Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C-20, U-20 and other such engagement forums within G-20 framework
Mains level: C-20 politicization, Civil Society Independence and way forward
Central Idea
- The civil society process of G-20, known as C-20, which is meant to provide a platform for independent voices and hold governments accountable, has been co-opted by the ruling party in India. Critiques argue that under the guise of civil society representation, C-20 has become a tool to further a politico-religious vision and legitimize neoliberal economic policies. This distortion of C-20 raises concerns about its credibility and ability to serve as a counter-balance to undue business influence.
What is C-20?
- C-20 refers to the civil society process of the Group of Twenty (G-20) summit.
- The C-20 process provides a platform for civil society organizations to engage with G-20 member governments, discuss relevant issues, and advocate for policy changes.
- It aims to ensure that the voices and concerns of civil society are taken into account in the decision-making processes of G-20.
- C-20 focuses on economic, social, and cultural issues, and its participants include non-governmental organizations, grassroots movements, and other civil society actors.
Facts for prelims
What is U20?
- A city diplomacy initiative called the “Urban 20” (U20) was launched in December 2017 within G20 ecosystem.
- It was meant to collectively raise critical urban issues of G20 cities during the G20 negotiations.
- U20 specifically focuses on climate change, sustainable development, and socio-economic issues in connection with the Sustainable Development Goals.
What is SAI20?
- SAI20 stands for Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of G20 countries.
- It is a forum where SAIs from G20 countries can engage with each other to share their experiences and expertise in auditing public policies and governance practices.
- The group meets annually to discuss important issues related to public auditing and to develop joint initiatives to promote good governance and accountability in their respective countries.
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What are the concerns about C-20 ‘s credibility?
- Politicization: The C-20 process in India has been co-opted by the party in power, using it as a platform to further its own politico-religious vision. This raises questions about the independence and neutrality of the civil society process.
- Lack of diversity: The composition of C-20 has raised concerns about the overwhelming presence of members from a single religion, which goes against the principle of inclusiveness. The dominance of a particular religious group undermines the diversity and representation of civil society voices.
- Censorship and suppression: There have been instances of censorship and attempts to control the narrative within C-20. Participants have been asked to refrain from making political statements about G-20 and C-20, limiting their ability to critically address policies and actions that may be detrimental to biodiversity and community interests.
- Limited influence: The C-20 process, along with other engagement forums of G-20, has not been allowed to play an independent role in holding governments accountable or countering undue business influence. The influence of civil society in shaping G-20 decisions and policies remains limited.
- Lack of transparency: The selection and decision-making processes within C-20 have been criticized for lacking transparency. The way the C-20 architecture is set up, with its Secretariat housed in a civil society organization linked to a particular political ideology, raises concerns about the independence and fairness of the process.
Impact of using international engagement forums for political gains?
- Undermining credibility: When international engagement forums, such as the G-20 and its civil society process, are used for political and electoral gains, it undermines their credibility and purpose. These platforms are meant for meaningful dialogue, collaboration, and decision-making on global issues, and politicizing them for short-term domestic interests erodes their legitimacy.
- Diminishing trust and cooperation: Political exploitation of international engagement forums can lead to a breakdown of trust and cooperation among participating countries and civil society organizations. It creates an atmosphere of suspicion and undermines the spirit of mutual respect and collaboration that these forums are intended to foster.
- Weakening global governance: The instrumentalization of international engagement forums for political gains can weaken global governance mechanisms. It hampers the ability of these forums to address pressing global challenges effectively and make informed decisions based on the common good, as decisions may be driven by narrow political considerations rather than sound policy-making.
- Impact on international reputation: The misuse of international engagement forums can have a negative impact on a country’s international reputation. It may be seen as a breach of trust and an attempt to manipulate global platforms for domestic political purposes, damaging the country’s standing in the international community.
- Impeding progress on global issues: When international engagement forums are exploited for political and electoral gains, the focus shifts from addressing global issues to advancing narrow domestic agendas. This can hinder progress on crucial matters such as climate change, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, and human rights, which require international collaboration and concerted efforts.
- Alienating civil society: The politicization of international engagement forums can alienate civil society organizations and undermine their trust in the process. When civil society voices are co-opted or marginalized for political gains, it weakens their role as independent actors, reduces their influence, and stifles their ability to contribute meaningfully to global policy discussions.
- Loss of long-term benefits: Prioritizing short-term political and electoral gains over the long-term benefits of meaningful international engagement can lead to missed opportunities for economic, social, and diplomatic advancements. It undermines the potential for constructive dialogue, knowledge sharing, and collaboration that can yield positive outcomes for the country and the global community.
Way ahead: Addressing the concerns over C-20
- Enhance transparency and inclusiveness: There should be greater transparency in the selection processes of C-20 members and the decision-making mechanisms. Efforts should be made to ensure diverse representation from different religions, ideologies, and sectors, fostering inclusivity and avoiding the dominance of any particular group.
- Safeguard independence: Measures should be taken to ensure the independence of C-20 from government influence. The Secretariat and coordination should be entrusted to neutral and independent organizations or institutions that have a proven track record of upholding the principles of civil society engagement.
- Strengthen civil society networks: Civil society organizations should strengthen their networks, collaborations, and solidarity to amplify their voices and advocate for meaningful engagement in the C-20 process. This can involve building alliances with other organizations, sharing information and resources, and collectively advocating for the principles of inclusiveness and accountability.
- Promote critical dialogue: Open and constructive dialogue should be encouraged within C-20, allowing for diverse perspectives and critical analysis of G-20 policies and actions. Participants should have the freedom to raise concerns, offer alternative viewpoints, and contribute to the discourse without fear of censorship or reprisal.
- Advocate for policy coherence: Civil society organizations should actively engage in advocacy and policy dialogue with both the government and international bodies like the G-20. They should highlight the need for policy coherence that integrates social, environmental, and economic dimensions, ensuring that biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and the rights of marginalized communities are prioritized.
- Strengthen public awareness: Efforts should be made to increase public awareness about the G-20 and its civil society process, including C-20. This can involve disseminating information, organizing awareness campaigns, and facilitating public participation in discussions and decision-making processes.
- International solidarity: Civil society organizations in India should foster collaborations and exchanges with international civil society networks and organizations working on similar issues. Sharing experiences, strategies, and best practices can strengthen the collective voice of civil society globally and exert pressure for more accountable and inclusive processes.
Conclusion
- The co-optation of C-20 by the ruling party in India has undermined its credibility as an independent civil society platform. Civil society organizations participating in C-20 must reflect on whether they will legitimize this distortion or challenge it, as their decisions will shape the future of this crucial platform for global dialogue and accountability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India and Australia growing relationships
Central Idea
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to Australia highlights the significance India attaches to its bilateral relationship with Australia, despite the cancellation of the Quad Summit meeting in Sydney. The transformation of this relationship over the past decade, coupled with its broad bipartisan support in Australia, demonstrates the establishment of a new chapter in India-Australia ties.
India-Australia Relations: A Backgrounder
- The India-Australia bilateral relationship has undergone evolution in recent years, developing along a positive track, into a friendly partnership.
- The two nations have much in common, underpinned by shared values of a pluralistic, Westminster-style democracies, Commonwealth traditions, expanding economic engagement etc.
- Several commonalities include strong, vibrant, secular and multicultural democracies, free press, independent judicial system and English language.
Historical Perspective
- The historical ties between India and Australia started immediately following European settlement in Australia from 1788.
- All trade, to and fro from the penal colony of New South Wales was controlled by the British East India Company through Kolkata.
- India and Australia established diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence period, with the establishment of India Trade Office in Sydney in 1941.
- The end of the Cold War and simultaneously, India’s decision to launch major economic reforms in 1991 provided the first positive move towards development of bilateral ties.
What is the Significance of this upcoming visit?
- Strengthening Bilateral Relations: The visit reaffirms the commitment of both India and Australia to further strengthen their bilateral relationship. It provides an opportunity for high-level engagements, discussions, and collaborations on various issues of mutual interest.
- Enhancing Economic Cooperation: The visit can pave the way for boosting economic cooperation between India and Australia. It provides a platform to explore new avenues for trade, investment, and technological collaboration, benefiting both economies and creating business opportunities.
- Showcasing Commitment to the Indo-Pacific Region: Prime Minister’s visit to Australia will demonstrates the commitment of both countries to the Indo-Pacific region’s peace, stability, and development. It reinforces the role of India and Australia as significant stakeholders in the region.
- Collaboration on Strategic and Security Issues: The visit presents an opportunity to discuss and collaborate on strategic and security issues, including maritime security, counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and defense cooperation. This will contribute to regional stability and address common security challenges.
- Promoting People-to-People Connections: People-to-people interactions and cultural exchanges are crucial for fostering closer ties between nations. Prime Minister Modi’s visit will promote people-to-people connections, strengthen the Indian diaspora’s engagement, and enhance cultural understanding between India and Australia.
The growing partnership between India and Australia
- Enhanced Bilateral Engagements: The frequency of high-level visits and interactions between the leaders of India and Australia has increased, showcasing the importance both countries place on their bilateral relationship.
- Multilateral Collaboration: India and Australia collaborate closely in various multilateral forums such as the Quad, G7, East Asia Summit, G20, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. They address important regional issues, including maritime domain awareness, supply chain resilience, climate change, and food and energy security.
- Strategic Cooperation: Both nations recognize the need to build secure and resilient supply chains. They focus on strategic areas such as clean energy, electric vehicles, semiconductors, aerospace, and defense, fostering collaboration and joint initiatives.
- Space Collaboration: Space cooperation has gained prominence in the India-Australia partnership. Australia participates in India’s Gaganyaan Space Programme, and the International Space Investment grants program encourages collaboration in the space sector.
- Educational Ties: Australia is a preferred destination for Indian students, with a large number of Indian students studying there. Efforts are being made to address challenges related to student mobility, visa backlogs, and research collaboration, strengthening educational ties between the two countries.
- People-to-People Linkages: Cultural exchanges, diaspora connectivity, and people-to-people contacts play a crucial role in strengthening the partnership. Initiatives like the opening of a new consulate in Bengaluru and the establishment of a center for Australia-India relations in Sydney contribute to fostering cultural linkages.
- Economic Cooperation: The focus is on expanding economic ties and trade relations. Efforts are being made to increase the current trading partnership, setting clear targets to elevate it by 2030. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Trade Agreement discussions are underway to deepen economic cooperation.
- Regional Stability: India and Australia, along with other Quad members, work together to ensure peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. They address regional challenges and maintain a rules-based order.
- Counterbalance to China: The India-Australia partnership is seen as a counterweight to China’s non-rules-based approach in the region. It provides a strategic balance and promotes a free and open Indo-Pacific.
The India-Australia partnership: Opportunities for further collaboration and growth
- Trade and Investment: There is immense potential to expand bilateral trade and investment between India and Australia. Both countries can explore new sectors and avenues for collaboration, including technology, renewable energy, infrastructure, agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing. Initiatives like the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) can further facilitate trade and investment flows.
- Innovation and Technology: India’s thriving tech ecosystem and Australia’s advanced research and development capabilities present opportunities for collaboration in innovation and technology-driven sectors. Joint research projects, technology transfer, and startup collaborations can foster mutual growth and innovation.
- Defense and Security: The defense and security collaboration between India and Australia can be further strengthened. Opportunities exist for joint military exercises, defense equipment co-production, technology-sharing, and intelligence cooperation. Collaborative efforts can contribute to maritime security, counterterrorism, and regional stability.
- Education and Research: The education sector offers opportunities for deeper collaboration, including student exchanges, joint research programs, and faculty exchanges. Strengthening academic ties can enhance cultural understanding and promote knowledge sharing between institutions in both countries.
- Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Both India and Australia face significant challenges related to sustainable development and climate change. Collaborative efforts in renewable energy, climate adaptation, and environmental conservation can address common concerns and promote sustainable development practices.
- Regional Engagement: India and Australia can leverage their partnership to enhance regional engagement and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. By working together in multilateral forums such as the Quad, ASEAN, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, they can promote a rules-based order, regional stability, and prosperity.
- Health and Biotechnology: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of collaboration in health and biotechnology. Joint research on vaccines, healthcare innovations, and disease prevention can strengthen public health systems and contribute to global health security.
Conclusion
- India and Australia have transcended past misperceptions and established a promising partnership that holds tremendous potential in the 21st century. As Prime Minister Menzies’ decision in 1955 remains a relic of the past, India and Australia are committed to nurturing a vibrant and enduring partnership, solidifying their place as key actors in the global arena.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Education reforms and schemes
Mains level: Prevalence of single-teacher schools in India, challenges and way forward
Central Idea
- The presence of single-teacher schools in India, particularly in Jharkhand, continues to persist despite the Right to Education Act mandating a minimum of two teachers in every school. The prevalence of such schools poses significant challenges, hampering the quality of education and depriving children of their right to a proper education. The alarming situation of single-teacher schools, calls attention to recent findings, and emphasizes the need for urgent action to address this issue.
Plight of Single-Teacher Schools in India
- Even after 14 years since the implementation of the Right to Education Act, the proportion of single-teacher schools in India remains high at 14.7%.
- In Jharkhand alone, nearly one-third of primary schools fall under the single-teacher category, significantly impacting the quality of education.
- While Jharkhand is a poor performer, a few States had a similar or even higher proportion of single-teacher schools such as Andhra Pradesh (34%), Telangana (30%) and Karnataka (29%).
- In nine of India’s 21 major States, the share of children studying in single-teacher schools was well above 10%, rising to 25% in Jharkhand.
- A recent report titled Gloom in the Classroom sheds light on the severity of the situation in Jharkhand.
| Did you know?
· The Right to Education Act states that every school must have at least two teachers. |
Reasons attributed to the presence of Single-Teacher Schools in certain states
- Low Population Density and Scattered Settlements: In states with low population density and scattered settlements, such as Himachal Pradesh, it becomes challenging to establish multiple schools in close proximity. Limited resources and logistical difficulties make it economically unviable to have multiple teachers in such areas. As a result, single-teacher schools are often the only feasible option to provide education to children in remote locations.
- Low Fertility Rates: States with low fertility rates, such as Himachal Pradesh and Kerala, may have a smaller number of students in schools. In these cases, single-teacher schools serve as a more efficient and cost-effective arrangement to cater to the relatively smaller student population. With fewer students, consolidating them into larger schools may not be practical or necessary.
- Viability of Mini-Schools: In some states, single-teacher schools are a result of the viability and historical existence of mini-schools. Mini-schools were established in sparsely populated areas before the Right to Education Act came into force. Some states, like Kerala, have successfully managed to merge mini-schools, while others continue to have single-teacher schools as separate entities.
- Staffing Challenges and Budget Constraints: State governments facing staffing challenges and budget constraints may opt for under-staffing schools in underprivileged areas, leading to the prevalence of single-teacher schools. Limited resources and difficulties in recruiting and retaining teachers, especially in remote or economically disadvantaged regions, contribute to the staffing issues.
- Resistance to Remote Postings: Remote areas often lack basic amenities and facilities, making it challenging for teachers to adjust to such environments. Reluctance to accept postings in remote locations can lead to a shortage of teachers, resulting in single-teacher schools as a temporary solution.
Measures to tackle the challenges associated with single-teacher schools
- Infrastructure and Resources: Adequate investment in infrastructure, including the establishment of additional classrooms, is crucial to accommodate more teachers and reduce the burden on existing staff. Providing schools with sufficient teaching resources, such as textbooks, learning materials, and technological tools, can enhance the teaching-learning process.
- Recruitment and Retention: State governments must prioritize the recruitment of qualified teachers, ensuring a sufficient number of professionals in underprivileged areas. Encouraging and incentivizing teachers to accept postings in remote areas can help overcome the resistance to such assignments.
- Policy Reforms: The Right to Education Act needs to be rigorously implemented, emphasizing the requirement for a minimum of two teachers in each school. State governments should allocate adequate funds to address staffing needs and enforce compliance with the act. Policy reforms should focus on promoting equity and inclusivity, targeting marginalized communities and ensuring access to quality education for all children.
- Community Engagement: Building awareness among parents and communities about the importance of education and the impact of single-teacher schools is crucial. Encouraging community participation in school management committees and fostering collaboration between schools, parents, and local organizations can drive collective efforts to improve the educational environment.
Way forward: Revitalizing the Education Movement
- It is imperative to revive the momentum for the right to education that once echoed across the nation.
- A renewed movement is necessary to advocate for quality education, raise awareness about the persisting challenges, and hold authorities accountable for ensuring children’s right to education.
- The recent protests in Jharkhand, which highlighted the unmet demand for quality education, serve as a reminder of the urgent need to address the plight of single-teacher schools.
Conclusion
- The prevalence of single-teacher schools in Jharkhand and several other states indicates a systemic failure in fulfilling the right to education. Immediate action is required to improve infrastructure, recruit qualified teachers, implement policy reforms, and foster community engagement. By prioritizing education and addressing the challenges associated with single-teacher schools, we can ensure that every child has access to quality education and the opportunity to thrive.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RBI's Income
Mains level: RBI revenue sharing with govt
Central Idea
- The Central Board of Directors of the RBI approved the transfer of ₹87,416 crore as surplus to the Union government for the accounting year 2022-23.
- This amount is almost three times the ₹30,307 crore transferred in the previous fiscal year.
Reserve funds of RBI
The RBI has two types of reserves: Currency & Gold Revaluation Account (CGRA) and Contingency Fund (CF).
- CGRA: It represents the value of gold and foreign currency held by the RBI on behalf of India and fluctuates based on market movements.
- Contingency Fund: It is a provision to meet unexpected contingencies arising from the RBI’s monetary policy and exchange rate operations.
Calculation of Surplus
- RBI’s surplus is the amount transferred to the government after meeting its needs and provisions.
- The surplus is determined by deducting expenses, including provisions made to the CF, from the RBI’s income, mainly generated through interest on securities.
How does RBI earn its INCOME?
The RBI earns profits through various functions and operations it carries out, including:
- Managing the borrowings of the Government of India and State governments.
- Supervising and regulating banks and non-banking finance companies.
- Managing the currency and payment systems.
RBI generates income through the following sources:
- Returns on its foreign currency assets, such as bonds and treasury bills of other central banks or top-rated securities.
- Interest earned on holdings of local rupee-denominated government bonds or securities.
- Interest earned from lending to banks for short tenures, such as overnight loans.
- Management commission received for handling government and state government borrowings.
Expenditure by RBI
The RBI’s expenditures include-
- Costs related to printing currency notes
- Staff salaries
- Commissions paid to banks for government transactions and
- Payments to primary dealers for underwriting borrowings
How the transfer of surplus takes place?
- The RBI, as a central bank, is not a commercial organization owned or controlled by the government.
- The RBI was initially a private shareholders’ bank but was nationalized by the government in January 1949.
- According to Section 47 (Allocation of Surplus Profits) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the RBI transfers the excess of income over expenditure to the government.
- This provision mandates the transfer of profits to the Central Government after accounting for necessary provisions and obligations.
Does the RBI pay tax on these earnings or profits?
- No, the RBI is exempted from paying income tax or any other tax as per Section 48 (Exemption of Bank from income-tax and super-tax) of the RBI Act, 1934.
- This exemption ensures that the RBI is not liable to pay income tax or super-tax on its income, profits, or gains.
Policy inputs
(1) Y H Malegam Committee
- It reviewed the adequacy of reserves and surplus distribution policy in 2013, recommended a higher transfer to the government.
- Prior to this recommendation, the RBI transferred a portion of the surplus to the Contingency Fund and the Asset Development Fund.
- Following the Malegam committee’s recommendation, the percentage of surplus transferred to the government significantly increased from 53.40% in 2012-13 to 99.99% in 2013-14.
(2) Bimal Jalan Committee
- The RBI in November 2018 had constituted a 6-member committee, chaired by former governor Dr Bimal Jalan.
- It was tasked to review the current economic capital framework (ECF), after the Ministry of Finance asked the central bank to follow global practices.
Key recommendations
- Differentiate between realised equity and revaluation balances for RBI’s economic capital.
- Adopt Expected Shortfall (ES) for measuring market risk with a target of ES 99.5% confidence level.
- Maintain Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) between 6.5% and 5.5% of RBI’s balance sheet.
- Implement surplus distribution policy based on realised equity.
- Review RBI’s Economic Capital Framework every five years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rasht-Astara Railway Link
Mains level: INSTC
Russia and his Iran has signed a deal to finance and build the 162 km Rasht-Astara Iranian railway, the main connection in the emerging North-South Transport Corridor.
Rasht-Astara Railway Link
- The Rash Astra Railway is a 162-kilometer railway connecting Rasht (Iran) and Astara (Azerbaijan) on the border.
- It is part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and will significantly diversify global traffic flows.
- The railway will facilitate connections between Russian ports on the Baltic Sea and Iranian ports in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf.
About INSTC
- The INSTC is a 7,200-kilometer Multi-Mode Transit System connecting India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe.
- It promotes transportation cooperation among member states and includes ship, rail, and road routes.
- Membership has expanded to include additional countries, and observer states and Baltic countries have expressed interest in joining.
Significance of INSTC for India
- Central Asia trade: India has invested in the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a doorway for trade with Central Asian countries.
- Extended connection: INSTC offers potential connections to the Baltic, Nordic, and Arctic regions.
- Bypassing Pakistan: INSTC provides an alternate route for India to connect with Central Asia, bypassing obstacles in Pakistan.
- Fastest freight: It reduces transit time by 40% and freight costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route.
- Alternative to Suez: Russia claims the project could ultimately rival the Suez Canal in terms of trade flows.
Challenges of INSTC
- Challenges include limited financial support from major international institutions due to US sanctions on Iran.
- Harmonization of tariffs and customs, increased private sector involvement, and improved informational connectivity are necessary for success.
Conclusion
- More financing, cooperation, political will, and strategic planning are required to realize the full benefits of INSTC.
- Addressing demand deficits and enhancing informational connectivity are crucial.
- Collaboration and the establishment of industrial parks and special economic zones can contribute to the corridor’s development and commercial value.
Key terminologies
Multi-Mode Transit System: A system that integrates multiple modes of transportation, such as ship, rail, and road, for efficient movement of goods.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): An agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and world powers regarding Iran’s nuclear program.
Suez Canal: A major global trade route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
Chabahar Port: A port in Iran’s Sistan-Balochistan province, providing India with access to Central Asian countries.
Baltic Countries: Countries located in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, including Latvia and Estonia. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kudumbashree Scheme
Mains level: Women empowerment initiatives
Central Idea: President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the silver jubilee celebrations of Kudumbashree.
What is Kudumbashree?
- Kudumbashree is a poverty eradication and women empowerment program implemented by the State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM) in Kerala, India.
- The program was established in 1997 based on recommendations from a task force appointed by the state government.
- It was created in the context of devolving powers to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and the People’s Plan Campaign in Kerala.
- Membership in Kudumbashree is open to all adult women, with one membership allowed per family.
- In 2011, the Centre recognized Kudumbashree as the State Rural Livelihoods Mission (SRLM) under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM).
Working mechanism
- Kudumbashree operates through a three-tier structure:
- Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs),
- Area Development Societies (ADS), and
- Community Development Societies (CDS).
- The community network was gradually expanded to cover the entire state between 2000 and 2002.
Evolution and Contributions of Kudumbashree
- Kudumbashree has transformed significantly over the past 25 years.
- During the Kerala flood, Kudumbashree donated a substantial amount to the Chief Minister’s relief fund, surpassing contributions from tech giants and foundations.
- The organization was initially conceptualized as an all-women poverty alleviation program.
- Despite being flood victims themselves, Kudumbashree members showed resilience and contributed generously to help others.
Role during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Kudumbashree played a crucial role in responding to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- They manufactured and distributed masks and sanitisers.
- The organization set up COVID treatment centres and worked as the nodal agency for COVID management in several local bodies.
- ‘Janakeeya Hotels’ provided affordable meals to those in need, including those in home quarantine.
Empowerment and Social Impact
- Kudumbashree has empowered women and facilitated grassroots planning for employment generation, poverty alleviation, and women’s empowerment.
- It mobilized women for community activities and increased their participation in local bodies.
- Kudumbashree’s initiatives include micro-enterprises, agricultural projects, rural development, and compassion programs.
- The organization has made significant strides in empowering Dalit and tribal women.
Challenges and Future Directions
- Critics highlight the need for Kudumbashree to evolve gender perspectives and alternative development models.
- Despite criticism, Kudumbashree’s contribution to poverty reduction is unparalleled.
- The organization aims to address gender-based crimes and eliminate social evils.
- Mental and cultural empowerment are deemed crucial for overcoming the ‘gender paradox’ in Kerala.
Conclusion
- Kudumbashree success in reducing poverty is widely recognized.
- Continued efforts are needed to combat gender-based crimes and challenges.
- Kudumbashree aims to be a force for positive societal change and women’s empowerment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neanderthals , Read the attached story
Mains level: Evolutionary features of Humans
Central Idea
- The human nose has historical and cultural importance beyond its practical functions.
- Different societies have their own standards of beauty related to nose shape and proportion.
- The nose is significant in art, literature, and remnants of ancient civilizations.
Who were the Neanderthals?
|
Description |
| Time Period |
Lived approximately 400,000 to 40,000 years ago during the Middle Paleolithic and Late Pleistocene epochs |
| Physical Appearance |
Robust build with a barrel-shaped chest, shorter limbs, and distinctive anatomical features such as pronounced brow ridges and a projecting mid-face |
| Tools and Technology |
Skilled toolmakers who used a variety of tools made from stone, bone, and antler |
| Culture and Behavior |
Complex social structures and likely lived in small groups or bands, exhibited advanced hunting techniques, made use of fire, and engaged in symbolic expressions through personal ornamentation and cave art |
| Adaptation to Environments |
Adapted to cold and temperate environments, had robust bodies, large noses, and other physiological characteristics were advantageous for survival in harsh conditions |
| Interactions with Modern Humans |
Interbred with early modern humans who migrated out of Africa. As a result, some individuals today carry a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes, particularly in non-African populations |
| Extinction |
Around 40,000 years ago |
| Scientific Significance |
Closest extinct relatives, and understanding their anatomy, behavior, and interactions with modern humans helps reconstruct our shared past |
Genetic association study on Human Nose
- A recent study used 2D images and automated measurements of facial landmarks to conduct a genetic association study.
- The study involved over 6,000 Latin American individuals and identified 42 new genetic loci associated with the human nose.
- Some of these loci, including 1q32.3, were replicated in other populations like Asians, Europeans, and Africans.
Role of Neanderthal Genes and ATF3 Gene
- The genetic locus 1q32.3, associated with midface height, has contributions from Neanderthals.
- The ATF3 gene, located in this locus, is regulated by FOXL2, which is involved in skull and face development.
- Changes in nose shape may have evolutionary implications, helping humans adapt to different climates.
Neanderthal Genomes and Human Traits
- Genomic loci from Neanderthals and Denisovans have influenced various traits and diseases in modern humans.
- Evidence suggests these genomic contributions affect pathogen response, skin conditions, blood conditions, cancers, and mental health.
- Understanding the genetic interactions between archaic and modern human genomes aids in comprehending genetic diversity and adaptability.
Human Origins and Interbreeding
- Human migrations out of Africa, interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans, and extinct archaic hominids have shaped human traits.
- Recent studies highlight that early humans diverged in Africa from multiple ancestral roots, with varying degrees of genetic components from archaic humans in different populations.
Implications and Future Research
- Studying the interbreeding event and its consequences deepens our understanding of genetic heritage.
- The knowledge gained could lead to new avenues for disease study, treatment, and appreciation of human genetic diversity.
- Continued research on the interplay between archaic and modern human genomes is an exciting frontier in genomics.
Key Terminologies
Loci/Locus: The position of a specific gene on a chromosome.
Introgression: The transfer of genetic information between different species or populations through interbreeding.
Neanderthals: Archaic hominids closely related to modern humans, believed to have interbred with early humans.
Denisovans: A subspecies of archaic humans who lived until around 30,000 years ago.
Genomic Loci: Specific locations on chromosomes associated with certain traits or characteristics. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Radiometric Dating , Calcium 41
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: A recent study has shown that Calcium-41 can be used in a similar way as Carbon-14 in carbon dating, but with several advantages.
Carbon Dating and its limitations
- Carbon-14 is an unstable and weakly radioactive isotope of carbon.
- It has a half-life of 5,700 years and is used to estimate the age of carbon-based materials.
- Radiocarbon dating provides objective age estimates for materials from living organisms.
- Carbon-14 cannot determine the age of objects older than approximately 50,000 years.
- Three techniques are used to measure carbon-14 content: gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting, and accelerator mass spectrometry.
Introducing Calcium-41
- Calcium-41 is a rare long-lived radioisotope of calcium with a half-life of 99,400 years.
- It is produced through cosmic ray interactions in the soil and is found in the Earth’s crust.
- Calcium-41 occurs less frequently than carbon-14.
Method used: Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA)
- ATTA is a technique proposed by researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China.
- It is based on laser manipulation and detection of neutral atoms.
- The sample is vaporized, and the atoms are laser-cooled and loaded into a light and magnetic field cage.
- By tuning the laser’s frequency, Calcium-41 atoms can be detected through electron transitions.
Significance and Applications
- ATTA can detect one Calcium-41 atom in every 10^16 calcium atoms in seawater with 12% precision.
- It is selective and avoids confusion with potassium-41 atoms.
- ATTA can be adapted to study other isotopes, such as argon-39, krypton-81, and krypton-85.
- The applications of ATTA and Calcium-41 include dating rocks covered by ice and exploring Earth-science applications.
Also read:
What is Carbon Dating? How does it work?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Human Pangenome Map
Mains level: Genetic studies
Central Idea
- A study published in the Nature journal presents a pangenome reference map built using genomes from 47 anonymous individuals.
- The individuals included in the study are from various regions, including Africa, the Caribbean, Americas, East Asia, and Europe.
Understanding Genomes and Reference Genomes
- The genome refers to the collection of all genes and regions between genes found in our chromosomes.
- Each chromosome is composed of millions of nucleotides (A, T, G, and C) arranged in different combinations.
- Genome sequencing helps understand genetic diversity and susceptibility to diseases.
- A reference genome is a map used to compare newly sequenced genomes and identify differences.
- The first reference genome, created in 2001, had limitations and did not represent human diversity accurately.
What is Pangenome Map?
- The new study focuses on building a pangenome map, which is a graph representing genetic diversity among individuals.
- Pangenome maps use long-read DNA sequencing technologies to assemble sequences accurately.
Importance of Pangenome Map
- Although humans are more than 99% similar in their DNA, there is still a 0.4% difference between individuals.
- A complete and error-free pangenome map helps understand genetic differences and human diversity.
- It aids in identifying genetic variants linked to health conditions, such as the discovery of 150 new genes associated with autism.
- The current pangenome map lacks representation from certain populations, including Indians.
Implications for Indian Genomes
- The pangenome map, despite not including Indian genomes, will assist in mapping Indian genomes against existing reference genomes.
- Future pangenome maps with Indian genome data will provide insights into disease prevalence, rare gene discovery, diagnostic methods, and drug development.
Key Terminologies
Genome: The complete set of genes and regions between genes in an organism.
Reference Genome: A map used to compare newly sequenced genomes and identify differences.
Pangenome: A graph representing genetic diversity among individuals rather than a linear sequence.
Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA (A, T, G, C).
Long-Read DNA Sequencing: A technology that produces longer and contiguous DNA strands for more accurate sequencing. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Non-Sugar Sweeteners
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The World Health Organization (WHO) issued new guidelines advising against the use of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) as a healthy alternative to sugar.
What are Non-Sugar Sweeteners?
- NSS are low or no-calorie alternatives to sugar, including aspartame, saccharin, stevia, and others.
- They are marketed for weight loss and controlling blood glucose in individuals with diabetes.
WHO’s Finding
- The WHO analyzed 283 studies on NSS intake in adults and children.
- Higher intake of NSS was associated with a 76% increase in obesity risk and a 0.14 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
- No evidence of long-term benefits on reducing body fat was found, and long-term use of NSS may increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer.
- WHO suggests that NSS should not be used for weight control or reducing the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases.
Concerns and Recommendations
- India has a high obesity rate and a significant number of people with pre-diabetes.
- Lifestyle-related Type 2 diabetes is increasing among young individuals.
- WHO recommends focusing on a balanced diet and minimally processed, unsweetened foods and beverages.
What lies ahead?
- WHO’s conditional guideline requires further discussions among policymakers before adoption as national policy.
- Efforts should be made to educate youngsters about taste preferences and healthy eating habits.
- Doctors can now provide more confident guidance to patients regarding NSS consumption.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The landowner of a disputed area in Arunachal Pradesh has demanded either compensation from Army for a land where Army has built Gurdwara near the Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine.
Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine
- It is a holy shrine located in the Mechukha Valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
- It holds significant religious importance for the local Memba Buddhist community.
- The shrine is believed to have been sanctified by Guru Padmasambhava, a prominent figure in Tibetan Buddhism, during his exploration of the area in the 8th century AD.
- It has been a place of worship and pilgrimage for the Memba people since 1274 AD, according to historical records.
- It attracts hundreds of Buddhists who visit the shrine annually during a pilgrimage in March.
Why in news?
- The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee claimed the shrine associated with Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, in Arunachal Pradesh has been turned into a Buddhist shrine.
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