Expeditious disposal of the court proceedings and legislative intent towards all of the above.
Consider the question “What are the issues faced by the arbitration in India? Suggest the measures to deal with these issues.”
Conclusion
Arbitration still has the inherent potential and characteristics to outperform other modes of dispute resolution, but for that to happen, some changes are a must.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Farmer Producer Companies
Mains level: Paper 3- Cooperatives in India and challenges
Context
India now has a Ministry of Cooperation that aims to strengthen the country’s cooperative movement. This is an opportune moment to look at the movement’s history, examine the potential of cooperatives and analyse the challenges they face.
Development of Farmer Producer Companies in India
- India’s significant tryst with dairy cooperatives began in the 1950s with the success of what we know today as Amul.
- The nation took note of this initiative and the National Dairy Development Board was set up in 1965.
- However, the expansion wasn’t working the way it had been envisaged.
- The need for a new model was felt soon as cooperatives outside Anand were not holding regular and proper elections.
- Their accounts were not audited.
- As a result, a committee was set up in the Company Affairs Ministry to allow farmers to set up companies.
- The Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) would run on the principle of “one share one vote” and the essence of cooperatives would not be diluted.
- The Parliamentary Committee looked into the Bill to give legal backing to FPCs, with this, the Companies Act (Second Amendment), 2002 became law.
Funding the FPCs
- The existing funding vehicles were designed to cater to cooperatives, not FPCs
- Around 2010, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) had been commissioned to develop a plan for restructuring NABARD.
- As a result, the restructured NABARD had a special window for FPCs.
Community-based cooperatives
- The Cheliya community set up a chain of Hearty Mart “cooperative” supermarkets in villages in Gujrat using the franchise model.
- Just as the network of Charotar Patels that Kurien relied on in the case of Amul —Cheliya community have played a key role in the spread of the model.
- The idea of leveraging the community network was tried in some parts of the country in the context of re-imagining economic infrastructure.
- To deal with the electricity board failures, a distribution company was run on a community basis.
- This model has, in fact, worked in places like Kanpur, even Kerala.
Social cooperatives
- The concept of social cooperatives builds on the idea of communities creating infrastructure by using local material and family labour.
- These can be the village tank, paving the village road — with or without MGNREGA — finishing the last-mile construction of a canal network or even keeping watch on the contractor.
- The pandemic seems to have increased the significance of community effort.
- Reducing vaccine hesitancy, providing food to those waiting outside hospitals and, most importantly, looking after orphaned children are imperatives crying out for the cooperative model.
Way forward for new Ministry of Cooperatives
- Keeping in mind social needs while using resources is a large part of the solution to our current predicament.
- The pandemic will not follow the laws of corporate finance, cooperation has a lot to speak for itself, the new ministry should take this message.
- The new work-from-home model will create several problems as well as offer opportunities.
- The new ministry is a recognition of the needs of our times.
- But it should not be just about pumping in money.
Conclusion
This is the time to design models that help those who help themselves. We will wait expectantly to see how the new ministry works.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Population control measures
On World Population Day, Uttar Pradesh CM has released the state’s new population policy, which aims to reduce its growth rate to 2.1 per cent over the next 10 years.
Why UP needs such policy?
- Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, has a population of around 220 million.
- In Uttar Pradesh, there are limited ecological and economic resources at hand.
- It was necessary that the provision of basic necessities of human life, economic/livelihood opportunities and a secure living is accessible to all citizens.
Provisions of UP Population Policy
The provision of this legislation shall apply to a married couple where the boy is not less than 21 years of age and the girl is not less than 18.
[A] Contraception and Abortion
- The state population policy will focus on efforts to increase the accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under the Family Planning Programme.
- It would provide a proper system for safe abortion
- Focus area to include reducing the newborns and maternal mortality rate.
- Care of the elderly, and better management of education, health, and nutrition of adolescents between 11 to 19 years has also been ensured in the policy, according to the state government
[B] Two-child policy
Perks
- The state government will give promotions, increments, concessions in housing schemes and others perks to employees who adhere to population control norms, and have two or less children
- “Public servants who adopt the two-child norm will get two additional increments during the entire service, maternity or as the case may be.
Paternity leaves
- There shall be paternity leave of 12 months, with full salary and allowances and three percent increase in the employer’s contribution fund under the National Pension Scheme.
- Those who aren’t government employees and still adhere to two-child policy will get benefits in rebates in taxes on water, housing, home loans etc.
- It also states that maternity centres will be set up at all primary health centres.
Incentives for sterilization
- As per the draft, several incentives have been provided to people, including public servants, if they adopt the norm by undergoing voluntary sterilization.
- The incentives include a 3% increase in the employer’s contribution fund under national pension; two additional increments during the entire service; subsidy towards purchase of plot or house site or build house etc.
- A couple living below the poverty line who have only one child and undergoes voluntary sterilisation, shall be eligible for payment of a one-time ₹80,000 if the single child is a boy and ₹1 lakh if it is a girl.
Who will not benefit from the law?
- According to the bill, people having more than two children in UP will be debarred from benefits of all government-sponsored welfare schemes, cannot contest local polls.
- They shall be ineligible to apply for government jobs under the state or receiving any kind of subsidy, cannot get a promotion in a government job and his or her ration card would be limited to four members.
How will the state implement measures?
- The UP government plans to set up a state population fund to implement the measures.
- The draft bill also asks the state government to introduce population control as a compulsory subject in all secondary schools.
Back2Basics: Fertility Rate
- Fertility rate may be defined as the number of children that would be born of a woman during her reproductive years.
- For a country’s population to remain stable, it is the total fertility rate should be 2.1.
- Studies suggest that India’s national fertility rate is 2.2 at the moment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Malaria
Mains level: Non-communicable diseases burden on India
Recently, El Salvador and China were declared malaria-free by the WHO.
What is Malaria?
- Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called plasmodium vivax, p. filarium.
- The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
- People who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and shaking chills.
- While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is still common in tropical and subtropical countries.
How many countries have successfully eliminated malaria?
- Since 1900, 127 countries have registered malaria elimination. This is definitely not an easy task.
- It needs proper planning and a strategic action plan based on the local situations.
- All these countries followed the existing tools and strategies to achieve the malaria elimination goal.
- The main focus was on surveillance.
How did China eliminate malaria?
- China followed some specific strategies, namely strong surveillance following the ‘1-3-7’system: malaria diagnosis within 1 day, 3 days for case investigation and by day 7 for public health responses.
- Molecular Malaria Surveillance for drug resistance and genome-based approaches to distinguish between indigenous and imported cases was conducted.
- All borders to the neighboring countries were thoroughly screened to prevent the entry of unwanted malaria into the country.
What is the current scenario of malaria in India?
- As per the Global Malaria Report 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) India shared 2% of the total global malaria cases in 2019.
- India has a great history of malaria control.
- The highest incidence of malaria occurred in the 1950s, with an estimated 75 million cases with 0.8 million deaths per year.
- The launch of National Malaria Control Programme in 1953 and the National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958 made it possible to bring down malaria cases to 100,000 with no reported deaths by 1961.
- This is a great achievement been made so far.
Unexpected resurgence
- But from a nearing stage of elimination, malaria resurged to approximately 6.4 million cases in 1976.
- Since then, confirmed cases have decreased to 1.6 million cases, approximately 1100 deaths in 2009 to less than 0.4 million cases and below 80 deaths in 2019.
- India accounted for 88% of malaria cases and 86% of all malaria deaths in the WHO South-East Asia Region in 2019.
- It is the only country outside Africa among the world’s 11 `high burden to high impact’ countries.
Road ahead for India
Collaboration:
- India is a signatory to National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) 2016-2030 aiming for malaria elimination by 2030.
- This framework has been outlined with a vision to eliminate the disease from the country which would contribute to improved health with quality of life and poverty alleviation.
- China collaborated with Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA for Molecular Malaria Surveillance.
- In India, there are very dedicated expert scientists who can take up such assignments.
Diagnosis:
- India stands at a very crucial stage. The present challenge is the detection of asymptomatic cases in most endemic areas.
- Molecular Malaria Surveillance must be used to find out the drug-resistant variants and genetic-relatedness studies to find out the imported or indigenous cases.
- The surveillance must be strengthened and using smart digital surveillance devices would be an important step. Real-time and organic surveillance is needed even in remote areas.
Monitoring:
- The results of each malaria case can be registered in a central dashboard at the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, as it is done for COVID-19 cases by Indian Council of Medical Research.
- All intervention activities must strictly be monitored.
- Vector biology, site of an actual vector mosquito bite, host shifting behaviour, feeding time, feeding behaviour and insecticide resistance studies need to be carried out to support the elimination efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Speaker and Dy Speaker
Mains level: Parliament and State legislatures
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly has been without a Speaker for most of this year.
Election of Speakers
- The Constitution specifies offices like those of the President, Vice President, Chief Justice of India, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India, as well as Speakers and Deputy Speakers.
- Article 93 for Lok Sabha and Article 178 for state Assemblies state that these Houses “shall, as soon as may be”, choose two of its members to be Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
- In Lok Sabha and state legislatures, the President/Governor sets a date for the election of the Speaker.
- It is the Speaker who decides the date for the election of the Deputy Speaker.
- The legislators of the respective Houses vote to elect one among themselves to these offices.
- The Constitution provides that the office of the Speaker should never be empty.
- So, he/she continues in office until the beginning of the next House, except in the event of death or resignation.
Ruling party or Opposition?
- Usually, the Speaker comes from the ruling party.
- In the case of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, the position has varied over the years.
- Until the fourth Lok Sabha, the Congress held both the Speaker and Deputy Speakers positions.
- In the fifth Lok Sabha, whose term was extended due to the Emergency, an independent member, Shri G G Swell, was elected the Deputy Speaker.
- The tradition for the post of the Deputy Speaker going to the Opposition party started during the term of Prime Minister Morarji Desai’s government.
- The first time the Deputy Speaker’s position went to the opposition was during the term of Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao.
Their roles
- According to the book Practice and Procedure of Parliament, published by the Lok Sabha Secretariat, the Speaker is “the principal spokesman of the House, he represents its collective voice and is its sole representative to the outside world”.
- The Speaker presides over the House proceedings and joint sittings of the two Houses of Parliament.
- It is the Speaker’s decision that determines whether a Bill is a Money Bill and therefore outside of the purview of the other House.
- The Deputy Speaker is independent of the Speaker, not subordinate to him, as both are elected from among the members of the House.
Why need Dy Speaker?
- The Deputy Speaker ensures the continuity of the Speakers office by acting as the Speaker when the office becomes vacant.
- In addition, when a resolution for removal of the Speaker is up for discussion, the Constitution specifies that the Deputy Speaker presides over the proceedings of the House.
Issue over time limit for election
- The Constitution neither sets a time limit nor specifies the process for these elections.
- It leaves it to the legislatures to decide how to hold these elections.
- Haryana and Uttar Pradesh specify a time frame for holding the election to the Speaker and Deputy Speaker’s offices.
- In Haryana, the election of the Speaker has to take place as soon as possible after the election.
- Uttar Pradesh has a 15-day limit for an election to the Speaker’s post if it falls vacant during the term of the Assembly.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.Consider the following statements:
- The Speakers of the Legislative Assembly shall vacate his/her office if he/she ceases to be a member of the Assembly
- Whenever the legislative assembly is dissolved, the speaker shall vacate his/her office immediately.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2013)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Sea mapping
Mains level: India-Georgia ties
After a long-standing request of Georgia, External Affairs Minister handed over the holy relics of 17th century Georgian Queen St. Ketevan nearly 16 years after they were found in Goa.
Who was St. Ketevan?
- Queen Ketevan was a 17th century Georgian Queen.
- From Kakheti, a kingdom in eastern Georgia, she was tortured and killed in 1624 in Shiraz during the rule of the Safavid dynasty.
- Portuguese missionaries were said to have carried the relics to Goa in 1627.
- In 2005, after years of research and study of medieval Portuguese records, the relics were found at the St. Augustine Church in Old Goa.
Importance of Georgia for India
- Georgia a strategically important country situated at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
- Relations between Georgia and India date back to ancient times.
- The Panchatantra influenced Georgian folk legends. During the medieval period, Georgian missionaries, travelers, and traders visited India.
- Some Georgians served in the courts of Mughal emperors, and a few rose to the rank of governor.
- India was among the first countries to officially recognize Georgia, doing so on 26 December 1991.
- India is a net exporter to Georgia.
- The main commodities exported by India to Georgia are cereals, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances, pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery and equipment, aluminium and aluminium articles.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.Consider the following pairs:
| Sea |
Bordering Country |
| 1. |
Adriatic Sea |
Albania |
| 2. |
Black Sea |
Croatia |
| 3. |
Caspian Sea |
Kazakhstan |
| 4. |
Mediterranean Sea |
Morocco |
| 5. |
Red Sea |
Syria |
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (CSP 2019)
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mekedatu Project
Mains level: Inter-state river disputes
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are again at the crossroads against the Mekedatu dam project in the Cauvery River Basin.
What is the Mekedatu Project?
- Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and Arkavathi, about 100 km from Bengaluru, at the Kanakapura taluk in Karnataka’s Ramanagara district.
- In 2013, then Karnataka announced the construction of a multi-purpose balancing reservoir project.
- The project aimed to alleviate the drinking water problems of the Bengaluru and Ramanagara districts.
- It was also expected to generate hydroelectricity to meet the power needs of the state.
Issues with the project
- Soon after the project was announced TN has objected over granting of permission or environmental clearance.
- Explaining the potential for damage to the lower riparian state of TN, it said that the project was in violation of the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal.
- It stated that the project will affect the natural flow of the river Cauvery considerably and will severely affect the irrigation in TN.
What do the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal and the Supreme Court say?
- The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, in its final order on February 2007, made allocations to all the riparian States — Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, apart from the Union Territory of Puducherry.
- It also stipulated “tentative monthly deliveries during a normal year” to be made available by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.
- Aggrieved over the final order for different reasons, the States had appealed to the Supreme Court.
- In February 2018, the court, in its judgment, revised the water allocation and increased the share of Karnataka by 14.75 thousand million cubic feet (tmc ft) at the cost of Tamil Nadu.
- The enhanced quantum comprised 4.75 tmc ft for meeting drinking water and domestic requirements of Bengaluru and surrounding areas.
What is Karnataka planning?
- Encouraged by the Supreme Court verdict, Karnataka, which sees the order as an endorsement of its stand, has set out to pursue the Mekedatu project.
- Originally proposed as a hydropower project, the revised Mekedatu dam project has more than one purpose to serve.
- A hydropower plant of nearly 400 MW has also been proposed.
- The Karnataka government has argued that the proposed reservoir will regulate the flow to Tamil Nadu on a monthly basis, as stipulated by the Tribunal and the Supreme Court.
- This is why Karnataka has contended that the project will not affect the interests of Tamil Nadu farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Next-generation DNA sequencing
Mains level: Not Much
The 2020 Millennium Technology Prize has been awarded to Shankar Balasubramanian and David Klenerman, for their development of revolutionary Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques.
About Millennium Technology Prize
- The Millennium Technology Prize is one of the world’s largest technology prizes.
- It is awarded once every two years by Technology Academy Finland, an independent fund established by Finnish industry and the Finnish state in partnership.
What is next-generation DNA sequencing?
- Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a massively parallel sequencing technology that offers ultra-high throughput, scalability, and speed.
- The technology is used to determine the order of nucleotides in entire genomes or targeted regions of DNA or RNA.
- These technologies allow for sequencing of DNA and RNA much more quickly and cheaply than the previously used sequencing.
- NGS has revolutionized the biological sciences, allowing labs to perform a wide variety of applications and study biological systems at a level never before possible.
- More than a million base pairs can be sequenced, which translates to hundreds of genes or even the whole genome of an organism.
- This is made possible by simultaneously sequencing hundreds of pieces of DNA at the same time.
What is sequencing, btw?
- DNA (or RNA, in some viruses), the genetic material of life forms, is made of four bases (A, T, G and C; with U replacing T in the case of RNA).
- A chromosome is the duplex of a long linear chain of these – and in the DNA sequence is information – the blueprint of life.
- Life famously can replicate, and DNA replicates when an enzyme, DNA polymerase, synthesises a complementary strand using an existing DNA strand as the template.
- The breakthrough idea of Balasubramanian and Klenerman was to sequence DNA (or RNA) using this process of strand synthesis.
- They cleverly modified their ATGC bases so that each shone with a different colour.
- When copied, the “coloured” copy of DNA could be deciphered from the colours alone, using miniature optical and electronic devices.
What about the cost of all this sequencing?
- When the Human Genome Project delivered the first, near-complete sequence of our genome, the cost was estimated to have been 3 billion dollars.
- As all our chromosomes together have 3 billion base pairs, it becomes an easy calculation – One dollar per sequenced base.
- By the year 2020, NGS technologies has pushed the price for sequencing to a few thousands of rupees.
Back2Basics:
What is the Human Genome Project?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kesaria Stupa
Mains level: Not Much
The world-famous Kesaria Buddha stupa in east Champaran district of Bihar is waterlogged following floods in some parts of the district after heavy rainfall in the catchment areas of river Gandak in neighbouring Nepal.
Kesaria Stupa
- The Kesaria stupa, located about 110 km from the State capital Patna, has a circumference of almost 400 feet and stands at a height of about 104 feet.
- The first construction of the nationally protected stupa is dated to the 3rd century BCE.
- It is regarded as the largest Buddhist stupa in the world and has been drawing tourists from across several Buddhist countries.
- The sputa’s exploration had started in the early 19th century after its discovery led by Colonel Mackenzie in 1814.
- Later, it was excavated by General Cunningham in 1861-62 and in 1998 an ASI team led by archaeologist K.K. Muhammad had excavated the site properly.
- The original Kesaria stupa is said to date back to the time of emperor Ashoka (circa 250 BCE) as the remains of an Ashokan pillar was discovered there.
In the accounts of foreign travellers
- The stupa mound may even have been inaugurated during the Buddha’s time, as it corresponds in many respects to the description of the stupa erected by the Licchavis of Vaishali to house the alms bowl the Buddha has given them.
- Interestingly, Chinese travellers Fa-Hien (5th century CE) and Hiuen Tsang (7th century CE), who travelled to India, also mention this stupa and the legend of Buddha and the Licchavis, in their records.
- While Fa-Hien talks of a pillar erected at the site, Hiuen Tsang mentions the stupa itself.
Try answering this question from CS Mains 2016:
Q.Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Flora of Sikkim
Mains level: NA
Sikkim, the smallest State with less than 1% of India’s landmass, is home to 27% of all flowering plants found in the country, reveals a recent publication by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI).
Flora of Sikkim
- Flora of Sikkim – A Pictorial Guide lists 4,912 naturally occurring flowering plants in the tiny Himalayan State.
- The total number of naturally occurring flowering plants in the country is about 18,004 species, and with 4,912 species, the diversity of flowering plants in Sikkim, spread over an area of 7,096 sq. km. is very unique.
Why is Sikkim a host to such large biodiversity?
- Sikkim is a part of the Kanchenjunga biosphere landscape, has different altitudinal ecosystems, which provide opportunities for herbs and trees to grow and thrive.
- The State also borders China, Bhutan and Nepal, and the Darjeeling Hills of West Bengal.
- From subalpine vegetation to the temperate to the tropical, the State has different kinds of vegetation, and that is the reason for such a diversity of flora.
- The elevation also varies between 300 to 8,598 metres above mean sea level, the apex being the top of Mt. Kanchenjunga (8,586 metres).
Contribution by the Public
- The people of Sikkim have a unique bond with nature and trees.
- As per the Sikkim Forest Tree (Amity & Reverence) Rules, 2017 the State government allows any person to associate with trees standing on his or her private land or on any public land by entering into a Mith/Mit or Mitini relationship.
- The notification encouraged people to adopt a tree “as if it was his or her own child in which case the tree shall be called an adopted tree”.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.Which one of the following National Parks lies completely in the temperate alpine zone?
(a) Manas National Park
(b) Namdapha National Park
(c) Neora Valley National Park
(d) Valley of Flowers National Park
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lemru Elephant Reserve
Mains level: Man-Animal Conflict
The proposed Lemru Elephant Reserve in Chhattisgarh, in the pipeline for 20 years, has become the subject of yet another controversy over the reduction of its size.
Lemru Elephant Reserve
- The proposal for the reserve, in Korba district, was passed unanimously by the Assembly in 2005 and got central approval in 2007.
- Lemru is one of two elephant reserves planned to prevent human-animal conflict in the region, with elephants moving into Chhattisgarh from Odisha and Jharkhand.
- Its area was then proposed to be 450 sq km.
Why does the government want to reduce the size of the reserve?
- The area proposed under the reserve is part of the Hasdeo Aranya forests, a very diverse biozone that is also rich in coal deposits.
- Of 22 coal blocks in the area, seven have already been allotted with mines running in three, and in the process of being established in the other four.
- Under the ‘No-Go Area’ policy from the UPA area, the entire area was considered out of bounds for mines, but in 2020, five coal blocks from the region were put on the auction list.
Why is the reserve important?
- North Chhattisgarh alone is home to over 240 elephants.
- Elephants in Chhattisgarh are relatively new; they started moving into undivided Madhya Pradesh in 1990.
- Since these animals were relatively new, the human-animal conflict started once elephants started straying into inhabited areas, looking for food.
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