Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Empathy in higher education and role of IITS in reducing social inequality in local communities
Central Idea
- The recent spate of suicides among IIT students and the subsequent media attention, which has brought to the fore the social behavior and anxieties within the IIT student community. It emphasizes that studying at the IITs can be highly stressful, especially for students from socially marginalized backgrounds.
For instance: JEE Exam and Social Inequality
- There are disparities among students from different social strata in the JEE Advanced entrance exam, with lower cut-offs for SC/ST students compared to general category students.
- This disparity in scores can be attributed to cultural and material inequalities faced by SC students, such as lack of basic amenities like water, sanitation, and transportation.
What is mean by material inequality?
- Unequal distribution of resources and basic amenities: Material inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources and basic amenities such as food, water, shelter, healthcare, education, and access to opportunities, among individuals or groups in a society.
- Factors responsible: It is a result of various factors such as income, social class, gender, race, ethnicity, and geographical location.
- Negative effects: Material inequality can have negative effects on the well-being and opportunities of individuals and communities, leading to disparities in access to resources and basic needs.
How IITs can engage with local communities?
- Conduct Field and Community Studies: Students from all disciplines can conduct field and community studies to understand the causes of material inequality in the surrounding areas. This will provide them with insights into the problems that exist and help them design effective solutions.
- Interdisciplinary Field Work: IITs can adopt an interdisciplinary fieldwork pedagogy where professors from different disciplines work together to design solutions for societal challenges. This will help students to develop mutual respect, empathy, and a collective understanding of how the state and the market work.
- Local Problem Areas: IITs can identify and work on concrete problems of all sizes and difficulty levels, such as cooking energy, public transport, small enterprises, and pollution, in the surrounding districts. Faculty members can work with district administrations to address these and involve both IIT and local college students.
- Collaboration and Teamwork: Engaging with local communities will reduce competitive stress and increase collaboration and teamwork within the student body. Students will appreciate the diversity of backgrounds and understand the adversities many among them have had to face.
- Democratic Science: Students should demand training in a science of empathy and diversity that probes and explores all nooks and crannies of knowledge and society. Only when Indian science turns more democratic will the university become more empathetic and the society more equal and prosperous.
Value addition box
IIT Bombay as an example:
- IIT Bombay can use the communities in surrounding districts as problem areas for research and academics. From cooking energy to public transport, there are concrete problems of all sizes for students and faculty members to grapple with.
- Faculty members can work with district administrations to involve both IIT and local college students, thereby creating an ecosystem of higher education that satisfies its institutional and cultural roles.
|
What is empathy?
- Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves being able to put oneself in another person’s shoes and perceive things from their perspective.
- Empathy allows individuals to connect with others emotionally, recognize their needs and respond with sensitivity and compassion.
- It is an important aspect of emotional intelligence and plays a crucial role in building strong relationships, effective communication, and social cohesion.
What do you understand by mean science of empathy?
- Science of empathy refers to the study and application of empathy as a scientific concept, including understanding its mechanisms, impact, and potential applications in various fields such as healthcare, education, and social justice.
- It involves using scientific methods to study empathy, including neuroscience, psychology, and social science research.
- The goal is to deepen our understanding of empathy and how it can be applied to improve social and emotional outcomes for individuals and communities.
Why Empathy is important in IITs?
- Addressing social inequalities: IITs are known for their rigorous academic curriculum and high-achieving students, but they also have a responsibility to address social inequalities that exist in society. Empathy can help students and faculty understand the challenges faced by underprivileged communities and develop solutions that address these challenges.
- Fostering collaboration: Empathy can help IIT students and faculty work together more effectively by understanding each other’s perspectives and experiences. This can lead to better collaboration and teamwork, which is essential for tackling complex problems.
- Developing socially responsible professionals: IITs aim to produce professionals who can make a positive impact on society. Empathy is an important quality for professionals who want to understand the needs and concerns of their clients or users, and develop solutions that meet those needs.
- Enhancing research: Empathy can also enhance research by promoting interdisciplinary collaborations that consider a wide range of perspectives and experiences. This can lead to more innovative and effective solutions to complex problems.
- Social Responsibility: Higher education institutions have a social responsibility to produce graduates who understand the societal impacts of their work and who are capable of creating solutions that benefit all members of society. Empathy helps students to understand the perspectives of those who may be affected by their work and to create solutions that are more inclusive and equitable.
- Collaborative Work: In higher education, collaborative work is increasingly common across disciplines, cultures, and even national borders. Empathy enables students to understand the needs and motivations of their collaborators and to work effectively as part of a team.
- Diversity and Inclusion: Diversity and inclusion are key principles of higher education, and empathy plays a crucial role in achieving these goals. Empathy helps students to understand and appreciate the experiences and perspectives of others who come from different backgrounds, leading to a more inclusive and welcoming learning environment.
- Ethical Considerations: Science and technology can have ethical implications, and empathy is necessary to understand the impact of scientific and technological advancements on different groups of people. Empathy can help students to identify potential ethical dilemmas and to create solutions that align with ethical principles.
Conclusion
- The issues of social inequality and stress among students in the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) suggests the need for an empathetic and inclusive approach towards higher education. Interdisciplinary fieldwork and community engagement can create a diverse and inclusive ecosystem of higher education, preparing students to become better professionals and citizens.
Mains Question
Q. Empathy along with science is an essential ingredient in higher education in India. In light of this statement discuss how IITs can play a critical role in promoting empathy and reducing social inequalities in India.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Europe- France-US and China Complex relations
Central idea
- French President Emmanuel Macron’s recent declaration that France is an ally but not a vassal of the United States and his comments that Paris does not share Washington’s hostility towards China have generated significant reactions in the US and Europe. Beijing’s official media has praised Macron’s strategic autonomy approach towards China, and Russia hopes that France and other European countries will be less politically tied to the US.
Macron’s comments on China and Taiwan and reactions
- Outrage in the US and Europe: Macron’s comments that France does not share the US’s hostility towards China and does not see the Taiwan crisis as a threat to Europe have generated outrage in the US and Europe.
- China praised: Beijing sees Macron’s model of strategic autonomy as a positive example for other nations to follow regarding China.
- India criticized: India has criticized the remarks, noting that the principle and power are at stake in both Ukraine and Taiwan.
What is mean by Vassalisation?
- The term vassalisation refers to a state or country that is in a subordinate or dependent relationship with another, usually more powerful, state or country.
- It suggests a lack of independence and autonomy in decision-making and an obligation to follow the policies and interests of the more powerful state.
Important trends highlighted by the debate on the vassalisation of Europe and Russia
- Different perspectives on Taiwan and Ukraine
- Macron’s claim on Taiwan not being a concern to Europe reinforces India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar’s criticism of Europe’s mindset that their problems are the world’s problems.
- The Ukraine conflict has debilitating consequences for the world, and a shooting war between the US and China over Taiwan could be more devastating and costly to the international system.
- Macron’s contradictory approach to the Indo-Pacific is disappointing, and his wavering resolve on China may lead Asian countries to think less of French resolve.
- Macron does not represent all of Europe
- President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has a different take on China than Macron.
- Central Europeans trust the US more than France or Germany to defend their security interests.
- Europe is deeply divided on how to address contemporary security challenges, undermining Macron’s ambition to turn Europe into the world’s third superpower.
- The only common belief in Europe today is the political faith in Beijing’s capacity to end Russia’s war in Ukraine.
- A weaker and divided Europe enhances the prospects for a bipolar world
- Multipolarity has been an important objective of India’s foreign policy for over three decades.
- The talk of multipolarity could become academic as the US and China pull way ahead of other powers, get deeper into confrontation, and shape the choices of the rest of the world.
- The belief that Europe and Russia can act as elements of a multipolar world is becoming increasingly untenable.
- India’s possibilities in Europe and Russia
- Delhi should not turn its back on Europe despite its current predicament with China.
- Macron’s China push underlines India’s own possibilities in Europe.
- Western Europe that follows the money in China could do the same in India, providing much strategic benefit to India in its partnerships with Brussels and individual European actors.
- India is stepping up its engagement with Russia on the calculation that Moscow’s current dependence on Beijing is temporary.
- India needs to work more closely with the US and its Asian allies
- The inability or unwillingness of both Russia and Western Europe to balance China means India needs to work much more closely with the US and its Asian allies to secure a more favourable balance of power in its Indo-Pacific neighbourhood.
- India’s strategic value will only go up for the US amidst the European reluctance to stand up to China’s hegemonic ambitions.
- Few countries in Asia face more urgent and daunting challenges from China than India, and few Asian capitals have more political will to stand up to Beijing than Delhi.
- The reduced standing of Europe and Russia in great power relations is accompanied by Asia’s rise, with emerging strategic opportunities for Japan, India, and South Korea.
- Europe-China relations have been complex and multi-faceted over the years: On the one hand, China is Europe’s second-largest trading partner, and there is a lot of economic interdependence between the two. On the other hand, there are concerns about human rights violations, lack of market access for European companies in China, and China’s increasing assertiveness in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Some important developments include
- The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI): Negotiated in December 2020, the CAI is a landmark investment deal between the EU and China aimed at improving market access for European companies in China and increasing investment flows between the two regions. However, the agreement has been met with criticism from some EU member states and civil society groups, who argue that it does not do enough to address human rights abuses in China.
- Increasing concern over Chinese human rights abuses: Europe has been increasingly critical of China’s human rights record, particularly in the wake of the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong and the treatment of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang. The EU has imposed sanctions on Chinese officials involved in human rights abuses, and there is growing support for a boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
- Growing competition in the Indo-Pacific region: Europe is becoming more engaged in the Indo-Pacific region, which is seen as a key area of strategic competition between China and the US. Some EU member states, such as France and Germany, have developed their own Indo-Pacific strategies and are seeking to deepen security partnerships with countries in the region.
- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China’s massive infrastructure project, the BRI, has raised concerns in Europe about China’s growing influence in the region. Some EU member states, such as Italy and Greece, have signed on to the initiative, while others have been more cautious.
Facts for prelims
|
Category
|
Information
|
| Location |
East Asia |
| Capital |
Taipei |
| Population |
23.58 million (2021) |
| Official language |
Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Hakka, and indigenous languages |
| Currency |
New Taiwan dollar |
| Form of government |
Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic |
| Topography |
Mountainous with fertile plains in the west |
| Climate |
Subtropical |
Conclusion
- Macron’s comments on China have sparked debates about Europe and Russia’s relationship with China and the US. A weaker and divided Europe enhances the prospects for a bipolar world dominated by the US and China, which makes it important for India needs greater engagement with European geopolitics and to work closely with the US and its Asian allies to secure a more favorable balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region.
Mains Question
Q. What do you understand by mean vassalisation in terms of international politics? Discuss the latest trends that have emerged from the debate on the vassalisation of Europe derived from French president Macron’s recent comments on China.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stablecoins
Mains level: Read the attached story
The US Congress (Parliament) has made another attempt to create a legislative framework for the increasingly popular stablecoins, a sort of cryptocurrency that is pegged to a particular commodity or currency.
What are Stablecoins?
- Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to maintain a stable value, typically by being pegged to a stable asset such as the US dollar.
- Investing in stablecoins can help mitigate market volatility because they are less susceptible to price fluctuations than other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum or any other.
Types of stablecoins
| Fiat-backed stablecoins |
Backed by reserves of fiat currency held in a bank account or other secure location. Example: Tether (USDT) |
| Commodity-backed stablecoins |
Backed by reserves of a physical commodity, such as gold or silver. Example: PAX Gold (PAXG) |
| Algorithmic stablecoins |
Use algorithms or smart contracts to maintain a stable value. Example: Dai stablecoin (DAI) |
How can Stablecoin mitigate market volatility?
|
Explanation |
| Hedging against volatility |
- Help investors hedge against volatility and reduce their risk exposure.
- Pegged to a stable asset, which can provide a haven during market turbulence.
- If the value of Bitcoin or Ethereum drops suddenly, investors can move their funds into stablecoins to protect their portfolio from further losses.
|
| Greater flexibility in transferring funds |
- Greater flexibility and convenience compared to traditional fiat currencies.
- Quickly and easily transferred between wallets and exchanges, making them ideal for cross-border transactions.
- Investors take advantage of investment opportunities in other markets and avoid currency exchange fees and delays.
|
| Arbitrage trading |
- Used for arbitrage trading, which involves buying an asset in one market and selling it in another market for a higher price.
- As stablecoins are pegged to a stable asset, investors can quickly move funds between exchanges without worrying about price fluctuations, making arbitrage trading easier and potentially more profitable.
|
What are the risks?
|
Explanation |
| Stability of the asset |
- Stablecoins are reliant on the stability of the asset they are pegged to.
- If the value of that asset drops, it can lead to a drop in the stablecoin’s value as well.
- This could result in losses for investors who hold the stablecoin.
|
| Transparency and regulation |
- There are concerns over the transparency and regulation of stablecoin issuers.
- This could result in a loss of trust in the stablecoin and a subsequent drop in its value.
- There is no proper regulation and oversight.
- There is a risk that stablecoin issuers may engage in fraudulent or unethical behaviour, which could lead to losses for investors.
- It is important for investors to carefully assess the reputation and credibility of the stablecoin issuer before investing in a stablecoin.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get Prelims prep Toolkit!
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EMIC Waves
Mains level: Indian Antarctic Program
Central idea
- Scientists working at the Indian Antarctic Station, Maitri, have identified and probed Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves to study their characteristics.
- The study aims to understand the impact of energetic particles in the radiation belts on low orbiting satellites.
About Indian Antarctic Station, Maitri
|
Description |
| Name |
Maitri Antarctic Station (Friendship Research Centre) |
| Establishment |
1984 |
| Location |
Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica |
| Distance from other stations |
5 km away from Novolazarevskaya Station |
| Purpose |
Conducting scientific research as part of the Indian Antarctic Programme |
| Features |
Second permanent research station of India in Antarctica |
| Named by |
Then-PM Indira Gandhi |
| First camp commander |
Squadron Leader D.P. Joshi |
| First huts |
Completed in 1989 by the IV Antarctica Expedition |
What are EMIC Waves?
- Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a type of plasma wave that occurs in the Earth’s magnetosphere.
- They are caused by the interaction of energetic particles in the radiation belts with the Earth’s magnetic field.
- These waves have frequencies in the range of a few hundred hertz to a few kilohertz and are known to play an important role in the acceleration and loss of energetic particles in the Earth’s magnetosphere.
- The study of EMIC waves is important for understanding the effects of space weather on satellite communication and navigation systems.
Identification and study of EMIC waves
- A team of scientists from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) analysed data collected between 2011 and 2017 by the Induction Coil Magnetometer.
- The device was installed at the Indian Antarctic station Maitri to bring out several aspects of the ground observation of the EMIC waves.
Significance of the study
- This study is important to improve our understanding of EMIC wave modulation and how they interact with energetic particles that impact satellites and their communication.
- It could help understand the impact of energetic particles in the radiation belts on low orbiting satellites and lead to improved satellite communication systems.
Back2Basics: Indian Antarctic Programme
- It is a scientific program run by the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
- It was launched in 1981 and since then India has been operating research stations in Antarctica.
- It gained global acceptance with India’s signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983, superseded by the Maitri base from 1989.
- The program conducts research in areas such as geology, oceanography, atmospheric sciences, and earth sciences.
- India currently operates two permanent research stations in Antarctica – Maitri and Bharati.
- The program also has plans to set up a third research station called ‘Siddhanta’ in the coming years.
- Apart from conducting research, the program also engages in logistics support, environmental monitoring, and outreach activities.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get Prelims prep Toolkit!
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TeLEOS-2 Satellite, PSLV
Mains level: NA
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch Singapore’s TeLEOS-2 satellite this week, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
What is TeLEOS-2?
- TeLEOS-2 is a Singaporean Earth Observation satellite built by ST Electronics (Satellite Systems).
- It carries a made-in-Singapore Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capable of providing 1 m resolution data.
- It will be equipped with a 500 GB onboard recorder for recording the data captured and a high speed 800 Mbps downlink.
- In 2015, ISRO launched TeLEOS-1, the first Singapore commercial Earth Observation Satellite, which was launched into a low Earth orbit for remote sensing applications.
- ISRO has so far launched nine satellites belonging to Singapore.
About the launch vehicle: PSLV-CA
- The PSLV-CA was manufactured by ISRO with the first launch on 2007-04-23.
- CA means “Core Alone”, model premiered on 23 April 2007.
- PSLV-CA has 15 successful launches and 0 failed launches with a total of 15 launches.
- The CA model does not include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant.
- The fourth stage of the CA variant has 400 kg less propellant when compared to its standard version.
- It currently has the capability to launch 1,100 kg to a 622 km Sun-synchronous orbit.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get Prelims prep Toolkit!
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Civil Unions
Mains level: Same sex marriages
Central idea
- The Indian judiciary is currently hearing arguments about the legal recognition of same-sex unions under the Special Marriage Act.
- The Centre has contested the maintainability of the petitions, and the judiciary’s right to confer legal recognition on the “socio-legal institution” of marriage.
- However, the CJI has clarified that the scope of the hearing would be limited to developing a notion of a Civil Union that finds legal recognition under the Act.
- This article explains what civil unions are, how they differ from marriage, and which countries allow them.
What is a Civil Union?
- A civil union is a legal status that allows same-sex couples specific rights and responsibilities normally conferred upon married couples.
- Civil unions resemble marriages and bring with them employment, inheritance, property, and parental rights, among other things.
How is a civil union different from marriage?
- In the US, prior to the Supreme Court’s landmark ruling in “Obergefell v. Hodges” in 2015, a majority of the states had civil union laws that allowed same-sex couples to marry without providing them formal recognition of the same.
- Civil unions were recognised solely by issuing states and not by federal law, which meant that such couples could not enjoy the benefits of being in a civil union uniformly across all states.
- After the legalisation of same-sex marriages, several civil unions were converted into marriages.
What other countries allow civil unions?
- Several countries allow civil unions.
- Before Sweden legalised same-sex marriages in 2009, LGBTQ couples there could apply for civil unions and enjoy benefits such as the right to adopt.
- In Norway, couples could enter into civil unions from 1993, which gave way to a new law 15 years later allowing such couples to marry, adopt, and undergo state-sponsored artificial insemination.
- In Austria, same-sex couples could form civil partnerships between 2010-2017 until a court ruling deemed civil unions discriminatory, and such marriages were legalised.
- Similarly, countries like Brazil, Uruguay, Andorra, and Chile recognised the right of same-sex couples to enter into civil unions even before they formally recognised their legal right to marriage.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get Prelims prep Toolkit!
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JC Bose and his contributions
Mains level: NA
Central idea
- A recent discovery by researchers from Tel Aviv University in Israel, that plants make distinct sounds in the ultrasonic range when faced with stress, made headlines around the world.
- However, Indians who had grown up hearing about Jagadish Chandra Bose’s work, more than a century ago, on plant physiology and their ability to feel pleasure and pain, were not surprised.
|
Details |
| Who was JC Bose? |
– Born in 1858 in Mymensingh, Bengal.
– A polymath who made significant contributions to physics, biophysics, and plant physiology
– Graduated from Calcutta University with honors in physics and studied in London and Cambridge. |
| Notable works |
– Developed sensitive instruments for wireless telegraphy and demonstrated the first-ever wireless transmission of microwaves in 1895.
– Showed that plants produce electrical signals in response to stimuli and made significant contributions to biophysics. |
| Recognition & Controversy |
– Despite his contributions, he was not awarded a Nobel Prize, which many believe he deserved.
– Refused to obtain patents for his work and rejected the idea of making money from science.
– Claimed that even inanimate inorganic matter could respond to stimulus and regarded plants as intermediates in a continuum between animals and non-living materials, which was not easily accepted by his contemporaries. |
| Legacy and Significance |
– Founded the Bose Institute, a premier research institute in India.
– The crater Bose on the Moon is named after him.
– Regarded as one of India’s greatest scientists, and his legacy continues to inspire future generations of scientists. |
| Significance |
– Bose’s work on plant physiology and biophysics was ahead of his time and not fully understood by his contemporaries.
– However, over the years, much of his work has been confirmed. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get Prelims prep Toolkit!
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central idea
- The Consumer Confidence Survey was conducted in the first half of March 2023 across 19 cities.
- This article analyses the survey results, released this month, and breaks down the findings under different sections.
What is Consumer Confidence Survey?
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducts a Consumer Confidence Survey to measure consumers’ perceptions of the prevailing economic situation.
- The survey is conducted across various cities and measures consumer confidence on parameters such as the economy, employment, price, income, and spending.
- The survey consists of questions regarding consumers’ sentiments over various factors in the current situation and future.
Here are a few parameters that help aggregate overall confidence:
- Spending: The consumer is asked about the willingness to spend on major consumer durables, purchasing vehicles, or real estate. This measures the overall spending scenario on necessities as well as luxuries for the next quarter.
- Employment: The consumer is asked about current and future ideas on employment situations, joblessness, job security, which reflects the sentiments of the current or expected employment in the country.
- Inflation: The consumer is asked about interest rates and levels of prices of all goods, tracking the price expected by consumers and their spending on basic necessities.
About the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)
- CCI is a survey that is conducted every two months to measure how optimistic or pessimistic the consumers are regarding their financial situation.
- The index measures the change in consumer perception on the financial situation in the last year and the future expectations index measures what the consumer thinks about his financial situation in the coming one year.
- The main variables of the survey are: Economic situation, Employment, Price Level, Income and Spending.
Current perceptions of the survey
- The survey estimates current perceptions and a year-ahead expectations on the economy, employment, price, income, and spending.
- The results show that consumer confidence continues to recover from its historic low of mid-2021, but still remains pessimistic at 87.0, a 2.2 point increase from previous results.
- The assessment of inflation conditions improved for the current period reflecting a higher confidence in prevailing economic conditions.
- With regards to spending, sentiments were positive with signs of improvement compared to the last round conducted in January 2023.
What does this imply?
- The survey shows that while consumer confidence is slowly recovering, it still remains pessimistic.
- The survey results indicate positive sentiments on employment and spending, but a marginal dip in the country’s future economic situation.
- Credit growth numbers indicate a rise in consumer spending.
- The upcoming state and general elections could have an impact on the economy, and it remains to be seen how it will play out.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get Prelims prep Toolkit!
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
