Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kesavananda Bharati Case
Mains level: Read the attached story
Fifty years ago, on April 24, 1973, the Supreme Court delivered its judgment in Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Ors vs. State of Kerala and Anr, the landmark case that redefined the relationship between Parliament and the Constitution.
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
- The Kesavananda Bharati judgement, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court that outlined the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution.
- The case is also known as the Fundamental Rights Case.
- The SC in a 7-6 decision asserted its right to strike down amendments to the constitution that were in violation of the fundamental architecture of the constitution.
- The Court asserted through the Basic Structure doctrine that the constitution possesses a basic structure of constitutional principles and values.
- Key outcomes were:
- Basic Structure Doctrine: It is a principle that limits Parliament’s power to amend the Indian Constitution. It holds that certain fundamental features of the Constitution, such as the principle of separation of powers, cannot be amended by Parliament.
- Judicial Review: The Court partially cemented the prior precedent Golaknath v. State of Punjab, which held that constitutional amendments through Article 368 were subject to fundamental rights review, but only if they could affect the ‘basic structure of the Constitution’.
- Exceptions to Judicial Review: At the same time, the Court also upheld the constitutionality of the first provision of Article 31-C, which implied that amendments seeking to implement the Directive Principles, which do not affect the ‘Basic Structure,’ shall not be subjected to judicial review.
Criticism of the doctrine
- Dilution of powers: The basic structure doctrine has been criticized for diluting the principle of separation of powers and undermining the sovereignty of Parliament.
- Ambiguous nature: It has also been criticized as a vague and subjective form of judicial review.
Landmark cases of the doctrine
- Indira Gandhi v Raj Narain (1975): The Supreme Court applied the principle laid down in the Kesavananda ruling for the first time in this case. It struck down The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975, which barred the Supreme Court from hearing a challenge to the election of President, Prime Minister, Vice-President, and Speaker of Lok Sabha.
- Minerva Mills Ltd vs. Union of India (1980): The Supreme Court struck down a clause inserted in Article 368, which said “there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution.”
- P Sambamurthy v State of Andhra Pradesh (1986): The Supreme Court struck down a portion of the 32nd Amendment (1973), which constituted an Administrative Tribunal for Andhra Pradesh for service matters, taking away the P jurisdiction of the High Court.
- L Chandra Kumar v Union of India (1997): The Supreme Court struck down a portion of the 42nd Amendment, which set up administrative tribunals excluding judicial review by High Courts.
Significance of the Judgment and the doctrine
- Strengthen judicial review: The doctrine forms the basis of the power of the Indian judiciary to review and override amendments to the Constitution of India enacted by the Parliament.
- Clarification about Article 368: Article 368 postulates only a ‘procedure’ for amendment of the Constitution. The same could not be treated as a ‘power’ vested in the Parliament to amend the Constitution to alter the ‘core’ of the Constitution, which has also been described as the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.
- Not antithetical to legislative authority: Justice Shastri said Judicial Review was undertaken by the courts “not out of any desire to tilt at legislative authority in a crusader’s spirit, but in the discharge of a duty laid down upon them by the Constitution”.
- A system of checks and balances: The Kesavananda Bharati verdict (1973) made it clear that judicial review is not a means to usurp parliamentary sovereignty. It is a “system of checks and balances” to ensure constitutional functionaries do not exceed their limits.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Juvenile Justice Act, 2015
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central idea: In this article, we will discuss the process of trying juveniles in the age group of 16-18 as adults in court and the responsibilities of the Juvenile Justice Board.
About Juvenile Justice Act, 2015
|
Description |
| Purpose |
To provide for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need of care and protection, and for the adjudication of delinquent juveniles accused of committing an offence. |
| Age group covered |
Act covers children up to the age of 18 years. |
| Categories of offences |
Offences committed by children are categorised into petty offences, serious offences, and heinous offences. |
| Trial of children as adults |
For the first time, the Act provided for trying juveniles in the age group of 16-18 as adults in cases of heinous offences. |
| Role of Juvenile Justice Board |
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is responsible for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need of care and protection, and for the adjudication of delinquent juveniles accused of committing an offence. |
| Role of Child Welfare Committee |
Child Welfare Committee (CWC) is responsible for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need of care and protection. |
| Prohibition of disclosing identity |
Act prohibits the disclosure of the identity of a child in conflict with the law and mandates that the child be dealt with in a child-friendly manner. |
| Monitoring and review |
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) is responsible for monitoring the proper implementation of the provisions of the Act, and conducting reviews and evaluations. |
Issues with Juvenile’s trial
There are several issues with the trial of juveniles as adults. Here are some of them:
- Latent consequences: Juveniles are generally not mature enough to understand the consequences of their actions fully. Trying them as adults can lead to disproportionate sentences and undue punishment.
- Losing scope for rehabilitation: Young offenders have a higher potential for rehabilitation and reform than adult offenders. Trying them as adults can limit their chances of being reformed and reintegrated into society.
- Issue in legal representation: Juveniles may not have access to legal representation or may not understand their rights. Trying them as adults can result in unfair trials and convictions.
- Impact on mental health: Being tried as an adult can have a severe impact on a juvenile’s mental health and well-being. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and trauma.
- Stigma and discrimination: Juveniles who are tried as adults may face stigma and discrimination throughout their lives, affecting their ability to secure jobs, education, and housing.
NCPCR lays guidelines for juvenile’s trial
- The National Commission for Protection of Children (NCPCR) has issued guidelines for conducting a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB).
- This has been done under Section 15 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, to ascertain whether a juvenile can be tried as an adult.
- For the first time, the Act has provided for trying juveniles as adults in cases of heinous offences.
Stipulated categories of offences
- The Juvenile Justice Act categorizes offences committed by children into three categories –
- Petty offences
- Serious offences
- Heinous offences
- Section 15 of the Juvenile Justice Act states that a preliminary assessment should be conducted by the Board in cases where a child above the age of 16 is alleged to have committed a heinous offence.
- The assessment should focus on the child’s mental and physical capacity to commit the offence.
- It should also consider the child’s ability to understand the consequences of the offence and the circumstances in which it was committed.
Responsibilities of the Juvenile Justice Board
- Assessment of the offender child: The Act directs that the Board shall consider the mental and physical capacity of the child for committing the alleged offence, the ability to understand the consequences of the offence, and the circumstances in which the offence was committed.
- Psychological ‘trial’: It states that the Board can take the assistance of experienced psychologists or psychosocial workers or other experts. The Act also gives a disclaimer that the assessment is not a trial, but is only to assess the capacity of the child to commit and understand the consequences of the alleged offence.
- Arriving at conclusion: After the assessment, the Board can pass an order saying there is a need to try the said child as an adult and transfer the case to a children’s court with the relevant jurisdiction.
- Penalty: If tried as a minor, the child could be sent to a special home for a maximum of three years. If tried as an adult, the child can be sentenced to a jail term, except being sentenced to death or life imprisonment without the possibility of release.
What is the preliminary assessment process?
- The Social Investigation Report (SIR) is prepared by a probation officer, child welfare officer, or any social worker, and the Social Background Report (SBR) is prepared after interacting with the child or child’s family.
- During the preliminary assessment, the Board and experts analyze and consider these reports.
- If the Board decides that a child should be tried as an adult after the preliminary assessment, the case may be transferred to the Children’s Court with jurisdiction to try such offences.
Issues in implementation
- The major issue remains the implementation and absorption of these principles in the system, particularly to be followed by the JJB and the Children’s Court.
- A lot of principles which have been made a part of the Act have not been given due prominence by the Board as well as by the Children’s Court.
Conclusion
- The NCPCR is under a statutory obligation under Section 109 of the JJ Act, 2015 to monitor the proper implementation of the provisions of the Act.
- The guidelines have been made to remove any ambiguity and to clarify the steps that need to be followed while conducting the preliminary assessment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pushkaran/Pushkarlu Festival
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The 12-day Pushkaralu festival of Telugu-speaking people began on April 22 in Varanasi.
Pushkaralu Festival
- Pushkaram is an Indian festival dedicated to worshiping of 12 sacred rivers.
- The celebration happens annually, once in 12 years along each river.
- Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year’s festival is based on which sign Bruhaspathi (Jupiter) was in at the time.
- It is believed that bathing in the sacred river during Pushkaram cleanses the devotees of their sins.
- This year festival involves worshipping ancestors and the river Ganga and is being organised in Kashi after a gap of 12 years.
Why is it celebrated once in 12 years?
- In India, we have 12 major rivers such as Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, Saraswathi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Bhima, Tapati, Tungabhadra, Sindhu, Pranhita for which the Pushkaram festival is celebrated for each river according to the zodiac sign of that river.
- The 12 days after the Jupiter enters that particular zodiac sign will be the Pushkaram/Pushkaralu which is a 12-day festival for that river.
- Hence Pushkaralu comes for every 12 years.
Legend of the Festival
- According to legend, after severe penance, the devotee Pushkara was blessed by Lord Shiva with the ability to live in water and purify holy rivers
- On a request from Bruhaspati (Jupiter), Pushkara decided to enter one of the 12 sacred rivers, including Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, and Krishna, among others
- The river for each year’s festival is decided in accordance with Brihaspati travel from one zodiac sign to another
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Microbes
Mains level: NA
Central idea
- Researchers conducted a genetic analysis of microbial communities on the South Col of Sagarmatha (Mount Everest).
- The article examines the human microbiota on the inhospitable slopes of Mount Everest esp. the South Col ridge.
Microbial Communities on the South Col
- Microbial communities were collected from sediment samples left by human climbers on the South Col, 7,900 meters above sea level (msl).
- The South Col is inhospitable due to low oxygen, strong winds, high levels of UV radiation, and temperatures below minus 15 degrees Celsius.
- Visible signs of life are absent above 6,700 msl except for a few species of moss and a jumping spider.
- Microbes are carried to high altitudes by birds, animals, winds, and dust particles.
Microbes found
- Using sophisticated methods such as 16S and 18S rRNA sequencing, the microbe hunters were able to identify the bacteria and other microorganisms found on the South Col.
- 16s rRNA is a component of the 30S subunit in prokaryotic ribosomes while 18s rRNA is a component of the 40S subunit in eukaryotic ribosomes.
- 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing is an amplicon sequencing technique used to identify and compare species of bacteria present within a given sample.
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing is used to study phylogeny and taxonomy of samples from complex microbiomes or environments that are difficult or impossible to study.
- Microbes like Modestobacter altitudinis and the fungus, naganishia, which are known to be UV-resistant survivors are found there.
History of Mount Everest and Naming
- Nepal’s eminent historian, late Baburam Acharya, gave the Nepali name Sagarmatha to Mount Everest in the 1960s.
- Andrew Waugh, British Surveyor General of India, discovered Mount Everest in 1847 and named it after his predecessor, Sir George Everest.
- Radhanath Sikdar, an Indian mathematician and surveyor, was the first person to show that Mount Everest was the world’s highest peak in 1852, with the help of a special device.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Groundwater in India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Jal Shakti Ministry is working on an ambitious plan to deploy a vast network of groundwater sensors to continuously relay information on groundwater levels and contamination.
What is Groundwater?
- Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock.
- It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.
- Aquifers are typically made up of gravel, sand, sandstone, or fractured rock, like limestone.
- Water can move through these materials because they have large connected spaces that make them permeable.
- Aquifers, hand-dug wells, and artesian wells are different types of sources of groundwater.
Sensors-based Groundwater Monitoring
- Under this new initiative, around 16,000-17,000 digital water level recorders will be connected to piezometers in the wells to transmit information digitally.
- In the next three years, the CGWB aims to increase its network from the existing 26,000 to about 40,000.
- When combined with similar networks possessed by other institutions, India will have about 67,000 digitally recordable units to monitor groundwater dynamics.
Significance of the move
- This would make groundwater visible much the same way as air quality and meteorological variables
- The information will be publicly accessible.
- It will potentially provide groundwater forecasts to farmers that would be useful for sowing and updated advisories that can influence groundwater extraction policies by states
Why monitor groundwater?
- Nitrate contamination – a result of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers – has been observed in some regions
- Groundwater contamination, mostly “geogenic” (natural), hasn’t significantly changed over the years.
- But nitrate contamination and fluoride and arsenic contamination have been observed in some regions and states.
Present system of monitoring
- The Central Groundwater Board currently relies on a network of about 26 thousand groundwater observation wells.
- It requires technicians to manually measure the state of groundwater in a region.
Groundwater Extraction in India
- The total annual groundwater recharge in the country has been assessed as 437.60 billion cubic meters (BCM)
- The annual extractable groundwater resource has been assessed as 398.08 bcm, with actual extraction of 239.16 bcm
- The average stage of groundwater extraction for the country as a whole works out to be about 60.08%, and anything above 70% is considered “critical”
Also read
Groundwater Extraction Lowest in 18 years
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horizontal and vertical reservation system, NALSA and related facts
Mains level: Horizontal and vertical reservation system, Transgender reservation and issues
Central Idea
- Recently, many trans rights activists from The Trans Rights Now Collective, who were peacefully protesting to demand horizontal reservation for transgender people, were detained by the Tamil Nadu police. In Tamil Nadu and in many states across the country, the movement for horizontal reservation has been shaping up to support Dalit trans people who are struggling with transphobia and casteism in educational institutions, workplaces, and larger ecosystems of education and employability.
- Fixed Percentage reservation: Vertical reservation is a policy of reserving a percentage of government jobs and educational seats for individuals from socially and economically disadvantaged communities or categories such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It aims to address historical injustices and create equal opportunities for all sections of society.
- For example: if the Scheduled Caste population in a particular state is 15%, then 15% of the available seats or positions in educational institutions and government jobs in that state will be reserved for SC candidates. This ensures that members of historically oppressed and marginalized communities have greater access to opportunities for education and employment, and helps to address the inequalities that exist due to caste-based discrimination.
What is Horizontal reservation?
- Horizontal reservation is a type of affirmative action approach that supplements vertical reservation in India. Horizontal reservation recognizes that individuals from marginalized communities also face multiple layers of discrimination and seeks to provide additional reservation opportunities for them.
- It involves providing reservations for various intersectional identities such as women, persons with disabilities, and transgender persons within each of the vertical reservation categories.
- For example, a Dalit woman could access vertical reservation under the SC category, but through horizontal reservation, she could also access reservations for women. Both vertical and horizontal reservations would equally affect her social location.
Facts for prelims: Horizontal reservation v/s Vertical reservation
|
Horizontal Reservation
|
Vertical Reservation
|
| An intersectional approach that is provided for within each vertical reservation category |
Reservation for specific marginalized communities, such as SC/ST/OBC |
| Example: A Dalit woman can access vertical reservation under the SC category, whereas through horizontal reservation she will be able to access reservations for women as well |
Example: A Dalit person can access reservation under the SC category |
| Intended to provide opportunities for people who face multiple forms of marginalization |
Intended to provide opportunities for specific marginalized communities |
| Provides for a more nuanced approach to reservation that takes into account intersectional identities and experiences |
Provides for reservations for specific communities based on historical injustice and social exclusion |
| Allows for better representation of people from diverse backgrounds in public institutions and workplaces |
Helps to address inequality and improve access to resources and opportunities for specific marginalized communities |
| Currently not implemented consistently across all states in India |
Implemented consistently across all states in India |
| Has been demanded for transgender persons in government jobs and education to address caste and gender-based marginalization |
Has been in place in India since independence and has been expanded over time to include more communities |
| Example: Karnataka became the first and only state in India to reserve jobs in public employment for transgender persons through horizontal reservation in 2021 |
Example: In Tamil Nadu, reservations are provided for SC/ST/OBC communities |
Challenges with Vertical Reservation System?
- Dominance of creamy layer: The benefits of reservation are often enjoyed by the creamy layer or the affluent members of reserved categories who are not in need of affirmative action. This leads to further marginalization of the truly underprivileged members of these communities.
- Limited benefits: Vertical reservation benefits are limited to only a particular category of people, leaving out those who may also be disadvantaged due to other factors such as gender, disability, sexual orientation, etc.
- Stigmatization: The reservation system has led to stigmatization and discrimination against members of reserved categories, with many being perceived as less competent or deserving of their position.
- Political exploitation: Reservation policies are often used for political gain rather than social justice, with political parties making false promises and manipulating the system to gain votes.
- Lack of representation: Reservation policies have not led to adequate representation of marginalized communities in decision-making positions, as many still face discrimination and bias in these spaces.
- Inadequate infrastructure and resources: Reservation policies have not been accompanied by adequate infrastructure and resources for marginalized communities to access opportunities, leading to further marginalization.
- Conflict among marginalized communities: The current vertical reservation system creates a hierarchy among marginalized communities, with some having greater access to opportunities than others. This has led to conflict and tension among different communities.
Challenges with Horizontal reservation System?
- Opposition from dominant castes: Horizontal reservation is often met with resistance from dominant castes and communities who feel that it is unfair and takes away opportunities from them. This can lead to political backlash and opposition to the implementation of such policies.
- Identification and classification: Another challenge is the identification and classification of individuals who qualify for horizontal reservation. For example, in the case of transgender individuals, there is a lack of clarity on who qualifies as transgender and how to identify them. This can lead to confusion and disputes over who is eligible for reservation benefits.
- Administrative challenges: Implementing horizontal reservation policies can be administratively complex, especially in larger organizations and government agencies. There may be challenges in tracking and monitoring the implementation of such policies, and ensuring that they are being applied fairly and consistently.
- Stigma and discrimination: Horizontal reservation policies may also be stigmatizing for some individuals, as they may feel that they are being singled out or labeled based on their identity. This can create additional barriers to social inclusion and participation, and may make it more difficult for individuals to access opportunities.
- Limited scope: Horizontal reservation policies are often implemented in specific sectors or areas, such as education or public employment. This means that individuals from marginalized groups may still face discrimination and exclusion in other areas of society, such as housing or healthcare.
Value Addition Box form Civilsdaily
Did you know: NALSA Judgement?
- NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) judgment of 2014 is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that recognized the legal recognition of the third gender in India.
- It directed the central and state governments to legally recognize the transgender community as a third gender and to ensure that they have access to the same rights and protections as other citizens of the country.
- The judgment also recognized the right of transgender persons to self-identification and directed the government to provide reservations for transgender people in education and employment.
- This judgment was a significant step towards ensuring the rights and protections of transgender people in India.
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
- The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 is a law enacted by the Parliament of India for the protection of rights of transgender persons and their welfare.
- The Act defines a transgender person as someone whose gender does not match the gender assigned to them at birth.
- The Act prohibits discrimination against transgender persons in areas such as education, employment, healthcare, and housing, and recognizes their right to self-perceived gender identity.
|
What are the policy gaps and ambiguities?
- The policy gaps and ambiguities that exist, which often used by the courts to refuse horizontal reservation for trans people and instead offer vertical reservation.
- The judiciary’s easy solution of putting all trans people in OBC categories is restrictive and does not allow trans people who belong to SC/ST categories to claim their right to reservation under both categories.
- The homogenous understanding of the trans community underplays the caste realities and marginalisations that many trans people come from and how it further hinders their social mobility.
Way ahead
- There is a need to recognize the intersectionality of identities and provide horizontal reservation for marginalized communities, including transgender people of Dalit, Bahujan, and Adivasi (DBA) backgrounds.
- State governments and the judiciary need to take a more proactive approach to address the policy gaps and ambiguities about the reservation for trans people.
- More awareness and education are needed to understand the complexities of caste and gender identity and their impact on social mobility.
- More research and data collection are needed to understand the challenges faced by trans people from DBA backgrounds and to develop effective solutions to address their unique needs.
- Ultimately, the goal should be to create a more inclusive and equitable society that recognizes and celebrates the diversity of all its citizens, regardless of their gender identity or caste background.
Conclusion
- The movement for horizontal reservation is not only about a Dalit-trans issue; it is cross-cutting and a living testimonial of how certain sections of people are repeatedly forced into the margins. There is need for horizontal reservation to assert that transgender people have an equal stake in this nation’s citizenship and public resources.
Mains question
Q. In many states across the country, the movement for horizontal reservation has been shaping up to support Dalit trans people. In this light explain what is horizontal reservation system and discuss the challenges associated with its implementation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Women's labour force participation In India
Central Idea
- Recent data reveals that despite more Muslim women than men enrolling in higher education courses, the number of Muslims in higher education has decreased. Additionally, Muslim women’s employment rates are still lagging behind, in line with the secular trends of low female labour force participation rates and increasing unpaid labour.
The Current Scenario: Women’ Labour force participation
- The PLFS reports show three disturbing secular trends:
- The female labour force participation (FLFP) rate has stagnated at very low levels in our country.
- Women’s employment is seen as a supplemental source of income, and that is only activated in dire times for the family.
- The share of women employed in unpaid labour has increased even for highly educated women. In 2017-18, 6.2 per cent of women (age 15-59) with graduate (or higher) level of education worked as unpaid helpers. By 2021-22, this share had increased to 11.2 per cent.
Female labour force participation rate of Muslim women
- The female labour force participation rate of Muslim women in the country is 15 per cent, as compared to 26.1 per cent for Hindu women.
- Over the past three years, Muslim women have had the lowest LFP rate amongst all religious groups in the country, while the gender gap in participation has also been the widest for the community except for the Sikh community.
- While salaried work is perhaps the more stable source of income, only 12.4 per cent of working Muslim women the lowest of all communities are salaried as compared to 16.2 per cent of Hindu women.
- Research shows that Muslim women face significant discrimination in hiring at entry level roles.
- Cultural and social norms: Traditional gender roles and stereotypes often view women as responsible for domestic work and caregiving. Women are expected to prioritize their role as wives and mothers over their careers.
- Lack of educational opportunities: Women from rural areas or lower socio-economic backgrounds may not have access to quality education or vocational training, limiting their employment opportunities.
- Lack of safe and flexible work environments: Many women face challenges in finding safe and secure work environments, especially in fields that require mobility or working late hours. Women with children also face challenges in finding work that accommodates their caregiving responsibilities.
- Discrimination and bias: Women face discrimination and bias in the workplace, including lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement. Muslim women may also face additional discrimination based on their religion.
- Legal barriers: Some laws and policies, such as restrictions on working night shifts, may limit women’s employment opportunities.
- Patriarchal norms in family and society: Patriarchal norms often limit women’s decision-making power within the family and restrict their mobility outside of the home, further limiting their employment opportunities.
Why the female labour force participation rate of Muslim women Is low?
- Educational attainment: Muslim women, particularly those living in rural areas, have lower levels of educational attainment compared to women from other communities. This limits their access to better-paying and more skilled jobs, making it more difficult for them to enter the workforce.
- Traditional gender roles: Muslim families, particularly those in conservative areas, have traditional gender roles where women are expected to prioritize household work and child-rearing over paid employment. This social norm is a significant barrier to women’s labor force participation.
- Religious and cultural factors: Some Muslim women may face discrimination in the workplace due to religious and cultural stereotypes, which can limit their opportunities for employment.
- Lack of safe and accessible transportation: Many women, particularly those from conservative communities, may face safety concerns when traveling alone. This limits their ability to commute to work and makes it difficult for them to access job opportunities outside of their immediate neighbourhoods.
- Lack of support from family and community: Women may face resistance from their families and communities when they seek employment, particularly if it is seen as a threat to traditional gender roles or cultural norms.
Women’s low participation in the labour force and impact on society and the economy
- Economic loss: The low participation of women in the labour force leads to an economic loss for the country. Women’s potential contributions to the economy are not utilized, leading to a loss of output and income.
- Gender inequality: The low participation of women in the labour force perpetuates gender inequality. It limits women’s access to economic opportunities and reduces their bargaining power, leading to their exclusion from decision-making processes.
- Social welfare: The low participation of women in the labor force also affects social welfare. It limits the resources available to women and their families, leading to a lack of access to education, healthcare, and other basic services.
- Demographic imbalance: The low participation of women in the labor force also leads to a demographic imbalance. It limits the number of women in positions of power and decision-making, which affects the representation of women in different sectors of the economy.
- Poverty: The low participation of women in the labor force also affects poverty reduction efforts. It limits the number of women who are able to earn a living and provide for their families, which affects poverty reduction efforts in the long run.
Way ahead: To increase inclusive women’s LFP
- Society and Families must create supportive and sharing ecosystem: Society and families need to prioritize women’s employment as a means of contributing to the economic growth of the country. The stereotype of men being the sole breadwinner of the family puts a lot of pressure on them. Women can and should be brought in to share this burden while men share the burden of housework. It is essential to create a supportive ecosystem for women from all communities.
- Providing skills training: Women should be provided with skills training and education to improve their employability. This could be achieved through vocational training programs, apprenticeships, and mentorship programs.
- Employers must take intersectional approach: Employers need to ensure that they incorporate mechanisms to address unconscious biases in hiring. This can be done by designing inclusive networking opportunities and company events, promoting cultural awareness, creating an inclusive schedule for employees with faith-related needs, and offering compassion and support. Employers must work on women’s inclusion in the workplace and take an intersectional approach.
- Policymakers must enable ecosystem for employment of women: The government and policymakers need to make those jobs available that women want and create ecosystems that are supportive of employed women. This involves creating space for women from all communities in policy conversations. There needs to be an emphasis on women’s employment as a means for them to have agency, express themselves, and expand their sources of happiness.
- Encouraging entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs could be encouraged through access to credit, mentorship programs, and business incubators.
Conclusion
- India needs more women in the workforce to increase the size of the economic pie. Addressing the issue of Muslim women’s employment could significantly contribute to India’s economic growth. To bridge the gap, employers, policymakers, families, and society must work together and create a supportive ecosystem for women from all communities.
Mains Question
Q. The recent data suggests that Muslim women have had the lowest Labour force participation (LFP) rate amongst all religious groups in the country. Enumerate the reasons and Discuss overall impact of women’s low LFP on society and economy along with suggestions to improve women’s LFP .
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Important Botanical gardens
Mains level: Significance of botanical gardens and challenges
Central Idea
- The establishment of a large botanical garden in Tamil Nadu, the Chengalpattu Botanical Garden, is a welcome piece of news as it has the potential to become a major center for the exploration and discovery of India’s plant wealth, research, education, citizen science, and outreach in plant biology.
Chengalpattu Botanical Garden (CBG)
- It will be India’s largest botanical garden: The ₹300 crore Chengalpattu Botanical Garden (CBG), at Kadambur village in Chengalpattu district, is being planned across 138 hectares and will be India’s largest botanical garden.
- Potential major centre exploration and discovery of our plant wealth: The CBG has the potential to become a major center for the exploration and discovery of our plant wealth, a center of research, education, citizen science, and outreach in plant biology, and be a forceful voice in conservation.
Background: Historical association of Plants and Gardens
- Plants have been the foundation of human civilization and the long-standing association of humanity with gardens can be traced back to the dawn of agriculture over 11,000 years ago.
- The tradition of home gardens, which are planned spaces around homes to grow edible and medicinal plants, has been noted in ancient texts and depicted in cave paintings, demonstrating the antiquity of gardening.
- Rulers, from ancient to modern civilizations, have owned botanical gardens that are rich in native plants and plants collected from distant places.
- These patrons of botanical gardens not only funded them but also oversaw botanical collections as a beautiful garden was a metric of one’s prosperity and eclectic administration.
History of Botanical Gardens
- European explorations led to the establishment of several academic botanical gardens between the 15th to 17th centuries.
- The oldest of these, Orto Botanico di Padova in Italy, was founded in 1545, and the most well-known, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew near London, was formally consolidated in 1840.
- Oldest garden: The oldest of the Indian academic gardens, the Acharya Jagadish Chandra (AJC) Bose Indian Botanic Garden, in Howrah, Kolkata, was established in 1787.
- Exact number is not yet known: The exact number of botanical gardens in India is not known, but only a handful of botanical gardens have plant exploration and education programs.
- India’s flora diversity: India is home to approximately 47,000 plant species, which make up around 6-7% of the world’s total plant species. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas are two of the world’s top biodiversity hotspots, with a large number of endemic plant species found in these regions.
- The Importance of Plants: India has a high diversity of plants and animals. Plants are the structural foundations of our diverse ecological communities that feed us, provide us with nutrition and medicine, mitigate climate change, enrich our spirits, and secure us against an uncertain future. Yet, our knowledge of our vast botanical heritage is extremely limited.
Facts for prelims: Botanical Garden in India
| Botanical Garden |
Location |
Established |
Special Features |
| Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden |
Howrah, West Bengal |
1787 |
Oldest botanical garden in India; over 12,000 specimens of plants |
| Lalbagh Botanical Garden |
Bangalore, Karnataka |
1760 |
Known for its collection of rare plants, Glass House which hosts an annual flower show |
| Ooty Botanical Gardens |
Ooty, Tamil Nadu |
1848 |
Spread over 55 acres, collection of over 650 species of plants and trees, Toda tribal hut |
| Jijamata Udyan Botanical Garden |
Mumbai, Maharashtra |
1861 |
Oldest Botanical Garden in Western India; houses Mumbai’s Byculla Zoo |
| Shalimar Bagh |
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir |
1619 |
Mughal garden, UNESCO World Heritage Site |
| Government Botanical Garden |
Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu |
1848 |
Home to over 1000 species of plants including some rare ones, Fossil Tree Trunk |
| The National Botanical Research Institute Botanical Garden |
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh |
1953 |
Over 6000 species of plants including rare medicinal plants |
| The Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Botanical Garden |
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh |
1964 |
Specializes in medicinal and aromatic plants |
| The Calcutta Botanical Garden |
Kolkata, West Bengal |
1786 |
Has a large collection of plants including rare plants, Cactus House |
| The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park and Botanical Garden |
Darjeeling, West Bengal |
1958 |
Botanical garden houses a collection of Himalayan plants, zoo has endangered species such as Red Panda |
What are Botanical Gardens?
- Botanical gardens are institutions that are dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation, and display of a wide range of plants, with the aim of promoting public education and awareness of the importance of plants in the ecosystem.
- These gardens may be associated with universities, museums, or government bodies, and are often open to the public for visitation and education.
- They are often involved in research, conservation, and horticultural activities, and may collaborate with other botanical gardens around the world to share knowledge and resources.
- Botanical gardens typically feature a variety of plants from different regions and climates, including rare and endangered species, and may also include features such as greenhouses, herbaria, and educational exhibits.
Significance of botanical gardens
- Conservation of plant species: Botanical gardens often maintain collections of rare, threatened, and endangered plant species for conservation purposes. These gardens also serve as a refuge for plants in danger of extinction and work towards their preservation.
- Scientific research: Botanical gardens play a significant role in scientific research related to plants and their uses. Researchers use the gardens to study the characteristics and behavior of various plant species, their adaptability to different environmental conditions, and their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and other fields.
- Education and awareness: Botanical gardens offer an opportunity for the public to learn about plant diversity, conservation, and ecology. They often organize tours, exhibitions, and educational programs to raise awareness about the importance of plants and their role in sustaining life on earth.
- Recreation and tourism: Botanical gardens are often popular tourist destinations and provide a peaceful and scenic setting for people to relax and enjoy nature. They also offer recreational activities such as hiking, bird watching, and photography.
- Aesthetic value: Botanical gardens are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and are often designed to showcase different plant species in a visually appealing manner. The gardens often include water features, sculptures, and other artistic elements that enhance their beauty and appeal to visitors.
Challenges related to botanical gardens in India
- Maintenance and conservation: Botanical gardens require regular maintenance to ensure that the plants remain healthy and the infrastructure is in good condition. Lack of funding and trained staff can make it difficult to maintain the gardens, leading to deterioration of the plants and infrastructure.
- Climate change: Climate change is a major challenge for botanical gardens, as it can affect the growth and survival of plants. Changing rainfall patterns, temperature fluctuations, and extreme weather events can all have a negative impact on the plants in the gardens.
- Invasive species: Invasive species can pose a serious threat to the biodiversity of botanical gardens. These non-native plants can outcompete local species and disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem in the garden.
- Urbanization: Urbanization and the expansion of cities can lead to the destruction of natural habitats and reduce the available space for botanical gardens. It can also lead to increased pollution, which can have negative effects on the plants in the gardens.
- Lack of public awareness: Many people in India are not aware of the importance of botanical gardens and the role they play in conservation and research. This can make it difficult to raise funds and gain support for the gardens, which can limit their potential impact.
Way ahead: Steps to conserve botanical gardens in India
- Conservation measures: The conservation of botanical gardens can be done through various measures, such as preserving rare and endangered plant species, protecting the habitats of various plants, and using sustainable gardening practices.
- Education and awareness: Education and awareness programs should be conducted to promote the significance of botanical gardens and their role in preserving plant diversity. It can help in spreading the knowledge about the importance of plants, conservation methods, and ecosystem services.
- Scientific research: Scientific research on plant biology, taxonomy, and ecology can be carried out in botanical gardens. It can help in better understanding the plants and their natural habitat, thus helping in developing better conservation strategies.
- Sustainable practices: Botanical gardens should adopt sustainable practices, such as the use of eco-friendly materials, rainwater harvesting, and composting, to conserve the environment and reduce carbon footprint.
- Community participation: Community participation can be encouraged in botanical gardens by organizing various events, such as plant shows, gardening competitions, and nature walks. It can help in creating awareness and generating interest in plant conservation.
- Collaboration and partnerships: Collaboration and partnerships with various organizations, such as NGOs, research institutions, and government agencies, can help in creating a network for sharing knowledge, resources, and expertise. It can also help in developing new conservation strategies and initiatives.
Conclusion
- Given the complex engineering that goes behind the construction and maintenance of a successful garden, botanical gardens today represent a metric of national success, from the perspectives of science, technology, and outreach, just as in the golden ages of this region, dating as far back as the Maurya monarch, Aśoka, when a botanical garden was a display of prosperity, scientific dispositions, and eclectic administration.
- In this era of climate change and declining biodiversity, we need every inch of our backyards and elsewhere to nurture native plants and associated living organisms, to remind ourselves and the generations to come of the need to heal our earth through the power of plants.
Mains Question
Q. Establish historical association of botanical gardens and discuss its significance along with challenges associated with its conservation.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBAM
Mains level: Not Much
The Indian government will be analyzing how the European Union’s (EU’s) proposed carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) will affect the Indian industry. The CBAM is set to start from October this year.
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
| Proposed by |
European Union (EU) |
| Purpose |
To reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and prevent competitive disadvantage against countries with weaker environmental regulations |
| Objectives |
Reduce carbon emissions from imported goods
Promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners
Protect EU companies that have invested in green technologies |
How does CBAM work?
| Coverage |
Applies to imported goods that are carbon-intensive |
| Integration |
Covered by the EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS), which currently covers industries like power generation, steel, and cement |
| Implementation |
CBAM taxes would be imposed on the carbon content of imported goods at the border, and the tax rates would be based on the carbon price in the EU ETS |
| Exemptions |
Possible exemptions for countries that have implemented comparable carbon pricing systems |
| Revenue Use |
Revenue generated from CBAM taxes could be used to fund the EU’s climate objectives, such as financing climate-friendly investments and supporting developing countries’ climate efforts |
Who will be affected by CBAM?
|
Details |
| Countries |
Non-EU countries, including India, that export carbon-intensive goods to the EU |
| Items |
Initially covers iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, and electric energy production |
| Expansion |
The scope of the CBAM may expand to other sectors in the future |
Advantages of CBAM
- Encourages non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations, reducing global carbon emissions.
- Prevents carbon leakage by discouraging companies from relocating to countries with weaker environmental regulations.
- Generates revenue that could be used to support EU climate policies.
Challenges with CBAM
- Difficulty in accurately measuring the carbon emissions of imported goods, especially for countries without comprehensive carbon accounting systems.
- Potential for trade tensions with the EU’s trading partners, especially if other countries implement retaliatory measures.
Conclusion
- The CBAM is a proposed policy by the EU to reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and to promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners.
- Although the CBAM has its challenges, it has the potential to incentivize non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations and reduce global carbon emissions.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Waterbodies definition, Key stats
Mains level: Water conservation efforts
The Ministry of Jal Shakti has recently released the report of the first census of waterbodies in India.
Waterbodies Census
- It is the first ever process of conducting a comprehensive survey of all the waterbodies in a particular region or country.
- The census aims to identify and classify different types of waterbodies like ponds, tanks, lakes, and reservoirs, among others.
- The information can help in the development of strategies for their conservation and management.
Major highlight: Definition of Waterbodies
- The census defines a waterbody as a unit bounded on all sides that is used for storing water for various purposes.
- These units can be either natural or man-made and may or may not have masonry work.
- Waterbodies are used for a variety of purposes, such as irrigation, industrial use, pisciculture, domestic and drinking water supply, recreation, religious purposes, and groundwater recharge.
- The report states that any structure that accumulates water from ice-melt, streams, springs, rain or drainage of water from residential or other areas or stores water by diversion from a stream, nala or river is also considered a waterbody.
Key facts: Distribution of Waterbodies
According to the report, India has 24.24 lakh water bodies like ponds, tanks, and lakes, with West Bengal having the highest number (7.47 lakh) and Sikkim having the least number (134).
| Waterbody Type |
Percentage of Total Waterbodies |
Number of Waterbodies |
| Ponds |
59.5% |
14,42,993 |
| Tanks |
15.7% |
3,81,805 |
| Reservoirs |
12.1% |
2,92,280 |
| Water Conservation Schemes/Percolation Tanks/Check Dams |
9.3% |
2,26,217 |
| Lakes |
0.9% |
22,361 |
| Others |
2.5% |
58,884 |
State-Wise Distribution of Waterbodies
- The report highlights that West Bengal has the highest number of ponds and reservoirs, while Andhra Pradesh has the highest number of tanks.
- Tamil Nadu has the highest number of lakes, and Maharashtra is the leading state with water conservation schemes.
- South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal has been ranked as the top district having the highest (3.55 lakh) number of waterbodies across the country.
Issues highlighted: Encroachment of Waterbodies
- Total 1.6% of waterbodies reported to be encroached
- 4% of encroached waterbodies in rural areas, 4.6% in urban areas
- 8% of encroached waterbodies have less than 25% area under encroachment
- 8% of waterbodies have more than 75% area under encroachment
Conclusion
- The census provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution of waterbodies in India, highlighting the states and districts with the highest number of waterbodies.
- The data on encroachment of waterbodies can help in identifying areas where conservation efforts are needed to protect these valuable resources.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Interstate border disputes
Central idea
- Ahave had a long-standing border dispute over 123 villages that are located in 12 districts of Arunachal and 8 districts of Assam.
- On April 21, 2022, an MoU was signed between the two states to resolve the dispute.
Genesis of the dispute
- The border dispute between Arunachal Pradesh and Assam has around 1,200 points of conflict along their 804 km boundary, which began in the 1970s and intensified in the 1990s.
- The issue goes back to 1873 when the British government introduced the inner-line permit, vaguely separating the plains from the frontier hills.
- In 1954, the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) was formed, and 3,648 sq. km of the “plain” area of Balipara and Sadiya foothills was transferred to the Darrang and Lakhimpur districts of Assam based on the 1951 report.
- Arunachal has been celebrating its statehood with an eye on China since 1987, and its people living in the transferred patches have been resentful, claiming that the transfer was done arbitrarily.
- However, their counterparts in Assam say the 1951 demarcation is constitutional and legal.
Past efforts to resolve the border issue
- Several efforts were made in the past to resolve the border dispute between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
- In 1979, a high-powered tripartite committee was constituted to delineate the boundary, and around 489 km of the 800 km were demarcated by 1983-84.
- Further demarcation could not take place because Arunachal Pradesh did not accept the recommendations.
- The apex court appointed a local boundary commission in 2006 to resolve the dispute. However, nothing came of it.
Process leading up to the signing of the MoU
- Assam CM and Arunachal CM commenced CM-level talks over the border issue on January 24, 2022.
- In their second meeting on April 20, 2022, they made key decisions.
- The border issues between both the states would be confined to a list of 123 villages which Arunachal Pradesh had claimed before the Local Commission in 2007.
- A boundary line delineated by the high-powered tripartite committee in 1980 would be taken as the notified boundary, and all realignment would be done in relation to it.
- Both states would set up 12 regional committees covering the 12 districts of Arunachal Pradesh and the 8 counterpart districts of Assam for joint verification of the 123 villages.
Extent to which the issue has been resolved
- The MoU has resolved the dispute over 34 villages.
- The village boundaries of 49 of the remaining villages are unresolved.
- The MoU states that in these, the Regional Committees will finalize the boundaries within a period of six months “through continuous dialogue.”
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hooghly River
Mains level: Not Much
Central idea: The East-West Metro corridor, the second line of Kolkata’s Metro network that is currently under construction, will connect Kolkata and Howrah, and one of its highlights is India’s first underwater transport tunnel spanning the Hooghly river.
Hooghly River: Some facts
|
Description |
| Name |
Bhagirathi Hooghly River (Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) |
| Source |
Close to Giria, north of Baharampur and Palashi, in Murshidabad |
| Length |
260 km |
| Flows through |
West Bengal |
| Endpoint |
Bay of Bengal |
| Importance |
Lifeline for Kolkata, transportation route for goods and people, historical trade route, cultural and ecological resource |
| Challenges |
Changing course, frequent floods, pollution from industrial effluents and sewage |
| Additional Information |
A man-made canal called the Farakka Feeder Canal connects the Ganges to the Bhagirathi to bring the abundant waters of the Himalayan river to the narrow river that rises in West Bengal.
The main course of the Ganges then flows into Bangladesh as the Padma.
The Bhagirathi Hooghly River is also called the Ganga or the Kati-Ganga in the Puranas. |
About the East-West Corridor
- The East-West Corridor is expected to significantly ease congestion in the city.
- The line connects Kolkata’s IT hub of Salt Lake Sector V to the western suburb of Howrah.
- The eastern part of the East-West line is operational while the western portion of the corridor is underground.
- There are 12 stations on the entire route, including the country’s deepest, Howrah, at a depth of 33 meters.
Key feature: Underwater Tunnel
- The tunnels under the Hooghly River are 520 meters long and more than 30 meters below the river surface at its deepest point.
- The trains will have an operational speed of 80 km/h and will cover the half-kilometre stretch under the Hooghly in about 45 seconds.
- The underwater tunnels have an internal diameter of 5.55 meters and an external diameter of 6.1 meters.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Olive RIdley Turtles
Mains level: NA
Millions of baby Olive Ridley Turtles crawled towards the Bay of Bengal after emerging from eggshells along Odisha’s Rushikulyabeach in the Ganjam district.
Olive Ridley Turtles
|
Description |
| Scientific name |
Lepidochelys olivacea |
| Habitat |
Warm and tropical waters |
| Found in |
Pacific and Indian Oceans |
| Nesting sites |
Rushikulya rookery in Odisha |
| Largest mass nesting site |
Coast of Odisha in India |
| Conservation status |
Vulnerable in IUCN Red List |
| Listed in |
Schedule 1 in Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 |
Special feature: Mass nesting
| Notable behavior |
Arribadas |
| Nesting habits |
Synchronized mass nesting and return to the same beach where they hatched |
| Nest structure |
Conical nests about one and a half feet deep, dug with hind flippers |
| Incubation period |
45 to 60 days, influenced by temperature of the sand and atmosphere |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Garbh-INI Program
Mains level: NA
Central idea: The scientists working in the Garbh-Ini program have identified 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or genetic markers that are associated with preterm or premature birth.
What is Garbh-Ini?
- It is an interdisciplinary research program in India that focuses on the advanced research of birth outcomes.
- It is a collaborative initiative under the Department of Biotechnology.
- It is led by DBT-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) in the NCR Biotech cluster, Faridabad, in collaboration with DBT-NIBMG, Kalyani, DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Gurugram Civil Hospital, and other organizations.
- The program aims to use advanced technology to improve maternal and child health outcomes and address the high incidence of preterm births in India.
What are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)?
- Genetic markers are specific sequences of DNA that can be used to identify an individual or a particular trait.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation that occurs in the DNA sequence.
- SNPs occur when a single nucleotide (A, C, T, or G) in the DNA sequence is altered.
- These changes can occur in any region of the genome and can be used as genetic markers to identify specific traits or disease susceptibility.
Significance of the Study
- The study is significant as it identifies 19 SNPs or genetic markers that are associated with preterm or premature birth.
- Out of these 19 SNPs, five were found to be associated with an increased risk of early preterm birth (birth before 33 weeks) and can be used to predict premature births.
- This is the first study in South Asia to identify genetic markers associated with preterm births, and it has significant implications for improving maternal and child health outcomes in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LIGO India and other such developments
Mains level: LIGO India and its Significance
Central Idea
The Union Cabinet approved the full budget for the LIGO-India mega-science project, which includes the construction, commissioning and joint scientific operation of a state-of-the-art, advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in India in collaboration with the NSF-funded LIGO Laboratory, USA, operated by Caltech and MIT.
About LIGO-India
- LIGO-India will be the fifth node of this international network of gravitational wave observatories, and possibly the last.
- The instrument is so sensitive that it can easily get influenced by events like earthquakes, landslides, or even the movement of trucks, and produce a false reading.
- That is why multiple observatories are needed to revalidate the signals.
- India’s involvement in LIGO is crucial to demonstrating its intent and capability to pull-off complex science projects independently
Facts for prelims: What is LIGO?
|
What is it?
|
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)
|
| Purpose |
Detect and study gravitational waves |
| Cause |
Ripples in spacetime caused by violent and energetic events in the universe |
| Location |
Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington |
| Detector |
Michelson interferometer |
| Function |
Measure changes in length caused by passing gravitational waves
|
| Benefits |
Improving our understanding of the universe and its origins |
| Discovery |
Detected gravitational waves for the first time in 2015
|
| Significance |
Confirmed a prediction made by Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity
|
| Field |
Gravitational wave astronomy |
| Discoveries |
Many exciting discoveries about the nature of the universe
|
- Advancement in gravitational-wave astronomy and astrophysics: LIGO-India will significantly enhance global capabilities in the field of gravitational-wave astronomy and astrophysics. The project will enable an entirely new window to our universe and open up opportunities to study the cosmos in ways that were previously impossible.
- Boosting research careers: LIGO-India will provide opportunities for Indian youth to pursue research careers in cutting-edge areas of science and technology, thereby supporting the growth of the Indian science industry and economy.
- Development of cutting-edge technologies: LIGO-India will lead to the development of cutting-edge technologies such as lasers, optics, vacuum, quantum metrology and control-system technologies, which have great national relevance. The project will bring together researchers in fundamental and applied sciences from national research laboratories, IITs and IISERs to universities in partnership with the industry, and attract talent from the large pool of Indian researchers spread worldwide.
- Galvanizing India’s industry: The project will galvanize India’s industry to enhance capability and capacity to engineer and manufacture complex components with precision to meet stringent scientific requirements, thereby enhancing the reputation of Indian industry.
- Contributing to India’s mega-science ventures: LIGO-India is part of India’s mega-science ventures, which aim to lead or partner in very high-science goals through large-scale collaborative efforts requiring highly skilled human resources, significant fiscal capital and infrastructural investment, and close academia-industry partnerships. LIGO-India is expected to extend the legacy of successful world-class facilities such as the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune and Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) in Ladakh.
Facts for prelims: Other Important science projects
|
Mega-science Project
|
Description
|
| Large Hadron Collider (LHC) |
Particle accelerator located in Switzerland, aims to study subatomic particles |
| Indian-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) |
A proposed underground neutrino laboratory to be located in Tamil Nadu, India |
| Facility for Antiproton & Ion Research (FAIR) |
A particle accelerator located in Germany, used for research in nuclear and particle physics |
| Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) |
A proposed astronomical observatory, with a mirror diameter of 30 meters, to be located in Hawaii |
| Square Kilometre Array (SKA) |
A radio telescope that will be the largest and most sensitive in the world, to be located in Australia and South Africa |
| Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) |
A facility designed to detect gravitational waves, with observatories located in the USA and India |
Way ahead: Mega-Science Projects and India’s S&T Policy
- Mega-science projects like LIGO-India inculcate invaluable elements of work ethic in the scientific community.
- The key is the ability to create a focused but adequately large well-knit collaborative ecosystem that remains open to growing by bringing in wider participation.
- There is need for a culture within S&T communities to anticipate breakthroughs and appreciate new findings that may often deviate from the current comfort zone for policymakers to be receptive and for executing agencies to create robust mechanisms to assess, evaluate, and respond expeditiously to allow sufficient time to set up the enterprise.
Conclusion
The LIGO-India mega-science project is a significant milestone in India’s contribution to the growth of modern astronomy. The project will prompt Indian S&T in academia, national laboratories, and industries to leapfrog in a range of cutting-edge technologies. It reinforces the view that a healthy sprinkling of mega-science efforts in the overall S&T policy empowers and enriches the nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Modernization of IAF
Central idea: The article discusses the challenges faced by the Indian Air Force (IAF) in modernizing its fighter jet fleet due to unending delays in procurement and limited resources.
Why discuss this?
- Against the sanctioned strength of 42 fighter squadrons, the IAF has only 31 squadrons today.
- And this number is expected to remain the same or even decrease by 2029.
- The IAF representative informed the Parliamentary standing committee that the shortfall may not be accomplished anytime soon.
Indian Air Force (IAF): A quick backgrounder
- The IAF was established in 1932, and it played an important role in India’s defence during World War II and later in the 1947-48 Kashmir War.
- It underwent modernization in the 1960s and 70s with the induction of new aircraft and weapons systems.
- Since then, the IAF has grown to become one of the largest air forces in the world, with a significant role to play in India’s defence and security.
Evolution of the IAF
|
Key Events
|
| Pre-Independence Phase |
– Small organization with only six officers and 19 airmen
– Played a crucial role in World War II and the 1947-48 Kashmir War |
| 1947-1962 Phase |
– Expansion and modernization of the IAF
– Acquisition of new aircraft and weapons systems |
| 1962-1980 Phase |
– Involvement in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars
– Modernization with the induction of new aircraft and missiles |
| 1980-Present Phase |
– Further modernization with the acquisition of new aircraft, missiles, and weapons systems
– Focus on enhancing operational readiness |
Current Status of the IAF
- Large workforce: The IAF has around 1,500 aircraft and 140,000 personnel, making it one of the largest air forces in the world.
- Fleet details: The IAF has a sanctioned strength of 42 fighter squadrons, but the current strength stands at 31 squadrons.
- Victorious wars: It has played an essential role in various conflicts, including the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars and the Kargil conflict in 1999.
- HADR operation: It has also been involved in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations, such as the 2004 tsunami and the 2013 Uttarakhand floods.
Challenges faced
The IAF faces multiple challenges in the 21st century.
- Decommissioning aircraft: By the end of the decade, many of the Jaguars, Mirage-2000s, and Mig-29s will begin going out, which is why the decision on Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) is essential to arrest this drawdown.
- Arsenal shortages: The IAF faces a shortage of fighter aircraft, which is a significant concern given the current geopolitical environment.
- Selective modernization: One of the critical issues is modernization, which includes the upgrading of its aircraft and weapons systems.
- Diverse threat: The IAF also needs to ensure operational readiness to address the changing nature of warfare, which involves non-state actors, asymmetrical warfare, and cyber threats.
- Logistic fallouts: Furthermore, the IAF needs to improve its logistics and infrastructure to support its operations effectively.
- Maintenance challenges: There is a slow synergy with vendors for ‘long-term spares and repair contracts’.
Opportunities for the IAF
There are several opportunities for the IAF to enhance its capabilities in the modern era.
- Modernization: The acquisition of new aircraft, weapons systems, and technologies can significantly enhance the IAF’s combat capabilities.
- Joint cooperation: Additionally, the IAF can improve its international cooperation with other air forces to gain experience and enhance its interoperability.
- UAV induction: The IAF can also explore the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat roles.
- Indigenization: The IAF is emphasizing the need for indigenization of its fighter jet production via LCA and Fifth Gen fighter aircraft program.
Challenges in fleet modernisation
- Procurement delay: The IAF faces significant challenges in modernizing its fleet due to delays in procurement and limited resources.
- R&D, Infra bottlenecks: Implementing indigenization is a complex process that involves significant investment in research and development, infrastructure, and human capital.
- Others: Other challenges include a lack of skilled labour, limited funding, and the need for technology transfer from foreign partners.
Way forward
- The IAF needs to prioritize the acquisition of MRFA, focus on increasing the availability rates of the Su-30, and invest in its own industry to achieve self-reliance in the long term.
- Effective collaboration between industry, government, and the armed forces is crucial for the success of indigenization efforts in the defence sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Caste census analysis and impact
Central Idea
- The demand for a caste-based census in India has once again brought Mandal politics to the forefront. Mandal politics has succeeded in capturing political power in large parts of India and has shifted the political discourse towards a universal acceptance of OBC reservations. However, the movement has weakened in recent years, and the demand for a caste census is seen as a way for Mandal parties to regain their hold in the public discourse.
- Mandal politics refers to a political movement initiated by historically marginalized Other Backward Classes (OBCs) or Bahujan caste groups in India in the late 1980s and 1990s.
- The movement sought to secure a greater share of political and economic power through reservation in the public sector for the OBCs who had been historically excluded from such opportunities.
- The movement derived its name from the Mandal Commission, a committee appointed by the Indian government in 1979 to identify the socially and educationally backward classes of India and recommend measures for their advancement.
- The Mandal Commission report in 1980 recommended that 27% of jobs in the public sector be reserved for OBCs, a recommendation that was later implemented by the Indian government in 1990.
The outcomes of Mandal politics
Positive outcomes:
- Increased representation: One of the main positive outcomes of Mandal politics is the increased representation of OBCs and other marginalized groups in the political sphere. This has led to greater inclusivity and diversity in government and a more balanced distribution of power.
- Reservation policies: Mandal politics has also led to the introduction and expansion of reservation policies, which aim to provide equal opportunities to marginalized groups in education and employment.
- Recognition of social justice: Mandal politics has brought the issue of social justice to the forefront of political discourse and has highlighted the need for policies that address historic discrimination and disadvantage.
Negative outcomes:
- Caste-based politics: One of the negative outcomes of Mandal politics is the perpetuation of caste-based politics. This has led to the further entrenchment of caste divisions and has hindered the development of a more inclusive and egalitarian society.
- Polarization and conflict: Mandal politics has also led to polarization and conflict between different caste groups, as each group seeks to secure its own interests.
- Resentment and backlash: The policies introduced by Mandal politics have also led to resentment and backlash from certain upper-caste groups, who view the policies as discriminatory and unjust. This has sometimes led to violent protests and social unrest.
What is Caste Census?
- A caste census is basically the counting of people belonging to different castes in a particular marked area.
- With this two-phase exercise, the Bihar government will try to get numbers of people belonging to SC, ST, and OBC communities and their financial status among other important things.
- The exercise is termed ‘Jaati Aadharit Ganana’. People belonging to every religion and caste will be covered during the exercise.
Arguments for caste census
- Enumerating the marginalized: A caste census would actually bring to the particular the number of people who are at the margins, or who are deprived, or the kind of occupations they pursue, or the kind of hold that institutions like caste have on them. The caste census opens up to enumerating Dalits who are not Hindus, such as Dalit Christians and Muslims.
- Data for Policymaking: This information is absolutely necessary for any democratic policymaking. The census will be able to answer real public policy questions and direct policies more effectively towards those who most need state assistance and affirmative action policies.
- Judicial backing: The courts in India have often emphatically said that it is important to have adequate data with regard to the reservation.
- Caste offers privilege: Caste is not only a source of disadvantage; it is also a very important source of privilege and advantage in our society.
- Rids away caste rigidities: Counting of caste doesn’t necessarily perpetuate caste or the caste system. Myths of caste elitisms can be debunked through a caste census.
Arguments against caste census
- 50% breach of reservation cap: It is argued that a Socio-Economic Caste Census is the only way to make a case to breach the 50% cap on reservation and rationalize the reservation matrix in the country.
- Caste within Caste: Given the differences in caste hierarchies across various regions of the country, a comparative reading along with generating a common hierarchy may be a challenge.
- Caste over occupation linked predicaments: Caste linked deprivation or adversity may not be as common as occupation linked predicaments, which become easier to compare across states/regions.
- Anonymity and bias: An intimate and personalised attribute like caste may have its differential exposition between urban and rural residents. Urban residents’ need for anonymity can always bias the reporting on caste.
- Identity crisis: Recognition and adherence to caste identity is to a large extent shaped by progressive ideals, cosmopolitanism and education, which has its own regional divide in the country between the north and the south.
- Hurdle to casteless society: The idea of a national caste census is abhorrent when the stated policy is to strive for a casteless society.
The Impact of a Caste Census: Analysis In brief
Positive impact
- Accurate data: A caste census can provide accurate data on the caste demographics of India, which is necessary for effective policy-making and affirmative action programs.
- Better targeting of government policies: The data from a caste census can help the government target policies and programs more effectively towards the marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society.
- Improved representation: A caste census can help improve representation of underrepresented castes in government bodies and institutions.
- Empowerment of marginalized communities: A caste census can help empower marginalized communities by giving them a voice and recognition in the political and social systems.
Negative impact
- Polarization: A caste census can lead to polarization and tensions between different castes, especially if the data is used to allocate resources or benefits based on caste.
- Stigma and discrimination: There is a risk that the caste census data can be used to further stigmatize and discriminate against marginalized communities.
- Misuse of data: The data from a caste census can be misused by politicians and other groups to further their own agendas, leading to potential conflicts and social unrest.
- Privacy concerns: Some people may be hesitant to disclose their caste, leading to concerns about privacy and data protection.
Conclusion
- The caste census is seen as a way for Mandal parties to regain their hold in the public discourse and direct policies more effectively towards those who most need state assistance and affirmative action policies. However, the demand for a caste census is a double-edged sword that may create conflicts and shift the discourse from historical injustices to distribution. The Mandal movement faces challenges but remains relevant in the ongoing struggle for social justice.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TB, disease, vaccines and other developments
Mains level: TB elimination strategy
Central Idea
- At the One World TB Summit in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh on March 24, 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a fresh approach to the global tuberculosis (TB) elimination response, with innovation and research being central drivers of change. This is a critical step as India and the world look to redefine their TB elimination response. India’s recent progress in TB control efforts and COVID-19 response provides a good reflection point, which offers lessons to address the challenges faced in the fight against TB.
- Expanded reach and improved detection measures: India’s National TB Elimination Programme has introduced several measures to find, notify, and treat TB cases, resulting in expanded reach and improved detection measures. As a result, the number of TB case notifications has significantly increased, rising from 15.6 lakh in 2014 to over 24 lakh in 2022.
- Innovative approaches: India has adopted innovative approaches to TB management, including engagement with the private sector, launch of social support provisions, and introduction of diagnostic tools and new drug regimens. These measures have improved TB management in the country.
- Increased investment in health research and development: India has recognized the importance of investing in health research and development, especially in recent years. The Mission COVID Suraksha programme to develop vaccines was a good example of a public-private partnership, with clear goals and outcomes. The country has also established centres of excellence, which will facilitate collaboration between Indian Council of Medical Research laboratories and the private sector.
- Expansion of diagnostic tools: India has been working on expanding access to diagnostic tools for TB. Innovations such as nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can be a game changer by reducing diagnostic delays, and handheld digital x-ray machines with artificial intelligence-based software can now be taken to villages and urban settlements to screen large numbers of high-risk individuals.
- Introduction of new therapeutic molecules: India has been investing in the development and introduction of new therapeutic molecules for TB treatment. Shorter, safer, and more effective regimens, such as the 1HP regimen for latent TB infections, the four-month regimen (HPZM) for drug-susceptible TB, and the six-month regimen (BPaL/M) for drug-resistant TB, have been developed.
Why there is a Need for Disruptive Approaches and New Tools in TB elimination response?
- Lack of widespread awareness: Despite the progress made by India’s National TB Elimination Programme, there is still a lack of widespread awareness about the disease, which has led to delayed diagnosis and treatment.
- Access to quality care: Many people with TB in India and other developing countries do not have access to quality care, which has led to high rates of morbidity and mortality.
- Limited diagnostic tools: There is a need to expand access to diagnostic tools for TB, especially in rural and remote areas.
- Drug-resistant TB: The emergence of drug-resistant TB has made treatment more difficult, requiring the development of new therapeutic molecules and regimens.
- Need for innovative approaches: Innovative approaches are needed to change the way TB is prevented, diagnosed, and treated.
- Rapidly evolving technology: Advances in technology, such as point-of-care tests, artificial intelligence-based software, and handheld digital x-ray machines, have made it possible to develop new tools to combat TB.
- For example: Innovative technologies such as handheld digital x-ray machines with artificial intelligence-based software and nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can reduce diagnostic delays and provide rapid, low-cost diagnostics. Similarly, newer and more effective regimens and repurposed existing drugs for TB can play a crucial role in the long run.
Importance of Prioritizing TB Vaccine Trials
- Vaccines are key to ending the TB epidemic: Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases. For TB, a vaccine would be a critical tool for ending the epidemic, especially for those who are at the highest risk of developing and spreading TB.
- BCG vaccine is not effective for all: The current TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is not effective for everyone, especially adolescents and adults who are at the highest risk of developing and spreading TB. Therefore, new and effective vaccines are needed to provide adequate protection.
- Multiple TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline: There are currently over 15 TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline, which have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Prioritizing these clinical trials will help identify the most effective vaccine candidates for various community settings and different target groups.
- Cost-effectiveness: Vaccines are a cost-effective way to prevent diseases, and a TB vaccine would be no different. Investing in TB vaccine trials and development would save resources in the long run by reducing the burden of TB on health systems and economies.
- Global impact: TB is a global public health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide. The development of a new TB vaccine would have a significant impact not only in India but also in other high-burden countries.
Facts for prelims: Types of vaccine technologies
|
Vaccine Technology
|
Explanation |
Examples
|
| Inactivated or killed vaccines |
Use viruses or bacteria that have been inactivated or killed so that they can no longer cause disease |
Inactivated polio vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine |
| Live attenuated vaccines |
Use viruses or bacteria that have been weakened so that they can’t cause disease in healthy people |
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, yellow fever vaccine |
| Protein subunit vaccines |
Use pieces of the virus or bacteria, such as proteins or sugar molecules, to stimulate an immune response |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine |
| Nucleic acid vaccines |
Use genetic material from the virus or bacteria, such as DNA or RNA, to stimulate the immune system |
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna |
| Viral vector vaccines |
Use harmless viruses, such as adenoviruses, to deliver genetic material from the target virus or bacteria into the body to stimulate an immune response |
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, Ebola vaccine developed by Merck |
How Testing and Diagnosis of TB can be improved?
- Increased access to diagnostic tools: There is a need to increase access to diagnostic tools for TB, especially in rural and remote areas. Innovative approaches such as point-of-care tests (POCTs), including home-based tests, can provide decentralized, rapid, and low-cost diagnostics to provide results within minutes.
- Introduction of new diagnostic tools: New innovations such as nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can be a game changer by reducing diagnostic delays. Further, handheld digital x-ray machines (with artificial intelligence-based software) can now be taken to villages and urban settlements to screen large numbers of high-risk individuals, safely and conveniently.
- Strengthening the laboratory network: It is essential to strengthen the laboratory network in India to ensure quality diagnostics, especially in the private sector. Accreditation of private laboratories for TB diagnosis and linking them with the public sector is essential.
- Integration with other healthcare services: TB testing and diagnosis need to be integrated with other healthcare services to improve access and reduce stigma. For example, TB screening can be done in conjunction with diabetes or HIV screening.
- Empowering patients: Empowering patients with knowledge about TB symptoms and diagnostic tests can help increase awareness and improve early diagnosis. TB awareness campaigns can also help reduce stigma associated with the disease.
- Collaboration between public and private sectors: Collaboration between the public and private sectors can improve access to diagnostic tools and reduce the time required for TB testing and diagnosis. The private sector can be leveraged to provide affordable and quality TB diagnostics and treatment.
Need for Appropriate Policy Frameworks
- Smoothening the rollout of proven tools: Creating regulatory and policy frameworks can smoothen the rollout of proven tools to reach people with as little delay as possible. This requires greater collaboration between policymakers, scientists, product developers, and clinical researchers across the country and even across regions.
- Harmonization of standards and regulatory processes: Harmonization of standards and regulatory processes between countries can enable mutual recognition of evidence-based standards and licenses and save critical time towards rollout.
- Addressing the regulatory challenges: Appropriate policy frameworks can address the regulatory challenges of introducing new tools and approaches. This can help reduce the time and cost of clinical trials and shorten the time to market for new tools and products.
- Encouraging innovation: Policy frameworks that incentivize innovation can encourage the private sector to invest in TB research and development. This can lead to the development of new and effective tools for TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Supporting public-private partnerships: Appropriate policy frameworks can support public-private partnerships that can bring together the strengths of both sectors to develop and scale up innovative solutions for TB control.
Conclusion
- India’s scientific ingenuity during the COVID-19 pandemic has cemented its position as pioneers in innovation in the life sciences. India must use its G-20 presidency to build a global health architecture that creates equitable access for all. India must use this opportunity to call for the collaborative development of transformational tools and approaches that cater to not only India’s needs but also those of the under-represented but disproportionately affected developing world. TB should no longer be the leading infectious disease killer globally in the 21st century, and India can lead the way.
Mains Question
Q. At the One World TB Summit held at in Varanasi recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a fresh approach to the global tuberculosis (TB) elimination response. In this light discuss India’s Progress in TB Control Efforts and the need for disruptive approaches and new tools in TB elimination response.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heat Budget of Earth
Mains level: Read the attached story
The study published in the journal Earth System Science Data estimates that almost 90% of the warming that has occurred in the last 50 years has been absorbed by the ocean, with the remaining heat absorbed by the land, cryosphere and atmosphere.
Earth’s energy balance: A quick recap
- It is the balance between the amount of energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the amount of energy that Earth radiates back into space.
- It is also known as the radiation budget.
- The energy from the Sun that Earth receives is mainly in the form of visible light and ultraviolet radiation.
- This energy is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, which then radiate it back into space in the form of infrared radiation.
- The balance between incoming and outgoing radiation is crucial for maintaining the Earth’s temperature and climate.
- Any imbalance between the two can lead to global warming and climate change.
|
Description |
| Total incoming solar radiation |
Approximately 342 W/m² reaches Earth’s atmosphere |
| Albedo |
About 30% of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space |
| Greenhouse effect |
Remaining 70% of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface and atmosphere, creating the greenhouse effect |
| Atmospheric heat |
Atmosphere contains only 0.001% of Earth’s heat energy, but is crucial in regulating heat budget |
Key highlights of the Study: Heat Accumulation
- The study estimates that approximately 381 zettajoules (ZJ) of heat accumulated on the planet from 1971-2020 due to anthropogenic emissions.
- This roughly equals a heating rate of approximately 0.48 watts per square metre (Earth Energy Imbalance or EEI). EEI is the difference between incoming and outgoing solar radiation.
- According to the study, about 89% of the accumulated heat is stored in the ocean, 6% on land, a percent in the atmosphere, and about 4% available for melting the cryosphere.
Implications
(1) Land Heat Accumulation
- Heat accumulated on land drives up ground surface temperatures, which may increase soil respiration, releasing carbon dioxide in the process.
- Higher soil respiration will likely decrease soil water, depending on climatic and meteorological conditions and factors.
(2) Inland Water Bodies and Permafrost Thawing
- Heat storage within inland water bodies has increased to roughly 0.2 ZJ since 1960. For permafrost thawing, it was about 2 ZJ.
- The accumulation of heat in inland water increases lake water temperatures, making conditions ripe for algal blooms.
- Permafrost heat content could inject methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the researchers warned.
(3) Ocean and Troposphere heating
- The upper ocean (0-300 and 0-700 meters depth) has taken up a major fraction of heat, according to the new estimates.
- During 2006-2020, ocean warming rates for the 0-2,000 meters depth reached record rates of roughly 1.03 watts per square meter.
- The troposphere is also warming up due to increased heat accumulation.
(4) Cryosphere heating
- The cryosphere – the frozen water part of the Earth system – gained roughly 14 ZJ of heat from 1971-2020.
- Half of the uptake triggered the melting of grounded ice, while the remaining half is linked to the melting of floating ice.
- The Antarctic Ice Sheet contributed about 33% to the total cryosphere heat gain, while Arctic sea ice stood second, having contributed 26%.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EELS Mission
Mains level: NA
NASA is developing a snake-like robot- Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS), which it says can boost space exploration through its diverse adaptability to various terrains.
Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS)
|
Details |
| Purpose |
Designed to explore internal and enclosed dynamic terrain structures to assess evidence for life. |
| Focus |
To explore ocean-world-inspired terrain, and besides Enceladus, it can explore Martian polar caps and descending crevasses in Earth’s ice sheets. |
| Enceladus and EELS system |
Enceladus is a small and icy body, and the Cassini spacecraft dubbed it to be one of the most scientifically interesting destinations in the solar system. |
| Scientific investigations |
Work is underway to identify high-priority and high-impact scientific investigations to show the capabilities of the snake-like robot. |
Features of EELS Robot
|
Details |
| Propulsion and gripping mechanism |
EELS robot has an actuation and propulsion mechanism, driven by power and communication electronics.
It uses a rotating propulsion unit that acts as tracks, while the gripping mechanism and propeller unit help it to access a plume vent exit. |
| Adaptability |
The robot’s adaptability to various terrains and its unique features make it capable of exploring areas that were once inaccessible. |
| Enceladus |
Geyser-like jets spew water vapor and ice particles from an underground ocean beneath Enceladus’s icy crust, making it a promising lead for NASA in its search for life. |
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