Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum technology applications , National Quantum Mission,
Mains level: National Quantum Mission, prospect, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- India’s focus on developing a strong technology base is gaining momentum with the upcoming National Quantum Mission. This mission holds the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including defense, energy, environment, healthcare, and civil applications.
All you need to know about National Quantum Mission
- The National Quantum Mission is an ambitious initiative undertaken by the Government of India to propel the country’s advancements in the field of quantum technology.
- It adopts a project-driven multi-disciplinary approach, fostering fundamental discoveries, imaginative engineering, and entrepreneurial initiatives.
- Leveraging India’s evolving scientific infrastructure and aligning with national mandates, the mission aims to accelerate research, capacity building, and collaboration across institutions.
The objectives of the National Quantum Mission
- Developing indigenous quantum technologies and infrastructure.
- Promoting collaboration between academia, industry, and research institutions.
- Building a strong ecosystem for research and development in quantum technology.
- Creating a skilled workforce in quantum science and technology.
- Accelerating the commercialization and adoption of quantum-based products and services.
Key aspects of the mission
- Quantum Computing: Advancing quantum computing capabilities for solving complex problems and enhancing computational efficiency.
- Quantum Communication: Developing secure and high-speed quantum communication networks to safeguard sensitive information.
- Quantum Sensing: Utilizing quantum principles for ultra-precise measurements in fields such as navigation, imaging, and environmental monitoring.
- Quantum Metrology: Enhancing measurement accuracy by exploiting quantum properties, leading to advancements in metrology and standards.
- Quantum Materials and Devices: Investigating and harnessing the unique properties of quantum materials to develop advanced devices for diverse applications.
Facts for prelims
Nobel Prize in Physics 2022
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 was awarded jointly to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 recognizes the groundbreaking work of these three physicists, who have demonstrated the power of entanglement to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
- Entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics that occurs when two particles are linked together in such a way that they share the same fate, even when they are separated by a large distance.
- This seemingly magical connection has profound implications for our understanding of reality, and it has led to the development of new technologies such as quantum computers and quantum cryptography.
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The Significance of Quantum Devices
- Enabling Quantum Computing: Quantum computers rely on quantum devices, such as qubits, to perform quantum computations. These devices can represent and manipulate quantum information, allowing for parallel processing and exponential speed-up in solving complex problems.
- Facilitating Quantum Communication: Quantum devices enable the generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states, which are used for secure transmission of information. Devices like quantum transmitters, receivers, and entangled photon sources are vital components in quantum communication protocols such as quantum key distribution (QKD).
- Enhancing Quantum Sensing and Metrology: Quantum devices enable precise measurements of physical quantities, such as magnetic fields, gravitational waves, and temperature, with exceptional sensitivity and accuracy. Quantum sensors based on devices like superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and atomic magnetometers have the potential to revolutionize fields like navigation, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
- Supporting Quantum Cryptography: Quantum devices are integral to the field of quantum cryptography, which focuses on secure communication based on quantum principles. Devices like single-photon detectors, quantum random number generators, and quantum key distribution systems are used to implement cryptographic protocols that offer provable security based on the laws of quantum mechanics.
- Driving Fundamental Research: Quantum devices are essential tools for studying fundamental phenomena in quantum physics. They allow researchers to manipulate and control quantum systems, observe quantum behaviors, and conduct experiments to validate quantum theories.
Challenges for India’s National Quantum Mission
- Research and Development: Quantum technology is a complex and rapidly evolving field, requiring extensive research and development efforts. Developing cutting-edge quantum technologies and pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge pose challenges in terms of funding, expertise, and access to advanced infrastructure and equipment.
- Skilled Workforce: Quantum technology demands a highly skilled workforce with expertise in quantum physics, engineering, and related disciplines. Developing and retaining a talented pool of researchers, scientists, and engineers proficient in quantum technologies is a challenge, as it requires specialized training programs, educational initiatives, and collaboration between academia and industry.
- Infrastructure and Resources: Quantum technology requires advanced infrastructure, including specialized laboratories, fabrication facilities, and high-performance computing resources. Establishing and maintaining such infrastructure is a challenge, as it requires substantial investments and ongoing upgrades to keep pace with advancements in the field.
- International Competition: The development of quantum technology is a global race, with several countries investing heavily in research and development. India faces competition from other nations that have made significant progress in quantum technology, such as the United States, China, and European countries. Maintaining a competitive edge and staying at the forefront of quantum advancements is a challenge.
- Standardization and Interoperability: Quantum technology is still in its nascent stage, and there is a lack of standardized protocols and frameworks. Achieving interoperability among different quantum systems and ensuring compatibility across platforms is a challenge.
- Funding and Resource Allocation: Adequate funding is critical for the success of the National Quantum Mission. Securing sustained funding and effective resource allocation, both from government sources and private investments, is a challenge.
- Ethical and Societal Implications: Quantum technology raises ethical, legal, and societal considerations. The development and application of quantum technologies, such as quantum computing and cryptography, may have significant societal implications, including data privacy, cybersecurity, and societal disruption. Addressing these concerns and establishing ethical frameworks and guidelines is a challenge.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Quantum technology development requires collaboration among academia, research institutions, industry, and government bodies. Building effective partnerships, fostering knowledge sharing, and promoting collaboration across different sectors and organizations is a challenge.
Way forward
- Robust Funding: Ensure sustained and adequate funding for the mission to support research, development, infrastructure building, and talent acquisition. Establish funding mechanisms that prioritize quantum technology initiatives and encourage public-private partnerships to leverage industry expertise and resources.
- Research Collaboration: Foster collaboration between academia, research institutions, and industry both domestically and internationally. Encourage knowledge sharing, joint research projects, and technology transfer to accelerate the development of quantum technologies.
- Skill Development: Focus on capacity building and skill development programs to nurture a skilled workforce in quantum science, engineering, and technology. Establish training initiatives, educational programs, and centers of excellence to develop talent and expertise in the field.
- Infrastructure Development: Invest in state-of-the-art infrastructure, including specialized laboratories, testing facilities, and computational resources. Ensure the availability of advanced equipment and resources across different regions of the country to support research and development activities.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Establish robust regulatory frameworks and policies to address legal, ethical, and security concerns related to quantum technology. Collaborate with international organizations and experts to develop best practices and standards for responsible development and deployment of quantum technology.
- Industry Engagement: Encourage industry participation and engagement in quantum technology initiatives. Foster innovation ecosystems, provide support mechanisms for startups and entrepreneurs, and promote collaboration between academia and industry for technology commercialization.
- International Collaboration: Strengthen international collaborations and partnerships in quantum technology. Establish networks with leading global institutions and organizations to exchange knowledge, share resources, and collaborate on research projects.
- Public Awareness and Outreach: Increase public awareness about the potential of quantum technology and its impact on various sectors. Conduct outreach programs, public lectures, and awareness campaigns to engage and educate the public about the benefits and applications of quantum technology.
Concept box from civilsdaily
| Understand in simple words
Quantum:
- Quantum refers to the smallest possible unit of something. It is the fundamental building block or unit of energy, matter, or information in the field of physics.
- Quantum is often associated with the principles of quantum mechanics, which is a branch of physics that describes how particles and energy behave at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Quantum technology:
- Quantum technology is the application of the principles of quantum mechanics to develop new technologies that harness the unique properties of quantum particles.
- It involves manipulating and controlling these particles to perform tasks that are not possible with classical technology.
- Quantum technology takes advantage of phenomena like superposition and entanglement, which allow particles to exist in multiple states simultaneously or become interconnected regardless of distance. These properties enable quantum systems to store and process information in ways that surpass the capabilities of classical systems.
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Conclusion
- The National Quantum Mission’s focus on quantum materials and devices marks a significant step towards India’s technological advancements. Through strategic investments, collaborative research, and an efficient R&D ecosystem, India can harness the power of quantum technology, propel innovation, and achieve self-reliance across multiple sectors. The mission’s success will position India as a global leader in quantum materials and devices, shaping a brighter future for the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's position in the multilateral sphere
Mains level: India's multilateral engagement, role in rule based global order and challenges
Central idea
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming week-long journey to Japan, Papua New Guinea, and Australia signifies India’s active participation in global affairs. As he engages with G-7 leaders in Hiroshima, Japan, and travels to other countries, bilateral issues will take a back seat to India’s position in the multilateral sphere. With an increasingly polarized world and mounting challenges such as the Russian war in Ukraine and China’s geopolitical influence, India must strike a careful balance.
India’s engagement with Quad and the Indo-Pacific Coalition
- Security Cooperation: The Quad countries, including India, collaborate on security issues in the Indo-Pacific region. This includes intelligence sharing, joint military exercises, and enhancing maritime domain awareness to ensure a free and open Indo-Pacific.
- Maritime Security: As maritime nations, the Quad members aim to promote maritime security, freedom of navigation, and respect for international law, particularly in the contested waters of the Indo-Pacific. They work towards preventing conflicts, promoting stability, and addressing challenges such as illegal fishing, piracy, and maritime territorial disputes.
- Connectivity Initiatives: The Quad focuses on promoting transparent, sustainable, and quality infrastructure development in the Indo-Pacific region. This includes collaborative efforts to enhance connectivity, digitalization, and economic integration, fostering economic growth and regional prosperity.
- Supply Chain Resilience: Recognizing the importance of secure and resilient supply chains, the Quad aims to diversify supply chains and reduce dependence on a single country or region. This includes exploring opportunities for cooperation in critical sectors such as technology, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors.
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: The Quad members collaborate in providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief during crises and natural disasters in the Indo-Pacific region. This cooperation ensures a coordinated response, timely assistance, and efficient resource mobilization.
- Vaccine Diplomacy: In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Quad countries, including India, have collaborated on vaccine distribution and production. This initiative aims to ensure equitable access to vaccines in the region, demonstrating solidarity and cooperation in addressing public health challenges.
- Economic and Trade Cooperation: The Quad members explore opportunities for enhancing economic and trade ties. They seek to promote a free, open, and rules-based trading system, address trade barriers, and facilitate economic growth and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific.
- Regional Stability and Rules-Based Order: The Quad and Indo-Pacific Coalition share a common goal of promoting regional stability and upholding a rules-based international order. This includes respect for sovereignty, peaceful resolution of disputes, and adherence to international law.
India’s position in the multilateral sphere
- Global Leadership: As the world’s largest democracy and a rising global power, India’s voice carries weight in multilateral forums. It provides leadership and represents the interests of developing countries, particularly in areas such as poverty alleviation, sustainable development, and climate change.
- Regional Integration: India actively promotes regional integration and cooperation, both within South Asia and in the broader Indo-Pacific region. It seeks to enhance connectivity, trade, and people-to-people exchanges, contributing to regional stability, economic growth, and collective security.
- South-South Cooperation: India actively engages in South-South Cooperation, which involves collaboration among developing countries to address common challenges and promote economic growth. India shares its expertise in areas such as agriculture, healthcare, technology, and capacity-building, supporting the development efforts of other nations.
- Global Development Initiatives: India is actively involved in global development initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. It contributes to discussions on poverty eradication, education, healthcare, gender equality, and sustainable development, aiming to foster inclusive growth and reduce global disparities.
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation: India has positioned itself as a responsible nuclear power and advocates for global nuclear disarmament. It actively participates in discussions on nuclear non-proliferation, safeguards, and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, while also asserting its right to pursue civilian nuclear energy for development purposes.
- Global Health Initiatives: India plays a vital role in global health initiatives, particularly in the context of access to affordable medicines and vaccines. It actively engages in discussions related to public health, pharmaceutical regulations, and the provision of healthcare to underserved populations, demonstrating its commitment to global health equity.
- Peacekeeping Operations: India is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping missions, showcasing its commitment to international peace and security. Indian peacekeepers have been deployed to various conflict zones, helping maintain stability and providing humanitarian assistance in challenging environments.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): India has been a prominent member of the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nations that seek to maintain their independence and avoid alignment with any major power bloc. India’s participation in NAM showcases its commitment to an independent foreign policy and its role as a bridge between different ideological groupings.
key aspects of India’s skillful balancing act
- Strategic Autonomy: India maintains strategic autonomy by pursuing an independent foreign policy that prioritizes its national interests. It engages with multiple countries and groups, avoiding over-reliance on any single power bloc or alliance.
- Non-Alignment and Multi-Alignment: While India was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, it has adopted a multi-aligned approach in recent years. India engages with a diverse range of partners, including major powers, regional groupings, and developing countries, forging partnerships based on mutual interests and shared values.
- Diversifying Partnerships: India seeks to diversify its partnerships across regions and countries. It engages with both Western and non-Western nations, fostering relationships with the United States, European Union, ASEAN, African Union, Gulf countries, and others. This diversity helps India maintain a balanced approach and access multiple avenues for collaboration.
- Regional Engagements: India actively participates in regional initiatives and organizations to promote stability and cooperation. It engages in platforms such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, IORA, and ASEAN-led mechanisms, fostering regional integration, connectivity, and addressing common challenges.
- Balancing Major Powers: India skillfully navigates its relationships with major powers like the United States, Russia, China, and others. It seeks to maximize its benefits while safeguarding its national interests and maintaining strategic autonomy. This approach allows India to leverage opportunities and manage any potential risks associated with these relationships.
- Counterterrorism Cooperation: India collaborates with various countries and international organizations in the fight against terrorism. It shares intelligence, strengthens border security, and promotes cooperation to combat terrorist networks and extremist ideologies.
- Economic Diplomacy: India actively engages in economic diplomacy, expanding trade and investment ties with different countries and regions. It participates in regional and global economic forums, negotiates trade agreements, and fosters economic cooperation, contributing to its growth and development objectives.
- Global Governance Reforms: India advocates for reforms in global governance institutions to reflect contemporary realities. It seeks a more inclusive and representative international order, including reforms in the United Nations Security Council and international financial institutions.
Challenges and Potential Disruptions India’s skillful balancing act
- Regional Conflicts: Ongoing regional conflicts, such as the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir, pose a challenge to India’s balancing act. Escalations or incidents along the border can strain relationships with neighboring countries and divert attention from broader multilateral engagements.
- Geopolitical Rivalries: The intensifying geopolitical rivalries, particularly between major powers like the United States, China, and Russia, can complicate India’s balancing efforts. India needs to navigate these rivalries carefully to avoid being drawn into conflicts or aligning too closely with any particular power.
- Border Security Concerns: India shares borders with countries like China and Pakistan, which have witnessed periodic tensions and border disputes. Any escalation or security threats along these borders can disrupt India’s diplomatic engagements and require a reevaluation of its strategic priorities.
- Terrorism and Security Challenges: India faces persistent terrorism threats, both domestically and regionally. Terrorist attacks or security challenges can divert resources and attention, affecting India’s capacity to fully engage in multilateral forums and initiatives.
- Economic Vulnerabilities: India’s economic vulnerabilities, including issues such as trade imbalances, supply chain disruptions, and global economic downturns, can impact its ability to maintain a balanced foreign policy. Economic challenges may require India to reassess its priorities and engagements with various countries.
- Domestic Political Considerations: Domestic political developments and public opinion can shape India’s foreign policy decisions. Changes in government, electoral cycles, or shifts in public sentiment can influence the direction and priorities of India’s diplomatic engagements.
- International Norms and Pressure: India may face pressure to align with certain international norms or positions, particularly on issues such as human rights, climate change, or nonproliferation. Striking a balance between international expectations and its own national interests can be a challenge
- Unforeseen Events: Unforeseen events, such as natural disasters, public health emergencies, or sudden geopolitical shifts, can disrupt India’s diplomatic engagements and require immediate attention and resources.
Conclusion
- India’s proactive engagement, pursuit of strategic partnerships, and commitment to a rules-based international order position it as a respected global actor. Its diplomatic endeavors in multilateral forums, regional initiatives, and global governance reform contribute to shaping the global discourse and addressing pressing global challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Integrated system of medicine, complementary and alternative medicine system and other related facts
Mains level: AYUSH ministry's move of Integrated system of medicine, potential benefits and concerns
Central idea
- In a recent development, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Ministry of Ayush have agreed to enhance cooperation in health research related to integrated medicine. This collaboration aims to establish Ayush departments within prestigious medical institutions like AIIMS. However, this move has sparked a debate regarding the efficacy and viability of an integrated system of medicine.
What is integrated system of medicine?
- An integrated system of medicine refers to an approach that combines elements from different healthcare systems or modalities, such as conventional medicine and traditional or complementary/alternative medicine, with the goal of providing comprehensive and patient-centered care.
Common features of integrated system of medicine
- Holistic Approach: An integrated system of medicine takes a holistic approach to healthcare, recognizing the interconnectedness of various aspects of health, including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. It considers the whole person rather than focusing solely on symptoms or specific diseases.
- Multiple Healthcare Modalities: It incorporates multiple healthcare modalities and disciplines, such as conventional medicine, traditional medicine systems (e.g., Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine), complementary and alternative medicine (e.g., acupuncture, herbal medicine), mind-body practices (e.g., yoga, meditation), and other evidence-based therapies.
- Collaborative and Interdisciplinary Care: An integrated system of medicine encourages collaboration and cooperation among healthcare providers from different disciplines. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s needs and the development of personalized treatment plans.
- Evidence-Based Practice: The integration of different healthcare modalities is based on scientific evidence, research, and clinical guidelines. It emphasizes the use of evidence-based practices, ensuring that treatments and interventions are safe, effective, and supported by reliable data.
- Individualized Treatment: An integrated system of medicine recognizes that each person is unique and may require personalized treatment approaches. It considers individual circumstances, preferences, and goals when developing treatment plans, allowing for customized care.
- Emphasis on Prevention and Wellness: It places importance on preventive measures, health promotion, and wellness-oriented approaches. It aims to identify and address underlying factors that contribute to illness, focusing on strategies to prevent disease and promote optimal health.
- Patient-Centered Care: An integrated system of medicine prioritizes the patient’s needs, preferences, and values. It involves active patient participation in healthcare decision-making, education, and self-care practices. The patient is viewed as a partner in their own healthcare journey.
- Continuity of Care and Care Coordination: An integrated system of medicine strives for seamless coordination and continuity of care across different healthcare modalities. It emphasizes effective communication, information sharing, and collaborative management to ensure comprehensive and well-coordinated healthcare.
Ayush inpatient and outpatient departments at Central government hospitals
- Dedicated AYUSH departments: The Ayush Ministry has decided to open dedicated AYUSH inpatient and outpatient departments at Central government hospitals to provide services related to Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (collectively known as Ayush systems of medicine).
- Aims to provide wider range of treatment options: This initiative aims to integrate traditional and complementary medicine practices into mainstream healthcare, offering patients a wider range of treatment options and promoting holistic healthcare approaches.
- Aims to promote and preserve traditional healthcare: The decision to establish these departments reflects the government’s recognition of the growing popularity and acceptance of Ayush systems of medicine in India. It aligns with the ministry’s goal of promoting and preserving traditional healthcare practices, while ensuring their integration within the broader healthcare framework.
- Facilitate and a boost to research: Opening Ayush departments in Central government hospitals also facilitates research, as it allows for the investigation of the effectiveness and safety of Ayush treatments in conjunction with conventional medical practices. This collaboration between Ayush and modern medicine can lead to the development of standardized protocols, better understanding of the potential benefits, and improved patient outcomes.
Facts for prelims
World Ayurveda Congress (WAC), 2022
- The 9th edition of World Ayurveda Congress (WAC) & Arogya Expo was organized at PANJIM, GOA.
- Organised by Ministry of AYSUSH on the principle of whole government approach.
- The event witnessed the active participation of more than 40 countries and all states of India.
- WAC is a platform established by World Ayurveda Foundation to propagate Ayurveda globally in its true sense.
World Ayurveda Foundation (WAF)
- WAF is an initiative by Vijnana Bharati aimed at global propagation of Ayurveda, founded in 2011.
- The objectives of WAF reflect global scope, propagation and encouragement of all activities scientific and Ayurveda related are the core principles.
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What is mean by complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
- Complementary and alternative medicine CAM refers to medical practices and treatments that are not considered part of conventional mainstream medicine.
- It encompasses a broad range of practices, systems, and therapies, which may include herbal medicine, traditional healing practices, acupuncture, homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropractic care, Ayurveda, and traditional Chinese medicine, among others.
- These practices often have their roots in ancient cultural and traditional healing systems.
Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
- Global Acceptance: Alternative medicine practices are popular and widely accepted in many countries worldwide. Traditional healing systems, herbal remedies, and other alternative therapies have been part of various cultures for centuries.
- Regional Variations: The prevalence of alternative medicine varies across regions and countries. Some regions have a long-standing cultural and historical association with specific traditional healing practices, while others have seen increased adoption due to globalization and growing interest in holistic health approaches.
- High Usage Rates: Surveys indicate that a significant portion of the population in various countries has used alternative medicine at some point in their lives. The prevalence rates can range from around 30% to over 70%, depending on the country and the specific therapies or practices included in the survey.
- Specific Modalities: Different alternative medicine modalities may have varying levels of popularity. Practices such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, chiropractic care, and traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine are among the commonly used modalities.
- Complementary Use: Many individuals use alternative medicine alongside conventional medical treatments. This approach, known as complementary medicine, involves integrating alternative therapies with standard medical care to address a broader range of health concerns.
- Health Conditions: Alternative medicine is sought for various health conditions, including chronic pain, mental health issues, musculoskeletal problems, gastrointestinal disorders, and general well-being. People often turn to alternative medicine when conventional treatments have been unsatisfactory or to explore more holistic and natural approaches.
- Wellness and Prevention: Alternative medicine is also used for wellness promotion and preventive care. Practices such as yoga, meditation, and dietary supplements are frequently utilized to support overall health and prevent illness.
- Global Trends: The prevalence of alternative medicine continues to grow globally. Factors such as increased awareness, patient empowerment, access to information, and a desire for more personalized and holistic healthcare contribute to this trend.
Why do patients gravitate towards complementary/alternative medicine?
- Holistic Approach: Complementary/alternative medicine often takes a holistic approach to healthcare, considering the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a person’s well-being. It focuses on treating the whole person rather than just the symptoms or specific diseases.
- Dissatisfaction with Conventional Medicine: Some patients may have had unsatisfactory experiences with conventional medicine, such as ineffective treatments, adverse effects, or limited time with healthcare providers. As a result, they may seek alternative options that offer a different approach and more personalized care.
- Desire for Natural and Non-Invasive Treatments: Complementary/alternative medicine often emphasizes natural remedies, herbal therapies, nutritional interventions, and non-invasive techniques. Patients who prefer a more natural or gentle approach may be drawn to these methods, especially when conventional treatments involve pharmaceutical drugs or invasive procedures.
- Empowerment and Active Participation: Complementary/alternative medicine often encourages patients to take an active role in their health and treatment decisions. Patients may feel empowered by being involved in the decision-making process, exploring lifestyle modifications, and engaging in self-care practices.
- Prevention and Wellness Focus: Many complementary/alternative medicine practices emphasize preventive measures and lifestyle modifications to promote overall health and wellness. Patients who are interested in maintaining good health and preventing future illnesses may be attracted to these approaches.
- Cultural or Traditional Beliefs: Certain complementary/alternative medicine systems have deep cultural or traditional roots. Patients from specific cultural backgrounds may have a strong belief in the efficacy of these practices and may choose them based on cultural heritage or family traditions.
- Perception of Individualized Care: Complementary/alternative medicine often places importance on individualized care, taking into account the unique needs and circumstances of each patient. This personalized approach may resonate with patients who value a more tailored and comprehensive treatment plan.
- Perception of Fewer Side Effects: Some patients perceive complementary/alternative medicine to have fewer side effects compared to conventional medicine. They may be concerned about the potential adverse effects of pharmaceutical drugs and prefer to explore alternative options that are perceived as safer.
Does the sale of these medicines need to be regulated?
- Safety and Efficacy: Regulation helps ensure that alternative medicines meet certain safety standards and have demonstrated efficacy. This is important to protect consumers from potential harm or ineffective treatments.
- Quality Control: Regulation helps maintain consistent quality in the production and distribution of alternative medicines. It can include measures to ensure proper sourcing of ingredients, good manufacturing practices, quality testing, and adherence to labeling requirements.
- Consumer Protection: Regulation provides a framework for consumer protection by establishing rules and guidelines for marketing, advertising, and claims made by manufacturers and practitioners of alternative medicines. This helps prevent misleading or false information and ensures that consumers can make informed choices.
- Standardization: Regulation facilitates the standardization of formulations and practices within alternative medicine systems. Standardization helps establish consistency, reliability, and reproducibility of treatments, allowing for better comparisons and research in the field.
- Adverse Event Reporting: Regulatory oversight enables the monitoring and reporting of adverse events associated with the use of alternative medicines. This helps identify potential risks and allows for timely interventions to protect public health.
- Integration with Conventional Medicine: Regulation promotes the integration of alternative medicine with conventional healthcare systems. It establishes frameworks for collaboration, communication, and referral between practitioners of different modalities, ensuring coordinated and safe care for patients.
- Professional Accountability: Regulatory measures can include licensing, certification, and registration requirements for practitioners of alternative medicine. This helps ensure that practitioners meet certain educational and competency standards, promoting professionalism and accountability in the field.
- Public Confidence: Regulation helps build public trust and confidence in alternative medicine. Clear regulations and oversight mechanisms provide reassurance to consumers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers that alternative medicines are subject to scrutiny and oversight, contributing to the credibility and acceptance of these practices.
Value addition box from Civilsdaily: Differences between Naturopathy and Allopathy
| Aspect |
Naturopathy |
Allopathy (Conventional Medicine) |
| Philosophy |
Emphasizes body’s self-healing capacity, holistic approach, natural remedies, and wellness promotion |
Focuses on scientific principles, evidence-based practices, disease diagnosis, and symptom management |
| Treatment Approach |
Natural remedies, lifestyle modifications, holistic therapies, herbal medicine, and mind-body practices |
Pharmaceutical drugs, surgeries, medical procedures, advanced technologies |
| Diagnosis |
Observation, physical examinations, patient history, and traditional diagnostic methods |
Laboratory tests, imaging techniques, diagnostic tools |
| Emphasis |
Prevention, overall health and wellness, identifying root causes of illness |
Disease management, symptom relief, targeted treatments |
| Individualization |
Personalized treatment plans based on individual needs and characteristics |
Standardized treatment protocols based on clinical guidelines |
| Pharmaceutical Usage |
Minimal reliance on pharmaceutical drugs, emphasizes natural therapies |
Utilizes pharmaceutical drugs as primary treatment methods |
| Specialized Fields |
Naturopaths may have specific areas of focus but often provide general holistic care |
Various specialized fields (cardiology, neurology, etc.) addressing specific diseases or conditions |
Conclusion
- The debate on the integration of Ayush practices within mainstream healthcare reflects contrasting perspectives. While there are immense potential benefits of an integrated system it also raises concerns about the scientific validity and safety of alternative medicine. Striking a balance between evidence-based medicine, patient preferences, and regulatory oversight is essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Right to Assemble, Article 19
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Andhra Pradesh High Court has overturned a Government Order (GO) issued by the state government that aimed to regulate public meetings, processions, and assemblies on roads.
Key takeaways of the ruling
- The court held that the right to assemble, protest peacefully, and express one’s opinion freely was a precious freedom.
- It emphasized that this freedom should not be curtailed based on unproven assertions made by government officials.
- The court reiterated that freedom of speech was considered the foremost among liberties and was crucial for democracy.
- It stated that such a precious freedom should not be left to the unrestricted discretion of any individual.
AP move regulating Public Assembly
- The GO sought to regulate public meetings and assemblies on roads, roadsides, and margins.
- The state government argued that the regulations were necessary to address fatal accidents and ensure smooth traffic flow.
- Sections 30, 30A, and 31 of the Police Act, 1861 were cited as the basis for the directions under the GO.
High Court’s decision and reasoning
- The court set aside the GO, ruling that it imposed a ban on all meetings on public highways and roads.
- It stated that accidents or incidents at specific locations should not result in a total restriction on the right to assemble or conduct processions on other roads.
- The court suggested studying the causes of incidents and issuing guidelines to prevent their recurrence rather than imposing broad restrictions.
Upholding the Right to Assembly
- The court asserted that the right to assemble, protest peacefully, and express opinions freely is a fundamental freedom that cannot be curtailed arbitrarily.
- Freedom of speech is regarded as a crucial pillar of democracy and must not be subject to unfettered discretion.
- The court deemed the power conferred by the GO as excessive, arbitrary, and failing the test of proportionality.
Reference: 2018 SC Ruling on Peaceful Assembly
- The court referred to the guidelines laid down in the Supreme Court’s ruling in “Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan v Union of India (2018).”
- The guidelines regulate protests and demonstrations, recognizing the right to peaceful assembly while allowing reasonable restrictions.
- The ruling includes provisions on the number of participants, minimum distances from important locations, and restrictions during visits by foreign dignitaries.
Back2Basics: Right to Assemble
- The right to assemble in India refers to the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(b) of the Constitution of India.
- It grants individuals the freedom to peacefully assemble, protest, and hold public meetings or processions.
- This right allows citizens to come together to express their views, opinions, and grievances collectively in a public setting.
- It is an essential aspect of democracy, enabling citizens to engage in peaceful activism, raise awareness about social issues, and participate in public discourse.
- However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of public order, morality, and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Jallikattu Debate
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court Constitution Bench has upheld the amendments made by Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
- The decision overturns a previous verdict that banned practices such as Jallikattu, a traditional bull-taming sport.
Overturning the previous verdict
- The court rejected the 2014 verdict of the Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja case that deemed Jallikattu incompatible with animal rights.
- The Constitution Bench emphasized that Jallikattu has been a part of Tamil Nadu’s cultural heritage for at least a century.
Significance of Pongal and Jallikattu
- Pongal is a harvest festival in Tamil Nadu, celebrated with thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and rituals honoring cattle.
- Jallikattu, a bull-taming event, is an integral part of the festival and showcases the strength and skill of farm hands in southern Tamil Nadu.
Supreme Court’s 2014 verdict and animal rights perspective
- The previous two-judge Bench ruling emphasized the importance of animal rights and suggested elevating them to the level of constitutional rights.
- Animal welfare organizations presented evidence of physical and mental torture inflicted on the animals during Jallikattu.
Issue with the sport
An investigation by the Animal Welfare Board of India concluded that “Jallikattu is inherently cruel to animals”.
- Human deaths: The event has caused several human deaths and injuries and there are several instances of fatalities to the bulls.
- Manhandling of animals: Animal welfare concerns are related to the handling of the bulls before they are released and also during the competitor’s attempts to subdue the bull.
- Cruelty to animal: Practices, before the bull is released, include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the vertebrae, and biting of the bull’s tail.
- Animal intoxication: There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or chilli peppers being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate the bull.
Arguments in favour
- Native breed conservation: According to its protagonists, it is not a leisure sport available but a way to promote and preserve the native livestock.
- Cultural significance: Jallikattu has been known to be practiced during the Tamil classical period (400-100 BCE) and finds mention in Sangam texts.
- Man-animal relationship: Some believe that the sport also symbolizes a cordial man-animal relationship.
- Agrarian pride: It represents a cultural infirmity to urban modernity that marginalizes rural and agrarian values.
Conclusion
- Tradition and culture should be considered in the rights discourse, recognizing the cultural context of practices like Jallikattu.
- Engagement and negotiation between animal rights advocates and local culture and tradition are necessary for a balanced approach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Centre has amended rules under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) Rules, bringing international credit card spends under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS).
Changes introduced
- Credit card spends outside India now fall under the LRS, allowing for the application of a higher TCS rate.
- The amendment removes the exclusion of credit card transactions from the LRS, which was previously covered under Rule 7 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000.
- The changes do not apply to payments for the purchase of foreign goods/services from India.
What is Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)?
- LRS is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to resident individuals to remit funds abroad for permitted current or capital account transactions or a combination of both.
- The scheme was introduced in 2004 and has been periodically reviewed and revised by the RBI.
- Under the scheme, resident individuals can remit up to a certain amount in a financial year for permissible transactions including education, travel, medical treatment, gifts, and investments in equity and debt securities, among others.
- The limit for LRS is currently set at USD 250,000 per financial year.
Eligibility for LRS
- LRS is open to everyone including non-residents, NRIs, persons of Indian origin (PIOs), foreign citizens with PIO status and foreign nationals of Indian origin.
- The Scheme is NOT available to corporations, partnership firms, Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), Trusts etc.
Benefits provided by LRS
- LRS is an easy process that anyone can use to transfer money between two countries.
- It’s especially useful for businesses because they can use it to transfer funds to India, and investors can receive their investments back home.
- LRS also has some added benefits, like fast transfer timing and no issues with exchange rates.
Concerns with credit card spends
- The amendment aims to achieve parity between the usage of credit and debit cards, which were already covered under the LRS.
- Instances of disproportionately high LRS payments compared to disclose incomes prompted the amendment.
- Business visits of employees, where costs are borne by the employer, are not covered under the LRS.
- The data collected from major money remitters under the LRS indicated that international credit cards were being issued with limits exceeding the prescribed norm.
Exclusions and impact of the Scheme
- The government assured that the LRS scheme would not cover genuine business visits abroad by employees.
- The imposition of a 20% tax collection on source (TCS) for foreign remittances would primarily affect tour travel packages, gifts to non-residents, and domestic high net-worth individuals investing in assets like real estate, bonds, and stocks outside India.
- The Ministry emphasized that the 5% TCS levied on medical or education expenses abroad, allowed up to ₹7 lakh per year, and would remain unchanged.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Deposits
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced a regulatory framework to govern the acceptance of green deposits by banks, ensuring transparency and accountability in their investments.
What are Green Deposits?
- Green deposits are financial products offered by banks that are similar to regular deposits, but the money received is specifically earmarked for environmentally friendly projects.
- These deposits support projects aimed at combating climate change, such as renewable energy initiatives, while avoiding investments in activities that harm the environment, like fossil fuel projects.
- They are part of a broader range of financial products, including green bonds and green shares that enable investors to contribute to environmentally sustainable projects.
Regulatory framework for accepting Green Deposits
- The RBI’s framework mandates that banks establish a set of rules or policies, approved by their respective Boards, to guide the investment of green deposits.
- These rules must be made public on the banks’ websites, ensuring transparency and enabling customers to make informed decisions.
- Banks are required to disclose information on the amount of green deposits received, how these funds are allocated to different green projects, and the environmental impact of such investments.
- To verify the banks’ claims and the sustainability credentials of the projects, a third-party is appointed to conduct independent verification.
Sectors eligible for green deposits
- The RBI has identified a list of sectors classified as sustainable, which are eligible to receive green deposits.
- These sectors include renewable energy, waste management, clean transportation, energy efficiency, and afforestation.
- Banks are prohibited from investing green deposits in sectors considered detrimental to the environment, such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, tobacco, gambling, palm oil, and hydropower generation.
Addressing greenwashing
- Greenwashing refers to the practice of making misleading claims about the positive environmental impact of an activity or investment.
- The RBI’s regulatory framework aims to prevent greenwashing in the banking sector by ensuring that the actual impact of green deposits is accurately represented.
- By requiring transparency, disclosure, and third-party verification, the framework aims to protect customers from deceptive practices and ensure genuine environmental benefits.
Impact and controversies
- Depositors who prioritize environmental concerns may find satisfaction in investing their money in environmentally sustainable products like green deposits.
- However, some critics argue that green investment products may primarily serve to make investors feel good without generating significant environmental benefits.
- Additionally, the range of projects available for investment through green deposits may be limited, posing challenges in achieving broad environmental impact.
Key challenge: Assessing environmental sustainability
- Evaluating the true environmental sustainability of a project can be challenging in a complex world with interconnected systems and second-order effects that are difficult to anticipate.
- It is essential to consider the indirect consequences and long-term effects of actions to determine if a project genuinely contributes to environmental sustainability.
- Uncertainty surrounding the actual environmental impact of green projects highlights the need for rigorous evaluation and ongoing monitoring to ensure the desired outcomes are achieved.
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