Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Magnetoresistance

Mains level: NA

magnet

Researchers in the UK, led by Nobel laureate Andre Geim, have discovered magnetoresistance in graphene – a single-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms bonded in a honeycomb pattern – that further distinguishes this ‘wonder’ material.

Graphene’s anomalous Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)

Graphene displayed an anomalous giant magnetoresistance (GMR) at room temperature.
GMR is the result of the electrical resistance of a conductor being affected by magnetic fields in adjacent materials.
It is used in hard disk drives and magnetoresistive RAM in computers, biosensors, automotive sensors, micro-electromechanical systems, and medical imagers.

What is GMR?

GMR is a phenomenon where the electrical resistance of a conductor is affected by magnetic fields in adjacent materials.
Say a conductor is sandwiched between two ferromagnetic materials (commonly, metals attracted to magnets, like iron).
When the materials are magnetised in the same direction, the electrical resistance in the conductor is low.
When the directions are opposite each other, the resistance increases.

Significance of the finding

The magnetoresistance observed in the graphene-based device was almost 100 times higher than that observed in other known semimetals in this magnetic field range.
In the study, the magnetoresistance in monolayer graphene at 27º C held between two layers of boron nitride increased by 110% under a field of 0.1 tesla.
To compare, the magnetoresistance in these conditions increases by less than 1% in normal metals.
The team attributed this to the presence of a ‘neutral’ plasma and the electrons’ mobility.

Try this MCQ

Which of the following best describes magnetoresistance?

(a) The magnetic resistance of a conductor to electrical current flow

(b) The phenomenon where the electrical resistance of a conductor is affected by magnetic fields in adjacent materials

(d) The resistance of a magnet to demagnetization by an external magnetic field

Post your answers here.

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Bioluminescence observed at Visakhapatnam beach

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Climatic Change

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Bioluminiscence

Mains level: NA

bio

The blooms of Noctiluca Scintillans, commonly known as “sea sparkle or bioluminescence” are being witnessed along the coasts of Visakhapatnam, AP.

Noctiluca Scintillans

Scintillans is a bioluminescent specie that brightens the seawater during the night.
It grazes on other micro-organisms such as larvae, fish eggs, and diatoms. But the unicellular phytoplankton that lives inside it can photosynthesize, turning sunlight into energy.
They help their host cell survive even when food was scarce.
Thus, N. Scintillans acts as both a plant and an animal

Threats posed

According to marine experts, the phenomenon is an indicator of climate change.
While smaller blooms may be harmless, slow-moving larger blooms may have an impact on deep-sea fishes.
The toxic blooms of N. Scintillans were linked to massive fish and marine invertebrate kills.
Though the species does not produce a toxin, it was found to accumulate toxic levels of ammonia, which is then excreted into the surrounding waters, possibly acting as the killing agent in blooms.
They have displaced microscopic algae called diatoms, which form the basis of the marine food chain. This has deprived food for the planktivorous fish.

Back2Basics: Bioluminescence

It is the property of a living organism to produce and emit light.
Animals, plants, fungi and bacteria show bioluminescence. A remarkable diversity of marine animals and microbes are able to produce their own light.
It is found in many marine organisms such as bacteria, algae, jellyfish, worms, crustaceans, sea stars, fish and sharks.
Luminescence is generally higher in deep-living and planktonic organisms than in shallow species.

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GI(Geographical Indicator) Tags

Madhya Pradesh’s Gond Painting gets GI Tag

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Gond Painting

Mains level: Contribution of GI tags in tribal economy

gond

The Gond painting of Madhya Pradesh has received the prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

Other recent GI tags awarded in UP

10 products from UP got GI Tag on March 31:

Aligarh Tala
Bakharia Brassware
Banda Shazar Patthar Craft
Pratapgarh Aonla (Amla)
Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)
Muzaffarnagar Gur (jaggery)
Banarasi Pan
Nagina Wood Craft
Hathras Hing
Banaras Langda Aam

Gond Art

Gond painting is a traditional art of Madhya Pradesh and belongs to the Gond tribe.
Patangarh village of Dindori district is famous for Gond paintings, where there is an artist in every house.
Their work is famous in the state and abroad for its unique style, theme, and motifs.
Gond art has been passed down through generations, traditionally adorning the walls of each artist’s home in Patangarh.

Features of Gond Painting

Gond paintings showcase the beauty of nature, including trees, plants, animals, the moon, sun, river, drains, God, and Goddesses.
The paintings also portray daily life activities such as food, plough making, and even how the king used to fight.

Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)

A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
The tag stands valid for 10 years.

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

India’s Philosophy Stand Out As A Beacon To The World

op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: India's philosophy and fundamentals

Mains level: India's philosophical heritage

Central Idea

The philosophical underpinnings of India’s civilization are unique and powerful, and they empower India to withstand waves of invasions, natural calamities, and societal challenges. India’s worldview and approach towards human life make India stand out as a beacon to the world. However, many Indians remain ignorant of their own philosophical heritage, and building on these foundational values can serve as building blocks for India’s soft power.

The Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy

Indian philosophy cannot be ascribed to any particular scripture.
The fundamentals of the perceived philosophy of India have come from many scriptures, and the Indian approach is to let a thousand flowers bloom.

The Five Tenets that Make India Stand Out

India’s philosophy has at least five fundamental tenets that make it stand out: 1. Spiritual democracy, 2. Unity in diversity, 3. Confluence with nature, 4, antyodaya, and 5. vasudhaiva kutumbakam. These tenets reflect the teachings of sages and philosophers such as Gautama Buddha, Adi Shankara, and Guru Nanak.

Spiritual Democracy: India rejects any monopolistic approach to ways of worship, and it welcomes diversity in ways of worship. This approach reflects the fundamental unity of all that exists, and sages call it by various names.
Unity in Diversity: India’s unity is inherent in its diversity, and this diversity is our innate unity that manifests in myriad ways. India not only accommodates but also celebrates the pervasive diversity.
Confluence with Nature: India does not aspire to conquer nature, but instead, it has a tradition of sincere and deepest gratitude towards nature. Many Indian traditions and rituals reflect this approach, and sustainability is a part of our philosophy of human life.
Antyodaya: India’s unique concept of antyodaya puts the last man first. The most deprived are the most deserving when it comes to the distribution of the fruits of development. Antyodaya encompasses both social and economic justice and takes us beyond the binary of capitalism and socialism.
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: India has imagined the entire world as one family, where values like mutuality, sharing, and collectivism are given primacy. This approach nips in the bud all the uncalled-for apprehensions about ultra-nationalistic or jingoistic approaches.

India’s Philosophical Heritage Can Build on Its Soft Power

India can build on its unique philosophical heritage, which can serve as building blocks of India’s soft power.
India’s foundational values are needed now more than ever, as the global community faces conflicts and wars emanating from weird ideas of supremacy, oneupmanship, and monopolistic spirituality.

Conclusion

India’s philosophy and approach towards human life and worldly concerns are unique and powerful, and they make India stand out as a beacon to the world. India’s soft power can build on its unique philosophical heritage, and India can use this to assert itself even in the most complex and unpredictable future. The key challenge is to establish that India is capable of walking the talk and using its philosophy to deal with societal challenges. Indian philosophy empowers us to handle the contemporary challenges, and it has gained India huge goodwill among the global community.

Mains Question

Q. India’s philosophy and approach towards human life and worldly concerns are unique and powerful, and they make India stand out as a beacon to the world. Discuss

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Police Reforms – SC directives, NPC, other committees reports

Supreme Court rulings on Encounters

| Governance | Mains Paper 2: Civil Service

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Issues with Extrajudicial Killings

encounter

Central idea: A gangster-turned-politician son and his aide were killed in an encounter in UP.

Why discuss this?

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the Supreme Court have laid down proper guidelines and procedures to be followed to prevent any misuse of power by the law enforcement agencies.
However, this encounter has brought to the forefront the issue of extra-judicial killings or “encounters” by the police in India.

Supreme Court Guidelines on Encounters

In September 2014, a bench of then CJI RM Lodha and Rohinton Fali Nariman issued detailed guidelines.
These guidelines came in the case “People’s Union for Civil Liberties v State of Maharashtra”.
The guidelines enumerated 16 points to be followed in the matters of investigating police encounters in the cases of death as the standard procedure for a thorough, effective and independent investigation-

Registration of a first information report (FIR) as mandatory
Magisterial inquiry
Keeping written records of intelligence inputs
Independent investigation by bodies such as the CID
A Magisterial Inquiry must invariably be held in all cases of death which occur in the course of police action
Next of kin of the deceased must invariably be associated in such inquiry
In every case when a complaint is made against the police alleging commission of a criminal act on their part, which makes out a cognizable case of culpable homicide, an FIR to this effect must be registered under appropriate sections of the IPC
Such an inquiry made under Section 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, must show “whether use of force was justified and action taken was lawful.”
Whenever the police receives any intelligence or tip-off on criminal movements or activities relating to the commission of grave criminal offence, “it shall be reduced into writing in some form (preferably into case diary) or in some electronic form.”
Following such tip-off or intelligence, if an encounter takes place and a firearm is used by the police party, resulting in death, then an FIR to that effect has to be registered and forwarded to the court under Section 157 without delay.
Provisions for an independent investigation into the encounter
The requirements/norms must be strictly observed in all cases of death and grievous injury in police encounters by treating them as law declared under Article 141 of Indian Constitution.
The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all other courts in Indian Territory.
NHRC’s involvement is not necessary, “unless there is serious doubt about independent and impartial investigation.”
The information about the incident must be sent to NHRC or the State Human Rights Commission.

NHRC Guidelines on Encounters

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has asked all states and Union Territories to ensure that police follow a set of guidelines in cases where death is caused in police encounters.
These included the police’s duty to enter all information received about encounter deaths in an “appropriate register” and provisions for investigation by independent agencies like the State CID.

Issues with such encounters

Defies rule of law: This practice undermines the rule of law and due process, and violates the right to life and other human rights.
Use of force: There have been allegations of police and security forces using excessive force.
Fake encounters: There have been instances of staging encounters, and conducting fake encounters to eliminate suspects without following the due legal process.
Autocracy: These incidents have raised concerns about impunity, lack of accountability, and the need for reforms to ensure that law enforcement officials are held accountable for their actions.
Distrust among the public: Public often tend to lose belief among the constitutional process of justice.

Why are such encounters popular among public?

Lack of trust in the legal system: Some people may view extrajudicial killings and encounters as a way of bypassing the legal system which they may view as corrupt or inefficient.
Perception of safety: There may be a belief among some members of the public that such encounters can help to deter criminals and make their communities safer.
Frustration with the slow pace of justice: The Indian legal system can be slow and protracted, and some people may view extrajudicial killings and encounters as a way to expedite the process of justice.
Lack of awareness about human rights: Some people may not be aware of the human rights implications of such encounters, or may view them as a necessary means to an end.

Conclusion

It is important to note, however, that extrajudicial killings and encounters are illegal, undermine the rule of law, and violate human rights.
They also carry the risk of abuse, and can result in innocent people being targeted or killed.
Therefore, such practices cannot be justified or condoned in a democratic and law-abiding society.

Back2Basics: National Human Rights Commission

NHRC is an independent statutory body established in India on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
It is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, and prevention of their violations.
It is empowered to investigate complaints of human rights violations and recommend appropriate remedial measures.
It also monitors the human rights situation in the country, undertakes research and advocacy, and conducts various educational and awareness programs to promote human rights awareness and sensitivity among various sections of society.

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Vision Continues to Inspire Present Day Governance

op-ed snap | | Mains Paper 1: Post-Independence

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Check the knowledge box

Mains level: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's legacy and present day governance

Central idea

The 132nd birth anniversary of B.R. Ambedkar is an occasion to recognize his ideas and actions which continue to inspire and guide the present and future generations.

B.R. Ambedkar’s Legacy

R. Ambedkar was more than an individual, and his ideas and actions continue to illuminate the present and are a guiding light for the future.
He epitomised the spirit of justice and stressed establishing institutions for a just society.

Ambedkar’s contribution to nation-building

Multidimensional contribution: The centenary of Ambedkar’s work, The Problem of Rupee: Its Origin and its Solution, paved the foundation of the Reserve Bank of India in 1934. During that time, the country was trying to come out of the clutches of colonialism, and Ambedkar vigorously advocated for significant nation-building measures in a multidimensional manner.
Tirelessly work to safeguarding the interests of the people: From his work on the Simon Commission to representing the Depressed Classes in the Round Table conferences and chairing the Constitution’s drafting committee, Ambedkar tirelessly worked towards safeguarding the interests of the people.

Quick knowledge box from civilsdaily: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s literary work

Literary Works	Description
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development	A paper presented by Ambedkar to an anthropology seminar at Columbia University, which discusses the caste system in India and its origins
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution	A work that proposed a solution to the problem of currency fluctuations in India and paved the way for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India
Annihilation of Caste	A speech delivered by Ambedkar that strongly criticized the caste system in Hindu society and advocated for its annihilation
What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables	A book that criticized the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi for their treatment of the untouchables in India
States and Minorities	A book that analyzes the relationship between the majority and minority communities in India and argues for the protection of minority rights
The Untouchables: Who Were They and Why They Became Untouchables?	A book that traces the history of the untouchables in India and argues for their social and economic upliftment
Buddha and His Dhamma	A book that describes the life and teachings of the Buddha and how they can be applied to contemporary society
Who Were the Shudras?	A book that examines the origins and history of the Shudra caste in Hindu society

Present government’s commitment to Ambedkar’s vision

Ambedkar’s vision in planning and implementation: The present-day government led by PM Modi has been committed to adhering to Ambedkar’s vision from planning to implementation.
People-centric policy measures: The government has taken steps towards the ease of life of citizens, such as the implementation of pro-poor and people-centric policy measures.
For instance: Schemes such as Stand-Up India, Start-Up India, PM Awas Scheme, BHIM, Mudra, and JAM trinity, which show that the government is leaving no stone unturned to fulfill the assigned targets and ensure saturation-level implementation.
Government’s efforts to preserve Ambedkar’s legacy: Government’s has adopted a sensitive approach towards preserving Ambedkar’s legacy. The National Research for Conservation of Cultural Property has preserved Ambedkar’s belongings for posterity, which will be showcased at the upcoming Dr B R Ambedkar Socio-Economic & Culture Centre. The Centre will serve as a sacred place highlighting glimpses of Ambedkar’s contribution to building the nation.

Ambedkar’s relevance to present-day India

Panch Pran mantra: There are parallels between Ambedkar’s ideas and the Prime Minister’s Panch Pran mantra for making a developed India.
Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav: Ambedkar believed that the constitutional ideals and social philosophy of liberty, equality, and fraternity have Indian cultural roots, and the government’s initiatives, such as Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, reflect this belief.

Conclusion

India’s commitment to Ambedkar’s vision would have resulted in greater public welfare if earlier governments had accepted him in this manner. On Ambedkar’s 132nd birth anniversary, it is essential to recognize his legacy and commitment to establishing institutions for a just society. The legacy of B.R. Ambedkar is a guiding light for India, and his ideas and actions continue to inspire and provide a moral force for justice.

Mains Question

Q. Discuss the relevance of B.R. Ambedkar’s ideas to present-day India. How has the present government committed to adhering to Ambedkar’s vision in planning and implementation of policies?

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Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

Dabba Trading and its impact on the Economy

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Investment Models

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Dabba Trading

Mains level: Read the attached story

dabba

Central idea

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) has issued a series of notices warning retail investors about entities involved in ‘dabba trading’.
The NSE cautioned investors not to subscribe or invest using these products offering indicative, assured or guaranteed returns in the stock market as they are prohibited by law.
The entities involved in dabba trading are not recognized as authorized members by the exchange.

What is Dabba Trading?

Dabba (Box) trading refers to informal trading that takes place outside the purview of the stock exchanges.
It involves betting on stock price movements without incurring a real transaction to take physical ownership of a particular stock as is done in an exchange.
In simple words, it is gambling centred around stock price movements.

How does it work?

In dabba trading, investors place bets on stock price movements at a certain price point.
If the price point rises, they make a gain, and if it falls, they have to pay the difference to the dabba broker.
The broker’s profit from the investor’s loss, and vice versa.
Transactions are facilitated using cash and unrecognised software terminals or informal records, which helps traders stay outside the regulatory mechanism.

What are the problems with dabba trading?

Since dabba traders do not maintain proper records of income or gain, they are able to escape taxation, which results in a loss to the government exchequer.
The use of cash also means that they are outside the purview of the formal banking system.
Investors in dabba trading do not have formal provisions for investor protection or grievance redressal mechanisms available within an exchange, which exposes them to the risk of broker defaults or insolvency.
Dabba trading also perpetuates a parallel economy, potentially encouraging the growth of black money and criminal activities.

What is the current scenario?

Industry observers have reported that dabba brokers harass clients for default payments and refuse payments upon profit.
Potential investors are lured by aggressive marketing, ease of trading using apps with quality interfaces, and lack of identity verification.
Brokers keep their fees and margins open to negotiation depending on an individual’s trading profile.
The mechanism could potentially induce volatility and cause losses for the regulated bourse when dabba brokers look to hedge their exposures.

What are the legal implications?

Dabba trading is recognised as an offence under Section 23(1) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act (SCRA), 1956.
Upon conviction, it can invite imprisonment for a term extending up to 10 years or a fine up to ₹25 crore, or both.

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Microfinance Story of India

What is MUDRA Scheme?

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: MUDRA Scheme

Mains level: Read the attached story

mudra

PM hit out at people ridiculing the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) and said those who gave loans to big businessmen “over phone” never understood the power of microfinance.

MUDRA Scheme

MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) Scheme is a financial initiative launched by the Government of India in April 2015 to provide financial support to micro-enterprises in India.
The scheme is designed to cater to the financial needs of the non-corporate, non-farm sector enterprises in the country.
The objective of the scheme is to promote entrepreneurship, employment generation, and to provide access to finance to small and micro-businesses in India.

Range of loans

The MUDRA scheme provides loans ranging from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 10 lakhs to small and micro-businesses.
These loans are provided through various financial institutions such as banks, microfinance institutions, and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs).
The scheme also offers refinance support to these institutions.

Category	Loan Amount
Shishu	Up to Rs. 50,000
Kishore	Rs. 50,001 to Rs. 5 lakhs
Tarun	Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs. 10 lakhs

Key features of the MUDRA scheme

Refinance support: The scheme offers refinance support to various financial institutions, such as banks, microfinance institutions, and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), to provide loans to small and micro-businesses.
Employment generation: The scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship and employment generation in the country.
Digitalization of financial transactions: The scheme has helped in promoting the digitalization of financial transactions.
Focus on underprivileged and marginalized sections: The scheme aims to provide financial assistance to underprivileged and marginalized sections of the society, especially those belonging to the non-corporate, non-farm sector enterprises in the country.
Simplified loan processing: The loan processing under the scheme is simplified and requires minimal documentation.
No collateral requirement: The loans provided under the scheme do not require any collateral or security.
Competitive Interest rate: The interest rate for the loans provided under the scheme is competitive and affordable.

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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Uthirameur Inscription: Ancient Tamil proof of Democratic Provisions

Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Uthiramerur inscriptions

Mains level: Democracy since Indian Civilizations

uthirameur

PM Modi referred to an over 1,100-year-old inscription found in Uthirameur, Tamil Nadu, which talks about rules for a local body, including provisions for disqualifying a member.

What are Uthiramerur inscriptions?

Uthiramerur inscriptions are a set of ancient Tamil inscriptions found in Uthiramerur, a town in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu.
These inscriptions date back to the 10th century CE and were created during the reign of the Chola dynasty, which ruled over a large part of South India.
It was crafted under the rule of Parantaka Chola I (907 – 956 AD.)

What does the inscription say?

The temple inscriptions of Uthiramerur provide historical descriptions of rural self-governance.

(1) Sabha and Ur

Uthiramerur had two village assemblies: Gram Sabha and Ur.
Sabha was exclusively a Brahmin assembly, while the Ur was made up of people belonging to all classes.
Sabha managed land sales, endowment fund for dredging a tank, and assigned duties to the Ur for managing deserted land.
Sabha assembled in the hall of the local temple and was summoned through beating of the drums.
The inscriptions contained references to variyars, the executive officers subordinate to the Sabha.

(2) Administrative System

The executive powers were given to committees called Variyams during the Chola king Parantaka I’s reign (907–955).
Each variyam constituted 6 to 12 members, depending on the importance of its functions.
The first inscription (dated 919 CE) described the rules for electing committee members.
The second inscription (dated 921 CE) described some amendments to these rules to make them more practical.

(3) Committees and Qualifications

The village had 30 kudumbus or wards, from which the members of various committees were selected annually.
The inscription lays down the qualifications for a nominee, including ownership of tax-paying land, residence on self-owned land, age between 35 and 70 years, knowledge of mantras and the Brahmanas, and not being associated with certain offenses or activities.
The candidates were selected via Kudavoloi (pot of palm leaf tickets) system.
The tenure of a committee member was 360 days.
Anyone found guilty of an offense was immediately removed from the office.

(4) Punishments

The Uthiramerur inscriptions indicate that parading on a donkey was a punishment for offenses such as incest, adultery, theft, and forgery.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Afghanistan

India signs MoU with World Food Programme for sending wheat to Afghanistan

IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood - Relations

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: World Food Program

Mains level: India's assistance to Afghanistan

India signed an MoU with the World Food Programme (WFP) to send 10,000 metric tonnes of wheat to Afghanistan.

Reason: Utilizing WFP supply chain

The MoU signed between India and the World Food Programme (WFP) paves the way for sending 10,000 metric tonnes of wheat for the people of Afghanistan.
The WFP has a massive supply chain and logistics infrastructure in Afghanistan that could help in ensuring that the food supply reaches those who need it the most and no one is excluded.
The MoU also ensures that the assistance is coordinated and delivered in an effective and efficient manner, and that it reaches the most vulnerable sections of the Afghan population.

What is World Food Programme (WFP)?

The WFP is a humanitarian organization that is part of the United Nations system.
It was established in 1961 and has its headquarters in Rome, Italy.
The WFP is the world’s largest humanitarian agency focused on combating hunger and promoting food security.

Scope of Operations

The WFP operates in more than 80 countries, delivering food assistance to people in need.
WFP programs reach over 97 million people each year, including children, pregnant and nursing women, and people affected by emergencies, such as conflict or natural disasters.
It provides a range of food assistance, including in-kind food assistance, cash and voucher-based transfers, and specialized nutritious foods.

Funding and Support

The WFP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from governments, companies, and individuals.
The organization works closely with donors to ensure that funding is used effectively and efficiently, and to ensure that it is directed to the areas and programs where it is needed most.

Governance and Structure

The WFP is governed by an Executive Board, which is composed of 36 member states that are elected to three-year terms.
The Executive Board provides oversight and strategic direction to the organization, and approves the WFP’s programs and budgets.
The WFP is headed by an Executive Director, who is appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
The organization has more than 17,000 staff worldwide, including professionals in fields such as logistics, nutrition, and food security.

Impact and Achievements

Over the years, the WFP has made significant contributions to addressing hunger and promoting food security worldwide.
The organization has responded to numerous emergencies, providing food assistance to millions of people affected by conflict, natural disasters, and other crises.
The WFP has also supported programs that help people access the food they need to lead healthy, active lives, and that promote sustainable agriculture and development.
The WFP has been recognized for its efforts, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020 in recognition of its contributions to combatting hunger and promoting peace.

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

Inflation in India is Driven by Food Prices

op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Inflation, WPI and CPI

Mains level: Inflation trends in India

Central Idea

The recent trajectory of inflation in India is attributed to the pricing power of five big corporates or ‘Big 5’ according to former Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India, Viral Acharya. However, the argument is flawed as the Indian inflation is different from the rest of the world, and it is driven by food price inflation. While corporate pricing power does exist, it is limited, and the extent to which it drives overall inflation is still debatable.

The factor of food price inflation

Divergence between Indian and Western inflation rates is not new:

Sudden surge of Inflation in India: After the global financial crisis of 2008, Indian inflation surged higher than the economies of the US and UK due to food price inflation caused by negative agricultural shocks and high procurement price hikes.
Core inflation: Food-price inflation tends to feed into core inflation, so it would be hasty to conclude that Indian inflation is higher than the West today due to corporate pricing power.
Food price inflation: Evidence suggests that in India, food price inflation affects core inflation, and food price inflation enters costs of the non-agricultural sector.

Corporate pricing power in India:

Corporate pricing power and overall inflation: Corporate pricing power exists in Indian industry, but the extent to which it drives overall inflation in India is debatable. The question is how much corporate power is driving inflation beyond its obvious role in elevating the price level.
Prices of food: To measure inflation without considering the price of food is to exclude what matters most to the public, as opposed to central bankers.
Inflation control strategy: India’s inflation control strategy needs to address the challenge of ensuring the production of food at affordable prices.

Comparing WP inflation with CP inflation

Comparing WP inflation with CP inflation is to acquiesce in a mismatch.
The commodity basket corresponding to CP includes items that do not enter the wholesale price index, so we would be comparing apples with oranges.

The argument is based on a short time period

WP inflation has eased considerably in the six months preceding March 2023, but CP inflation has not. However, a mismatch between WP and CP inflations is not new.
So, the maintenance of high price increases by firms in the retail sector even after wholesale price inflation has declined in 2022-23 may just be a compensating mechanism, i.e., the rising input cost of the retail sector is being passed on with a lag.

Facts for prelims: WP inflation VS CP inflation

Aspect	Wholesale Price (WP) Inflation	Consumer Price (CP) Inflation
Definition	Measures the change in average price level of goods sold by producers at the wholesale level	Measures the change in average price level of goods and services purchased by households
Captures	Changes in prices of goods before they reach the retail market	Changes in prices of goods and services at the retail level
Indicator of	Early indicator of changes in overall price level of economy	Inflation that households experience in their day-to-day lives
Impact	Affects production cost and supply chain	Affects purchasing power of consumers
Calculation	Based on price changes of goods sold in bulk to retailers or other businesses	Based on price changes of goods and services purchased by households
Usage	Used by policymakers to monitor changes in cost of production and production-level inflation	Used by policymakers to monitor inflation and make decisions related to monetary policy
Examples	Wholesale prices of raw materials, oil, and other commodities	Retail prices of food, clothing, transportation, and other consumer goods and services

Rising food prices driving current inflation

Over 75% of the direct contribution to inflation in the first three quarters of the financial year came from sectors in which the Big 5 are unlikely to be represented in a big way.
The contribution of food products alone was close to 50% in most time periods.
Rising food prices are driving current inflation in India.

The current inflation control strategy

Considerable rise in food prices: In India, food prices have only risen, and in recent years their rate of inflation has been very high. For all the reforms since 1991, the real price of food, i.e., its price relative to the general price level, has risen considerably.
What matters most to public must be considered: In the context, to measure inflation without considering the price of food is to exclude what matters most to the public, as opposed to central bankers.
Current strategy restricted to using the interest rate to dampen aggregate demand: India’s inflation control strategy is currently restricted to using the interest rate to dampen aggregate demand. This strategy avoids addressing the challenge of ensuring the production of affordable food.
Question mark on RBI’s ability to control inflation: The RBI has been unable to control even the core inflation which central banks are assumed to be able to control. A recent intervention explaining core inflation in India has highlighted the RBI’s inability to control inflation.

Conclusion

Inflation is being discussed only in terms of core inflation, which excludes the inflation in food and fuel prices because these prices tend to fluctuate and even out the changes, so it is assumed that they do not require a policy response. However, this assumption is flawed in the context of India’s economy, as food and fuel prices have a significant impact on the economy and people’s livelihoods. Therefore, limiting the discussion to core inflation ignores the role of corporate pricing power and the impact of food and fuel prices on the economy.

Mains Question

Q. What is the factor that primarily drives inflation in India? Highlight the relationship between food price inflation and overall inflation in India?

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

AI Regulation in India: Ensuring Responsible Development and Deployment

op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields,S&T - Applications In Everyday Life

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: AI applications and latest developments

Mains level: AI's limitless potential, challenges, risks and regulations

Central Idea

As the deployment of Artificial intelligence (AI) based systems continues to grow, it is important for India to develop and implement regulations that promote responsible development and deployment, while also addressing concerns related to privacy, competition, and job losses.

The Potential of AI and its Risks

Limitless potential: The potential of AI is vast and encompasses a wide range of applications across various fields. AI has the potential to improve productivity, increase efficiency, and provide personalized solutions in many areas such as healthcare, finance, education, manufacturing, transportation, defense, space technology, molecular biology, deep water mining, and exploration.
Significant risks: While the potential of AI is immense, it also comes with significant risks that need to be addressed. Some of the risks associated with AI include biased algorithms, misdiagnosis or errors, loss of jobs for professionals, unintended harm or civilian casualties, and cybersecurity threats. It is important to ensure that AI development and deployment are carried out with caution and that potential risks are mitigated.

Takeaway keyword Box from civilsdaily: AI applications in various fields, advantages, challenges and associated risks.

Fields	AI Applications	Advantages	Challenges	Risks
Healthcare	Diagnosis and medical imaging, drug discovery, personalized medicine, virtual nursing assistants, remote monitoring of patients, health data analysis	Improved accuracy and speed of diagnoses, personalized treatment plans, faster drug discovery, remote patient monitoring	Integration with existing healthcare systems, ethical and regulatory concerns, data privacy and security	Misdiagnosis or errors, biased algorithms, loss of jobs for healthcare professionals
Finance	Fraud detection, customer service chatbots, personalized financial advice, risk assessment and management, trading algorithms	Improved fraud detection and prevention, personalized customer support, optimized risk management, faster trading decisions	Integration with existing financial systems, ethical and regulatory concerns, data privacy and security	Biased algorithms, systemic risks, cyber attacks
Education	Personalized learning, adaptive learning, intelligent tutoring systems, student engagement analytics, automated grading and feedback	Improved student outcomes, personalized learning experiences, increased student engagement, reduced workload for educators	Integration with existing education systems, ethical and regulatory concerns, data privacy and security	Biased algorithms, loss of jobs for educators, lack of human interaction
Manufacturing	Quality control, predictive maintenance, supply chain optimization, collaborative robots, autonomous vehicles, visual inspection	Increased efficiency and productivity, reduced downtime, optimized supply chains, improved worker safety	Integration with existing manufacturing systems, ethical and regulatory concerns, data privacy and security	Malfunctioning robots or machines, loss of jobs for workers, high implementation costs
Transportation	Autonomous vehicles, predictive maintenance, route optimization, intelligent traffic management, demand forecasting, ride-sharing and on-demand services	Reduced accidents and fatalities, reduced congestion and emissions, optimized routing and scheduling, increased accessibility and convenience	Integration with existing transportation systems, ethical and regulatory concerns, data privacy and security	Malfunctioning autonomous vehicles, job displacement for drivers, cybersecurity threats
Agriculture	Precision agriculture, crop monitoring and analysis, yield optimization, automated irrigation and fertilization, pest management, livestock monitoring	Increased crop yields, reduced waste and resource use, optimized crop health, improved livestock management	Integration with existing agriculture systems, ethical and regulatory concerns, data privacy and security	Malfunctioning drones or sensors, loss of jobs for farm workers, biased algorithms
Defense	Intelligent surveillance and threat detection, unmanned systems, autonomous weapons	Improved situational awareness and response, reduced human risk in combat situations	Ethical and legal concerns surrounding the use of autonomous weapons, risk of AI being hacked or malfunctioning in combat scenarios	Unintended harm or civilian casualties, loss of jobs for military personnel
Space technology	Autonomous navigation, intelligent data analysis, robotics	Increased efficiency and productivity in space exploration, improved accuracy in data analysis	Risk of AI being hacked or malfunctioning in space missions, ethical and regulatory concerns surrounding the use of autonomous systems in space	Damage to equipment or loss of mission due to malfunctioning AI
Molecular biology	Gene editing and analysis, drug discovery and development, personalized medicine	Faster and more accurate analysis of genetic data, improved drug discovery and personalized treatment plans	Ethical and regulatory concerns surrounding the use of AI in gene editing and personalized medicine	Misuse of genetic data or personalized treatment plans, loss of jobs for medical professionals
Deep water mining and exploration	Autonomous underwater vehicles, intelligent data analysis	Increased efficiency and productivity in deep sea exploration and mining, improved accuracy in data analysis	High costs and technical challenges of developing and deploying AI systems in deep sea environments	Malfunctioning AI systems, environmental damage or destruction due to deep sea mining activities

The Need for Regulation

Current regulatory system not well equipped: The current regulatory system may not be equipped to deal with the risks posed by AI, especially in areas such as privacy and competition.
Develop regulations in collaboration: Governments need to work with tech companies to develop regulations that ensure the responsible development and deployment of AI systems.
Balanced regulations: The regulation needs to be adaptive, flexible and balance between the benefits and risks of AI technology. This way, AI technology can be developed while taking into account societal concerns.
Privacy Concerns and responsible usage: AI-based systems, such as facial recognition technology, raise concerns related to privacy and surveillance. Governments need to develop regulations that protect citizen privacy and ensure that data is collected and used in a responsible way.
Risk assessment: Risk assessment could help in determining the risks of AI-based systems and developing regulations that address those risks.
For instance: Europe’s risk assessment approach may serve as a useful model for India to develop such regulations.

Competition and Monopolization

AI powered checks and balance: The dominance of Big Tech in the tech landscape raises concerns of monopolization and the potential for deepening their control over the market. However, the presence of multiple players in the AI field generates checks and balances of its own.
Healthy market for AI technology: The development of new players and competitors can promote innovation and ensure a healthy market for AI technology.

Conclusion

AI technology holds immense potential, but its risks need to be mitigated, and its development and deployment need to be carried out responsibly. Governments must work towards developing regulations that ensure that AI technology benefits society, while addressing concerns related to privacy, competition, and job losses. Responsible development and deployment of AI technology can lead to a brighter future for all.

Mains Question

Q. AI has limitless potential in various fields. In this light of this statement enumerate some of its key revolutionary applications in various fields and discuss challenges and associated risks of deploying AI in various fields.

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

Women Cadres (Maoist): Structural Violence and Exploitation

op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues,Linkages Between Development & Spread Of Extremism

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Inner party women representation and hardships

Central idea

The Communist Party of India (Maoist) claims to fight for gender equality, but the reality is that women cadres are subject to structural violence and exploitation.

Women’s representation in the party

Negligible representation in the council: Despite constituting 35%-40% of the party, women’s representation in the Central Committee and the Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee (DKSZC) is negligible
Members in the cadre: Only one-woman cadre is a Central Committee member out of more than 20 members, and only two women cadres are DKSZC members out of approximately 20 members

Concerns over women’s health and nutrition

Health challenges: Women face additional health challenges in the jungle and receive inadequate nutrition and healthcare. Most women become anaemic due to the lack of proper nutrition.
Menstrual hygiene challenges: Women cadres do not receive menstrual leave and need to be alert all the time with a gun. Only one loin cloth is provided to two women cadres to be shared as a sanitary napkin for six months.
Fundamental necessities are not adequate: Women cadres are not allowed to liberally use water and are at the mercy of the unit commander who carries some medical necessities

Conditions for marriage and reproduction

Marriage is not to enjoy family life: The party permits marriage only between willing partners to fight together, not to enjoy family life.
Forced vasectomy: Male cadres are forced to undergo vasectomy either before marriage or immediately after marriage.
Forced abortion: If a woman cadre gets pregnant, she has to undergo an abortion
Silent on divorce and polygamy: The party is silent on issues of divorce and polygamy

Sexual exploitation and ill-treatment of women

Sexual exploitation and ill treatment: Sexual exploitation of women is not uncommon in the party, and instances of suicide by women cadres due to ill-treatment and suspicion are reported.
Nominal punishment: Disciplinary action is taken against cadres for moral turpitude, but the maximum punishment is only suspension for a year or demotion.

Conclusion

Women who join the Communist Party of India (Maoist) in the hope of bringing about a revolution for the proletariat and the landless class are often subject to the same structural violence that they are supposed to fight. The party needs to ensure gender equality in reality, not just in its claims, and provide better conditions for women cadres.

Mains Question

Q. How do structural inequalities and power dynamics within political movements impact the fight for gender equality? Illustrate.

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): Bus to Become An Arbitration Hub

op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: E-Governance

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: ODR applications

Mains level: Online Dispute Resolution mechanism in India, advantages , challenges and measures

Central Idea

India can still become a leader in dispute resolution despite missing the opportunity to establish itself as an arbitration hub. The use of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) can enable India to enhance its ease of doing business and become a more preferred destination for dispute resolution.

India’s shortcomings in arbitration

India’s low rank in the ‘Enforcing Contracts’ category in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business report, which indicates the difficulties in enforcing contracts in India.
Although India has taken steps to improve its arbitration laws and regulations, it is not yet a preferred destination for arbitration.

India’s strengths in technology

India’s has demonstrated its strengths in technology, especially in the field of ODR.
India has a unique advantage in this area due to the widespread adoption of online technology during the COVID-19 pandemic, which saw the judiciary lead the way in online hearings.

What is Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)?

ODR is a method of resolving disputes through the use of digital technology and the internet, without the need for physical presence in a traditional courtroom setting.
It involves the use of various tools and platforms such as video conferencing, case management systems, digital signatures, and even advanced technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to resolve disputes.
ODR offers many advantages over traditional methods of dispute resolution, such as reduced burden on courts, time and cost savings, and increased accessibility to dispute resolution services for parties located in different geographical locations.
ODR is becoming increasingly popular around the world, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic which has made physical hearings and meetings difficult or impossible in many cases.

Advantages of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) in India

Convenience: ODR provides a convenient way for parties to resolve disputes without the need to physically travel to a court or other dispute resolution center. This can save time and money, especially in cases where parties are located in different parts of the country.
Efficiency: ODR can help to streamline the dispute resolution process by providing tools such as case management systems, automated case flows, and digital signatures and stamping. This can help to reduce the time and costs associated with traditional dispute resolution methods.
Accessibility: ODR can make dispute resolution more accessible to individuals and businesses, especially those who may not have the resources to pursue traditional legal remedies.
Expertise: ODR platforms can provide access to experts in specific fields, such as intellectual property, international trade, or e-commerce, which can be especially useful in resolving disputes that involve complex legal issues.
Confidentiality: ODR can provide a confidential environment for parties to resolve disputes, which can be especially important in cases where sensitive business information is involved.
Flexibility: ODR can be tailored to the specific needs of the parties and the dispute, providing a more flexible and adaptable approach to dispute resolution than traditional legal methods.

Opportunities for ODR in India

ORD already in use: Private platforms in India are already resolving lakhs of disputes through ODR and that many corporates have migrated to ODR to resolve small-value disputes.
Look beyond the conventional tools: The ODR can be used for more than just audio/video conferencing and can encompass tools such as multi-channel communication, case management systems, automated case flows, digital signatures and stamping, and even advanced technologies such as blockchain, natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

Measures to promote ODR

Three key measures that can be taken to promote ODR in India are as follows:

Incentivizing the use of ODR: Incentivizing the use of ODR through legislative measures such as setting ODR as a default dispute resolution tool for online transactions, fast-tracking enforcement of ODR outcomes, and exempting or reducing stamp duty and court fees.
Solving infrastructure challenges: Solving infrastructural challenges and optimizing existing setups such as Aadhaar kendras to also function as ODR kiosks. Each court can have an ODR cell along with supplemental technical and administrative support.
Proactive use of ODR by government: Government departments should explore ODR as a grievance redress mechanism. Proactive use of ODR by government entities will not only increase trust in the process but also ensure that citizens have access to a convenient and cost-effective means of resolving disputes with the government.

Conclusion

The ODR has the potential to ensure justice for all, at everyone’s fingertips. While India may have missed the bus to become an arbitration hub, it can still catch up and overtake other countries in ODR.

Mains Question

Q. What is Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)? Discuss the advantages of ODR in India and suggest measures that can be taken to promote its use.

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Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

Role of Parliamentary Committees

Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Parliamentary Committees

Mains level: Legislative consultation

Central idea: This article discusses the importance and functions of parliamentary committees in India.

Why in news?

As little as 25% of the Bills introduced were referred to committees in the 16th Lok Sabha, as compared to 71% and 60% in the 15th and 14th Lok Sabha respectively.
This represents a declining trend of national legislation being subjected to expert scrutiny.

What is a Parliamentary Committee?

A committee appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker that works under the direction of the Speaker and presents its report to the House or the Speaker.
Two kinds of committees: Standing Committees and Ad hoc Committees.

(1) Standing Committees

Permanent and regular committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an Act of Parliament or Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
The work of these Committees is of continuous nature.
Examples include the Financial Committees and DRSCs.

(2) Ad hoc Committees

Appointed for a specific purpose and cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report.
The principal Ad hoc Committees are the Select and Joint Committees on Bills.
Examples include the Railway Convention Committee and Joint Committee on Food Management in Parliament House Complex.

Why need Parliamentary Committee?

Parliament scrutinizes legislative proposals (Bills) in two ways: discussion on the floor of the two Houses and referring the Bill to a parliamentary committee.
Since Parliament meets for 70 to 80 days in a year, there is not enough time to discuss every Bill in detail on the floor of the House.

Role of the committee in the passage of a Bill

The debate in the house is mostly political and does not go into the technical details of a legislative proposal.
Referring a Bill to a parliamentary committee takes care of the legislative infirmity of debate on the floor of the House.
However, referring Bills to parliamentary committees is not mandatory.

What is a Select Committee?

India’s Parliament has multiple types of committees.
Departmentally related Standing Committees focus on the working of different ministries.
Each committee has 31 MPs, 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha.
The main purpose is to ensure the accountability of Government to Parliament through a more detailed consideration of measures in these committees.

When does a committee examine a Bill?

Bills can reach a committee through a recommendation by the minister piloting the Bill or the presiding officer of the House.

What happens when a Bill goes to a Committee?

The committee undertakes a detailed examination of the Bill, inviting comments and suggestions from experts, stakeholders and citizens.
The government also appears before the committee to present its viewpoint.
The committee’s report makes suggestions for strengthening the Bill.
While the committee is deliberating on a Bill, there is a pause in its legislative journey.
The Bill can only progress in Parliament after the committee has submitted its report.

What happens after the report?

The report of the committee is of a recommendatory nature.
The government can choose to accept or reject its recommendations.
Select Committees and JPCs have an added advantage of including their version of the Bill in the report.
The minister in charge of that particular Bill can move for the committee’s version of the Bill to be discussed and passed in the House.

Importance of these Committees

Parliamentary committees analyze the impact that a specific piece of legislation may have on governance indicators.
It recommends the government to take an ‘Action Taken’ report for the House to judge the progress made on the suggestions of the committee.
Though committee reports aren’t binding on the government, it helps the legislature ensure oversight of the executive.

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Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

UGC releases National Credit Framework (NCrF)

| Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: National Credit Framework (NCrF)

Mains level: Read the attached story

The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the National Credit Framework (NCrF), which will allow students to earn educational credits at all levels, irrespective of the mode of learning i.e. offline, online, or blended.

What is National Credit Framework (NCrF)?

The NCrF is a meta-framework that integrates the credits earned through school education, higher education, and vocational and skill education.
It consists of three verticals:

National School Education Qualification Framework (NSEQF)
National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF) and
National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF)

The NCrF provides a mechanism for the integration of general academic education and vocational and skill education, ensuring equivalence within and between these two education streams.
Institutions would be free to notify their detailed implementation guidelines with flexibility for catering to their academic requirements.

Key features

(1) Credit System

Under the NCrF, one credit corresponds to 30 notional learning hours in a year of two semesters.
A student is required to earn a minimum of 20 credits every semester.
A student can earn more than 40 credits in a year.
Maximum credits a student can earn during schooling period is 160.
A three-year bachelor’s degree course will result in a total of 120 credits earned.
A Ph.D. degree is at Level 8 and earns 320 credits upon completion.

(2) Study of Vedas: Students can obtain credits for their proficiency in diverse areas of the Indian knowledge system, including the Puranas, Vedas, and other related components.

(3) Indian Knowledge System (IKS): UGC notified the final report, which includes the components of the IKS. The IKS comprises 18 theoretical disciplines called vidyas and 64 practical disciplines, including vocational areas and crafts. These disciplines were the foundation of the 18 sciences in ancient India, as per the report.

(4) Educational Acceleration: The NCrF supports educational acceleration for students with gifted learning abilities. It provides scope for crediting national/international achievers in any field, including but not limited to sports, Indian knowledge system, music, heritage, traditional skills, performing & fine arts, master artisans, etc.

(5) International Equivalence: The international equivalence and transfer of credits shall be enabled through various multilateral/bilateral agreements between respective regulators of the countries concerned. NCrF would lend credibility and authenticity to the credits being assigned and earned under various programs in India, making these credits more acceptable and transferable internationally.

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

What is Large Hadron Collider (LHC)?

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Mains level: Not Much

hadron

Central idea: The article provides an overview of the LHC, its construction, how it works, and what it has discovered. It also discusses the future of the LHC, including plans to upgrade it and build a bigger version.

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest science experiment built by the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN).
It is a collider that smashes two beams of particles in opposite directions and these particles are hadrons.
The LHC is on the energy frontier of physics research, conducting experiments with highly energized particles.
Currently, the LHC is being warmed up for its third season of operations following upgrades that have made it more sensitive and accurate.

How does the LHC work?

Hadrons are subatomic particles made up of smaller particles, and the LHC typically uses protons.
Protons are energized by accelerating them through a narrow circular pipe that is 27 km long.
The pipe encircles two D-shaped magnetic fields created by almost 9,600 magnets.
Protons are accelerated through the beam pipe by rapidly switching the direction of the magnetic field.
Eventually, protons move at 99.999999% of the speed of light, according to the special theory of relativity.

What happens when particles are smashed?

When two antiparallel beams of energized protons collide head-on, the energy at the point of collision is equal to the sum of the energy carried by the two beams.
The highest centre-of-mass collision energy the LHC has achieved so far is 13.6 TeV.
At the moment of collision, there is chaos, and energy coalesces into different subatomic particles under the guidance of the fundamental forces of nature.
Different particles take shape depending on the amount and flavour of energy available.

What has the LHC found so far?

The LHC consists of nine detectors, and they study particle interactions in different ways.
The ATLAS and CMS detectors discovered the Higgs boson in 2012 and confirmed their findings in 2013.
Using the data from collisions, scientists have tested the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, observed exotic particles, and pieced together information about extreme natural conditions.

What is the LHC’s future?

The LHC has not been able to find ‘new physics’ that can explain the nature of dark matter or why gravity is such a weak force.
One way forward is to improve the LHC’s luminosity by 10x by 2027 through upgrades.
Another idea is to build a bigger and more powerful version of the LHC, based on the hypothesis that it can find ‘new physics’ at even higher energies.
Physicists are divided on whether to invest in building a bigger machine or less expensive experiments with guaranteed results.

B2BASICS

What is Hadron?

Hadron is any member of a class of subatomic particles that are built from quarks and thus react through the agency of the strong force. The hadrons embrace mesons, baryons (e.g., protons, neutrons, and sigma particles), and their many resonances.

CERN

European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the world’s largest nuclear and particle physics laboratory.
CERN is based in Geneva on the French-Swiss border. It has 23 member states.
India in 2016 became an associate member of the CERN. Indian scientists have played a significant role in the ALICE experiment, which is a dedicated experiment for search and study of Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).

Try this MCQ

Which of the following is a subatomic particle made up of smaller particles and is commonly used in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)?

(a) Protons

(b) Electrons

(d) Photons

Post your answers here.

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Civil Aviation Sector – CA Policy 2016, UDAN, Open Skies, etc.

International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) Program

IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: IASA Program

Mains level: Not Much

Central idea

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the US has retained the “Category 1” status for India’s aviation safety oversight following a review.
The FAA uses the International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) program to determine whether a country’s oversight of its airlines that operate or wish to operate to the US or enter into codeshare partnerships.

What is the IASA Program?

The International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) program is conducted by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
The program evaluates the safety oversight of civil aviation authorities in countries worldwide.
It determines whether a country’s oversight of its airlines that operate or wish to operate to the U.S. or enter into codeshare partnerships with U.S. carriers comply with safety standards established by the UN International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
The IASA program focuses on three broad areas, including personnel licensing, operation of aircraft, and airworthiness of aircraft.
Countries are rated as Category 1 if they comply with international safety standards, or Category 2 if they do not comply with international safety standards.
The IASA program is conducted over a one-year period, which includes physical audits and a further review.

India’s commitment to aviation safety

The assessment by the ICAO as well as the FAA is a testimony to India’s commitment of having an effective safety oversight for its civil aviation system.
In November 2021, the ICAO conducted an audit, and India scored an Effective Implementation (EI) of 85.65%, an improvement from the previous EI of 69.95%.

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

Teja Singh Sutantar: Remembering the revolutionary leader

Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Teja Singh Sutantar

Mains level: NA

teja

Punjab Chief Minister unveiled a statue of Teja Singh Sutantar, a former MP and revolutionary leader.

Teja Singh Sutantar

Teja Singh was born as Samund Singh in 1901 in Aluna village of Gurdaspur district.
After completing his schooling, he joined Khalsa College in Amritsar.
Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, he joined the Akali Dal to participate in the movement to liberate gurdwaras from degenerate mahants.
However, in September 1921, he formed his own squad called the Sutantar Jatha, which successfully liberated a gurdwara in a village called Teja in Gurdaspur district from the mahants.
He later freed another gurdwara in Othian village from mahants.

Early life and revolutionary activities

In early 1923, Teja Singh went to Kabul as a Sikh missionary and there he came into contact with a few leaders of the Ghadar Party, who were preparing for their second attempt to overthrow the British government.
They persuaded Teja Singh to undergo military training, so he joined the Turkish military academy in 1925 under the pseudonym Azad Beg.
He later moved to Berlin and then to Canada and the United States, where he addressed congregations of Indians, mainly Punjabi Sikh immigrants.

Political Career

After visiting several countries, Teja Singh returned to India and became a prominent leader of the communist party (CPI).
He contributed revolutionary articles to the party journal, the Kirti, frequently writing about issues that plagued peasants.
In May 1937, he was elected unopposed to the Punjab Legislative Assembly as a nominee of the Indian National Congress while he was still in prison.
He continued to remain a member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly till 1945.
He was also the secretary of the Communist Party (Punjab) from 1944 to 1947.

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Indian Air Force Updates

Exercise Cope India 23

Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Exercise Cope India 23

Mains level: NA

The Indian Air Force (IAF) fighters, including Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Rafale, SU-30MKI, and Jaguars, are set to participate in bilateral air Exercise Cope India 23 with US Air Force (USAF) F-15 fighters and B-1B long-range bombers.

Exercise Cope India

Cope India began in 2004 as a fighter training exercise held at Air Station Gwalior.
The exercise has evolved to incorporate subject matter expert exchanges, air mobility training, airdrop training and large-force exercises, in addition to fighter-training exercises.
The exercise was last held in 2009.
The exercise showcases US and India’s efforts and commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

Highlights of the 2023 version

The exercise will be conducted in two phases, with the first phase practicing the air-mobility component involving transport aircraft of both countries.
The IAF element will include the Su-30MKI, Rafale, Tejas, and Jaguar fighter aircraft, while Japan is taking part in the exercise as an observer.
The second phase of the exercise will witness the participation of B-1B bombers of USAF, and F-15 fighter aircraft of the USAF will join the exercise subsequently, according to an IAF statement.
The exercise will be supported by aerial refuellers, Airborne Warning and Control System, and Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft of the IAF.

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