Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Re-wilding of tigers
Mains level: Animal reintroduction
The recent attempt of Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) to reintroduce into the wild tiger cub named Mangala after rearing it in ‘captivity’ has once again brought the controversial concept of ‘re-wilding’ of abandoned or injured animals under the lens.
What is the intervention known as ‘re-wilding’?
- As per the Standard Operating Procedures/Guidelines laid down by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, there are three ways to deal with orphaned or abandoned tiger cubs.
- The first is to make an effort to reunite the abandoned cubs with their mother.
- Second, if a reunion of the cub with its mother is not possible, then shift the cub to a suitable zoo.
- Third, reintroduction of the cub into the wild after a certain time when it appears that the cub is capable of surviving in the wild independently.
- This is what is known as ‘re-wilding.
NTCA guidelines
- NTCA stresses that the tiger cub should be reared in an in situ enclosure for a minimum of two years, and during this time, each cub should have a successful record of at least 50 ‘kills’.
- Within the enclosure, the persons responsible for handling cubs must approach them by putting a tiger mask along with workday clothes of a tiger stripe pattern smeared with tiger urine and faeces.
- Various conditions must be complied with at the time of releasing the cub in the wild.
- The tiger cubs should be in prime health, and of dispersing age (three/four years).
- There should be no abnormality/incapacitation.
How have attempts at re-wilding of carnivores gone in India?
- The tiger conservationist Billy Arjan Singh was credited with the re-introduction of re-welding the Dudhwa forest area in the 1970s.
- The attempt, however, ran into controversy after several incidents of the killing of humans were reported.
- The re-wilding in Panna Tiger Reserve of two abandoned tigress cubs that were brought up at Kanha Tiger Reserve is considered to be a success in tiger conservation.
Re-wilding as a concept
- There are 50-50 chances of success and failure of re-wilding of hand-reared carnivores in the wild.
- Conservationists, however, maintain that the chances of success are far less than that — less than even 1 per cent.
- Tigers in India are already occurring at naturally attainable densities.
- Almost all translocations of captive-raised tigers have failed so far, with only rare successes such as in Panna after a tiger extinction, and some re-introductions in Russia into empty habitats with plenty of prey.
Way forward
- The real need is to protect more habitat strictly so that the prey densities rise and more tigers can thrive.
- Putting individual hand-reared tigers into the wild cannot certainly be called re-wilding says some wildlife activists.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (CSP 2020)
(a) Corbett
(b) Ranthambore
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
(d) Sunderbans
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BHIM, UPI, IMPS
Mains level: Mobile banking facilities in India
Bhutan becomes the first country, in India’s immediate neighbourhood, to use the BHIM app for mobile-based payments and “to adopt UPI standards for its QR deployment”.
Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM)
- BHIM is an Indian mobile payment App developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).
- Named after B. R. Ambedkar and launched on 30 December 2016 it is intended to facilitate e-payments directly through banks and encourage cashless transactions.
- The application supports all Indian banks which use UPI, which is built over the Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) infrastructure and allows the user to instantly transfer money between bank accounts of any two parties.
- It can be used on all mobile devices.
Note: Bhutan has become the first country to adopt India’s Unified Payment Interface (UPI) standards for its quick response (QR) code. It is also the second country after Singapore to have BHIM-UPI acceptance at merchant locations, NPCI International Payments Ltd (NIPL).
What is UPI?
- Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant real-time payment system developed by NPCI facilitating inter-bank transactions.
- The interface is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and works by instantly transferring funds between two bank accounts on a mobile platform.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements:
- BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account.
- While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? (CSP 2018)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
You can use our popular TIKDAM Technique to solve such tricky questions:
Tikdam Technique – How our Prime Test Series 2020 gives you an edge
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UV technology for disinfection
Mains level: Not Much
The Union Ministry for Science and Technology has informed that Ultraviolet-C or UV-C Disinfection Technology will soon be installed in Parliament for the mitigation of airborne transmission of SARS-COV-2.
UV-C air duct disinfection system
- The UV-C air duct disinfection system was developed by CSIR-CSIO (Central Scientific Instruments Organisation).
- The system is designed to fit into any existing air-ducts and the virucidal dosages using UV-C intensity and residence time can be optimized according to the existing space.
- The release adds that the virus is deactivated in any aerosol particles by the calibrated levels of UV-C light. It can be used in auditoriums, malls, educational Institutions, AC buses, and railways.
What is Ultraviolet (UV)?
- Ultraviolet (UV) is a type of light or radiation naturally emitted by the Sun. It covers a wavelength range of 100-400 nm. The human visible light ranges from 380–700 nm.
- UV is divided into three bands: UV-C (100-280 nm), UV-B (280-315 nm) and UV-A (315-400 nm).
- UV-A and UV-B rays from the Sun are transmitted through our atmosphere and all UV-C is filtered by the ozone layer.
- UV-B rays can only reach the outer layer of our skin or epidermis and can cause sunburns and are also associated with skin cancer.
- UV-A rays can penetrate the middle layer of your skin or the dermis and can cause ageing of skin cells and indirect damage to cells’ DNA.
- UV-C radiation from man-made sources has been known to cause skin burns and eye injuries.
So, can UV-C kill coronavirus?
- UV-C radiation (wavelength around 254 nm) has been used for decades to disinfect the air in hospitals, laboratories, and also in water treatment.
- But these conventional germicidal treatments are done in unoccupied rooms as they can cause health problems.
- It can destroy the outer protein coating of the SARS-Coronavirus.
Is it safe for humans?
- The device is specifically developed to disinfect non-living things.
- UV-C radiation used in this device could be harmful to the skin and eyes of living beings.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems?
- It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
- It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
- It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2010)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAD
Mains level: Paper 3- Forex reserves and its significance
Context
The ascending stock of forex reserves has led to the view this will enable the sole devotion of monetary policy to domestic objectives.
Assessing the significance of forex reserves
Let’s look into the experinec of China and India in this regard.
1) Learning from China’s experience
- In 2016, China had a strong external position—current account surplus and more than $3tn forex reserves.
- However, investors’ expectations on renminbi (RMB) value began to shift due to rising concerns about its growth outlook, domestic rate cuts and eventual depreciation, and imminent tightening of US monetary policy, resulting in net capital outflows of $725 billio (bn) over the year.
- This put sustained pressure upon the RMB.
- Eventually, China resorted to capital control measures, which slowed the outflow and supported the RMB in the first half of 2017.
2) India’s own historical record
- India’s own historical record shows that, high or low, forex reserves didn’t prevent investors from reappraising positions.
- India experienced this in case of oil prices (2018) or taper fears (2013).
- The CAD was moderate, at 1.1% and 1.4% of GDP in two quarters to December 2017.
- But as oil prices climbed, current account projections were rapidly revised to 2.5-3% of GDP in less than a quarter seeing the jump in the import bill, lagging exports and continuous outflow of portfolio capital.
- Reserves totalled $424 bn then (end-March 2018); foreign currency assets were $399 billion.
- Against a mere $9 bn capital outflow, the peak-to-trough decline in reserves was $19 bn in April-June 2018, with 5% depreciation of the rupee.
- The sharper, $21 bn fall in mid-April to July 20, 2018 equalled the reserves decline in April-August 2013 taper episode when the rupee depreciated three times more or 15%!
- Forex reserves were much lower in 2013 ($255 bn range) and it had taken only a quarter for the current account gap to widen from 4.0% of GDP in April-June 2012 to 5.4% and a record 6.7% in subsequent two quarters to December 2012!
Key takeaways
- History shows that no level of reserves is a foolproof guarantee for macroeconomic stability or interest rate immunity.
- The important lesson these episodes hold is that repressive attempts do not always convince markets or prevent shifts in expectations and often compel large, abrupt adjustment.
- Investors reassess positions, including global factors, whatever the reserves’ stock.
- The crucial role of reserves is psychological, i.e. market confidence and liquidity insurance that is immediate and unconditional that allows central banks to buy time, whether for a gradual adjustment, soft landing, or as the case may be.
Distortion in bond market and RBI’s role in it
- RBI has been systematically suppressing bond yields, particularly the 10-year benchmark, the reference rate for banks.
- So effective was the repression that the bond market became irrelevant as yields altogether stopped responding to inflation or fiscal developments.
- The 207-basis-point jump in retail inflation in a month in May, which exceeded expectations, caused not even a flicker in the yield premium for example.
- This did not prevent responses elsewhere though – the overnight indexed swap (OIS), which signals future interest rate movements, increased 20-30 basis points at different tenures with fresh inflation risks.
- Clearly, the market reading was inconsistent with RBI’s, whose rigid adherence to a particular level (6% in the case of the old, 10-year bond) was disregarded outright.
- The monetary policy cue was not being accepted, failing to soothe ruffled feathers about inflation.
Risk involved in RBI’s policy
- If the global financial cycle were to suddenly turn, risk-aversion set in, or oil prices shoot up to risky levels, investors will undoubtedly look at actual differentials, not the one set in stone by RBI.
- There will be exchange rate pressures, which RBI can no doubt manage with liberal reserves.
- But the duration and degree of adjustment is not in RBI’s control, identically to the bond market one, where it has infinite capacity to keep local yields where it wants.
- There’s a limit to how much foreign currency it can sell—the $609bn reserve holding is finite.
- Currency depreciation can, therefore, worsen a bad situation as higher inflation pressurises domestic interest rates to rise.
- RBI’s issuance of the new 10-year benchmark bond at 6.10%, which came as a surprise against its previous inflexibility, indicates RBI has internalised the above risks.
- The disparate movements were undermining RBI, whose commitment to continue the accommodative monetary policy as long as necessary to revive and sustain growth has been reassuring.
Conlcusion
When the economy is open, financially integrated and subject to cross-country dynamics, it is more prudent to let market forces play out a bit than persist with a stance that could turn unsustainable despite the high reserves.
Back2Basics: What is Current Account Deficit (CAD) ?
- The current account deficit is a measurement of a country’s trade where the value of the goods and services it imports exceeds the value of the products it exports.
- The current account includes net income, such as interest and dividends, and transfers, such as foreign aid, although these components make up only a small percentage of the total current account.
- The current account represents a country’s foreign transactions and, like the capital account, is a component of a country’s balance of payments (BOP).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCO members
Mains level: Paper 2- Afghanistan after the US withdrawal
Context
A regional conclave of foreign ministers taking place in Dushanbe this week under the banner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) should give us a sense of the unfolding regional dynamic on Afghanistan.
SCO addressing challenges in Afghanistan
- Geography, membership and capabilities make the SCO an important forum to address the post-American challenges in Afghanistan.
- The SCO was launched 20 years ago by China and Russia to promote inner Asia stability.
- The current members of the SCO are China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, and India.
- The SCO has four observer states — Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia and Belarus.
- The idea of a regional solution to Afghanistan has always had much political appeal.
- But divergent regional strategic perspectives limit the prospects for a sustainable consensus on Afghanistan.
Implications of the US exit for the region
- The quiet satisfaction in Moscow, Beijing, Tehran and Rawalpindi at the US’s exit from Afghanistan, however, is tinged by worries about the long-term implications of Washington’s retreat
- Regional players have to cope with the consequences of the US withdrawal and the resurgence of the Taliban.
- Neither Moscow nor Beijing would want to see Afghanistan becoming the hub of international terror again under the Taliban.
- For China, potential Taliban support to the Xinjiang separatist groups is a major concern.
- Iran can’t ignore the Sunni extremism of the Taliban and its oppressive record in dealing with the Shia, and Persian-speaking minorities.
- Pakistan worries about the danger of the conflict spilling over to the east of the Durand Line, and hostile groups gaining sanctuaries in Afghanistan.
Three factors that drive India’s Afghan policy
- The US exit means a new constraint on Delhi’s ability to operate inside Afghanistan.
- There is also the danger that Afghanistan under the Taliban could also begin to nurture anti-India terror groups.
- If India remains active but patient, many opportunities could open up in the new Afghan phase.
- Three structural conditions will continue to shape India’s Afghan policy.
- One is India’s lack of direct physical access to Afghanistan.
- This underlines the importance of India having effective regional partners.
- Second, it remains to be seen if Pakistan’s partnership with China and the extension of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor into Afghanistan can address Pakistan’s inability to construct a stable and legitimate order in Afghanistan.
- Third, the contradiction between the interests of Afghanistan and Pakistan is an enduring one.
- While many in Pakistan would like to turn Afghanistan into a protectorate, Afghans deeply value their independence.
- All Afghan sovereigns, including the Taliban, will inevitably look for partners to balance Pakistan.
Way forward for India
- India must actively contribute to the SCO deliberations on Afghanistan, but must temper its hopes for a collective regional solution.
- At the same time, Delhi should focus on intensifying its engagement with various Afghan groups, including the Taliban, and finding effective regional partners to secure its interests in a changing Afghanistan.
Conclusion
India should pursue the regional solution to Afghanistan challenge after the US exit while increasing the engagement with the various players in Afghanistan including the Taliban.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kongu Nadu
Mains level: Regionalism issue in India
A list of new Union Cabinet ministers issued has triggered a debate in political circles in Tamil Nadu, as well as on social media, by referring to ‘Kongu Nadu’, the informal name for a region in the western part of the state.
Where is Kongu Nadu?
- ‘Kongu Nadu’ is neither a place with a PIN code nor a name given formally to any region.
- It is a commonly used name for part of western Tamil Nadu.
- In Tamil literature, it was referred to as one of the five regions of ancient Tamil Nadu.
- There were mentions of ‘Kongu Nadu’ in Sangam literature as a separate territory.
- The name derives from Kongu Vellala Gounder, an OBC community with a significant presence in these districts.
- The region includes prominent businesses and industrial hubs at Namakkal, Salem, Tirupur and Coimbatore.
Is there any ground for the allegations about a planned bifurcation?
- Unlike Telangana or Uttarakhand, there has never been demand or discussions about a separate Kongu Nadu in the modern political history of Tamil Nadu.
- The debate, therefore, lacks any political or social context.
Back2Basics: Sangam Age
- The ‘Sangam’ describes a period from the sixth century BC to the third century AD encompassing today’s Tamil Nadu, Kerala, the southern parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, and northern Sri Lanka.
- The Tamil Sangams or Cankams were assemblies of Tamil scholars and poets that, according to traditional Tamil accounts, occurred in the remote past.
- It is named for scholarly congregations in and around the city of Madurai, located about 400 km southwest of Chennai.
- It generally refers to a collection of poems, composed by Tamil poets, both men and women developed in the ancient Southern state of India.
- It mostly deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lightening and Thunderstorms
Mains level: Not Much
With the monsoon making a slow revival over several parts of India, except the northwest region, there is a rise in lightning-linked deaths.
What is lightning?
- Lightning is a very rapid — and massive — discharge of electricity in the atmosphere, some of which is directed towards the Earth’s surface.
- These discharges are generated in giant moisture-bearing clouds that are 10-12 km tall.
- The base of these clouds typically lies within 1-2 km of the Earth’s surface, while their top is 12-13 km away.
- Temperatures towards the top of these clouds are in the range of minus 35 to minus 45 degrees Celsius.
How does it strike?
- As water vapour moves upward in the cloud, the falling temperature causes it to condense.
- Heat is generated in the process, which pushes the molecules of water further up.
- As they move to temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, the water droplets change into small ice crystals. They continue to move up, gathering mass — until they are so heavy that they start to fall to Earth.
- This leads to a system in which, simultaneously, smaller ice crystals are moving up and bigger crystals are coming down.
- Collisions follow and trigger the release of electrons — a process that is very similar to the generation of sparks of electricity.
- As the moving free electrons cause more collisions and more electrons, a chain reaction ensues.
- This process results in a situation in which the top layer of the cloud gets positively charged, while the middle layer is negatively charged.
Making of the thunder
- The electrical potential difference between the two layers is huge — of the order of a billion to 10 billion volts.
- In very little time, a massive current, of the order of 100,000 to a million amperes, starts to flow between the layers.
- An enormous amount of heat is produced, and this leads to the heating of the air column between the two layers of the cloud.
- This heat gives the air column a reddish appearance during lightning. As the heated air column expands, it produces shock waves that result in thunder.
How does this current reach the Earth from the cloud?
- While the Earth is a good conductor of electricity, it is electrically neutral.
- However, in comparison to the middle layer of the cloud, it becomes positively charged.
- As a result, about 15%-20% of the current gets directed towards the Earth as well.
- It is this flow of current that results in damage to life and property on Earth.
- There is a greater probability of lightning striking tall objects such as trees, towers or buildings.
- Once it is about 80-100 m from the surface, lightning tends to change course towards these taller objects.
- This happens because air is a poor conductor of electricity, and electrons that are travelling through air seek both a better conductor and the shortest route to the relatively positively charged Earth’s surface.
What precautions should be taken against lightning?
- Lightning rarely hits people directly — but such strikes are almost always fatal.
- People are most commonly struck by what are called “ground currents”.
- The electrical energy, after hitting a large object (such as a tree) on Earth, spreads laterally on the ground for some distance, and people in this area receive electrical shocks.
- It becomes more dangerous if the ground is wet (which it frequently is because of the accompanying rain), or if there is metal or other conducting material on it.
- Water is a conductor, and many people are struck by lightning while standing in flooded paddy fields.
- For the reasons given above, taking shelter under a tree is dangerous. Lying flat on the ground too can increase risks.
- People should move indoors in a storm; however, even indoors, they should avoid touching electrical fittings, wires, metal, and water.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the:
- meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky
- lightning that separates the nimbus clouds
- violent upward movement of air and water particles
Select the correct option using the codes given below (CSP 2011):
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Difference between Orbital and Suborbital Flight
Mains level: Space tourism
Virgin Group founder Richard Branson became the first billionaire to fly to the edge of space and back, riding aboard his own Virgin Galactic spacecraft in a suborbital flight.
What is Suborbital Flight?
- When an object travels at a horizontal speed of about 28,000 km/hr or more, it goes into orbit once it is above the atmosphere.
- Satellites need to reach that threshold speed in order to orbit Earth.
- Such a satellite would be accelerating towards the Earth due to gravity, but its horizontal movement is fast enough to offset the downward motion so that it moves along a circular path.
- Any object travelling slower than 28,000 km/hr must eventually return to Earth.
- These are suborbital flights, because they will not be travelling fast enough to orbit Earth once they reach there.
- Such a trip allows space travellers to experience a few minutes of “weightlessness”.
Analogical example
- For an analogy, consider a cricket ball thrown into the air.
- Given that no human hand can give it a speed of 28,000 km/hr (about 8 m/sec), the ball will fly in an arc until its entire kinetic energy is swapped with potential energy.
- At that instant, it will lose its vertical motion momentarily, before returning to Earth under the influence of gravity.
- A suborbital flight is like this cricket ball, but travelling fast enough to reach the “edge of space”, and yet without enough horizontal velocity to go into orbit.
- If an object travels as fast as 40,000 km/hr, it will achieve escape velocity, and never return to Earth.
Why the buzz?
- With Branson and Jeff Bezos kicking off private space flight, several companies are looking for customers wanting to go on suborbital or even orbital journeys.
- At Branson’s Virgin Galactic, around 600 people have already paid deposits for tickets that are priced up to $250,000 (Rs 1.86 crore).
- However, Bezos’s Blue Origin, which uses the reusable New Shepard rocket, is yet to announce commercialization plans, according to the BBC.
- There is also excitement among scientists who want to use suborbital flights for microgravity research.
- Such flights would be far less expensive than carrying experiments and people to the International Space Station.
- Suborbital flights could also be an alternative to parabolic flights in airplanes that space agencies currently use to simulate zero gravity.
Safety concerns
- The Branson flight comes seven years after his company’s first rocket, called Enterprise, crashed during a test flight, killing one of the pilots on board.
- The other survived after parachuting out.
- The current rocket is also not certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration, which is prohibited to do so by law until 2023.
- This is because the US government does not want to burden companies like Virgin Atlantic with regulations during their “learning” period, when they can innovate by trying out different designs and procedures.
- Passengers who go on such trips need to sign “informed consent” forms, similar to the ones before going for skydiving or bungee jumping.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cryptocurrencies
Mains level: Issues with Cryptocurrencies
Last week, Twitter CEO announced his payments firm Square would soon build a hardware wallet to store bitcoin.
Bitcoin Hardware Wallet
- The wallet will be a type of plug-in device, much like a USB pen drive that stores, manages and secures a user’s crypto assets.
- Each digital asset is linked to a cryptographic password called a ‘private key’ to allow users to access it.
- This key safeguards cryptocurrencies from theft and unauthorized access.
- The asset owner, with the help of a secure hardware wallet, can access the private key to buy and sell crypto assets from anywhere.
- Most hardware wallets allow users to manage multiple accounts; some even allow users to connect to their Google or Facebook accounts.
- Popular hardware wallets include Trezor, Ledger, KeepKey and Prokey.
How is it different from a software wallet?
- Cryptocurrency keys can be stored in two kinds of wallets – software and hardware.
- Software wallets are like smartphone apps that digitally store private keys.
- Most software wallets don’t charge users to store private keys but may collect a commission for trading via the app.
- These wallets can be vulnerable to malware.
- Hardware wallets and physical devices act like cold storage for confidential keys. The passwords are protected by a PIN, making it difficult for hackers to extract private keys as the information is not exposed to the Internet.
The upsides of a hardware wallet
- Hardware wallets are said to be convenient as they can be connected to trading exchanges to complete transactions.
- Hardware wallets are often stored in a protected microcontroller and cannot be transferred out of the device, making them secure.
- Their isolation from the Internet also mitigates the risk of the assets being compromised. Moreover, it does not rely on any third-party app.
Limitations
- Since the wallet is in physical form, the device could be stolen or destroyed.
- They could be used by malicious actors to steal confidential data.
- The device can also be expensive as compared to software wallets.
- Some hardware wallets can also have complex features, making it difficult for first-timers to understand.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.With reference to “Blockchain Technology”, consider the following statements:
- It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect but which no single user controls.
- The structure and design of block chain is such that all the data in it are about crypto currency only.
- Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission.
Which of the statement given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1 and 3
Back2Basics: Cryptocurrencies
- A cryptocurrency is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange wherein individual coin ownership records are stored in a ledger existing in a form of a computerized database.
- It uses strong cryptography to secure transaction records, control the creation of additional coins, and verify the transfer of coin ownership.
- It typically does not exist in physical form (like paper money) and is typically not issued by a central authority.
- Cryptocurrencies typically use decentralized control as opposed to centralized digital currency and central banking systems.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G-Secs
Mains level: Not Much
The RBI has announced a scheme under which retail investors will be allowed to open retail direct gilt accounts (RDG) directly with the central bank.
Retail Direct Scheme
- The scheme is a one-stop solution to facilitate investment in government securities (G-secs) by individual investors.
- Under RDG schemes, accounts can be opened through a dedicated online portal, which will provide registered users access to primary issuance of government securities and to NDS-OM.
What is a gilt account?
- A “Gilt Account” means an account opened and maintained for holding Government securities, by an entity or a person including ‘a person resident outside India’ with a “Custodian” permitted by the RBI.
About Government Securities
- These are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow money.
- The two key categories are:
- Treasury bills (T-Bills) – short-term instruments which mature in 91 days, 182 days, or 364 days, and
- Dated securities – long-term instruments, which mature anywhere between 5 years and 40 years
Note: T-Bills are issued only by the central government, and the interest on them is determined by market forces.
Why G-Secs?
- Like bank fixed deposits, g-secs are not tax-free.
- They are generally considered the safest form of investment because they are backed by the government. So, the risk of default is almost nil.
- However, they are not completely risk-free, since they are subject to fluctuations in interest rates.
- Bank fixed deposits, on the other hand, are guaranteed only to the extent of Rs 5 lakh by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).
Retail investors and G-Secs
- Small investors can invest indirectly in g-secs by buying mutual funds or through certain policies issued by life insurance firms.
- To encourage direct investment, the government and RBI have taken several steps in recent years.
- Retail investors are allowed to place non-competitive bids in auctions of government bonds through their Demat accounts.
- Stock exchanges act as aggregators and facilitators of retail bids.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 15(1)
Mains level: Paper 2- Need for anti-discrimination law in India
Context
“Silent segregation” on the grounds of marital status, gender, sexual orientation or eating preferences are followed in several housing societies and residents’ associations. Legal remedies are needed for its victims.
Issue of the prevalence of discrimination on various grounds
- The recent Pew Research Center Report has confirmed that a substantial number of Indians prefer not to have a person from a different religious community as their neighbour.
- The absence of a proper legal recourse for those who suffer from housing discrimination only makes matters worse.
- Social prejudice against members of the LGBTQIA+ community in the country remains strong, despite Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was read down by the Supreme Court of India.
- In April, the Supreme Court, in Patan Jamal Vali vs State of Andhra Pradesh, recognised intersectional discrimination.
- It is discrimination on the basis of the intersection of personal characteristics, such as that faced by Dalit women as Dalits, as women and in the unique category of Dalit women.
- Discriminatory practices may also be indirect in nature, whereby policies that seem neutral and not expressly targeted at a particular group, still cause a disproportional adverse impact on disadvantaged sections of society.
Why Article 15(1) is not enough
- Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics such as religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.
- But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to.
- Nor does it expressly list ethnicity, linguistic identity, nationality, marital status, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance and other personal characteristics as prohibited grounds of discrimination.
We need a comprehensive anti-discrimination legal framework
- A comprehensive anti-discrimination legal framework is required to fill the existing legal lacunae.
- India is one of the few liberal democracies without such a framework.
- The Sachar Committee, in 2006, recognised the need for an anti-discrimination law.
- This was further reiterated by the Expert Group on Equal Opportunity Commission headed by Prof. N.R. Madhava Menon.
Way forward
- The States can lead the way, by enacting anti-discrimination laws in their respective jurisdictions.
- States have a vital role in strengthening our right to equality.
- The State legislature can use its powers under Entry 8 of List III in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution to enact an anti-discrimination law.
- And if States take the initiative, the demand for a national anti-discrimination law to cover services and institutions under the domain of the Union government will be reignited.
- The law should have provisions that prohibit employers, landlords, traders, service providers, private persons performing public functions, and public authorities, from discriminating.
- Law should prohibit discrimination on grounds of caste, race, ethnicity, descent, sex, gender identity, gender expression, pregnancy, sexual orientation, religious identity, tribe, disability, linguistic identity, HIV-status, nationality, marital status, dietary preference, skin tone, physical appearance, place of residence, place of birth, age or analogous characteristics which are beyond the control of an individual or those that constitute a fundamental choice.
- The law should also balance the anti-discrimination mandate with other rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
- The anti-discrimination mandate can be restricted in pursuance of a legitimate objective.
- Affirmative-action provisions can be included whereby public authorities are obliged to progressively realise diversification of their workforces.
Consider the question “Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics. But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to. In light of this, discuss the need for anti-discrimination law in India and its provisions.”
Conclusion
We must recognise that anti-discrimination law is not a panacea for the problems of inequality and social prejudice that are deeply rooted in our society. Nevertheless, it is a necessary step — an idea whose time has come.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 2- India-Japan-Italy partnership
Context
Recently, Mr. Draghi, Italy’s Prime Minister described Chinese competitive practices as “unfair” and invited the EU to be franker and more courageous in confronting Beijing on various issues. Against this backdrop, a trilateral partnership between India-Japan-Italy could play important role in the Indo-Pacific region.
India’s growing centrality in Indo-Pacific strategic architecture
- Countries that share similar values and face similar challenges are coming together to create purpose-oriented partnerships.
- In the context of the Indo-Pacific, the challenges posed by China’s assertive initiatives clash with a region lacking multilateral organisations capable of solving problems effectively.
- But as a new pushback against China takes shape and as Indian foreign policy becomes strategically clearer, there is new momentum to initiatives such as the Quad.
India-Italy-Japan trilateral partnership
- Recently, Italy has also begun to signal its intention to enter the Indo-Pacific geography.
- It has done so by seeking to join India and Japan in a trilateral partnership.
- Italy has become more vocal on the risks emanating from China’s strategic competitive initiatives.
- On the Indian side, there is great interest in forging new partnerships with like-minded countries interested in preserving peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.
- The responsibility of keeping the Indo-Pacific free and open, and working for the welfare of its inhabitants falls on like-minded countries within and beyond the region.
Potential of trilateral partnership
- Their compatible economic systems can contribute to the reorganisation of the global supply chains that is now being reviewed by many players as a natural result of the Chinese mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- At the security level, the well-defined India-Japan Indo-Pacific partnership can easily be complemented by Italy.
- At the multilateral level, the three countries share the same values and the same rules-based world view.
The way forward for trilateral cooperation
- The Italian government must formulate a clear Indo-Pacific strategy that must indicate its objectives.
- But Rome must go beyond that in defining and implementing, at the margins of the EU’s common initiatives, its own policy with respect to the Indo-Pacific.
- The India, Italy and Japan trilateral initiative can be a forum to foster and consolidate a strategic relationship between these three countries, and specifically expand India-Italy bilateral relations.
- A trilateral cooperation can be the right forum for India and Italy to learn more from each other’s practices and interests and consolidate a strategic dialogue that should include the economic, the security and the political dimensions.
- To consolidate the trilateral cooperation in this field, the three countries need to define a common economic and strategic agenda.
Conclusion
A clear political will is needed from all sides, and Italy, in particular, should recognise its interests in playing a larger role towards the maintenance of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Robust India-Italy strategic ties can be the first step towards the realisation of this goal.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 2- Arbitrations and issues with it in India
Context
Plagued by delays and rising costs, arbitration in India needs urgent attention. The pandemic has only worsened the situation.
Issues with arbitrations process in India
- Arbitrations in India suffers from rising costs and sluggish proceedings.
- Arbitration proceedings are often dragged on by lawyers on either side filing misconceived applications at various stages of the proceedings.
- Litigants, too, at times contribute to this delay with their stubbornness in not conceding a loss or defeat.
- The courts have narrowed down the scope of judicial interference under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act.
- The very limited recourse for setting aside an arbitral award under the Act invariably means that it will be upheld, even if it appears unfair or illogical.
- The aggrieved party may well be stuck with the award and precluded forever from challenging it.
- Arbitration hearings are generally held in camera, and decisions are usually not publicly accessible, giving rise to doubts about impartiality and fairness.
- Arbitration proceedings have become more complex with time.
- The Supreme Court, in Guru Nanak Foundation v. Rattan Singh and Sons, had expressed disappointment against the procedural delays and tardiness in the resolution of disputes through arbitration.
- Even the clauses providing for fees of the arbitrators and fixed timelines for disposal are often disregarded by the players
- The inevitable consequence of these drawbacks is a slow departure of the biggest litigant, the government, from the arbitration spectrum.
- A sector that is dominated by approvals, protocols and scrutiny, uncertainty about the budget outlay towards arbitrations and unexpected delays in disposal does not inspire confidence and detracts from the sanctity of the process.
Way forward
- Arbitrators have endeavoured to simplify the proceedings by limiting the pleadings, insisting on written arguments, reducing the number of sittings and laying down a schedule for various milestones.
- Some restraint is needed from all quarters to bring its wheels back on the tracks. These are:
- A small check on the arbitral fees and timelines.
- Careful drafting of arbitration clauses.
- Stringent procedural safeguards to curb delays.
- Expeditious disposal of the court proceedings and legislative intent towards all of the above.
Consider the question “What are the issues faced by the arbitration in India? Suggest the measures to deal with these issues.”
Conclusion
Arbitration still has the inherent potential and characteristics to outperform other modes of dispute resolution, but for that to happen, some changes are a must.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Farmer Producer Companies
Mains level: Paper 3- Cooperatives in India and challenges
Context
India now has a Ministry of Cooperation that aims to strengthen the country’s cooperative movement. This is an opportune moment to look at the movement’s history, examine the potential of cooperatives and analyse the challenges they face.
Development of Farmer Producer Companies in India
- India’s significant tryst with dairy cooperatives began in the 1950s with the success of what we know today as Amul.
- The nation took note of this initiative and the National Dairy Development Board was set up in 1965.
- However, the expansion wasn’t working the way it had been envisaged.
- The need for a new model was felt soon as cooperatives outside Anand were not holding regular and proper elections.
- Their accounts were not audited.
- As a result, a committee was set up in the Company Affairs Ministry to allow farmers to set up companies.
- The Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) would run on the principle of “one share one vote” and the essence of cooperatives would not be diluted.
- The Parliamentary Committee looked into the Bill to give legal backing to FPCs, with this, the Companies Act (Second Amendment), 2002 became law.
Funding the FPCs
- The existing funding vehicles were designed to cater to cooperatives, not FPCs
- Around 2010, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) had been commissioned to develop a plan for restructuring NABARD.
- As a result, the restructured NABARD had a special window for FPCs.
Community-based cooperatives
- The Cheliya community set up a chain of Hearty Mart “cooperative” supermarkets in villages in Gujrat using the franchise model.
- Just as the network of Charotar Patels that Kurien relied on in the case of Amul —Cheliya community have played a key role in the spread of the model.
- The idea of leveraging the community network was tried in some parts of the country in the context of re-imagining economic infrastructure.
- To deal with the electricity board failures, a distribution company was run on a community basis.
- This model has, in fact, worked in places like Kanpur, even Kerala.
Social cooperatives
- The concept of social cooperatives builds on the idea of communities creating infrastructure by using local material and family labour.
- These can be the village tank, paving the village road — with or without MGNREGA — finishing the last-mile construction of a canal network or even keeping watch on the contractor.
- The pandemic seems to have increased the significance of community effort.
- Reducing vaccine hesitancy, providing food to those waiting outside hospitals and, most importantly, looking after orphaned children are imperatives crying out for the cooperative model.
Way forward for new Ministry of Cooperatives
- Keeping in mind social needs while using resources is a large part of the solution to our current predicament.
- The pandemic will not follow the laws of corporate finance, cooperation has a lot to speak for itself, the new ministry should take this message.
- The new work-from-home model will create several problems as well as offer opportunities.
- The new ministry is a recognition of the needs of our times.
- But it should not be just about pumping in money.
Conclusion
This is the time to design models that help those who help themselves. We will wait expectantly to see how the new ministry works.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Population control measures
On World Population Day, Uttar Pradesh CM has released the state’s new population policy, which aims to reduce its growth rate to 2.1 per cent over the next 10 years.
Why UP needs such policy?
- Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, has a population of around 220 million.
- In Uttar Pradesh, there are limited ecological and economic resources at hand.
- It was necessary that the provision of basic necessities of human life, economic/livelihood opportunities and a secure living is accessible to all citizens.
Provisions of UP Population Policy
The provision of this legislation shall apply to a married couple where the boy is not less than 21 years of age and the girl is not less than 18.
[A] Contraception and Abortion
- The state population policy will focus on efforts to increase the accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under the Family Planning Programme.
- It would provide a proper system for safe abortion
- Focus area to include reducing the newborns and maternal mortality rate.
- Care of the elderly, and better management of education, health, and nutrition of adolescents between 11 to 19 years has also been ensured in the policy, according to the state government
[B] Two-child policy
Perks
- The state government will give promotions, increments, concessions in housing schemes and others perks to employees who adhere to population control norms, and have two or less children
- “Public servants who adopt the two-child norm will get two additional increments during the entire service, maternity or as the case may be.
Paternity leaves
- There shall be paternity leave of 12 months, with full salary and allowances and three percent increase in the employer’s contribution fund under the National Pension Scheme.
- Those who aren’t government employees and still adhere to two-child policy will get benefits in rebates in taxes on water, housing, home loans etc.
- It also states that maternity centres will be set up at all primary health centres.
Incentives for sterilization
- As per the draft, several incentives have been provided to people, including public servants, if they adopt the norm by undergoing voluntary sterilization.
- The incentives include a 3% increase in the employer’s contribution fund under national pension; two additional increments during the entire service; subsidy towards purchase of plot or house site or build house etc.
- A couple living below the poverty line who have only one child and undergoes voluntary sterilisation, shall be eligible for payment of a one-time ₹80,000 if the single child is a boy and ₹1 lakh if it is a girl.
Who will not benefit from the law?
- According to the bill, people having more than two children in UP will be debarred from benefits of all government-sponsored welfare schemes, cannot contest local polls.
- They shall be ineligible to apply for government jobs under the state or receiving any kind of subsidy, cannot get a promotion in a government job and his or her ration card would be limited to four members.
How will the state implement measures?
- The UP government plans to set up a state population fund to implement the measures.
- The draft bill also asks the state government to introduce population control as a compulsory subject in all secondary schools.
Back2Basics: Fertility Rate
- Fertility rate may be defined as the number of children that would be born of a woman during her reproductive years.
- For a country’s population to remain stable, it is the total fertility rate should be 2.1.
- Studies suggest that India’s national fertility rate is 2.2 at the moment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Malaria
Mains level: Non-communicable diseases burden on India
Recently, El Salvador and China were declared malaria-free by the WHO.
What is Malaria?
- Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called plasmodium vivax, p. filarium.
- The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
- People who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and shaking chills.
- While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is still common in tropical and subtropical countries.
How many countries have successfully eliminated malaria?
- Since 1900, 127 countries have registered malaria elimination. This is definitely not an easy task.
- It needs proper planning and a strategic action plan based on the local situations.
- All these countries followed the existing tools and strategies to achieve the malaria elimination goal.
- The main focus was on surveillance.
How did China eliminate malaria?
- China followed some specific strategies, namely strong surveillance following the ‘1-3-7’system: malaria diagnosis within 1 day, 3 days for case investigation and by day 7 for public health responses.
- Molecular Malaria Surveillance for drug resistance and genome-based approaches to distinguish between indigenous and imported cases was conducted.
- All borders to the neighboring countries were thoroughly screened to prevent the entry of unwanted malaria into the country.
What is the current scenario of malaria in India?
- As per the Global Malaria Report 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) India shared 2% of the total global malaria cases in 2019.
- India has a great history of malaria control.
- The highest incidence of malaria occurred in the 1950s, with an estimated 75 million cases with 0.8 million deaths per year.
- The launch of National Malaria Control Programme in 1953 and the National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958 made it possible to bring down malaria cases to 100,000 with no reported deaths by 1961.
- This is a great achievement been made so far.
Unexpected resurgence
- But from a nearing stage of elimination, malaria resurged to approximately 6.4 million cases in 1976.
- Since then, confirmed cases have decreased to 1.6 million cases, approximately 1100 deaths in 2009 to less than 0.4 million cases and below 80 deaths in 2019.
- India accounted for 88% of malaria cases and 86% of all malaria deaths in the WHO South-East Asia Region in 2019.
- It is the only country outside Africa among the world’s 11 `high burden to high impact’ countries.
Road ahead for India
Collaboration:
- India is a signatory to National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) 2016-2030 aiming for malaria elimination by 2030.
- This framework has been outlined with a vision to eliminate the disease from the country which would contribute to improved health with quality of life and poverty alleviation.
- China collaborated with Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA for Molecular Malaria Surveillance.
- In India, there are very dedicated expert scientists who can take up such assignments.
Diagnosis:
- India stands at a very crucial stage. The present challenge is the detection of asymptomatic cases in most endemic areas.
- Molecular Malaria Surveillance must be used to find out the drug-resistant variants and genetic-relatedness studies to find out the imported or indigenous cases.
- The surveillance must be strengthened and using smart digital surveillance devices would be an important step. Real-time and organic surveillance is needed even in remote areas.
Monitoring:
- The results of each malaria case can be registered in a central dashboard at the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, as it is done for COVID-19 cases by Indian Council of Medical Research.
- All intervention activities must strictly be monitored.
- Vector biology, site of an actual vector mosquito bite, host shifting behaviour, feeding time, feeding behaviour and insecticide resistance studies need to be carried out to support the elimination efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Speaker and Dy Speaker
Mains level: Parliament and State legislatures
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly has been without a Speaker for most of this year.
Election of Speakers
- The Constitution specifies offices like those of the President, Vice President, Chief Justice of India, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India, as well as Speakers and Deputy Speakers.
- Article 93 for Lok Sabha and Article 178 for state Assemblies state that these Houses “shall, as soon as may be”, choose two of its members to be Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
- In Lok Sabha and state legislatures, the President/Governor sets a date for the election of the Speaker.
- It is the Speaker who decides the date for the election of the Deputy Speaker.
- The legislators of the respective Houses vote to elect one among themselves to these offices.
- The Constitution provides that the office of the Speaker should never be empty.
- So, he/she continues in office until the beginning of the next House, except in the event of death or resignation.
Ruling party or Opposition?
- Usually, the Speaker comes from the ruling party.
- In the case of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, the position has varied over the years.
- Until the fourth Lok Sabha, the Congress held both the Speaker and Deputy Speakers positions.
- In the fifth Lok Sabha, whose term was extended due to the Emergency, an independent member, Shri G G Swell, was elected the Deputy Speaker.
- The tradition for the post of the Deputy Speaker going to the Opposition party started during the term of Prime Minister Morarji Desai’s government.
- The first time the Deputy Speaker’s position went to the opposition was during the term of Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao.
Their roles
- According to the book Practice and Procedure of Parliament, published by the Lok Sabha Secretariat, the Speaker is “the principal spokesman of the House, he represents its collective voice and is its sole representative to the outside world”.
- The Speaker presides over the House proceedings and joint sittings of the two Houses of Parliament.
- It is the Speaker’s decision that determines whether a Bill is a Money Bill and therefore outside of the purview of the other House.
- The Deputy Speaker is independent of the Speaker, not subordinate to him, as both are elected from among the members of the House.
Why need Dy Speaker?
- The Deputy Speaker ensures the continuity of the Speakers office by acting as the Speaker when the office becomes vacant.
- In addition, when a resolution for removal of the Speaker is up for discussion, the Constitution specifies that the Deputy Speaker presides over the proceedings of the House.
Issue over time limit for election
- The Constitution neither sets a time limit nor specifies the process for these elections.
- It leaves it to the legislatures to decide how to hold these elections.
- Haryana and Uttar Pradesh specify a time frame for holding the election to the Speaker and Deputy Speaker’s offices.
- In Haryana, the election of the Speaker has to take place as soon as possible after the election.
- Uttar Pradesh has a 15-day limit for an election to the Speaker’s post if it falls vacant during the term of the Assembly.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.Consider the following statements:
- The Speakers of the Legislative Assembly shall vacate his/her office if he/she ceases to be a member of the Assembly
- Whenever the legislative assembly is dissolved, the speaker shall vacate his/her office immediately.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2013)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Sea mapping
Mains level: India-Georgia ties
After a long-standing request of Georgia, External Affairs Minister handed over the holy relics of 17th century Georgian Queen St. Ketevan nearly 16 years after they were found in Goa.
Who was St. Ketevan?
- Queen Ketevan was a 17th century Georgian Queen.
- From Kakheti, a kingdom in eastern Georgia, she was tortured and killed in 1624 in Shiraz during the rule of the Safavid dynasty.
- Portuguese missionaries were said to have carried the relics to Goa in 1627.
- In 2005, after years of research and study of medieval Portuguese records, the relics were found at the St. Augustine Church in Old Goa.
Importance of Georgia for India
- Georgia a strategically important country situated at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
- Relations between Georgia and India date back to ancient times.
- The Panchatantra influenced Georgian folk legends. During the medieval period, Georgian missionaries, travelers, and traders visited India.
- Some Georgians served in the courts of Mughal emperors, and a few rose to the rank of governor.
- India was among the first countries to officially recognize Georgia, doing so on 26 December 1991.
- India is a net exporter to Georgia.
- The main commodities exported by India to Georgia are cereals, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances, pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery and equipment, aluminium and aluminium articles.
Answer this PYQ in the comment box:
Q.Consider the following pairs:
| Sea |
Bordering Country |
| 1. |
Adriatic Sea |
Albania |
| 2. |
Black Sea |
Croatia |
| 3. |
Caspian Sea |
Kazakhstan |
| 4. |
Mediterranean Sea |
Morocco |
| 5. |
Red Sea |
Syria |
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (CSP 2019)
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mekedatu Project
Mains level: Inter-state river disputes
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are again at the crossroads against the Mekedatu dam project in the Cauvery River Basin.
What is the Mekedatu Project?
- Mekedatu, meaning goat’s leap, is a deep gorge situated at the confluence of the rivers Cauvery and Arkavathi, about 100 km from Bengaluru, at the Kanakapura taluk in Karnataka’s Ramanagara district.
- In 2013, then Karnataka announced the construction of a multi-purpose balancing reservoir project.
- The project aimed to alleviate the drinking water problems of the Bengaluru and Ramanagara districts.
- It was also expected to generate hydroelectricity to meet the power needs of the state.
Issues with the project
- Soon after the project was announced TN has objected over granting of permission or environmental clearance.
- Explaining the potential for damage to the lower riparian state of TN, it said that the project was in violation of the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal.
- It stated that the project will affect the natural flow of the river Cauvery considerably and will severely affect the irrigation in TN.
What do the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal and the Supreme Court say?
- The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, in its final order on February 2007, made allocations to all the riparian States — Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, apart from the Union Territory of Puducherry.
- It also stipulated “tentative monthly deliveries during a normal year” to be made available by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.
- Aggrieved over the final order for different reasons, the States had appealed to the Supreme Court.
- In February 2018, the court, in its judgment, revised the water allocation and increased the share of Karnataka by 14.75 thousand million cubic feet (tmc ft) at the cost of Tamil Nadu.
- The enhanced quantum comprised 4.75 tmc ft for meeting drinking water and domestic requirements of Bengaluru and surrounding areas.
What is Karnataka planning?
- Encouraged by the Supreme Court verdict, Karnataka, which sees the order as an endorsement of its stand, has set out to pursue the Mekedatu project.
- Originally proposed as a hydropower project, the revised Mekedatu dam project has more than one purpose to serve.
- A hydropower plant of nearly 400 MW has also been proposed.
- The Karnataka government has argued that the proposed reservoir will regulate the flow to Tamil Nadu on a monthly basis, as stipulated by the Tribunal and the Supreme Court.
- This is why Karnataka has contended that the project will not affect the interests of Tamil Nadu farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Next-generation DNA sequencing
Mains level: Not Much
The 2020 Millennium Technology Prize has been awarded to Shankar Balasubramanian and David Klenerman, for their development of revolutionary Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques.
About Millennium Technology Prize
- The Millennium Technology Prize is one of the world’s largest technology prizes.
- It is awarded once every two years by Technology Academy Finland, an independent fund established by Finnish industry and the Finnish state in partnership.
What is next-generation DNA sequencing?
- Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a massively parallel sequencing technology that offers ultra-high throughput, scalability, and speed.
- The technology is used to determine the order of nucleotides in entire genomes or targeted regions of DNA or RNA.
- These technologies allow for sequencing of DNA and RNA much more quickly and cheaply than the previously used sequencing.
- NGS has revolutionized the biological sciences, allowing labs to perform a wide variety of applications and study biological systems at a level never before possible.
- More than a million base pairs can be sequenced, which translates to hundreds of genes or even the whole genome of an organism.
- This is made possible by simultaneously sequencing hundreds of pieces of DNA at the same time.
What is sequencing, btw?
- DNA (or RNA, in some viruses), the genetic material of life forms, is made of four bases (A, T, G and C; with U replacing T in the case of RNA).
- A chromosome is the duplex of a long linear chain of these – and in the DNA sequence is information – the blueprint of life.
- Life famously can replicate, and DNA replicates when an enzyme, DNA polymerase, synthesises a complementary strand using an existing DNA strand as the template.
- The breakthrough idea of Balasubramanian and Klenerman was to sequence DNA (or RNA) using this process of strand synthesis.
- They cleverly modified their ATGC bases so that each shone with a different colour.
- When copied, the “coloured” copy of DNA could be deciphered from the colours alone, using miniature optical and electronic devices.
What about the cost of all this sequencing?
- When the Human Genome Project delivered the first, near-complete sequence of our genome, the cost was estimated to have been 3 billion dollars.
- As all our chromosomes together have 3 billion base pairs, it becomes an easy calculation – One dollar per sequenced base.
- By the year 2020, NGS technologies has pushed the price for sequencing to a few thousands of rupees.
Back2Basics:
What is the Human Genome Project?
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