Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCO and its Anti-Terrorism Agenda
Mains level: Pakistan's State Sponsored Terrorism, SCO's Limited Authority and Implications
Central Idea
- The Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) recently convened in Goa to address pressing regional issues. Unfortunately, on the same day, the People’s Anti-Fascists Front (PAF), an offshoot of Pakistan-sponsored Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM), claimed the lives of five Indian army personnel in Jammu and Kashmir’s Rajouri district.
Background: SCO’s Anti-Terrorism Agenda
- The SCO’s origins trace back to the establishment of the Shanghai Five in 1996, consisting of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
- In 1998, the group recognized the joint fight against separatism, extremism, and terrorism originating from the Af-Pak region as a top priority. The inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001 led to the organization’s renaming as the SCO.
- Subsequently, the Regional Anti-Terrorists Structure (RATS) was formed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, to institutionalize and consolidate anti-terrorism efforts within the SCO.
- RATS facilitated joint counterterrorism exercises, training, and the preparation of countermeasures.
Pakistan’s Role in State-Sponsored Terrorism
- Safe Haven for Terrorist Groups: Pakistan has served as a safe haven and provided sanctuary for various terrorist groups. These groups, such as the Taliban, Haqqani Network, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), operate from Pakistani soil, carry out attacks in neighboring countries, and then seek refuge in Pakistan.
- Training and Recruitment: Pakistan has been involved in training and recruiting terrorists. Extremist organizations have established training camps within Pakistan where individuals are indoctrinated, radicalized, and trained in various aspects of terrorism, including bomb-making, guerrilla warfare, and ideological indoctrination.
- Financial and Logistical Support: Pakistan has been accused of providing financial and logistical support to terrorist groups. This support includes funding, weapons, ammunition, and intelligence assistance, enabling these groups to carry out their activities with impunity.
- Proxy Warfare: Pakistan has used terrorism as a proxy warfare strategy to achieve its geopolitical objectives. By sponsoring terrorist groups, Pakistan seeks to influence and destabilize neighboring countries, particularly India and Afghanistan, with the aim of furthering its own interests in the region.
- Infiltration of Terrorists: Pakistan has facilitated the infiltration of terrorists across its borders into neighboring countries. This includes providing safe passage, forged documents, and logistical support to terrorists to carry out attacks or join insurgencies in other regions.
- State-Sponsored Radicalization: Pakistan has promoted and facilitated the radicalization of individuals, both within its own territory and abroad. Madrasas (religious schools) in Pakistan have been accused of spreading extremist ideologies, fueling hatred, and recruiting individuals for terrorist activities.
- Instrument of Influence: Pakistan has used terrorism as a tool to exert influence and control over regions and communities. By supporting and sponsoring terrorist groups, Pakistan seeks to manipulate political dynamics, create instability, and maintain a degree of control over areas of strategic importance.
Impact of Pakistan-Sponsored Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir
- Loss of Lives: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir has resulted in the loss of countless innocent lives, including civilians, security forces, and terrorists themselves. The region has witnessed numerous terror attacks, suicide bombings, and armed encounters, leading to a tragic loss of human lives.
- Destabilization and Conflict: The continuous infiltration of terrorists from Pakistan into Jammu and Kashmir has fueled instability and prolonged the conflict in the region. The presence of terrorist groups has created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity, hindering the social and economic development of the region.
- Human Rights Violations: The activities of Pakistan-sponsored terrorist groups have been accompanied by human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir. These violations include targeted killings, forced disappearances, torture, and intimidation of civilians, leading to a climate of fear and repression.
- Disruption of Normalcy: The persistent threat of terrorism has disrupted normal life in Jammu and Kashmir. Educational institutions, businesses, and daily activities have been severely affected as people live under constant fear and uncertainty.
- Obstruction of Peace Processes: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism acts as a major obstacle to the peace process between India and Pakistan. The violence and unrest created by these terrorist groups hinder any meaningful dialogue and diplomatic efforts aimed at resolving the Kashmir issue.
- Economic Impact: The sustained presence of terrorist activities has had a detrimental impact on the economy of Jammu and Kashmir. Tourism, a significant source of revenue for the region, has suffered due to the prevailing security concerns, leading to job losses and economic downturn.
- Psychological Impact: The ongoing terrorism has taken a toll on the mental health and well-being of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The constant threat of violence, loss of loved ones, and living under a state of fear have resulted in psychological trauma for individuals and communities.
Consequences of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism on internal peace in Pakistan
- Increased Violence and Insecurity: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism has led to a rise in violence and insecurity within the country. Terrorist attacks carried out by extremist groups have resulted in the loss of numerous lives and widespread fear among the population.
- Loss of Civilian Lives: Innocent civilians have been the primary victims of terrorist attacks sponsored by Pakistan. These attacks have targeted public places, religious institutions, markets, and educational institutions, causing significant casualties among the civilian population.
- Sectarian and Ethnic Tensions: Pakistan has witnessed an escalation in sectarian and ethnic tensions as a result of state-sponsored terrorism. Extremist groups have targeted specific religious and ethnic communities, exacerbating divisions and leading to a breakdown of social harmony.
- Internal Displacement: The violence and insecurity caused by Pakistan-sponsored terrorism have resulted in internal displacement of populations within Pakistan. People are forced to leave their homes and seek refuge in safer areas, leading to the displacement crisis and additional socio-economic burdens.
SCO’s Limited Authority and Implications
- Lack of Enforcement Power: The SCO does not possess strong enforcement power or mechanisms to compel member states to adhere to its mandates or take action against state-sponsored terrorism. It heavily relies on voluntary cooperation among member states, making it challenging to address non-compliance effectively.
- Ineffectiveness in Holding States Accountable: The absence of robust mechanisms for accountability limits the SCO’s ability to hold member states accountable for their actions, including Pakistan’s involvement in state-sponsored terrorism. This undermines the credibility and effectiveness of the organization in addressing terrorism-related issues.
- Risk of Becoming a Platform for Political Maneuvering: The limited authority of the SCO creates a risk that member states, including Pakistan, may use the organization as a platform for political maneuvering rather than genuinely addressing the issue of terrorism. Geopolitical rivalries and divergent interests among member states can impede the organization’s ability to effectively combat terrorism.
- Compromised Regional Security: The limited authority of the SCO in dealing with state-sponsored terrorism hampers its ability to effectively address security threats in the region. This compromises the overall regional security and stability, as terrorist groups continue to exploit the gaps and operate with impunity.
- Diminished Credibility: The inability of the SCO to take decisive action against state-sponsored terrorism can lead to a diminished credibility of the organization in the international community. The lack of concrete measures to address terrorism undermines its role as a regional security organization and casts doubts on its effectiveness
- Weakening of Counterterrorism Efforts: The limited authority of the SCO hampers its ability to coordinate and implement comprehensive counterterrorism efforts among member states. This undermines the potential of collective action in addressing the shared threat of terrorism and limits the effectiveness of joint initiatives and cooperation.
Conclusion
- The limited authority of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to address state-sponsored terrorism, coupled with growing divergence among member states and the inclusion of rogue nations like Pakistan, threatens its effectiveness in countering terror threats. Without stronger mechanisms and unified action, the SCO risks becoming ineffective in tackling the rising challenges of terrorism, thereby compromising regional security and stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's UNSC presidency
Mains level: Switzerland's foreign policy and alignment with India's principles
Central Idea
- Switzerland, known for its long-standing commitment to neutrality and diplomacy, has concluded its month-long presidency of the United Nations Security Council. Switzerland’s historical experiences and its alignment with the principles of ahimsa (non-violence) make it a natural partner for India, a country rooted in similar values.
Switzerland’s Historical Journey
- Civil Wars (16th to 19th century): Switzerland experienced a series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants, lasting for up to 300 years. These conflicts ravaged the country and led to a moment of deep reflection.
- The Swiss Confederation (1848): The civil war of 1847 prompted the Swiss people to envision a more peaceful future. In 1848, the Swiss Confederation was established, creating inclusive federal institutions that aimed to build domestic peace.
- League of Nations (1920): Switzerland played a significant role in the establishment of the League of Nations, an international organization founded in Geneva after World War I. The League aimed to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts through collective security and diplomacy.
- United Nations (1945): Switzerland actively supported the founding of the United Nations, a global organization formed after World War II to promote international cooperation, peace, and security. The UN has since played a vital role in addressing global challenges and conflicts.
Priorities set by Switzerland during its UNSC presidency
- Building Sustainable Peace: Switzerland emphasized the importance of building sustainable peace in conflict-affected regions. Switzerland advocated for dialogue, trust-building, and diplomacy as essential tools to address the root causes of conflicts and promote lasting peace.
- Protection of Civilians: Recognizing the plight of civilians caught in armed conflicts, Switzerland focused on the protection of civilians as a critical aspect of its foreign policy agenda. This involved raising awareness about the challenges faced by civilians in conflict zones and urging the international community to take concrete measures to safeguard their rights and well-being.
- Humanitarian Action: Switzerland placed significant importance on humanitarian action during its UNSC presidency. It sought to mobilize support and resources for humanitarian assistance in areas affected by armed conflict, ensuring the provision of critical aid to vulnerable populations, including access to food, shelter, healthcare, and education.
- Promotion of Multilateralism: As a strong advocate for multilateralism, Switzerland prioritized the promotion of international cooperation and collaboration. Switzerland aimed to foster dialogue and consensus-building among Security Council members to effectively address pressing global issues and work towards shared solutions.
Switzerland’s Foreign Policy alignment with India’s Principles
- Non-Violence (Ahimsa): Switzerland and India both emphasize the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) in their foreign policy outlook. Switzerland’s commitment to peace promotion and the protection of civilians in zones of armed conflict resonates with India’s longstanding belief in non-violence as a means to resolve conflicts and maintain harmonious relations.
- Shared Historical Legacies: Switzerland’s historical struggles with civil wars and subsequent efforts to establish inclusive federal institutions for domestic peace parallel India’s own historical journey toward independence and the construction of an inclusive democratic system.
- Value of Diplomacy: Switzerland’s role as a neutral and diplomatic hub and India’s long-standing commitment to diplomatic engagements underline the significance of dialogue, negotiation, and consensus-building in addressing global challenges and conflicts.
- International Cooperation: Switzerland actively engages in international organizations and initiatives, such as the United Nations, while India’s active participation in multilateral platforms like the United Nations and the G20 underscores its commitment to international cooperation. Both countries value multilateralism and collaborative efforts to address shared challenges.
- Promotion of Peace: Switzerland’s focus on building sustainable peace and protecting civilians in conflict zones aligns with India’s commitment to peace promotion and conflict resolution. Both countries prioritize peaceful means of resolving disputes and work towards creating a peaceful and secure world.
Facts for Prelims: The UNITE Aware technology platform
- The UNITE Aware technology platform is a system developed by India in collaboration with the United Nations to enhance the safety and security of peacekeepers deployed in conflict zones.
- It is a real-time situational awareness system that uses advanced technologies such as satellites, drones, and geospatial tools to provide up-to-date information on the ground situation to peacekeeping forces.
- The system also includes a mobile app that allows peacekeepers to report incidents and receive alerts in real-time.
- The platform is designed to help peacekeepers make informed decisions and respond effectively to emerging threats, thereby reducing the risks to their safety and security.
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Conclusion
- Switzerland’s foreign policy, anchored in peace promotion and protection of civilians in armed conflict zones, aligns with India’s principles of non-violence. Switzerland’s active initiatives and participation in the United Nations Security Council’s open debates reflect its commitment to fostering a peaceful future. Together, Switzerland’s position in New York and India’s G20 presidency offer a promising path towards a more harmonious and peaceful world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Latest developments and applications of AI
Mains level: AI, advantages, concerns and policies
Central Idea
- The second half of March 2023 may be remembered as the turning point when artificial intelligence (AI) truly entered a new era. The launch of groundbreaking AI tools such as GPT-4, Bard, Claude, Midjourney V5, and Security Copilot surpassed all expectations, defying predictions by a decade. While these sophisticated AI models hold great promise, their rapid deployment raises both positive and negative implications.
The Existential Threat of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
- Compromising Humanity: The development of artificial general intelligence (AGI) raises concerns about its potential impact on fundamental elements of humanity. A poorly designed AGI, or one governed by unknown “black box” processes, could carry out tasks in ways that compromise our core values and ethics.
- Unpredictable Behavior: AGI’s ability to teach itself any cognitive task that humans can do poses a challenge in terms of predicting its behavior. As AGI surpasses human intelligence, its decision-making processes may become increasingly complex and opaque, making it difficult to understand and control its actions.
- Superintelligence: AGI has the potential to rapidly surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent. This raises questions about whether AGI would act in the best interests of humanity or pursue its own objectives, potentially leading to unintended and undesirable consequences.
- Unintended Consequences: AGI’s ability to optimize for specific objectives may lead to unforeseen outcomes. If these objectives are not aligned with human values, AGI could inadvertently cause harm or disrupt essential systems.
- Lack of Control: AGI’s self-improvement capabilities could enable it to evolve and surpass human understanding and control. This lack of control raises concerns about the potential for AGI to develop its own goals and values, which may not align with those of humanity.
- Accelerating Technological Progress: AGI could rapidly accelerate technological progress, leading to a potential “intelligence explosion” where AGI drives advancements at an exponential rate. This rapid pace of development could be challenging for society to adapt to and may have unintended consequences.
- Ethical Dilemmas: AGI will face complex ethical dilemmas, such as decision-making in life-or-death situations or trade-offs between different values. Determining how AGI should navigate these dilemmas poses significant challenges and requires careful consideration.
- Security Risks: AGI development could also pose security risks if advanced AI capabilities fall into the wrong hands or are misused. Malicious actors could exploit AGI for nefarious purposes, potentially leading to significant global security threats.
The Imperative for Global Governance
- Addressing Global Impact: The development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) have far-reaching implications that transcend national boundaries. Issues such as AI-driven job displacement, data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical concerns require global cooperation to effectively address their impact on societies worldwide.
- Ensuring Ethical and Responsible AI Development: Collaborative efforts can help define principles and frameworks that ensure AI is developed and deployed in a responsible and transparent manner, safeguarding human rights and avoiding harm to individuals or communities.
- Promoting Fair and Equitable Access: Global governance can help bridge the digital divide by ensuring equitable access to AI tools, infrastructure, and benefits, particularly for marginalized and underserved populations.
- Managing Global Security Risks: AI technologies have implications for global security, including cyber warfare, autonomous weapons, and information warfare. International cooperation is crucial to develop norms, regulations, and agreements that mitigate security risks associated with AI and ensure responsible use of these technologies.
- Harmonizing Standards and Regulations: Harmonizing AI standards and regulations across countries can facilitate international collaboration and interoperability. Global governance frameworks can help establish common norms, protocols, and best practices that promote consistency and compatibility in AI deployment, fostering innovation and cooperation.
- Addressing Transnational Challenges: AI-driven challenges, such as cross-border data flows, algorithmic biases, and the impact on labor markets, require international coordination. Global governance can facilitate discussions, negotiations, and agreements to tackle these challenges collectively, ensuring a cohesive and coordinated approach.
- Balancing Innovation and Regulation: AI technologies evolve rapidly, outpacing the development of regulatory frameworks. Global governance can help strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring adequate regulation, promoting responsible AI development while allowing room for experimentation and advancement.
International cooperation to address the challenges posed by AI and emerging technologies
- Limiting Battlefield Use: International agreements are needed to limit the use of certain AI technologies on the battlefield. A treaty banning lethal autonomous weapons would establish clear boundaries and prevent the development and deployment of AI systems that can make life-and-death decisions without human intervention
- Regulating Cyberspace: International accords should be established to regulate cyberspace, particularly offensive actions conducted by autonomous bots. Clear rules and norms can help prevent cyberattacks, information warfare, and the manipulation of online platforms, ensuring a safer and more secure digital environment.
- Trade Regulations: Unfettered exports of certain technologies can empower governments to suppress dissent, augment their military capabilities, or gain an unfair advantage. International accords can establish guidelines for responsible technology trade and prevent misuse or misuse of AI capabilities.
- Ensuring a Level Playing Field: International agreements are required to ensure a level playing field in the digital economy. This includes addressing issues such as fair competition, intellectual property rights, and appropriate taxation of digital activities.
- Global Framework for AI Ethics: Supporting the efforts of organizations like UNESCO to create a global framework for AI ethics is essential. International accords can help establish ethical guidelines and principles that govern the development, deployment, and use of AI technologies. This framework can address issues such as privacy, bias, accountability, and transparency.
- Ethical Standards for Data Use: International accords can establish ethical standards for data use in AI applications. This includes addressing issues of data privacy, consent, and protection. Establishing global norms for responsible data practices can ensure that AI systems respect individual rights and maintain public trust.
- Addressing Cross-Border Implications: By establishing international accords, countries can address challenges related to cross-border data flows, algorithmic biases, and the impact on labor markets. Cooperation can enable a coordinated response to shared challenges and ensure the benefits of AI are equitably distributed.
Way ahead: Engaging with Emerging Powers
- Engagement with emerging powers, such as India, plays a crucial role in shaping the future of AI.
- As India’s economy continues to grow and its influence in the digital sphere expands, it is imperative to develop strategies that accommodate its cultural and economic context.
- Partnerships between Western economies and India, exemplified by initiatives like the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology and the EU-India Trade and Technology Council, should prioritize shared interests and mutual understanding.
- By appreciating the nuances of different nations’ approaches to AI regulation, a prosperous and secure digital future can be achieved.
Conclusion
- The era of artificial intelligence demands global governance to harness its potential while addressing its risks. Embracing responsible AI deployment and fostering global cooperation are imperative to ensure a prosperous, equitable, and secure digital era.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demonetization
Mains level: withdrawal of the ₹2,000, the demonetization chapter, rationale and implications
Central Idea
- The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note from circulation by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on May 19, 2023, marks the conclusion of a tumultuous chapter in the dramatic saga of demonetisation. The presence of this high-denomination note had been a constant reminder of the hardships faced by the people during the chaotic demonetisation period. The note’s withdrawal was long anticipated, given the government’s decision to cease its printing after 2018-19.
About the ₹2000 Notes
- The ₹2000 denomination banknote was introduced in November 2016 under Section 24(1) of RBI Act, 1934.
- It primarily aimed to meet the currency requirement of the economy in an expeditious manner after withdrawal of the legal tender status of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in circulation at that time.
Reasons for withdrawal
- Demonetization purpose served: Printing of ₹2000 notes was stopped in 2018-19 as other denominations became available in adequate quantities.
- Clean Note Policy: This aims to provide good-quality currency notes with enhanced security features and withdraw soiled notes from circulation.
- Ending timespan: Majority of the ₹2000 notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years.
- Disappeared from circulation: This denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and there is sufficient stock of banknotes in other denominations to meet public requirements.
The mixed impact of the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note
- Reduced Circulation: As of March 31, 2023, the ₹2,000 note accounted for only 10.8% of all notes in circulation, down from 37.3% on March 31, 2018. This significant reduction indicates that the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note will have a relatively small direct impact on the overall currency circulation in the country.
- Remnant of Demonetisation: The ₹2,000 note was closely associated with the 2016 demonetisation policy, which aimed to combat black money and promote a digital economy. Its withdrawal marks the end of a chapter in the demonetisation saga and symbolically represents the closure of that particular phase of currency reform.
- Economic Stability: The note had been associated with various challenges, including logistical issues, poor printing quality, and difficulties in conducting transactions due to the scarcity of smaller denomination notes. Removing the note from circulation could help streamline currency operations and enhance confidence in the currency system.
- Public Perception: The ₹2,000 note had become a symbol of the hardships and inconveniences faced by the public during demonetisation, with long queues and limited availability of smaller denomination notes. Its withdrawal may generate mixed reactions among the public.
- Future Monetary Policy: The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note raises questions about the potential introduction of a new higher denomination note or alternative measures to address currency logistics and store of value concerns. It may prompt policymakers to reassess the currency composition and devise strategies to meet the evolving economic requirements
Errors occurred in relation to the ₹2,000 note during demonetization
- Insufficient Replacement Planning: The government failed to anticipate the need for an adequate supply of replacement notes when demonetisation was implemented. As a result, more ₹2,000 notes had to be printed to facilitate remonetisation, causing logistical challenges.
- Recalibration Crisis: The introduction of the new ₹2,000 note, with its larger size, necessitated the recalibration of all ATMs in India. This massive and complex exercise required coordination across various entities, leading to disruptions and delays.
- Shortage of Smaller Denomination Notes: In an ad hoc measure to address the shortage of ₹100 notes, banks filled ATMs with soiled and worn-out currency, which frequently jammed the machines and added to the chaos.
- Poor Quality Printing: Many ₹2,000 notes were poorly printed, exhibiting defects such as shadows of Mahatma Gandhi’s face, uneven borders, and variations in color shades and sizes. This compromised the authenticity of the notes and made it easier for criminals to circulate counterfeit copies.
- Difficulty in Transactions: Even when people managed to obtain a ₹2,000 note, they often faced difficulties in spending it. Businesses were reluctant to provide change or balance payments for transactions involving the high-denomination note, exacerbating the shortage of smaller denomination notes.
The need for a larger denomination note
- Store of Value: In an economy with rising per capita incomes and inflation, the highest denomination note serves as a store of value. As the value of lower denomination notes erodes over time, a higher denomination note becomes necessary to preserve and facilitate transactions involving larger amounts of money.
- Cash-to-GDP Ratio: The cash-to-GDP ratio in India has been increasing, indicating a higher circulation of cash in the economy. To accommodate this growing cash flow and maintain efficiency in currency logistics, the introduction of a larger denomination note may be warranted.
- Inflation and Real Interest Rates: With rising inflation and falling real interest rates, a larger denomination note can help individuals and businesses better manage their financial transactions and store value without being adversely affected by the eroding value of smaller denomination notes.
- Currency Management Challenges: The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note raises questions about whether the ₹500 note, the next highest denomination, can effectively serve as a store of value. The increasing cash circulation, coupled with the challenges of managing currency logistics, may necessitate the introduction of a new higher denomination note
- Stability and Credibility: Introducing a larger denomination note can help restore stability and confidence among individuals and businesses, providing them with a reliable store of value and a means to conduct transactions more efficiently.
Way Ahead
- Introducing a New Higher Denomination Note: The introduction of a new note, such as ₹1,000, ₹5,000, or ₹10,000, could address the evolving cash-to-GDP ratio and ensure efficient currency logistics.
- Assessing Currency Logistics: The increasing circulation of cash, rising inflation, and falling real interest rates necessitate careful evaluation of currency supply and demand. The RBI will need to consider whether the current denominations are sufficient or if additional higher denomination notes are required.
- Evaluating Digital Currency Options: As technology advances, digital currencies, such as e-rupee, are being explored as potential alternatives to physical cash. However, the properties and infrastructure required for a digital currency to become a widely accepted store of value are still evolving. The RBI needs to assess the viability, stability, and acceptance of digital currencies before considering them as potential substitutes for higher denomination notes.
- Ensuring Currency Stability: To restore stability and confidence, the RBI needs to adopt consistent policies and provide clarity on the future of higher denomination notes. Maintaining a stable currency is essential for economic growth and the confidence of individuals and businesses.
- Adapting to Economic Dynamics: The evolving economic landscape, including factors like cash usage patterns, inflation, and real interest rates, should be closely monitored. Currency management strategies must align with the changing needs of the economy and the preferences of individuals and businesses
Conclusion
- The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note signifies the end of a troubled chapter in India’s demonetisation saga. As the economy progresses, the need for a larger denomination note or alternative solutions to address currency logistics and store of value concerns must be carefully considered to ensure the stability and credibility of India’s monetary system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tradition toys industry
Mains level: India's transition to a net exporter in the toy industry, reforms, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- India’s toy industry has witnessed a remarkable turnaround in recent years, transitioning from being a net importer to becoming a net exporter during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The credit for this achievement is often attributed to the Make in India initiative launched in 2014 and related policies. However, it is crucial to examine whether this surge represents sustained industrial growth or is a temporary outcome of protectionist measures.
The import-export dynamic of India’s toy industry
- Historical Imbalance: Historically, India’s toy industry has been characterized by a significant imbalance, with imports dominating the market. Imports accounted for a substantial share of domestic toy sales, often reaching up to 80% of the market.
- Recent Shift: In recent years, there has been a notable shift in the import-export dynamic. Between 2018-19 and 2021-22, toy exports from India have seen significant growth, increasing from $109 million (₹812 crore) to $177 million (₹1,237 crore). At the same time, toy imports have declined from $371 million (₹2,593 crore) to $110 million (₹819 crore), according to official data.
- Factors Driving the Shift: Several factors have contributed to this shift. The “Make in India” initiative launched in 2014, aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing and boosting exports, has played a crucial role. Additionally, policy measures such as higher import duties and non-tariff barriers have influenced the decline in toy imports.
- Positive Transformation: The shift in the import-export dynamic represents a positive transformation for the Indian toy industry. It signifies improved manufacturing capabilities, enhanced competitiveness, and the ability to meet domestic and international demand through domestic production and exports.
- Small Global Share: Despite the positive shift, India’s share in the global toy trade remains relatively small, representing only a fraction of the overall market. There is still room for further growth and expansion to increase market share and global competitiveness.
- Key Considerations: Monitoring and nurturing the import-export dynamic is crucial for sustaining this positive trend. Factors such as policy support, investment in research and development, innovation, quality improvement, and adherence to international standards will play essential roles in strengthening India’s position as an exporter of toys.
- Opportunities and Challenges: The evolving import-export dynamic of the toy industry presents both opportunities and challenges. Continued efforts to foster domestic manufacturing, promote innovation, enhance product quality, and implement export-oriented policies will be critical for sustained growth and competitiveness in the global market
The impact of reforms and the ‘Make in India’ initiative on India’s toy industry
- Increased Focus on Domestic Manufacturing: ‘Make in India’ aimed to promote domestic manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports. It led to a renewed focus on developing and enhancing the manufacturing capabilities of the toy industry in India.
- Policy Reforms: Reforms such as the abolition of the reservation policy and the introduction of ease of doing business measures created a more favorable environment for businesses, including toy manufacturers, to operate and invest in India.
- Boost to Organized Sector: The entry of new firms into the organized sector following the abolition of the reservation policy contributed to improved productivity growth. It allowed for the formalization of the industry and attracted investments.
- Increased Customs Duties: As part of the protectionist measures, the basic custom duty on toys was tripled from 20% to 60% in February 2020. This increase in import duties aimed to discourage toy imports and promote domestic production.
- Non-tariff Barriers: Along with higher import duties, the imposition of non-tariff barriers such as production registration orders and safety regulation codes contributed to a contraction in toy imports, further supporting the domestic toy industry.
Facts for prelims
| Traditional Toys |
Region |
Materials |
Unique Features |
| Channapatna Toys |
Karnataka |
Wood |
Colorful, organic vegetable dyes, smooth finish |
| Kondapalli Toys |
Andhra Pradesh |
Wood |
Carved, vibrant colors, rural and mythological themes |
| Thanjavur Dolls |
Tamil Nadu |
Terracotta |
Intricate details, decorative, used in ceremonies |
| Terracotta Toys |
Various regions |
Clay |
Earthy tones, rustic charm |
| Dokra Crafts |
Odisha and West Bengal |
Metal (Dokra) |
Intricate figurines, tribal-inspired designs |
Critique on Sustainable Improvements or Protectionist Measures
- Lack of Long-term Evidence: The shift from being a net importer to a net exporter has occurred in just a few years, and it may be premature to conclude that these improvements are sustainable in the long run. A more extended period of consistent growth and performance would provide a stronger basis for claiming sustainable improvements.
- Dependency on Protectionist Measures: Relying solely on protectionism can create artificial market conditions and hinder the industry’s ability to compete globally on its merits. Sustainable improvements should be based on factors like innovation, productivity, and competitiveness rather than protectionism.
- Short-term Solution: Protectionist measures, such as higher import duties and non-tariff barriers, may provide temporary relief to domestic industries by limiting imports. However, they often fail to address the underlying challenges and structural issues within the industry.
Way ahead
- Comprehensive Policy Framework: Develop a comprehensive policy framework specifically tailored to the needs of the toy industry. This framework should address issues related to infrastructure development, access to finance, technology upgradation, skill development, and innovation support.
- Encouraging Investment: Encourage both domestic and foreign investment in the toy industry by providing incentives, tax breaks, and streamlined procedures for setting up manufacturing units.
- Enhancing Competitiveness: Focus on improving the competitiveness of Indian toy manufacturers through measures such as improving quality standards, promoting design capabilities, and fostering innovation.
- Skill Development and Training: Implement skill development programs to enhance the capabilities of the workforce engaged in the toy industry.
- Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster collaboration between industry players and academic institutions to promote research and development activities, knowledge exchange, and skill development.
- Export Promotion: Actively promote Indian-made toys in international markets through trade fairs, exhibitions, and targeted marketing campaigns. Develop export-oriented strategies to tap into global demand and establish India as a reliable and competitive toy manufacturing hub.
- Supporting MSMEs: Provide specific support and incentives to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the toy industry. This can include access to finance, technology support, marketing assistance, and capacity-building programs to enhance their competitiveness and contribute to the growth of the sector.
Conclusion
- India’s transition to a net exporter in the toy industry is a positive development. While protectionist measures may have played a role in the recent turnaround, sustaining net exports necessitates strengthening domestic investment and production on a sustained basis. By considering lessons learned, India can chart a path towards sustainable growth and competitiveness in its toy industry and beyond.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Angkor Wat
Mains level: India-Cambodia Relations
Central Idea
- Cambodian King Norodom Sihamoni is on his maiden state visit to India to mark the culmination of 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations with India.
Marking 70th Anniversary of Diplomatic Ties
- This visit holds special significance as it is the first state visit by a Cambodian King in nearly six decades, with the last visit being made by King Norodom Sihamoni’s father in 1963.
- India and Cambodia share warm and friendly relations, characterized by deep-rooted people-to-people ties, cultural connections, and a commitment to mutual economic growth.
India-Cambodia Diplomatic Ties: A Backgrounder
[A] Historical Background
|
Additional Information |
| Indianization of Southeast Asia |
Spread of Indian religions, cultural practices, art, architecture, and literature across Southeast Asia |
| Funan Kingdom (1st to 6th century CE) |
Indian traders establishing commercial links with Funan, leading to the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices |
| Chenla Kingdom (6th to 9th century CE) |
Emergence of Chenla as an Indianized kingdom with continued Indian cultural and religious influence |
| Khmer Empire (9th to 15th century CE) |
Peak of Indian influence, adoption of Hinduism and later Buddhism, construction of monumental temples and structures like Angkor Wat |
| Sanskrit Inscriptions and Literature |
Adoption of Sanskrit as court language, creation of inscriptions and literary works in Sanskrit |
| Cultural Exchange and Artistic Influence |
Indian art, architecture, and performing arts influencing Cambodian temples, sculptures, and dance forms |
| Royal Ties and Religious Connections |
Close connections between ruling elites of the Khmer Empire and Indian kingdoms, the transmission of Buddhist teachings and scriptures from India |
[B] Diplomatic Relations
- Establishment of Diplomatic Ties: India and Cambodia established diplomatic relations in 1952 after Cambodia’s independence from French colonial rule.
- High-Level Visits: Frequent visits by Indian Prime Ministers and Presidents to Cambodia and vice versa to strengthen bilateral relations and political dialogue.
- Bilateral Agreements: Signing of agreements covering areas such as economic cooperation, cultural exchanges, defense, and tourism.
- Resident Diplomatic Missions: Indian Embassy in Phnom Penh and Cambodian Embassy in New Delhi facilitating regular communication and coordination.
- Regional and Multilateral Engagement: Collaboration within organizations like ASEAN and East Asia Summit, providing platforms for regional cooperation and addressing challenges.
Various facets of India-Cambodia Relations
(1) Economic Cooperation
- Growing Bilateral Trade: Focus on sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, agriculture, and information technology.
- Development Assistance: India’s support in sectors like agriculture, irrigation, human resource development, and capacity building.
- Investment and Joint Ventures: Exploring opportunities for investment and collaborative projects.
(2) Defense and Security Cooperation
- Training and Capacity Building: Defense cooperation through training programs for Cambodian armed forces personnel.
- Defense Dialogues and Exchanges: Regular engagement in discussions on maritime security, counter-terrorism, and defense industry collaboration.
(3) Cultural and Educational Exchanges
- Art, Music, Dance, and Literature: Fostering cultural ties through exchanges and appreciation of each other’s cultural heritage.
- Scholarships and Education: ICCR scholarships facilitate Cambodian students’ higher education in India.
- People-to-People Connections: Cultural festivals, events, and tourism enhance mutual understanding and interactions.
Strategic significance of Cambodia for India
- Geostrategic Location: Cambodia’s position in Southeast Asia provides India with access to crucial sea routes and enhances its engagement in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Regional Connectivity: Cambodia’s connectivity with other ASEAN countries allows India to strengthen regional partnerships and facilitate trade, investment, and people-to-people exchanges as part of its Act East Policy.
- Balancing China’s Influence: Strengthening relations with Cambodia enables India to maintain a balanced approach and counterbalance China’s growing influence in the region.
- Maritime Security: Cambodia’s coastal geography and access to the Gulf of Thailand are strategically important for India’s maritime security concerns. Cooperation with Cambodia supports regional stability and ensures the safety of vital sea routes.
- Economic Engagement: Cambodia’s growing economy and investment potential offer opportunities for India to enhance economic cooperation, boosting trade, investments, and joint ventures for mutual benefit.
- Cultural Diplomacy: Cambodia’s historical and cultural linkages with India provide a foundation for strong cultural and people-to-people ties, enhancing India’s soft power in the region.
- Defense and Security Cooperation: Collaborating with Cambodia in defence and security areas contributes to regional security, including capacity building, joint exercises, and information sharing.
Way Forward
- Strengthen Economic Ties: Expand bilateral trade and investment, explore new sectors, and foster business partnerships.
- Enhance Defense Cooperation: Continue training and capacity-building programs, and deepen discussions on shared security challenges.
- Cultural Exchanges and Tourism: Promote greater cultural understanding, organize more cultural events, and facilitate tourism exchanges.
- People-to-People Contacts: Encourage more interactions between citizens, foster academic collaborations, and promote tourism.
- Regional Cooperation: Engage actively within ASEAN and other regional forums to address common challenges and pursue shared interests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Utkarsh 2.0 initiative, LPPS
Mains level: Cashless payments
Central Idea
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed the development of a Light weight and Portable Payment System (LPSS).
Light weight and Portable Payment System (LPSS)
- LPSS is referred to as a “bunker” equivalent, to ensure uninterrupted digital payments during exigencies such as natural calamities or war.
- This system will operate independently of existing payment technologies like UPI, NEFT, and RTGS.
- It can be operated from anywhere by a minimal staff during exigencies.
- It will process critical transactions, such as bulk payments and interbank payments, during extreme and volatile situations.
- The system operates on minimalistic hardware and software and is activated only when needed.
Why such move?
- As part of the Utkarsh 2.0 initiative, the RBI is working on strengthening the oversight framework for Centralised Payment Systems, including NEFT and RTGS.
- The initiative aims to enhance the existing payment systems and introduce new functionalities to improve efficiency and reliability.
Importance of an LPSS
- Near-zero downtime: The RBI aims to create a payment system that can operate on minimalistic hardware and software, ensuring near-zero downtime of the payment and settlement system in the country.
- Continuous liquidity pipeline: The lightweight system will facilitate uninterrupted functioning of essential payment services like bulk payments, interbank payments, and provision of cash to participant institutions, thereby keeping the liquidity pipeline of the economy alive and intact.
- Stability of the economy: It is expected to process critical transactions, including government and market-related transactions that are crucial for maintaining the stability of the economy.
- Enhancing public confidence: The resilient nature of the system will act as a bunker equivalent in payment systems, enhancing public confidence in digital payments and financial market infrastructure, even during extreme conditions.
Differences between LPSS and UPI
- Existing payment systems: The RBI acknowledges the availability of various payment systems in India for individuals and institutions, each with its distinct character and application.
- Handling large transaction volumes: Conventional systems like RTGS, NEFT, and UPI are designed to handle large volumes of transactions while ensuring sustained availability, relying on complex wired networks and advanced IT infrastructure.
- Vulnerability to catastrophic events: However, catastrophic events such as natural calamities and war can temporarily render these payment systems unavailable by disrupting the underlying information and communication infrastructure.
- Preparedness for extreme situations: To address this vulnerability, the RBI believes it is prudent to be prepared with a lightweight payment system capable of functioning in extreme and volatile situations.
Conclusion
- The RBI has not provided a specific timeline for the launch of the lightweight payment and settlements system.
- However, the concept serves as a crucial step towards ensuring the resilience of the payment ecosystem during emergencies.
- Further research and development efforts are necessary to bring this system to fruition and enhance the overall stability and confidence in digital payments in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G7
Mains level: US delinking from China, Implications for India
Central Idea
- The US is transitioning its policy on China from decoupling to de-risking, signalling a new approach.
- The EU has already adopted a de-risking approach in its China policy, and the G-7 summit also expressed consensus on de-risking.
Understanding the De-risking
- After establishing diplomatic ties in 1979, the US and China developed a deep economic interdependence, benefiting China’s global engagement.
- China’s rise challenged US global clout and impacted its domestic industries.
- The Trump administration initiated a “decoupling” strategy to address the techno-economic challenge from China.
- The Biden administration continues with a modified approach, shifting from decoupling to de-risking.
- De-risking focuses on resilient supply chains to ensure the US is not subjected to coercion from other countries.
Rationale behind De-risking
- Geopolitical Competition: China’s rise as a strategic competitor challenges US global influence, prompting de-risking to reduce vulnerabilities and maintain an advantage.
- National Security: Concerns about risks like intellectual property theft and cyber threats lead to de-risking to safeguard sensitive technologies and protect national security interests.
- Resilient Supply Chains: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains, driving the need for de-risking to ensure diversified and resilient networks.
- Fair Trade Practices: De-risking addresses concerns over China’s trade practices, such as intellectual property infringement and forced technology transfers, aiming for fairer trade by diversifying partners.
- Alliance Building: De-risking aligns with allies’ interests, promoting collaboration and a united front against China’s rise.
Geopolitical Ramifications
- De-risking for Stronger Alliances: The US adopts de-risking to strengthen alliances in its rivalry with China, as seen in the G-7 summit declaration.
- China’s Skepticism: China views de-risking as disguised decoupling, shifting blame for risks to China.
- Aligning with Decoupling and United Front: De-risking aligns with decoupling by diversifying supply chains, while fostering a united front among allies.
- Uncertain Effectiveness: The effectiveness of de-risking is uncertain, influenced by China’s response and challenges in diversifying supply chains.
- Short-Term Indo-Pacific Impact: De-risking may temporarily divert focus from the Indo-Pacific, necessitating a balance with maintaining a robust strategy in the region.
Way forward
- The de-risking approach should be further developed and coordinated with allies to effectively counter China’s rise.
- Balancing the benefits of de-risking with the need to maintain a robust Indo-Pacific strategy is crucial.
- Engaging in strategic dialogues and strengthening alliances can help shape a cohesive approach in addressing China’s influence while minimizing risks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exoplanet TOI4603b
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A new Jupiter-size exoplanet with the highest density known till this date has been discovered by an international team of scientists at the Exoplanet Research Group of the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
- Massive giant exoplanets are defined as those with a mass greater than four times that of Jupiter.
About the Exoplanet TOI4603b
- The exoplanet is found around the star called TOI4603 or HD 245134.
- It has a mass 13 times greater than that of Jupiter and a density of approximately 14 g/cm3.
- Initially, NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) declared TOI4603 as a possible candidate to host a secondary body of unknown nature.
- Using PARAS, scientists confirmed the secondary body as a planet, and it was named TOI 4603b or HD 245134b.
- The exoplanet is located 731 light years away and orbits a sub-giant F-type star TOI4603 every 7.24 days.
Note: An exoplanet, short for “extra-solar planet,” is a planet that orbits a star other than our Sun. These planets are located outside of our solar system and are not part of our planetary system.
Unprecedented Density and Proximity
- TOI 4603b is one of the most massive and densest giant planets discovered to date.
- It orbits very close to its host star at a distance less than 1/10th the distance between our Sun and Earth.
- Comparisons between the TOI-4603 star-planet system and the Sun-Mercury and Sun-Jupiter systems highlight the close proximity of TOI-4603 b to its star.
- The exoplanet is situated more than 50 times closer to its star than Jupiter is to the Sun.
- TOI-4603b is 13 times more massive than Jupiter.
Utilization of Indigenous Technology
- The discovery of this massive exoplanet was made using the indigenously made PRL Advanced Radial-velocity Abu-sky Search spectrograph (PARAS) at the 1.2 m telescope of PRL at its Gurushikhar Observatory in Mt. Abu.
- The mass of the planet was measured precisely using PARAS.
Uniqueness of the Discovery
- The planet falls into the transition mass range of massive giant planets and low-mass brown dwarfs, with masses ranging from 11 to 16 times the mass of Jupiter.
- Only fewer than five exoplanets are currently known in this mass range.
- The rarity of such discoveries makes this finding significant.
Insights into Formation and Evolution
- The exoplanet has a surface temperature of 1670 K and is likely undergoing high-eccentricity tidal migration with an eccentricity value of approximately 0.3.
- The detection of such systems provides valuable insights into the formation, migration, and evolution mechanisms of massive exoplanets.
India’s Contribution to Exoplanet Discoveries
- This marks the third exoplanet discovery by India and the PRL scientists using the PARAS spectrograph and the PRL 1.2m telescope.
- Previous discoveries include K2-236b in 2018 and TOI-1789b in 2021.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chytridiomycosis
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A multinational study has recently published a breakthrough method in the journal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases to detect all known strains of the amphibian chytrid fungus.
- This method will enhance our ability to detect and research the disease and work towards finding a widely available cure.
Chytridiomycosis: The deadly frog disease
- Chytridiomycosis, also known as chytrid, is a fungal disease that has been decimating frog populations worldwide for the past 40 years.
- The disease has caused severe declines in over 500 frog species and led to 90 extinctions, making it the deadliest animal disease known.
How does it infect?
- Chytrid infects frogs by reproducing in their skin, damaging their ability to balance water and salt levels.
- The mortality rate is extreme, and the disease has affected a high number of species, causing devastating declines and extinctions.
- The disease originated in Asia and spread globally through amphibian trade and travel.
Limitations in diagnosis
- Researchers traditionally used swabs and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests, similar to COVID-19 testing, to detect chytrid in frogs.
- The existing qPCR test could not detect chytrid strains from Asia, limiting research efforts.
New and Improved qPCR Test
- Researchers in India, Australia, and Panama have developed a new qPCR test that can detect strains of chytrid from Asia.
- The test is also more sensitive, allowing for the detection of low infection levels and expanding the range of species that can be studied.
- The test can also detect a closely related species of chytrid that infects salamanders.
Understanding natural immunity in frogs
- Some amphibian species, even those without an evolutionary history with chytrid, do not become sick when carrying the fungus, indicating natural immune resistance.
- Frog immunity is complex, involving anti-microbial chemicals, symbiotic bacteria, white blood cells, antibodies, and more.
- Research in Asia, where chytrid declines have not been observed, may provide insights into how resistance evolves and aid in finding a cure for affected regions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shenzhou-16, Gaganyan
Mains level: Manned missions to Space
Central Idea
- China has achieved a successful launch of the Shenzhou-16 spacecraft carrying three astronauts to the Tiangong space station.
What is Shenzhou-16?
- Shenzhou-16 spacecraft is part of Chinese manned spaceflight missions and was designed to transport astronauts to the Tiangong space station.
- This mission marks an important step in China’s space exploration efforts, with the crew set to conduct a range of tests and experiments during their five-month stay.
- The Tiangong space station, operated by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), is an integral part of China’s ambitious space program and aims to be a hub for scientific research.
Astronauts on Shenzhou-16
- The crew of the Shenzhou-16 mission consists of three astronauts: Jing Haipeng as the leading commander, Zhu Yangzhu, and Gui Haichao.
- Jing Haipeng is an experienced senior spacecraft pilot and one of China’s first batch of astronaut trainees.
- Zhu Yangzhu, a postdoctoral fellow in aerodynamics and former university teacher, will serve as a spaceflight engineer.
- Gui Haichao is the first Chinese civilian to travel to space and will be responsible for overseeing science experiments at the space station.
Objectives of the Mission
- The Shenzhou-16 crew will replace the previous crew from the Shenzhou-15 mission that has been aboard the Tiangong space station since November.
- The new crew will carry out large-scale tests and experiments in various fields, including the study of quantum phenomena, high-precision space time-frequency systems, verification of general relativity, and the origin of life.
- These scientific endeavors are expected to lead to significant achievements during the crew’s five-month stay.
About the Tiangong Space Station
- The Tiangong space station, operated by the CMSA, was developed by China after being barred from collaborating with NASA due to concerns of espionage.
- The station’s first module entered orbit in 2021, with two more modules added subsequently.
- China’s long-term plan is to expand the station, with the next module set to dock and create a cross-shaped structure.
- The Tiangong space station aims to become a leading outpost for scientific research once the International Space Station’s operations conclude in 2030.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Findings at Purana Qila
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Delhi’s Purana Qila, also known as the Old Fort, is a historic site with a rich and diverse past.
- Recent excavations have shed light on its continuous history since the pre-Mauryan era.
About Purana Qila
- The origins of Purana Qila date back to antiquity, with the exact foundation period unknown.
- It was later rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri and Mughal emperor Humayun.
- The fort holds immense cultural and historical importance, and many believe it to be the site of Indraprastha mentioned in the Mahabharata.
- The fort, believed to be the location of the ancient city of Indraprastha, showcases architectural remnants from various periods, including the Mughal and Rajput eras.
Architectural marvels at Purana Qila
- Purana Qila’s architectural features include walls that rise to a height of 18 meters, spanning approximately 1.5 kilometers.
- It boasts three arched gateways, including the Bara Darwaza, the south gate (Humayun Gate), and the Talaqi Gate.
- The fort’s Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque, built by Sher Shah Suri in 1541, showcases pre-Mughal architecture with its pointed arches and elegant prayer niches.
- The Sher Mandal, a double-storeyed octagonal tower, served as Humayun’s private observatory and library.
- It features decorative plaster-work and remnants of stone shelving for books.
Recent excavation discoveries
- Excavations have uncovered significant artifacts, including shards of Painted Gray Ware pottery dating from 1200 BC to 600 BC, indicating the pre-Mauryan period.
- Other discoveries include a 900-year-old Vaikuntha Vishnu from the Rajput period, a terracotta plaque of Goddess Gaja Lakshmi from the Gupta period, and a 2,500-year-old terracotta ring well from the Mauryan period.
- Numerous beads, seals, copper coins, and a bone needle have also been found, highlighting the site’s role as a center for trade activities.
Cultural chronology and preservation
- The ongoing excavation aims to establish a complete chronology of the site, spanning different historical periods from the Kushan to the Mughal era.
- The remains of Purana Qila will be preserved, conserved, and transformed into an open-air museum to showcase the rich historical legacy of Delhi.
- The excavated artifacts will also be displayed to delegates attending the G-20 summit, further promoting the cultural heritage of the site.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OROP, Agniveer scheme
Mains level: One Rank One Pension challenges and way forward
Central Idea
- In recent times, two prominent ideas, right-sizing and Atmanirbharta, have gained traction in the Armed Forces. However, it is essential to recognize that both these initiatives have their shortcomings and are rooted in the flawed implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme. These policies have far-reaching consequences and necessitate a critical evaluation to ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of our armed forces
What is One Rank One Pension (OROP) Policy?
- OROP means the same pension, for the same rank, for the same length of service, irrespective of the date of retirement.
- The concept was provoked by the then decision by Indira Gandhi-led government, in 1973, two years after the historic victory in the 1971 Bangladesh war
Implications of OROP
- Enhanced Pension Benefits: OROP brings parity and fairness by addressing the concerns of veterans who felt their pensions were unjustly lower compared to their counterparts who retired earlier. This leads to improved financial security for retired armed forces personnel and their families.
- Motivation and Morale: OROP addresses long-standing grievances regarding pension disparities and recognizes the sacrifices made by veterans. The assurance of fair and equal pensions enhances the sense of dignity, honor, and respect for those who have served in the armed forces.
- Social Security: OROP enhances the financial security and social welfare of retired armed forces personnel and their families. It provides them with a stable and predictable income during their post-retirement years, ensuring a decent standard of living and supporting their well-being
- Financial Burden: OROP entails providing equal pension benefits to all military personnel retiring at the same rank with the same length of service, irrespective of their date of retirement. This results in an increased financial burden on the government, as it has to allocate additional funds to fulfill the pension requirements.
- Impact on Modernization: The financial implications of implementing OROP may impact the allocation of funds for modernization and procurement of advanced equipment and technologies. The increased pension expenditure could limit the resources available for upgrading the armed forces’ capabilities, affecting their preparedness and modernization efforts.
- Sustainability and Budgetary Constraints: Sustaining the OROP scheme in the long term poses challenges due to the increasing pension liabilities. The government needs to ensure that the pension system remains financially viable and sustainable, considering the rising life expectancy and the expanding pool of retired armed forces personnel.
Challenges in Rightsizing and Strategic Decision-making
- Improved Insurgency Situation: The considerably improved insurgency situation in Jammu and Kashmir, particularly south of Banihal, has prompted a reassessment of force requirements. While progress has been made in countering militancy, the dilution of manpower without compensatory measures, such as state-of-the-art equipment, poses challenges to sustaining effective counter-insurgency operations.
- The Northeast and Counter-insurgency: The transfer of counter-insurgency responsibilities from the Army to the Assam Rifles in the Northeast region represents a significant shift. While relieving the Army of secondary responsibilities is reasonable, reducing combat strength without adequate compensation in terms of advanced equipment may impact the effectiveness of operations, particularly in regions with ongoing ethnic conflicts like Manipur.
Zero Recruitment and Adverse Impact
- Manpower Deficiency: The absence of recruitment for two-and-a-half years until June 2022 has created significant voids in personnel strength, particularly affecting combat units. The mounting deficiencies, amounting to 1,80,000 personnel in the Army alone, have strained operational capabilities and increased the burden on existing forces.
- Combat Readiness and Strategic Concerns: The adverse impact of zero recruitment and constant personnel retirements has had serious repercussions on combat units, including those deployed in sensitive areas like Ladakh against the Chinese PLA.
Way ahead: Need for Rightsizing and Strategic Evaluation
- Effective Allocation of Resources: Rightsizing involves optimizing the allocation of resources, including manpower, equipment, and finances, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. It helps in aligning the available resources with the desired objectives and operational requirements.
- Enhanced Operational Readiness: By conducting a strategic evaluation, the armed forces can assess their current capabilities and identify areas for improvement. This evaluation helps in identifying gaps and addressing them to enhance operational readiness and combat effectiveness.
- Financial Sustainability: Rightsizing allows for a more sustainable financial model by ensuring that the allocated funds are utilized efficiently. It helps in managing the budgetary constraints and reducing unnecessary expenditures, allowing resources to be redirected towards critical areas such as modernization and technological advancements.
- Adapting to Changing Threat Landscape: Strategic evaluation helps in assessing the evolving security threats and challenges faced by the nation. It enables the armed forces to adapt and realign their structure, capabilities, and operational concepts to effectively counter emerging threats and maintain a credible deterrence posture.
- Optimal Utilization of Human Resources: Rightsizing involves assessing the manpower requirements and aligning them with the operational needs. It helps in ensuring that the armed forces have the right personnel in the right positions, adequately trained and equipped to fulfill their roles and responsibilities.
- Modernization and Technological Upgrades: Strategic evaluation provides an opportunity to prioritize modernization initiatives and technological upgrades. It enables the armed forces to invest in cutting-edge equipment, systems, and platforms that enhance their combat capabilities and maintain technological superiority.
- Operational Flexibility and Agility: Rightsizing and strategic evaluation enable the armed forces to achieve operational flexibility and agility. It allows for the formation of versatile and adaptable units, capable of responding to a wide range of contingencies and operating in diverse environments.
- Long-Term Sustainability: By aligning the force structure, resources, and operational requirements, rightsizing and strategic evaluation contribute to the long-term sustainability of the armed forces. It ensures that the military remains capable and resilient, able to meet the nation’s security needs effectively
Conclusion
- While the ideas of right-sizing and Atmanirbharta may seem appealing, it is crucial to critically analyze their implementation and potential ramifications. The flawed execution of the OROP scheme and subsequent policies have placed a burden on the Armed Forces, affecting their modernization efforts. It is imperative to strike a balance between optimizing resources and ensuring the security and preparedness of our forces.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Role of CJI and related constitutional provisions
Mains level: Administrative powers of the CJI, challenges and concerns
Central Idea
- A recent judicial development has raised concerns about the authority and powers of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in influencing judicial decisions. The recall application filed by the Union of India against a judgment regarding the right to default bail, followed by an interim order from the Court of the CJI, has highlighted the need to reassess the constitutional framework and the extent of the CJI’s administrative powers
An Extraordinary Decision and its Unusual Turn
- Safeguarding the Right to Default Bail: The Division Bench of the Supreme Court in Ritu Chhabria v. Union of India recognized the right of an undertrial to be released on default bail if the investigation exceeds the statutory time limit. It criticized the practice of charge-sheeting accused individuals despite incomplete investigations and emphasized that the filing of a preliminary charge-sheet does not extinguish the right to bail.
- Surprising Recall Application: The Court of the CJI entertained a recall application filed by the Union of India against the Ritu Chhabria judgment. This move deviated from the usual course of filing a review petition before the same Bench. The interim order passed by the Court of the CJI effectively stayed the Division Bench’s decision, even though it had no direct connection to the case.
Concerns over the Role of the CJI
- Intra-court Appeal without Legislative or Constitutional Backing: The recall application before a different Bench, including the CJI, raises concerns about the absence of a legislative or constitutional framework for such appeals. This practice can be seen as bench fishing or forum shopping, creating a mechanism devoid of legal legitimacy.
- The CJI’s Administrative Powers: While all Supreme Court judges possess equal judicial powers, the CJI enjoys special administrative powers as the ‘Master of the Roster.’ These powers include constituting Benches and assigning matters for reconsideration. However, within a Bench, the CJI’s vote holds no greater weight than that of other judges.
- Issues of Judicial Equality: While historically, the CJI has authored minority opinions, the recent interim order raises concerns about the extent of the CJI’s influence on judicial decisions. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, have systems where judges collectively exercise power, reflecting the collective strength of the Court.
Cause for Concern
- Instances of Abuse: Recorded instances of infirmities and irregularities in case assignments have raised concerns about the potential abuse of administrative powers by the CJI. The unending nature of these powers makes it impractical to establish limits, emphasizing the need for transparency and checks.
- The Need for Checks and Balance: To maintain the integrity of the judiciary, it is crucial to limit the expansion of the CJI’s powers as the ‘Master of the Roster.’ The computerization of case assignments and the removal of discretionary powers from the CJI can mitigate concerns of undue influence and ensure a fair and impartial judicial process.
Administrative Powers of the CJI
- Constitution of Benches: The CJI has the authority to constitute various Benches within the Supreme Court, including both Division Benches and larger Constitution Benches. This power allows the CJI to assign judges to specific cases and distribute the workload among the judges.
- Assignment of Matters: The CJI has the discretion to assign specific cases or references to different Benches for adjudication. This includes allocating matters to the appropriate Benches based on subject matter, complexity, and other relevant factors.
- Reconsideration of Matters: The CJI can refer cases or issues for reconsideration by a larger Bench. This power enables the CJI to ensure consistency in judicial pronouncements, resolve conflicting decisions, or clarify legal principles through the review of previous judgments.
- Administrative Decision-Making: The CJI is responsible for making administrative decisions related to the court’s functioning, including the allocation of courtrooms, assignment of court staff, and management of infrastructure and resources.
- Appointment of Judicial Officers: The CJI plays a significant role in the appointment and transfer of judges to various high courts and other tribunals. This responsibility includes participating in the collegium system, which involves recommending suitable candidates for judicial appointments.
- Judicial Administration: The CJI oversees the overall functioning of the judiciary, including setting standards for court procedures, case management, and promoting efficiency in the delivery of justice. The CJI works closely with other judges, court officials, and stakeholders to ensure the smooth operation of the judicial system
Facts for prelims
Key provisions related to the CJI’s administrative authority
- Article 145: This article enables the CJI, as the head of the court, to exercise administrative control over the functioning of the Supreme Court.
- Article 146: This article empowers the CJI to appoint officers and servants of the Supreme Court and to determine their conditions of service. It allows the CJI to administer the court’s staff and resources in order to ensure efficient administration.
- Article 147: This article establishes the authority of the CJI in matters related to the appointment and posting of officers and servants of the Supreme Court. The CJI has the power to determine the strength and composition of the court’s administrative staff.
- Article 229: This article deals with the appointment of retired judges of the Supreme Court and high courts to act as ad-hoc judges. The CJI plays a significant role in appointing and assigning duties to these ad-hoc judges, which contributes to the efficient functioning of the judiciary.
- Article 124(3): This provision relates to the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court. The CJI, as part of the collegium system, participates in the process of recommending suitable candidates for judicial appointments. The collegium consists of the CJI and a group of senior judges, and their recommendations play a crucial role in judicial appointments.
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Conclusion
- While the administrative powers of the CJI are necessary for the efficient functioning of the Court, their exercise should adhere to constitutional principles and established legal procedures. It is imperative to establish transparent systems and minimize discretionary powers to safeguard the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 17th Lok Sabha performance and related facts
Mains level: Low performance of 17th Lok Sabha, concerns and way forward
Central Idea
- India’s new Parliament building, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, symbolizes the aspirations of 140 crore Indians. However, as the 17th Lok Sabha nears its final year, it faces scrutiny over its performance.
Performance of 17th Lok Sabha
- Sitting Days: The 17th Lok Sabha has functioned for 230 sitting days so far. However, if it falls short of surpassing the lowest recorded full-term Lok Sabha (331 sitting days in the 16th Lok Sabha), it would become the shortest full-term Lok Sabha since 1952.
- Referral of Bills to Committees: There has been a decline in the referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees. Since 2004, only 45% of the total bills introduced in Parliament have been referred to committees. This suggests a potential decrease in comprehensive scrutiny and review of proposed legislation.
- Legislative Output: The number of bills introduced and passed in the 17th Lok Sabha has seen a decline. Out of the 150 bills introduced, 131 have been passed so far (excluding Finance and Appropriation Bills). The decreasing trend raises questions about the legislative productivity of the Lok Sabha.
- Budget Discussions: The latest Budget session of the 17th Lok Sabha was one of the shortest since 1952. The limited time dedicated to discussing financial matters, particularly the Budget, raises concerns about the depth of analysis and deliberation on critical fiscal issues.
- Debates on Matters of Public Importance: The number of debates conducted in the Lok Sabha during the tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha has been limited. There have been only 11 short duration discussions and one half-an-hour discussion, indicating a restricted avenue for robust parliamentary discourse on matters of public importance.
- Delayed Election of Deputy Speaker: Despite the constitutional provision mandating the election of a Deputy Speaker, the 17th Lok Sabha has not elected one, even as it enters its final year of the five-year term. This delay raises concerns about adherence to constitutional norms and the effective functioning of parliamentary proceedings.
Value addition box from Civilsdaily
| Lok Sabha |
Term |
Total Sitting Days |
Bills Introduced |
Bills Passed |
Average Sitting Days per Year |
| 15th |
2009-2014 |
357 |
244 |
181 |
71 |
| 16th |
2014-2019 |
331 |
247 |
156 |
66 |
| 17th |
2019-2024 |
Less than 331 (projected) |
150 (as of April 2023) |
131 (as of April 2023) |
58 (projected) |
Why the 17th Lok Sabha’s productivity has been low?
- Disruptions and Protests: The 17th Lok Sabha witnessed frequent disruptions and protests from opposition parties, leading to a significant loss of time and decreased productivity. Some of the major issues that led to disruptions include the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), National Register of Citizens (NRC), and farm laws.
- Lack of Consensus: The ruling party enjoyed a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, but there was still a lack of consensus on many key issues, resulting in a delay in passing important bills and legislation.
- COVID-19 Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic also contributed to the low productivity of the Lok Sabha as many sessions were delayed or cancelled due to safety concerns.
- Speaker’s Decision: The decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha to disallow opposition MPs from raising certain issues also resulted in protests and disruptions, further reducing the productivity of the house.
- Shorter Sessions: The 17th Lok Sabha had shorter sessions compared to previous Lok Sabhas, which also contributed to lower productivity. Many important bills and issues were left pending as there was not enough time to discuss and debate them thoroughly.
The concerns associated with the performance of MPs in the old Parliament building
- Limited Parliamentary Engagement: The limited number of sitting days raises concerns about the MPs’ ability to fully engage in legislative proceedings and address the various challenges and issues faced by the country.
- Decreased Scrutiny of Legislation: The declining referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees raises concerns about the thorough scrutiny and review of proposed legislation.
- Legislative Productivity: The decreased number of bills introduced and passed in the 17th Lok Sabha raises concerns about its legislative productivity. This may limit the ability of MPs to address critical issues, propose new policies, and enact necessary reforms, hindering progress and development.
- Limited Budget Discussions: The shortened Budget sessions and reduced time allocated for financial discussions raise concerns about the depth of analysis and deliberation on critical fiscal matters.
- Restricted Debates on Public Matters: The limited number of debates conducted in the Lok Sabha raises concerns about the comprehensive discussion and examination of matters of public importance.
New Parliament Building: An Opportunity for Efficiency
- Responsible Parliamentary Conduct: Members of Parliament should prioritize constructive and meaningful debates, fostering a culture of respect, collaboration, and consensus-building. It is essential to move away from disruptive tactics and focus on substantive discussions that address the complex governance challenges of our time.
- Reducing Disruptions: Long periods of deadlock and disruptions hinder the smooth functioning of Parliament. Efforts should be made to minimize disruptions and ensure that discussions remain focused on key issues. Rules and procedures can be reviewed to encourage more disciplined and productive parliamentary conduct.
- Enhancing Communication and Participation: The new Parliament building, equipped with modern facilities, offers opportunities for better communication and engagement. Members should utilize these resources effectively to engage with constituents, share information, and seek feedback, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.
Conclusion
- The performance of MPs in the 17th Lok Sabha is pivotal in driving effective governance and representing the aspirations of the Indian people. It is crucial for MPs to embrace their roles as custodians of democracy, remaining accountable to their constituents and working collectively to shape a brighter future for India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AISHE
Mains level: Religious disparity in higher education
Central Idea
- All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-21 conducted by the Ministry of Education reveals the underrepresentation of Muslims in higher education compared to other communities.
What is the AISHE?
- To portray the status of higher education in the country, the Ministry of Education conducts an annual web-based AISHE since 2010-11.
- Data is collected on several parameters such as teachers, student enrolment, programmes, examination results, education finance and infrastructure.
- Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE.
- These are useful in making informed policy decisions and research for development of the education sector.
AISHE 2020-21 data on Minority Education
The survey highlights a decline in Muslim enrollment, potentially due to economic constraints and limited opportunities for pursuing higher education.
(1) Decline in Muslim Enrollment:
- Muslim enrollment in higher education declined by 8% in the 2020-21 academic year, while other marginalized communities experienced improved enrollment rates.
- Economic impoverishment forces talented Muslim students to prioritize earning opportunities after completing school, rather than pursuing higher education.
- Drastic declines were reported in UP (36%), J&K (26%), Maharashtra (8.5%), and TN (8.1%).
- Delhi witnessed a significant portion of Muslim students failing to enroll for higher education.
(2) Uttar Pradesh’s Low Enrollment Rate:
- Muslims constitute around 20% of the population in the state.
- Despite an increase in the number of colleges in UP, mere 4.5% Muslim enrollment is in higher education.
(3) Kerala’s Exceptional Performance:
- Kerala stands out as the only state where 43% of Muslims pursue higher education, bucking the trend of low enrollment.
(4) Female enrolment improving:
- Muslim and other minority communities exhibit higher female student enrollment than male students, indicating progress for women in minority communities.
- Male members of the Muslim community face pressure to earn a living early, potentially hindering their pursuit of higher education.
(5) Lack of Muslim Teachers:
- Muslim representation among teachers in higher education institutions is alarmingly low, comprising only 5.6%.
- General Category teachers account for 56%, while OBC, SC, and ST teachers make up 32%, 9%, and 2.5%, respectively.
- Gender disparities among teachers persist, with only 59 female Muslim teachers for every 100 male Muslim teachers.
Reasons for such low enrollment
- Religious influence: Certain societal and cultural norms within the Muslim community prioritize early marriage and family responsibilities over pursuing higher education, especially for female students.
- Economic Challenges: The Muslim community faces financial limitations that hinder their ability to afford higher education expenses, including tuition fees and accommodation.
- Lack of Awareness and Guidance: Many Muslim students, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds, lack information about available higher education opportunities, scholarships etc.
- Preferences for religious preachings: Many families prefer religious teachings at Madrasas over STEM education considering the acute competition and lack of reservation facilities.
- Stereotypes and Discrimination: Instances of religious discrimination and bias discourage Muslim students from pursuing higher education and create a sense of unwelcomeness in educational institutions.
- Socio-political Factors: Political decisions, policy changes, or the withdrawal of educational support programs can have a direct impact on the enrollment of Muslim students in higher education.
Schemes promoting Muslim education in India
- Maulana Azad National Fellowship: Provides scholarships for minority students pursuing M Phil and Ph D programs.
- National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC): Offers interest-free loans and scholarships to economically disadvantaged minority students.
- Nai Udaan Scheme: Provides free coaching and assistance for competitive exams to minority students.
- Seekho Aur Kamao (Learn and Earn) Scheme: Offers skill development and vocational training to enhance employability among minority students.
- Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship Schemes: Provides financial assistance for educational expenses to increase access to education for minority students.
- Bridge Courses and Remedial Coaching: Helps minority students bridge educational gaps and improve academic performance.
Way Forward
Following efforts should be made to address the declining enrollment of Muslim students in higher education:
- Providing scholarships and financial aid to economically disadvantaged Muslim students.
- Creating awareness programs to highlight the importance of higher education and its long-term benefits.
- Collaborating with community organizations to develop mentoring and support systems for Muslim students.
- Implementing policies that promote inclusive education and equal opportunities for all communities.
- Encouraging the recruitment and representation of Muslim teachers and non-teaching staff in higher education institutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN, UNPKF
Mains level: UN Peacekeeping and its significance
Central Idea
India-ASEAN Initiative for Women in UNPK Operations
- Defence Minister proposed this initiative last year to strengthen India-ASEAN defence cooperation.
- Tailor-made courses for women peacekeepers from ASEAN member-states will be conducted at the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in India.
- Twenty peacekeepers, two from each country, will receive training in various aspects of peacekeeping.
- A “Table Top Exercise” focusing on UNPK challenges will be held in December, specifically designed for women officers from ASEAN.
India’s Training and Capacity Building
- The Indian Army has established the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in New Delhi, which trains over 12,000 troops annually in peacekeeping operations.
- The CUNPK hosts foreign delegations, shares best practices, and dispatches mobile training teams to Friendly Foreign Countries for capacity building in UNPK.
- India has deployed Female Engagement Teams, Women Military Police, and women staff officers and military observers in various UN missions.
- India has the second-largest women contingent in the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and UN Interim Security Force for Abyei.
What is United Nations Peacekeeping?
- UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace.
- UN peacekeepers are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.
UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
- Consent of the parties
- Impartiality
- Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
UNPKF in operation
- Since 1948, UN Peacekeepers have undertaken 71 Field Missions.
- There are approximately 81,820 personnel serving on 13 peace operations led by UNDPO, in four continents currently.
- This represents a nine-fold increase since 1999.
- A total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping.
- Currently, 72,930 of those serving are troops and military observers, and about 8,890 are police personnel.
Why UN Peacekeeping is needed?
- Conflict resolution: UN peacekeeping missions play a crucial role in assisting host countries in transitioning from conflict to peace.
- Burden sharing: UN peacekeeping utilizes a global coalition of troops and police to share the responsibility of maintaining peace and stability worldwide.
- Democratization: Peacekeepers provide security and political support to facilitate the early transition to peace and support democratic processes in post-conflict countries.
India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping
- Largest troop contributor: India has a long-standing history of contributing personnel to UN peacekeeping missions, with over 253,000 Indians serving in 49 out of 71 missions.
- Current deployments: Approximately 5,500 Indian troops and police are deployed in UN peacekeeping missions, ranking India as the fifth-highest troop-contributing country.
- Women in Indian Peacekeeping: India has played a pioneering role in deploying women peacekeepers, starting with an all-women contingent to Liberia in 2007.
- Humanitarian services: Indian peacekeepers also provide medical care, veterinary support, and engineering services to communities in need.
Issues with UN Peacekeeping
[A] Issues for India
- Kashmir interference: India has expressed discontent with the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) operating in Kashmir, considering it irrelevant after the Shimla Agreement.
- Disregard for India-Pak ceasefire: UNMOGIP continues to observe hostilities and ceasefire violations along the Line of Control, which India believes is unnecessary.
[B] Global Challenges
- Diverse security challenges: UN peacekeeping operations need to adapt to rapidly evolving security dynamics.
- Resource allocation: Mandates of peacekeeping missions should align with available resources.
- Greater involvement of troop-contributing countries: Countries providing troops and police should have a meaningful role in mission planning.
- Investment in peacebuilding: Adequate financial and human resources are required for post-conflict peacebuilding.
Way Forward
- UNSC reform: Reform the UN Security Council to reflect the changing global landscape.
- Multi-partner collaboration: Enhance effectiveness by involving actors beyond the UNSC in counterterrorism efforts.
- Modernization of peacekeeping: Strengthen UN Peacekeeping Forces through modernization and inclusivity.
- Human-centric decision-making: Promote accountability and transparency in the UNSC’s decision-making processes.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to promoting women’s participation in UNPK operations underscores its dedication to global peace and security.
- These initiatives aim to enhance the capabilities and representation of women in peacekeeping, recognizing their valuable contributions to maintaining peace and stability worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NAVIC
Mains level: Indigenous GPS
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Research Organisation has successfully launched its fifth satellite of 2023.
- A 2,232-kilogram satellite named NVS-1 was launched into space as part of the NavIC
What is NAVIC?
- NavIC is a regional satellite navigation system consisting of seven satellites in orbit that provide positioning, navigation, and timing services to various sectors, including civil aviation and the military.
(1) Origins and Motivation:
- The idea of NAVIC emerged in the early 2000s as IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) to address India’s need for an independent navigation system for strategic and civilian purposes.
- The motivation behind NAVIC was to reduce dependence on foreign systems like GPS and enhance national security, sovereignty, and economic growth.
(2) Satellite Deployment:
- The NAVIC constellation consists of a total of 7* satellites.
- The first satellite, IRNSS-1A, was launched in July 2013, followed by subsequent launches of IRNSS-1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, and IRNSS-1I.
- Each satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit or an inclined geosynchronous orbit, providing continuous coverage over the Indian landmass and surrounding regions.
(3) Renaming to NAVIC:
- In 2016, the system was officially named NAVIC, which stands for Navigation with Indian Constellation.
- The name change aimed to create a distinct brand identity for the Indian regional navigation system.
Key Features and Technical Details
(1) Coverage Area:
- NAVIC provides coverage within India and extends up to 1,500 kilometres beyond its borders.
- The system covers the Indian landmass, as well as the Indian Ocean region.
(2) Satellite Configuration:
- The NAVIC satellites are equipped with atomic clocks to provide accurate timing signals.
- They transmit signals on different frequencies, including L5 and S bands, for enhanced accuracy and reliability.
(3) Applications and Services:
- NAVIC has a wide range of applications, including terrestrial, aerial, and marine navigation.
- It is utilized in various sectors such as transportation, agriculture, disaster management, surveying, and geodetic applications.
- The system supports position determination, velocity measurement, and time synchronization services.
About NVS-1 Satellite
- NVS-1 is part of the second-generation NavIC satellite series and ensures continuity of existing services while introducing new services in the Li band.
- The satellite features two solar arrays generating up to 2.4 kW of power, a lithium-ion battery for eclipse support, and thermal management and propulsion systems.
- Notably, NVS-1 includes a Rubidium atomic clock developed in-house by the Space Applications Centre, showcasing India’s technical expertise in this advanced technology.
India’s launch capabilities and recent missions
- The NVS-1 launch marks the second successful mission in a month and the fifth launch of the year for ISRO.
- In April, ISRO completed the PSLV-C55 mission, deploying two satellites, including TeLEOS-2 with a synthetic aperture radar payload.
- The PSLV-C55 mission highlighted collaboration between India and Singapore in space exploration and technology.
*Note: The numbers of satellites in this constellation is disputed. It is given as 7 and 8 on different sources. Total Nine satellites were launched out of which the very first (IRNSS-1A) is partially failed because of some issue in its Atomic Clock. Another and the last satellite had a launch failure. Hence the number 7/8.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tripitaka
Mains level: Democracy in Indian Civilizations
Central Idea
- The construction and history of the Indian Parliament building serve as a reminder of India’s rich democratic traditions.
- Dr BR Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for the Indian Constitution, highlighted the presence of democratic aspects in Indian history that predate Western influence.
Democratic Traditions in Ancient India
- Ambedkar had challenged the notion that India’s parliamentary procedures were borrowed from European countries.
- Ambedkar referred to the Vinay–pitaka, a Theravada Buddhist scripture, as evidence of existing democratic procedures in India.
- The scripture regulated meetings of the Bhikkhus Sangh (monks) and included rules for debates, motions, and voting through a secret ballot system.
Comparison with Western Democracies
- Ambedkar acknowledged the importance of contributions made by Western democracies in moving away from autocracy and religious dominance.
- He highlighted the separation of Church and State in Western societies and the transition to secular laws created by the people rather than divine or religious authorities.
Caution against Failure to Address Defects
- Ambedkar pointed out the tendency of ancient societies to neglect repairing their own defects, leading to their decay.
- He criticized the Indian society’s reliance on divine laws established by figures like Manu and Yajnavalkya, which hindered the ability to address societal issues.
Conclusion
- While acknowledging India’s rich democratic history, it is essential to continue building and strengthening democratic institutions to address the evolving needs and challenges of society.
- This includes fostering an introspective approach, embracing inclusive governance, and upholding the principles of secularism, equality, and social justice.
Back2Basics: Tripitaka
- The Tripitaka, also known as the Pali Canon, is a collection of sacred Buddhist scriptures that form the foundational texts of the Theravada Buddhist tradition.
- It is divided into three sections, known as the Tripitaka, which literally means “Three Baskets.”
History and significance
- The Tripitaka was orally transmitted from the time of Gautama Buddha in the 5th century BCE until it was eventually written down in the 1st century BCE.
- It holds immense historical and religious significance as it contains the teachings, discourses, rules, and guidelines given by the Buddha and his prominent disciples.
Composition of the Tripitaka:
(1) Vinaya Pitaka (Basket of Discipline):
- Comprises the rules and guidelines for monastic discipline in the Buddhist community.
- Provides detailed instructions on the conduct and behavior expected from monks and nuns.
- Covers various aspects, including ethical guidelines, disciplinary codes, and procedures for resolving disputes.
- Offers insights into the monastic life, the organization of the Sangha (monastic community), and the role of the monastic code in maintaining harmony and ethical conduct.
(2) Sutta Pitaka (Basket of Discourses):
- Contains the discourses and teachings delivered by Gautama Buddha and his close disciples.
- Includes a vast collection of discourses covering a wide range of topics, such as ethics, meditation, philosophy, and social issues.
- Consists of individual suttas (discourses) grouped into different collections or Nikayas, such as the Digha Nikaya (Long Discourses), Majjhima Nikaya (Middle-Length Discourses), Samyutta Nikaya (Connected Discourses), and Anguttara Nikaya (Numerical Discourses).
- Presents the Buddha’s profound teachings on the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, dependent origination, and other core concepts of Buddhism.
(3) Abhidhamma Pitaka (Basket of Higher Teachings):
- Provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of Buddhist philosophy and psychology.
- Explores the nature of mind, consciousness, and reality in intricate detail.
- Presents the teachings in a more technical and analytical manner, offering an advanced understanding of Buddhist concepts.
- Divided into seven books, known as the Abhidhamma books, which delve into topics such as consciousness, mental factors, elements, and the path to liberation.
- Offers a deep exploration of the ultimate nature of existence and the workings of the mind.
Features and Characteristics
- Authenticity and Authority: The Tripitaka is regarded as the most authoritative and authentic collection of Buddhist scriptures in the Theravada tradition.
- Canonical Language: The texts are primarily written in Pali, an ancient Indian language close to the language spoken during the Buddha’s time.
- Extensive Coverage: The Tripitaka covers a wide range of topics, offering comprehensive guidance for practitioners in various aspects of life.
- Preservation of Early Buddhist Teachings: The Tripitaka is believed to preserve the original teachings of the Buddha, providing insights into his wisdom and teachings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change and associated facts
Mains level: Climate change impact and need of agricultural research and development
Central idea
- Recently the G-7 Summit 2023 held in Japan highlighted the urgent need to address climate change and set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India has the largest workforce (45.6 per cent in 2021-22) engaged in agriculture amongst G20 countries faces significant challenges. To mitigate the impact and ensure food and nutritional security, policymakers must prioritize agricultural research, development, education, and extension (ARDE).
Facts for prelims
- At the Hiroshima Summit 2023, the G7 nations stressed that the peak for global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions should be reached by 2025.
- They committed to an “Acceleration Agenda” for G7 countries to reach net-zero emissions by around 2040 and urged emerging economies to do so by around 2050.
- China has committed to net zero by 2060 and India by 2070
- World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has forecast that global near-surface temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1°C to 1.8°C annually from 2023 to 2027.
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Importance of ARDE
- ARDE, which stands for Agricultural Research, Development, Education, and Extension, plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges faced by the agriculture sector, particularly in the context of climate change.
- Climate Resilience: Through research and development efforts, scientists and experts can identify crops and varieties that are more tolerant to changing climatic conditions, such as drought, heatwaves, or extreme rainfall. This enables farmers to adapt and minimize the negative impacts of climate change on crop yields and agricultural productivity.
- Resource Efficiency: By focusing on research and innovation, it aims to optimize the use of key resources like water, soil, and energy. This includes the development of precision farming techniques, efficient irrigation systems, soil management practices, and sustainable pest and disease control methods. Such advancements help conserve resources, reduce input costs, and minimize the environmental footprint of agriculture.
- Enhanced Productivity: This involves developing high-yielding crop varieties, improving agronomic practices, and disseminating knowledge and best practices through education and extension programs. By adopting these advancements, farmers can increase their yields, improve crop quality, and contribute to food security and economic growth.
- Sustainable Agriculture: ARDE focuses on reducing reliance on chemical inputs, minimizing soil degradation, preserving biodiversity, and promoting organic farming. Through research and education, it supports the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems, ensuring the long-term viability of the sector.
- Innovation and Technology Adoption: By investing in research and development, it facilitates the discovery and dissemination of cutting-edge technologies, such as precision agriculture, genetic engineering, biotechnology, and smart farming solutions. These advancements help farmers improve efficiency, reduce losses, and enhance profitability.
- Knowledge Transfer and Capacity Building: They focus on disseminating research findings, best practices, and agricultural knowledge to farmers, rural communities, and agricultural stakeholders. By strengthening the knowledge base and building capacity, ARDE empowers farmers with the skills and information necessary to make informed decisions and improve their farming practices.
India’s challenges in adapting to climate change
- Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events: India is highly susceptible to extreme weather events, including cyclones, floods, droughts, and heatwaves. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and livelihoods, impacting the overall resilience of communities.
- Water Scarcity and Stress: Climate change exacerbates water scarcity in many regions of India. Changes in rainfall patterns, melting glaciers, and rising temperatures affect water availability for agriculture, domestic use, and industries. This poses challenges for irrigation, drinking water supply, and overall water management.
- Agriculture and Food Security: The agricultural sector is crucial for India’s food security and rural livelihoods. However, climate change poses risks to crop yields, productivity, and quality. Erratic rainfall, increased pests and diseases, and extreme temperature fluctuations can impact crop growth and food production, leading to food security challenges.
- Coastal Vulnerability: India has a long coastline, making it highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and storm surges. Coastal regions face threats to infrastructure, settlements, agriculture, and ecosystems. Climate change-induced sea-level rise also increases the risk of saltwater intrusion, affecting freshwater sources and agriculture in coastal areas.
- Health Impacts: Climate change influences the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, as well as heat-related illnesses. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can affect the distribution of disease vectors and impact public health systems, particularly in vulnerable communities with limited access to healthcare.
- Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Disruption: Climate change poses risks to India’s rich biodiversity and ecosystems. Habitats, wildlife, and fragile ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves face threats from changing temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and habitat loss. This can disrupt ecological balance and affect natural resources vital for human well-being.
- Infrastructure Resilience: India’s infrastructure systems, including transportation networks, energy grids, and urban settlements, face challenges in adapting to climate change impacts. Infrastructure vulnerabilities can lead to disruptions in services, increased costs for repairs and maintenance, and hindered economic growth.
- Socio-economic Inequalities: Climate change impacts can exacerbate existing socio-economic inequalities in India. Vulnerable communities, such as small farmers, tribal populations, and marginalized groups, are disproportionately affected by climate risks due to their limited resources, lack of access to information, and inadequate adaptive capacities.
Policy Reforms for Climate Resilience
- National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: Developing a comprehensive national strategy focused on climate change adaptation is essential. This strategy should identify priority sectors, vulnerable regions, and specific adaptation measures.
- Mainstreaming Climate Considerations: Integrating climate change considerations into sectoral policies and plans is vital. This includes incorporating climate resilience into agriculture, water management, urban planning, infrastructure development, and coastal zone management policies.
- Strengthening Institutional Frameworks: Establishing robust institutional frameworks and coordination mechanisms for climate adaptation is necessary. This includes enhancing the capacity of relevant government departments, local authorities, and institutions to implement adaptation measures effectively.
- Building Climate Information Systems: Developing and strengthening climate information systems includes improving meteorological services, climate monitoring networks, early warning systems, and climate data management. Accessible and reliable climate information helps policymakers, communities, and sectors plan and respond to climate risks effectively.
- Promoting Nature-Based Solutions: Encouraging nature-based solutions can enhance climate resilience. This involves conserving and restoring natural ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and mangroves, which provide crucial ecosystem services. Nature-based solutions contribute to flood control, water regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation, thereby improving resilience to climate change.
Addressing Funding and Allocation Imbalance
- Scaling Up Experiments: To address climate change challenges effectively, increased funding allocation for ARDE is essential. While there has been an increase in total expenditure on ARDE, research intensity (ARDE as a percentage of agri-GDP) has declined. It is crucial to allocate more funds to scale up experiments and innovations in sustainable agriculture.
- Sector-wise Allocation: The current allocation of ARDE shows a skewed distribution towards crop husbandry, neglecting sectors like soil, water conservation, forestry, animal husbandry, dairy development, and fisheries. This imbalance needs correction to promote holistic agricultural research and development.
Conclusion
- As global temperatures rise and climate change impacts intensify, addressing remaining gaps in agricultural research and development becomes imperative. Increased investment in ARDE, realignment of expenditures and policies, and a focus on sustainable farming practices are essential to build climate resilience in India’s agriculture sector. By prioritizing these measures, India can secure food and nutritional security while mitigating the challenges posed by climate change.
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