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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Alarming Decline in Antarctic Sea Ice: A Harbinger of Global Concerns

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Ice-albedo feedback cycle, Climate change, global sea rise

Mains level: Decline in Antarctic sea ice, global sea rise and impact on weather patters, Need of immediate actions

Antarctic

Central Idea

  • The recent record-breaking drop in Antarctic Sea ice extent on February 19 has raised significant concerns about the impacts of global warming. This worrying trend, accompanied by rising global temperatures, poses a threat to coastal cities and has far-reaching consequences for weather patterns and underwater ecosystems. As sea ice continues to melt and global sea levels rise, urgent action is needed to address the environmental challenges presented by this alarming decline.

Melting Sea Ice and Rising Sea Levels: A worrying trend

  • Over the past six years, the Antarctic Sea ice cover has witnessed substantial declines, resulting in a rise in global sea levels.
  • NASA reports that meltwater from Antarctic ice accounts for approximately one-third of the global average sea level rise since 1993.
  • The sea ice extent in 2023 has often been notably lower than the levels seen in 2022, which had the second-lowest summer sea ice extent in Antarctica.
  • The Antarctic Sea ice extent as of May 21, 2023, has significantly shrunk compared to the median extent between 1981 and 2010
  • The April temperature in the Antarctic region in 2023 was 0.93°C higher than the 1910-2000 average for that month, marking the second-highest increase in the millennium.

Antarctic

Impact decline in Antarctic Sea ice on Global Weather and Ecosystems

  • Weather Pattern Alterations: The Southern Ocean, surrounding Antarctica, plays a crucial role in transferring heat from the atmosphere to the global oceans. Increased melting of Antarctic sea ice introduces cold, fresh water into the ocean, disrupting the circulation patterns of hot, cold, fresh, and salty water globally. This alteration in temperature and density can subsequently affect weather patterns, including wind patterns, precipitation, and storm formation.
  • Oceanic Currents and Nutrient Flows: Changes in water temperature and density due to melting sea ice can disrupt oceanic currents and nutrient flows. These currents are vital for distributing heat, nutrients, and oxygen across the world’s oceans. The disturbance in these flows can have cascading effects on marine ecosystems, impacting the distribution and availability of nutrients for various organisms.
  • Impact on Underwater Ecosystems: Sea ice serves as a critical habitat for various organisms, including algae, krill, and other marine life. Diminishing sea ice reduces the availability of food and alters the feeding patterns and reproductive cycles of species dependent on these ecosystems. This disruption can have significant consequences for the entire Antarctic food chain, affecting species such as whales, seals, penguins, and seabirds.
  • Altered Albedo Effect: The decline in sea ice coverage reduces the Earth’s albedo effect. Albedo refers to the ability of a surface to reflect sunlight back into space. Sea ice has a high albedo, meaning it reflects a significant portion of incoming solar radiation. As sea ice diminishes, darker ocean water absorbs more solar radiation, leading to increased warming and amplifying the overall warming trend.
  • Feedback Loops: The impacts of melting sea ice create feedback loops that exacerbate the effects of climate change. For example, as sea ice melts, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, further accelerating the melting process. These feedback loops contribute to the amplification of warming trends and the intensification of associated environmental changes.

Facts for prelims

What is ice-albedo feedback cycle?

  • The ice-albedo feedback cycle, also known as the snow-ice albedo feedback, refers to a positive feedback mechanism that amplifies the effects of global warming. It involves the interaction between ice or snow cover and solar radiation.
  • The albedo of a surface refers to its ability to reflect sunlight. Ice and snow have high albedo values, meaning they reflect a significant portion of incoming solar radiation back into space.
  • This reflection helps to cool the Earth’s surface. However, when ice or snow melts, it reveals darker surfaces beneath, such as dark ocean water or land, which have lower albedo values. These darker surfaces absorb more solar radiation, leading to increased warming
  • The ice-albedo feedback cycle operates in both polar regions, but it is particularly significant in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where extensive ice and snow cover exist.
  • The reduction in sea ice extent and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets contribute to this feedback mechanism, accelerating the warming trend and exacerbating the impacts of climate change.

Understand this way: How do the ice-albedo feedback cycle operate?

  • Initial Warming: Due to various factors, including greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth’s temperature increases, leading to the melting of ice and snow cover.
  • Reduced Albedo: As ice and snow melt, the reflective white surface is replaced by darker surfaces with lower albedo values. These surfaces absorb more solar radiation rather than reflecting it back into space.
  • Increased Heating: The absorption of more solar radiation by darker surfaces results in increased heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
  • Further Melting: The increased heating leads to more melting of ice and snow, further reducing the overall ice and snow cover.
  • Amplification of Warming: With less ice and snow cover, more heat is absorbed, contributing to a positive feedback loop. The amplified warming results in further ice and snow melt, creating a cycle of increasing temperatures.

Impact of Rising Sea Levels on coastal communities around the worldwide

  • Increased Flooding and Erosion: As sea levels rise, coastal areas are more susceptible to storm surges, high tides, and extreme weather events. This puts low-lying regions, including coastal cities and communities, at greater risk of inundation, property damage, and displacement of residents.
  • Coastal Infrastructure Vulnerability: Increased flooding and erosion can lead to the degradation and loss of critical infrastructure, disrupting transportation, energy supply, and essential services. This vulnerability can have substantial economic, social, and public safety implications.
  • Threat to Freshwater Resources: Rising sea levels can infiltrate freshwater sources and contaminate underground aquifers, particularly in coastal regions where freshwater and saltwater interfaces occur. This intrusion of saltwater can compromise drinking water supplies, agricultural irrigation, and ecosystems dependent on freshwater resources, exacerbating water scarcity issues.
  • Displacement of Communities: As coastal areas become uninhabitable due to sea-level rise and increased flooding, communities may face the prospect of forced relocation. This displacement can result in the loss of homes, cultural heritage, and livelihoods, leading to social disruption, economic challenges, and psychological impacts on affected populations.
  • Ecological Impacts: Coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, and wetlands, provide critical habitats, buffer against storms, and support biodiversity. Rising sea levels can inundate and degrade these ecosystems, leading to the loss of valuable ecological services, increased vulnerability to coastal hazards, and reduced coastal resilience.
  • Economic Consequences: The impacts of sea-level rise and coastal flooding can disrupt tourism, fishing, and shipping industries, leading to economic losses, job displacements, and decreased productivity. Additionally, the costs of coastal protection measures and infrastructure adaptations to rising sea levels can place a significant burden on local economies and governments.

Way Forward

  • Strengthening International Cooperation: Collaborate at global forums to address climate change and its impact on Antarctica, emphasizing the need for reduced emissions and sustainable practices.
  • Enhanced Monitoring and Research: Invest in further research to understand the dynamics of melting sea ice, its impact on ecosystems, and potential mitigation strategies.
  • Promoting Sustainable Practices: Encourage sustainable practices and responsible tourism in the Antarctic region to minimize human impact on the fragile ecosystem.
  • Climate Resilience Planning: Develop robust climate resilience plans for coastal cities and communities, considering rising sea levels and potential threats posed by diminishing sea ice.
  • Raising Public Awareness: Educate the public about the consequences of melting Antarctic sea ice, fostering a collective sense of responsibility and encouraging individual actions to mitigate climate change.

Conclusion

  • The alarming decline in Antarctic sea ice poses grave threats to global sea levels, weather patterns, and underwater ecosystems. Urgent action is required to mitigate climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote sustainable practices. Through international collaboration, research, and public awareness, we can strive to protect the Antarctic region and safeguard coastal communities worldwide from the impacts of melting sea ice. The time to act is now, as the consequences of inaction will be felt by future generations.

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Diversifying Our Understanding of Religion and Caste in Contemporary India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Diversification of religion and caste in contemporary India, new dynamics, challenges and way forrward

Religion

Central Idea

  • The recent outcome of the Karnataka elections provides an opportunity to broaden our understanding of religion and caste as categories of identity and belief. It is essential to recognize that these identities go beyond mere labels and hold pan-India significance. Amidst the rapid urbanization of Gurugram, the interplay of technology, finance, infrastructure, and land markets has brought about intriguing effects on traditional aspects of life. Notably, the strengthening of caste and religious identities has occurred alongside the transformation of the local landscape

Contemporary dynamics of the religion and caste in society

  • Social Media: The emergence and widespread use of social media platforms have significantly influenced the dissemination of information and the expression. Social media platforms have provided individuals with new avenues to express their beliefs, connect with like-minded individuals, and engage in discussions and debates related to religion and caste.
  • Leisure Cultures: Changing patterns of leisure activities and cultural practices have contributed to the reshaping of religious and caste identities. The ways in which people engage with leisure, entertainment, and cultural events often intersect with their religious and caste affiliations. These leisure cultures can reinforce existing identities, foster a sense of community, and contribute to the preservation and celebration of religious and caste traditions.
  • Globalization of Identities: The increased mobility, migration, and transnational interactions have allowed for the transmission and adoption of religious and caste practices, beliefs, and ideologies across different geographical locations. This globalization of identities has influenced how individuals perceive and express their religious and caste affiliations.
  • Emphasis on Heritage: The promotion and celebration of cultural heritage, rituals, and customs have become significant aspects of identity formation and community building. This focus on heritage can reinforce religious and caste affiliations and contribute to the preservation of traditional practices.

Complexities of contemporary identities

  • Intersectionality: Contemporary identities are often multifaceted and intersectional, encompassing multiple dimensions such as gender, class, religion, caste, and regional affiliations. Individuals’ identities are shaped by the interaction of these diverse factors, leading to complex experiences and perspectives.
  • For example: In the context of Gurugram, caste identities intersect with the effects of urbanization, globalization, and economic transformations, creating intricate social dynamics.
  • Shifting Meanings: The meanings attached to religious and caste identities have evolved over time. Globalization, technology, and changing social norms have influenced the ways in which individuals understand and express their religious and caste affiliations. These shifting meanings challenge traditional understandings and necessitate a deeper exploration of the contemporary dynamics surrounding religion and caste.
  • Hybridity and Adaptation: As individuals navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing world, they might combine elements of their religious and caste backgrounds with new cultural practices, beliefs, and expressions. This hybridity reflects the fluid nature of contemporary identities and the ways in which individuals negotiate their sense of self within evolving social contexts.
  • Global Influences: Increased exposure to diverse cultural and religious influences from around the world can impact individuals’ beliefs, practices, and self-perception. This global exchange of ideas and cultural practices contributes to the complexities of contemporary identities, blurring traditional boundaries and fostering new forms of identity expression.
  • Individual Agency: Contemporary identities are influenced by individual agency, as individuals actively construct and negotiate their own sense of self and belonging. People have the autonomy to choose, reinterpret, or reject religious and caste identities based on their personal experiences, beliefs, and aspirations. This individual agency adds complexity to the understanding of contemporary identities and challenges rigid categorizations.

Why religious and caste sentiments thrive despite the seemingly impersonal nature of modern relations?

  • Historical Significance: Religion and caste have deep historical roots in India, shaping the social, cultural, and political fabric of the country for centuries. These identities have been intricately woven into people’s lives and community structures, and their significance continues to endure even in the face of modernization. Historical legacies and the sense of identity associated with religion and caste contribute to the persistence of these sentiments.
  • Social Cohesion and Belonging: Religion and caste provide individuals with a sense of belonging and community. They offer a framework for social cohesion, providing a sense of identity, support, and solidarity. In an increasingly fragmented and individualistic society, religious and caste affiliations can offer a sense of belongingness and a support system that individuals seek for social integration and a sense of purpose.
  • Cultural Identity and Tradition: Religion and caste are deeply intertwined with cultural practices, rituals, and traditions which provide individuals with a connection to their cultural heritage and a sense of continuity with their ancestors.
  • Social Networks and Support: Religious and caste communities network foster a sense of mutual aid and communal bonds, creating a support system that individuals rely on in times of need. This social support and network-based assistance further reinforce the importance of religious and caste identities.
  • Political and Power Dynamics: Religion and caste continue to play a significant role in political mobilization, electoral strategies, and the distribution of resources and benefits. Political parties often exploit religious and caste identities for electoral gains, further reinforcing their salience and significance in public discourse.

Why the newly emerging religious identities sometimes manifest as hostility towards those of different faiths?

  • Identity Assertion: The formation of new religious identities can be driven by a desire to assert and strengthen one’s own religious beliefs and practices. In some cases, this assertion may result in a sense of exclusivity and superiority, leading to hostility towards those who hold different beliefs. Individuals may perceive their newly emerging religious identity as being under threat from other faiths, and this defensive response can contribute to animosity and hostility.
  • Socialization and Group Dynamics: If individuals are surrounded by like-minded individuals who reinforce a particular narrative of their religious identity, it can lead to the development of a group mentality that views other faiths with suspicion or hostility. Group dynamics, such as peer pressure, conformity, and the need for social acceptance, can further amplify negative attitudes towards different faiths.
  • Perceived Threats and Insecurity: When new religious identities emerge, followers may perceive threats to their beliefs, traditions, or cultural practices from other faiths or societal changes. This perceived threat can evoke a defensive response, fueling hostility towards those seen as posing a challenge to their newly formed religious identity.
  • Political Instrumentalization: Political actors may exploit religious sentiments and manipulate the narrative to gain support or advance their agenda. This instrumentalization can create an us versus them mentality, deepening divisions and fostering animosity towards religious groups perceived as adversaries.
  • Economic Competition and Social Hierarchies: Economic disparities and perceived inequalities can fuel resentment towards religious groups seen as benefiting disproportionately or hindering one’s own economic advancement. This can result in the projection of animosity onto religious differences.
  • Lack of Interfaith Dialogue and Understanding: Insufficient opportunities for interfaith dialogue and understanding can contribute to the persistence of hostility between religious communities. Limited interactions and communication between followers of different faiths may perpetuate stereotypes, misunderstandings, and a lack of empathy. Without platforms for open dialogue and mutual respect, tensions can escalate, leading to hostility.

Way forward: Adopting a forward-looking approach

  • Contextual Understanding: Instead of relying solely on historical perspectives, it is crucial to engage with the complexities of the present. This involves analyzing the influence of social media, new leisure cultures, globalization of caste and religious identities, the politics of heritage, and the rise of consumer culture.
  • Critical Questions: To address the contemporary manifestations of religious and caste identities, we need to ask fundamental questions. For instance, we must explore why religious and caste feelings gather strength despite the apparent prevalence of impersonal relations in a world organized through contracts and other similar mechanisms.
  • Contemporary Relevance: The explanations regarding religious identity and caste should be grounded in the present rather than relying solely on the perspectives of historical figures like Gandhi and Ambedkar. While acknowledging their important contributions, we need to apply their vantage points to analyze and understand the contemporary realities.
  • Interdisciplinary Approach: Addressing the complexities of caste and religious identities requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines insights from sociology, anthropology, history, political science, and cultural studies, among other disciplines. By bringing together diverse perspectives, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of these identities and their implications for contemporary society.
  • Dialogue and Empathy: Encouraging interfaith dialogue, promoting understanding, and fostering empathy are crucial steps towards mitigating hostility and building bridges between different religious communities. Creating platforms for open and respectful discussions can help dispel stereotypes, bridge gaps in understanding, and promote mutual respect.
  • Evolving Definitions: Given the altered meanings of caste and religion in a rapidly changing society, it is important to continuously reassess and redefine these concepts. By recognizing the shifting dynamics and meanings associated with caste and religion, we can develop more nuanced perspectives that align with the contemporary reality.

Conclusion

  • As we witness the diversification of religion and caste in contemporary India, it is imperative to embrace a nuanced understanding that moves beyond historical interpretations. Recognizing the multifaceted factors influencing modern identities and the complexities of the present allows for a more comprehensive analysis. By exploring the contemporary dynamics and asking pertinent questions, we can better comprehend the changing meanings of religion and caste in today’s society and address the challenges and opportunities they present.

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The Caste Census and Mandal Politics: Analysis

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Pacific Island Nations

Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: FIPIC

Mains level: Large Ocean Countries

pacific

Central Idea: The third summit of Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) was recently held at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. It was attended by PM Modi.

What is FIPIC?

  • The FIPIC is an intergovernmental forum that facilitates cooperation and dialogue between India and the Pacific island countries (PIC).
  • It was established by India in 2014 as a platform to enhance engagement and strengthen ties with the countries of the Pacific region.
  • FIPIC serves as a mechanism for mutual collaboration, addressing shared challenges, and promoting development cooperation between India and its Pacific island partners.

Members of FIPIC:

  • FIPIC consists of 14 member-countries.
  • They are- Fiji, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

History of FIPIC

  • The establishment of FIPIC reflects India’s commitment to deepening its engagement with the Pacific island nations.
  • The inaugural FIPIC summit was held in November 2014 in Suva, Fiji, where India and the Pacific island countries came together to discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
  • The summit marked a significant milestone in India’s efforts to strengthen relations with the Pacific island states and promote inclusive development in the region.

Key highlights of the Summit

(1) Imbibing perception change

  • During the FIPIC-3 summit held in Port Moresby, PM Modi emphasized the importance of recognizing the small island nations of the Pacific Ocean as “large ocean states.”
  • PM reiterated India’s commitment to supporting the development goals of the Pacific island states.

(2) Advancing development goals

  • India expressed unwavering dedication to supporting Pacific island states in various ways.
  • Acknowledged challenges such as climate change, natural calamities, and disruptions in food and fuel supply chains.
  • India has been a reliable supplier of essential items, including vaccines, medicines, wheat, and sugar.

(3) Voices to lead Global South

  • Prime Minister James Marape of Papua New Guinea urged India to serve as an advocate for the Global South.
  • Requested India’s representation in key global forums like the G-7 and G-20.

Why does India need PIC?

  • Geopolitical Significance: Strengthening ties in Indo-Pacific to bolster regional influence, promote stability, and shape regional dynamics.
  • Maritime Trade Routes: Securing access to vital sea-lanes, ensuring smooth trade flow, and protecting maritime interests.
  • Resources: Expanding access to valuable resources such as minerals, hydrocarbons, and fisheries for economic growth and energy security.
  • Economic Opportunities: Exploring untapped markets, attracting investments, and fostering trade partnerships for mutual economic benefits.
  • Climate Change and Disaster Management: Collaborating on climate resilience strategies, sharing expertise in disaster management, and supporting sustainable development.
  • Diplomatic Relations: Establishing strategic alliances, enhancing multilateral cooperation, and strengthening India’s presence in the Pacific region.
  • Indian Diaspora: Supporting and engaging with the Indian diaspora, promoting cultural ties, and leveraging their contributions for bilateral cooperation and understanding.

Conclusion

  • The FIPIC-3 summit provided a platform for India and Pacific island nations to deepen cooperation and address shared challenges.
  • India’s commitment to supporting development goals and its role as a reliable supplier underscores its dedication to the Pacific island states.
  • India’s active engagement in global forums and advocacy for the Global South aims to amplify voices and advance interests.
  • The summit signifies a strengthened partnership, fostering mutual growth and shared progress.

 

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Study reveals unique Nervous System in Comb Jellies

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Comb Jellies, Neurons, Neural Network

Mains level: Not Much

comb

Central Idea

  • Comb jellies, or ctenophores, are marine animals with jelly-like bodies and iridescent combs.
  • They represent an ancient animal lineage and have a distinct nervous system.
  • A recent study published in Science examined the comb jelly nervous system and made surprising discoveries.

What are Comb Jellies?

  • Comb jellies, also known as ctenophores, are marine animals that belong to the phylum Ctenophora. They are fascinating creatures with a unique and delicate appearance.
  • Despite their name, comb jellies are not actually true jellyfish.
  • They have a gelatinous, transparent body that is often luminescent and adorned with rows of cilia, or comb-like structures, which give them their characteristic shimmering appearance.

Findings of the new study

  • The researchers aimed to investigate how nerve net neurons in comb jellies connect.
  • Contrary to expectations, synapses (junctions between neurons) were absent in the nerve net.
  • Instead, nerve-net neurons were continuously connected by a single plasma membrane.

Significance of ctenophores

  • In the 1950s, electron microscopy confirmed the separate-cell nature of neurons connected by synapses.
  • Ctenophores challenge this notion by having a syncytial nerve net, as observed in the new study.
  • Ctenophores attracted attention due to their status as a potential early animal lineage.
  • Whole-genome sequencing studies supported the theory that ctenophores branched off early in animal evolution.

Evolution of ctenophore nervous systems

  • The evolution of ctenophore nervous systems remains unclear to biologists.
  • Leonid Moroz proposed a controversial theory of independent nervous system evolution in ctenophores and other animals.
  • Ctenophores exhibit a unique nervous system lacking classical neurotransmitter pathways and common neuronal genes.
  • The absence of muscle-based movement and reliance on cilia might have driven the evolution of a different signal conduction system.

Questions for further research

  • Researchers aim to study the development of nerve net neurons in ctenophores.
  • They seek to determine if adult ctenophores retain syncytial nerve nets or develop synapses.
  • The uniqueness of ctenophore nervous systems provides valuable insights into the evolution of the nervous system.
  • Comparative analyses of unique animal systems like ctenophores aid in understanding neuronal function and treating disorders.

Conclusion

  • Understanding the functional and evolutionary significance of syncytial nerve net neurons in ctenophores requires further research.
  • This study serves as a crucial foundation for investigating the evolution of nervous systems in animals.
  • Comparative studies on small marine creatures like ctenophores offer insights into the fundamental principles of brain function.

Key Terminologies

  • Ctenophores: Another term for comb jellies, referring to marine animals belonging to the phylum Ctenophora.
  • Nerve Net: The diffuse nervous system found in comb jellies, composed of interconnected neurons.
  • Synapses: Junctions between neurons that allow for communication and transmission of signals in most animals, including humans.
  • Plasma Membrane: The outer membrane of a cell that separates its internal components from the external environment.
  • Neurotransmitter Pathways: The specific chemical signals used by neurons to communicate with each other in the nervous system.
  • Syncytial Nerve Net Neurons: Neurons within the nerve net of comb jellies that are interconnected without the presence of synapses.
  • Colloblasts: Specialized cells in comb jellies used for capturing prey by producing adhesive substances.

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Antarctic Sea Ice Cover at Record Low

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antarctic

Mains level: Read the attached story

antarctic

Central Idea

  • Sea ice in Antarctica reached its smallest area on record in February for the second consecutive year, continuing a decade-long decline.

Ice cover decline: Key data

(1) Square km decline

  • The European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) provided the figures, highlighting the significant decrease in Antarctic sea ice.
  • On February 16, the ocean surface covered by ice around Antarctica shrank to 2.09 million square kilometers (800,000 square miles), the lowest level since satellite records began.

(2) Warming trends

  • Both the North and South poles have experienced significant warming, with temperatures rising by approximately 3 degrees Celsius compared to late 19th-century levels, three times the global average.
  • Arctic sea ice has been diminishing by about 3 percent per year since the late 1970s, while sea ice in Antarctica has remained relatively constant with large annual variations.

(3) Regional variances and vulnerabilities

  • Recent ice cover reduction during the southern hemisphere summer has been most pronounced in West Antarctica, which is more vulnerable to the impacts of global warming compared to East Antarctica.
  • Antarctica witnessed its first recorded heatwave in 2020, with temperatures 9.2 degrees Celsius above the mean maximum. Unusual temperature spikes have been observed in various parts of Antarctica.
  • The Arctic has also experienced significant declines in sea ice, with the record minimum sea ice extent occurring in 2012.

Impact of declining Ice Cover

  • Global sea level rise: Melting ice in Antarctica contributes to rising sea levels worldwide.
  • Disruption of ecosystems: Declining ice cover disrupts habitats and food sources for ice-dependent species.
  • Increased warming: Less ice reflects sunlight, leading to more heat absorption and further ice melting.
  • Changes in ocean circulation: Declining ice cover can disrupt currents and impact global climate patterns.
  • Release of stored carbon: Melting ice releases trapped carbon, potentially affecting marine ecosystems and contributing to climate change.
  • Amplification of global warming: Reduced ice cover creates a positive feedback loop, exacerbating climate change.
  • Disruption of biodiversity and food chains: Changing ice conditions impact species relying on ice algae and affect the overall Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Future projections

  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted with high confidence that the Arctic Ocean would become practically ice-free in September at least once by mid-century.
  • The decreasing trends in both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice highlight the urgent need to address climate change and its impact on the Polar Regions.

 

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Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

What is PARAKH Program?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: PARAKH

Mains level: Curriculum harmonization

Central Idea

  • The Ministry of Education has organized a workshop in New Delhi to discuss the unification of 60 school examination boards operating across different states and union territories.
  • The key component of this plan is PARAKH, the National Assessment Centre established under the National Council of Educational Research and Training.

What is PARAKH?

  • PARAKH stands for Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development.
  • It is an organization created to bring school boards from various states and union territories onto a unified platform.
  • It has been launched as part of the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP)-2020.
  • It acts as a constituent unit of the NCERT.
  • It is tasked with holding periodic learning outcome tests like the National Achievement Survey (NAS) and State Achievement Surveys.
  • It will work on three major assessment areas: large-scale assessments, school-based assessment, and examination reforms.

Key objectives of PARAKH

  • Uniform Norms & Guidelines: Setting comprehensive norms, standards, and guidelines for student assessment and evaluation in all recognized school boards.
  • Enhance Assessment Pattern: Encouraging school boards to adopt assessment patterns aligned with the skill requirements of the 21st century.
  • Reduce Disparity in Evaluation: Establishing uniformity across state and central boards, which currently employ different evaluation standards, resulting in significant score disparities.
  • Benchmark Assessment: Developing a benchmark assessment framework to move away from rote learning and align with the objectives of the NEP 2020.

Outcomes of the recent workshop

(1) Establishing Equivalence of Boards

  • The Centre is planning for the equivalence of boards to facilitate seamless transitions for students across different boards or regions.
  • The objective is to align curriculum standards, grading systems, and evaluation methodologies to enhance the credibility and recognition of certificates and grades obtained across boards.

(2) Moving away from Rote Examination Culture

  • The workshop highlighted the need to reassess the prevailing rote examination culture in the education system.
  • There is a growing realization that holistic assessments, considering various dimensions of a student’s abilities and potential, are equally important.

(3) Standardization and Fairness in Assessments

  • The discussion emphasized the importance of well-designed and standardized question papers to ensure fairness and consistency across schools and boards.
  • Striking a balance between formative and summative assessments was identified as a means to reduce the burden of high-stakes examinations while effectively measuring student progress.

Conclusion

  • PARAKH’s significance lies in its potential to bring about transformative change, facilitating collaboration, and benchmarking assessments.
  • It is an important step towards creating a standardized and equitable assessment system, providing students with a fair platform to demonstrate their abilities and skills.

 

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G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

C-20: Preventing the Erosion of Civil Society Independence

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: C-20, U-20 and other such engagement forums within G-20 framework

Mains level: C-20 politicization, Civil Society Independence and way forward

C-20

Central Idea

  • The civil society process of G-20, known as C-20, which is meant to provide a platform for independent voices and hold governments accountable, has been co-opted by the ruling party in India. Critiques argue that under the guise of civil society representation, C-20 has become a tool to further a politico-religious vision and legitimize neoliberal economic policies. This distortion of C-20 raises concerns about its credibility and ability to serve as a counter-balance to undue business influence.

What is C-20?

  • C-20 refers to the civil society process of the Group of Twenty (G-20) summit.
  • The C-20 process provides a platform for civil society organizations to engage with G-20 member governments, discuss relevant issues, and advocate for policy changes.
  • It aims to ensure that the voices and concerns of civil society are taken into account in the decision-making processes of G-20.
  • C-20 focuses on economic, social, and cultural issues, and its participants include non-governmental organizations, grassroots movements, and other civil society actors.

Facts for prelims

What is U20?

  • A city diplomacy initiative called the “Urban 20” (U20) was launched in December 2017 within G20 ecosystem.
  • It was meant to collectively raise critical urban issues of G20 cities during the G20 negotiations.
  • U20 specifically focuses on climate change, sustainable development, and socio-economic issues in connection with the Sustainable Development Goals.

What is SAI20?

  • SAI20 stands for Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of G20 countries.
  • It is a forum where SAIs from G20 countries can engage with each other to share their experiences and expertise in auditing public policies and governance practices.
  • The group meets annually to discuss important issues related to public auditing and to develop joint initiatives to promote good governance and accountability in their respective countries.

What are the concerns about C-20 ‘s credibility?

  • Politicization: The C-20 process in India has been co-opted by the party in power, using it as a platform to further its own politico-religious vision. This raises questions about the independence and neutrality of the civil society process.
  • Lack of diversity: The composition of C-20 has raised concerns about the overwhelming presence of members from a single religion, which goes against the principle of inclusiveness. The dominance of a particular religious group undermines the diversity and representation of civil society voices.
  • Censorship and suppression: There have been instances of censorship and attempts to control the narrative within C-20. Participants have been asked to refrain from making political statements about G-20 and C-20, limiting their ability to critically address policies and actions that may be detrimental to biodiversity and community interests.
  • Limited influence: The C-20 process, along with other engagement forums of G-20, has not been allowed to play an independent role in holding governments accountable or countering undue business influence. The influence of civil society in shaping G-20 decisions and policies remains limited.
  • Lack of transparency: The selection and decision-making processes within C-20 have been criticized for lacking transparency. The way the C-20 architecture is set up, with its Secretariat housed in a civil society organization linked to a particular political ideology, raises concerns about the independence and fairness of the process.

Impact of using international engagement forums for political gains?

  • Undermining credibility: When international engagement forums, such as the G-20 and its civil society process, are used for political and electoral gains, it undermines their credibility and purpose. These platforms are meant for meaningful dialogue, collaboration, and decision-making on global issues, and politicizing them for short-term domestic interests erodes their legitimacy.
  • Diminishing trust and cooperation: Political exploitation of international engagement forums can lead to a breakdown of trust and cooperation among participating countries and civil society organizations. It creates an atmosphere of suspicion and undermines the spirit of mutual respect and collaboration that these forums are intended to foster.
  • Weakening global governance: The instrumentalization of international engagement forums for political gains can weaken global governance mechanisms. It hampers the ability of these forums to address pressing global challenges effectively and make informed decisions based on the common good, as decisions may be driven by narrow political considerations rather than sound policy-making.
  • Impact on international reputation: The misuse of international engagement forums can have a negative impact on a country’s international reputation. It may be seen as a breach of trust and an attempt to manipulate global platforms for domestic political purposes, damaging the country’s standing in the international community.
  • Impeding progress on global issues: When international engagement forums are exploited for political and electoral gains, the focus shifts from addressing global issues to advancing narrow domestic agendas. This can hinder progress on crucial matters such as climate change, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, and human rights, which require international collaboration and concerted efforts.
  • Alienating civil society: The politicization of international engagement forums can alienate civil society organizations and undermine their trust in the process. When civil society voices are co-opted or marginalized for political gains, it weakens their role as independent actors, reduces their influence, and stifles their ability to contribute meaningfully to global policy discussions.
  • Loss of long-term benefits: Prioritizing short-term political and electoral gains over the long-term benefits of meaningful international engagement can lead to missed opportunities for economic, social, and diplomatic advancements. It undermines the potential for constructive dialogue, knowledge sharing, and collaboration that can yield positive outcomes for the country and the global community.

Way ahead: Addressing the concerns over C-20

  • Enhance transparency and inclusiveness: There should be greater transparency in the selection processes of C-20 members and the decision-making mechanisms. Efforts should be made to ensure diverse representation from different religions, ideologies, and sectors, fostering inclusivity and avoiding the dominance of any particular group.
  • Safeguard independence: Measures should be taken to ensure the independence of C-20 from government influence. The Secretariat and coordination should be entrusted to neutral and independent organizations or institutions that have a proven track record of upholding the principles of civil society engagement.
  • Strengthen civil society networks: Civil society organizations should strengthen their networks, collaborations, and solidarity to amplify their voices and advocate for meaningful engagement in the C-20 process. This can involve building alliances with other organizations, sharing information and resources, and collectively advocating for the principles of inclusiveness and accountability.
  • Promote critical dialogue: Open and constructive dialogue should be encouraged within C-20, allowing for diverse perspectives and critical analysis of G-20 policies and actions. Participants should have the freedom to raise concerns, offer alternative viewpoints, and contribute to the discourse without fear of censorship or reprisal.
  • Advocate for policy coherence: Civil society organizations should actively engage in advocacy and policy dialogue with both the government and international bodies like the G-20. They should highlight the need for policy coherence that integrates social, environmental, and economic dimensions, ensuring that biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and the rights of marginalized communities are prioritized.
  • Strengthen public awareness: Efforts should be made to increase public awareness about the G-20 and its civil society process, including C-20. This can involve disseminating information, organizing awareness campaigns, and facilitating public participation in discussions and decision-making processes.
  • International solidarity: Civil society organizations in India should foster collaborations and exchanges with international civil society networks and organizations working on similar issues. Sharing experiences, strategies, and best practices can strengthen the collective voice of civil society globally and exert pressure for more accountable and inclusive processes.

Conclusion

  • The co-optation of C-20 by the ruling party in India has undermined its credibility as an independent civil society platform. Civil society organizations participating in C-20 must reflect on whether they will legitimize this distortion or challenge it, as their decisions will shape the future of this crucial platform for global dialogue and accountability.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Australia

Strengthening India-Australia Relations: A Dynamic Partnership

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: India and Australia growing relationships

India-Australia

Central Idea

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to Australia highlights the significance India attaches to its bilateral relationship with Australia, despite the cancellation of the Quad Summit meeting in Sydney. The transformation of this relationship over the past decade, coupled with its broad bipartisan support in Australia, demonstrates the establishment of a new chapter in India-Australia ties.

India-Australia Relations: A Backgrounder

  • The India-Australia bilateral relationship has undergone evolution in recent years, developing along a positive track, into a friendly partnership.
  • The two nations have much in common, underpinned by shared values of a pluralistic, Westminster-style democracies, Commonwealth traditions, expanding economic engagement etc.
  • Several commonalities include strong, vibrant, secular and multicultural democracies, free press, independent judicial system and English language.

Historical Perspective

  • The historical ties between India and Australia started immediately following European settlement in Australia from 1788.
  • All trade, to and fro from the penal colony of New South Wales was controlled by the British East India Company through Kolkata.
  • India and Australia established diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence period, with the establishment of India Trade Office in Sydney in 1941.
  • The end of the Cold War and simultaneously, India’s decision to launch major economic reforms in 1991 provided the first positive move towards development of bilateral ties.

What is the Significance of this upcoming visit?

  • Strengthening Bilateral Relations: The visit reaffirms the commitment of both India and Australia to further strengthen their bilateral relationship. It provides an opportunity for high-level engagements, discussions, and collaborations on various issues of mutual interest.
  • Enhancing Economic Cooperation: The visit can pave the way for boosting economic cooperation between India and Australia. It provides a platform to explore new avenues for trade, investment, and technological collaboration, benefiting both economies and creating business opportunities.
  • Showcasing Commitment to the Indo-Pacific Region: Prime Minister’s visit to Australia will demonstrates the commitment of both countries to the Indo-Pacific region’s peace, stability, and development. It reinforces the role of India and Australia as significant stakeholders in the region.
  • Collaboration on Strategic and Security Issues: The visit presents an opportunity to discuss and collaborate on strategic and security issues, including maritime security, counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and defense cooperation. This will contribute to regional stability and address common security challenges.
  • Promoting People-to-People Connections: People-to-people interactions and cultural exchanges are crucial for fostering closer ties between nations. Prime Minister Modi’s visit will promote people-to-people connections, strengthen the Indian diaspora’s engagement, and enhance cultural understanding between India and Australia.

The growing partnership between India and Australia

  • Enhanced Bilateral Engagements: The frequency of high-level visits and interactions between the leaders of India and Australia has increased, showcasing the importance both countries place on their bilateral relationship.
  • Multilateral Collaboration: India and Australia collaborate closely in various multilateral forums such as the Quad, G7, East Asia Summit, G20, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. They address important regional issues, including maritime domain awareness, supply chain resilience, climate change, and food and energy security.
  • Strategic Cooperation: Both nations recognize the need to build secure and resilient supply chains. They focus on strategic areas such as clean energy, electric vehicles, semiconductors, aerospace, and defense, fostering collaboration and joint initiatives.
  • Space Collaboration: Space cooperation has gained prominence in the India-Australia partnership. Australia participates in India’s Gaganyaan Space Programme, and the International Space Investment grants program encourages collaboration in the space sector.
  • Educational Ties: Australia is a preferred destination for Indian students, with a large number of Indian students studying there. Efforts are being made to address challenges related to student mobility, visa backlogs, and research collaboration, strengthening educational ties between the two countries.
  • People-to-People Linkages: Cultural exchanges, diaspora connectivity, and people-to-people contacts play a crucial role in strengthening the partnership. Initiatives like the opening of a new consulate in Bengaluru and the establishment of a center for Australia-India relations in Sydney contribute to fostering cultural linkages.
  • Economic Cooperation: The focus is on expanding economic ties and trade relations. Efforts are being made to increase the current trading partnership, setting clear targets to elevate it by 2030. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Trade Agreement discussions are underway to deepen economic cooperation.
  • Regional Stability: India and Australia, along with other Quad members, work together to ensure peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. They address regional challenges and maintain a rules-based order.
  • Counterbalance to China: The India-Australia partnership is seen as a counterweight to China’s non-rules-based approach in the region. It provides a strategic balance and promotes a free and open Indo-Pacific.

The India-Australia partnership: Opportunities for further collaboration and growth

  • Trade and Investment: There is immense potential to expand bilateral trade and investment between India and Australia. Both countries can explore new sectors and avenues for collaboration, including technology, renewable energy, infrastructure, agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing. Initiatives like the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) can further facilitate trade and investment flows.
  • Innovation and Technology: India’s thriving tech ecosystem and Australia’s advanced research and development capabilities present opportunities for collaboration in innovation and technology-driven sectors. Joint research projects, technology transfer, and startup collaborations can foster mutual growth and innovation.
  • Defense and Security: The defense and security collaboration between India and Australia can be further strengthened. Opportunities exist for joint military exercises, defense equipment co-production, technology-sharing, and intelligence cooperation. Collaborative efforts can contribute to maritime security, counterterrorism, and regional stability.
  • Education and Research: The education sector offers opportunities for deeper collaboration, including student exchanges, joint research programs, and faculty exchanges. Strengthening academic ties can enhance cultural understanding and promote knowledge sharing between institutions in both countries.
  • Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Both India and Australia face significant challenges related to sustainable development and climate change. Collaborative efforts in renewable energy, climate adaptation, and environmental conservation can address common concerns and promote sustainable development practices.
  • Regional Engagement: India and Australia can leverage their partnership to enhance regional engagement and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. By working together in multilateral forums such as the Quad, ASEAN, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, they can promote a rules-based order, regional stability, and prosperity.
  • Health and Biotechnology: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of collaboration in health and biotechnology. Joint research on vaccines, healthcare innovations, and disease prevention can strengthen public health systems and contribute to global health security.

Conclusion

  • India and Australia have transcended past misperceptions and established a promising partnership that holds tremendous potential in the 21st century. As Prime Minister Menzies’ decision in 1955 remains a relic of the past, India and Australia are committed to nurturing a vibrant and enduring partnership, solidifying their place as key actors in the global arena.

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Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

Plight of Single-Teacher Schools: A Call for Urgent Action

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Education reforms and schemes

Mains level: Prevalence of single-teacher schools in India, challenges and way forward

Single-Teacher Schools

Central Idea

  • The presence of single-teacher schools in India, particularly in Jharkhand, continues to persist despite the Right to Education Act mandating a minimum of two teachers in every school. The prevalence of such schools poses significant challenges, hampering the quality of education and depriving children of their right to a proper education. The alarming situation of single-teacher schools, calls attention to recent findings, and emphasizes the need for urgent action to address this issue.

Single-Teacher Schools

Plight of Single-Teacher Schools in India

  • Even after 14 years since the implementation of the Right to Education Act, the proportion of single-teacher schools in India remains high at 14.7%.
  • In Jharkhand alone, nearly one-third of primary schools fall under the single-teacher category, significantly impacting the quality of education.
  • While Jharkhand is a poor performer, a few States had a similar or even higher proportion of single-teacher schools such as Andhra Pradesh (34%), Telangana (30%) and Karnataka (29%).
  • In nine of India’s 21 major States, the share of children studying in single-teacher schools was well above 10%, rising to 25% in Jharkhand.
  • A recent report titled Gloom in the Classroom sheds light on the severity of the situation in Jharkhand.
Did you know?

·       The Right to Education Act states that every school must have at least two teachers.

Reasons attributed to the presence of Single-Teacher Schools in certain states

  • Low Population Density and Scattered Settlements: In states with low population density and scattered settlements, such as Himachal Pradesh, it becomes challenging to establish multiple schools in close proximity. Limited resources and logistical difficulties make it economically unviable to have multiple teachers in such areas. As a result, single-teacher schools are often the only feasible option to provide education to children in remote locations.
  • Low Fertility Rates: States with low fertility rates, such as Himachal Pradesh and Kerala, may have a smaller number of students in schools. In these cases, single-teacher schools serve as a more efficient and cost-effective arrangement to cater to the relatively smaller student population. With fewer students, consolidating them into larger schools may not be practical or necessary.
  • Viability of Mini-Schools: In some states, single-teacher schools are a result of the viability and historical existence of mini-schools. Mini-schools were established in sparsely populated areas before the Right to Education Act came into force. Some states, like Kerala, have successfully managed to merge mini-schools, while others continue to have single-teacher schools as separate entities.
  • Staffing Challenges and Budget Constraints: State governments facing staffing challenges and budget constraints may opt for under-staffing schools in underprivileged areas, leading to the prevalence of single-teacher schools. Limited resources and difficulties in recruiting and retaining teachers, especially in remote or economically disadvantaged regions, contribute to the staffing issues.
  • Resistance to Remote Postings: Remote areas often lack basic amenities and facilities, making it challenging for teachers to adjust to such environments. Reluctance to accept postings in remote locations can lead to a shortage of teachers, resulting in single-teacher schools as a temporary solution.

Measures to tackle the challenges associated with single-teacher schools

  • Infrastructure and Resources: Adequate investment in infrastructure, including the establishment of additional classrooms, is crucial to accommodate more teachers and reduce the burden on existing staff. Providing schools with sufficient teaching resources, such as textbooks, learning materials, and technological tools, can enhance the teaching-learning process.
  • Recruitment and Retention: State governments must prioritize the recruitment of qualified teachers, ensuring a sufficient number of professionals in underprivileged areas. Encouraging and incentivizing teachers to accept postings in remote areas can help overcome the resistance to such assignments.
  • Policy Reforms: The Right to Education Act needs to be rigorously implemented, emphasizing the requirement for a minimum of two teachers in each school. State governments should allocate adequate funds to address staffing needs and enforce compliance with the act. Policy reforms should focus on promoting equity and inclusivity, targeting marginalized communities and ensuring access to quality education for all children.
  • Community Engagement: Building awareness among parents and communities about the importance of education and the impact of single-teacher schools is crucial. Encouraging community participation in school management committees and fostering collaboration between schools, parents, and local organizations can drive collective efforts to improve the educational environment.

Way forward: Revitalizing the Education Movement

  • It is imperative to revive the momentum for the right to education that once echoed across the nation.
  • A renewed movement is necessary to advocate for quality education, raise awareness about the persisting challenges, and hold authorities accountable for ensuring children’s right to education.
  • The recent protests in Jharkhand, which highlighted the unmet demand for quality education, serve as a reminder of the urgent need to address the plight of single-teacher schools.

Conclusion

  • The prevalence of single-teacher schools in Jharkhand and several other states indicates a systemic failure in fulfilling the right to education. Immediate action is required to improve infrastructure, recruit qualified teachers, implement policy reforms, and foster community engagement. By prioritizing education and addressing the challenges associated with single-teacher schools, we can ensure that every child has access to quality education and the opportunity to thrive.

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RBI Notifications

RBI Surplus Transfer to Govt.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: RBI's Income

Mains level: RBI revenue sharing with govt

surplus rbi

Central Idea

  • The Central Board of Directors of the RBI approved the transfer of ₹87,416 crore as surplus to the Union government for the accounting year 2022-23.
  • This amount is almost three times the ₹30,307 crore transferred in the previous fiscal year.

Reserve funds of RBI

The RBI has two types of reserves: Currency & Gold Revaluation Account (CGRA) and Contingency Fund (CF).

  1. CGRA: It represents the value of gold and foreign currency held by the RBI on behalf of India and fluctuates based on market movements.
  2. Contingency Fund: It is a provision to meet unexpected contingencies arising from the RBI’s monetary policy and exchange rate operations.

Calculation of Surplus

  • RBI’s surplus is the amount transferred to the government after meeting its needs and provisions.
  • The surplus is determined by deducting expenses, including provisions made to the CF, from the RBI’s income, mainly generated through interest on securities.

How does RBI earn its INCOME?

The RBI earns profits through various functions and operations it carries out, including:

  1. Managing the borrowings of the Government of India and State governments.
  2. Supervising and regulating banks and non-banking finance companies.
  3. Managing the currency and payment systems.

RBI generates income through the following sources:

  1. Returns on its foreign currency assets, such as bonds and treasury bills of other central banks or top-rated securities.
  2. Interest earned on holdings of local rupee-denominated government bonds or securities.
  3. Interest earned from lending to banks for short tenures, such as overnight loans.
  4. Management commission received for handling government and state government borrowings.

Expenditure by RBI

The RBI’s expenditures include-

  1. Costs related to printing currency notes
  2. Staff salaries
  3. Commissions paid to banks for government transactions and
  4. Payments to primary dealers for underwriting borrowings

How the transfer of surplus takes place?

  • The RBI, as a central bank, is not a commercial organization owned or controlled by the government.
  • The RBI was initially a private shareholders’ bank but was nationalized by the government in January 1949.
  • According to Section 47 (Allocation of Surplus Profits) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the RBI transfers the excess of income over expenditure to the government.
  • This provision mandates the transfer of profits to the Central Government after accounting for necessary provisions and obligations.

Does the RBI pay tax on these earnings or profits?

  • No, the RBI is exempted from paying income tax or any other tax as per Section 48 (Exemption of Bank from income-tax and super-tax) of the RBI Act, 1934.
  • This exemption ensures that the RBI is not liable to pay income tax or super-tax on its income, profits, or gains.

Policy inputs

(1) Y H Malegam Committee

  • It reviewed the adequacy of reserves and surplus distribution policy in 2013, recommended a higher transfer to the government.
  • Prior to this recommendation, the RBI transferred a portion of the surplus to the Contingency Fund and the Asset Development Fund.
  • Following the Malegam committee’s recommendation, the percentage of surplus transferred to the government significantly increased from 53.40% in 2012-13 to 99.99% in 2013-14.

(2) Bimal Jalan Committee

  • The RBI in November 2018 had constituted a 6-member committee, chaired by former governor Dr Bimal Jalan.
  • It was tasked to review the current economic capital framework (ECF), after the Ministry of Finance asked the central bank to follow global practices.

Key recommendations

  1. Differentiate between realised equity and revaluation balances for RBI’s economic capital.
  2. Adopt Expected Shortfall (ES) for measuring market risk with a target of ES 99.5% confidence level.
  3. Maintain Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) between 6.5% and 5.5% of RBI’s balance sheet.
  4. Implement surplus distribution policy based on realised equity.
  5. Review RBI’s Economic Capital Framework every five years.

 

 

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Russia

Rasht-Astara Railway Link

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Rasht-Astara Railway Link

Mains level: INSTC

rasht

Russia and his Iran has signed a deal to finance and build the 162 km Rasht-Astara Iranian railway, the main connection in the emerging North-South Transport Corridor.

Rasht-Astara Railway Link

  • The Rash Astra Railway is a 162-kilometer railway connecting Rasht (Iran) and Astara (Azerbaijan) on the border.
  • It is part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and will significantly diversify global traffic flows.
  • The railway will facilitate connections between Russian ports on the Baltic Sea and Iranian ports in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf.

About INSTC

  • The INSTC is a 7,200-kilometer Multi-Mode Transit System connecting India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe.
  • It promotes transportation cooperation among member states and includes ship, rail, and road routes.
  • Membership has expanded to include additional countries, and observer states and Baltic countries have expressed interest in joining.

Significance of INSTC for India

  • Central Asia trade: India has invested in the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a doorway for trade with Central Asian countries.
  • Extended connection: INSTC offers potential connections to the Baltic, Nordic, and Arctic regions.
  • Bypassing Pakistan: INSTC provides an alternate route for India to connect with Central Asia, bypassing obstacles in Pakistan.
  • Fastest freight: It reduces transit time by 40% and freight costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route.
  • Alternative to Suez: Russia claims the project could ultimately rival the Suez Canal in terms of trade flows.

Challenges of INSTC

  • Challenges include limited financial support from major international institutions due to US sanctions on Iran.
  • Harmonization of tariffs and customs, increased private sector involvement, and improved informational connectivity are necessary for success.

Conclusion

  • More financing, cooperation, political will, and strategic planning are required to realize the full benefits of INSTC.
  • Addressing demand deficits and enhancing informational connectivity are crucial.
  • Collaboration and the establishment of industrial parks and special economic zones can contribute to the corridor’s development and commercial value.

 

Key terminologies

Multi-Mode Transit System: A system that integrates multiple modes of transportation, such as ship, rail, and road, for efficient movement of goods.

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): An agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and world powers regarding Iran’s nuclear program.

Suez Canal: A major global trade route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Chabahar Port: A port in Iran’s Sistan-Balochistan province, providing India with access to Central Asian countries.

Baltic Countries: Countries located in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, including Latvia and Estonia.

 

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

25 years of Kudumbashree Scheme

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Kudumbashree Scheme

Mains level: Women empowerment initiatives

kudumbashree

Central Idea: President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the silver jubilee celebrations of Kudumbashree.

What is Kudumbashree?

  • Kudumbashree is a poverty eradication and women empowerment program implemented by the State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM) in Kerala, India.
  • The program was established in 1997 based on recommendations from a task force appointed by the state government.
  • It was created in the context of devolving powers to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and the People’s Plan Campaign in Kerala.
  • Membership in Kudumbashree is open to all adult women, with one membership allowed per family.
  • In 2011, the Centre recognized Kudumbashree as the State Rural Livelihoods Mission (SRLM) under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM).

Working mechanism

  • Kudumbashree operates through a three-tier structure:
  1. Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs),
  2. Area Development Societies (ADS), and
  3. Community Development Societies (CDS).
  • The community network was gradually expanded to cover the entire state between 2000 and 2002.

Evolution and Contributions of Kudumbashree

  • Kudumbashree has transformed significantly over the past 25 years.
  • During the Kerala flood, Kudumbashree donated a substantial amount to the Chief Minister’s relief fund, surpassing contributions from tech giants and foundations.
  • The organization was initially conceptualized as an all-women poverty alleviation program.
  • Despite being flood victims themselves, Kudumbashree members showed resilience and contributed generously to help others.

Role during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  • Kudumbashree played a crucial role in responding to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • They manufactured and distributed masks and sanitisers.
  • The organization set up COVID treatment centres and worked as the nodal agency for COVID management in several local bodies.
  • ‘Janakeeya Hotels’ provided affordable meals to those in need, including those in home quarantine.

Empowerment and Social Impact

  • Kudumbashree has empowered women and facilitated grassroots planning for employment generation, poverty alleviation, and women’s empowerment.
  • It mobilized women for community activities and increased their participation in local bodies.
  • Kudumbashree’s initiatives include micro-enterprises, agricultural projects, rural development, and compassion programs.
  • The organization has made significant strides in empowering Dalit and tribal women.

Challenges and Future Directions

  • Critics highlight the need for Kudumbashree to evolve gender perspectives and alternative development models.
  • Despite criticism, Kudumbashree’s contribution to poverty reduction is unparalleled.
  • The organization aims to address gender-based crimes and eliminate social evils.
  • Mental and cultural empowerment are deemed crucial for overcoming the ‘gender paradox’ in Kerala.

Conclusion

  • Kudumbashree success in reducing poverty is widely recognized.
  • Continued efforts are needed to combat gender-based crimes and challenges.
  • Kudumbashree aims to be a force for positive societal change and women’s empowerment.

 

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Did Neanderthals shape our noses?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Neanderthals , Read the attached story

Mains level: Evolutionary features of Humans

Neanderthal

Central Idea

  • The human nose has historical and cultural importance beyond its practical functions.
  • Different societies have their own standards of beauty related to nose shape and proportion.
  • The nose is significant in art, literature, and remnants of ancient civilizations.

Who were the Neanderthals?

Description
Time Period Lived approximately 400,000 to 40,000 years ago during the Middle Paleolithic and Late Pleistocene epochs
Physical Appearance Robust build with a barrel-shaped chest, shorter limbs, and distinctive anatomical features such as pronounced brow ridges and a projecting mid-face
Tools and Technology Skilled toolmakers who used a variety of tools made from stone, bone, and antler
Culture and Behavior Complex social structures and likely lived in small groups or bands, exhibited advanced hunting techniques, made use of fire, and engaged in symbolic expressions through personal ornamentation and cave art
Adaptation to Environments Adapted to cold and temperate environments, had robust bodies, large noses, and other physiological characteristics were advantageous for survival in harsh conditions
Interactions with Modern Humans Interbred with early modern humans who migrated out of Africa. As a result, some individuals today carry a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes, particularly in non-African populations
Extinction Around 40,000 years ago
Scientific Significance Closest extinct relatives, and understanding their anatomy, behavior, and interactions with modern humans helps reconstruct our shared past

Genetic association study on Human Nose

  • A recent study used 2D images and automated measurements of facial landmarks to conduct a genetic association study.
  • The study involved over 6,000 Latin American individuals and identified 42 new genetic loci associated with the human nose.
  • Some of these loci, including 1q32.3, were replicated in other populations like Asians, Europeans, and Africans.

Role of Neanderthal Genes and ATF3 Gene

  • The genetic locus 1q32.3, associated with midface height, has contributions from Neanderthals.
  • The ATF3 gene, located in this locus, is regulated by FOXL2, which is involved in skull and face development.
  • Changes in nose shape may have evolutionary implications, helping humans adapt to different climates.

Neanderthal Genomes and Human Traits

  • Genomic loci from Neanderthals and Denisovans have influenced various traits and diseases in modern humans.
  • Evidence suggests these genomic contributions affect pathogen response, skin conditions, blood conditions, cancers, and mental health.
  • Understanding the genetic interactions between archaic and modern human genomes aids in comprehending genetic diversity and adaptability.

Human Origins and Interbreeding

  • Human migrations out of Africa, interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans, and extinct archaic hominids have shaped human traits.
  • Recent studies highlight that early humans diverged in Africa from multiple ancestral roots, with varying degrees of genetic components from archaic humans in different populations.

Implications and Future Research

  • Studying the interbreeding event and its consequences deepens our understanding of genetic heritage.
  • The knowledge gained could lead to new avenues for disease study, treatment, and appreciation of human genetic diversity.
  • Continued research on the interplay between archaic and modern human genomes is an exciting frontier in genomics.

 

Key Terminologies

Loci/Locus: The position of a specific gene on a chromosome.

Introgression: The transfer of genetic information between different species or populations through interbreeding.

Neanderthals: Archaic hominids closely related to modern humans, believed to have interbred with early humans.

Denisovans: A subspecies of archaic humans who lived until around 30,000 years ago.

Genomic Loci: Specific locations on chromosomes associated with certain traits or characteristics.

 

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

Radiometric Dating using Calcium-41       

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Radiometric Dating , Calcium 41

Mains level: Not Much

Central Idea: A recent study has shown that Calcium-41 can be used in a similar way as Carbon-14 in carbon dating, but with several advantages.

Carbon Dating and its limitations

  • Carbon-14 is an unstable and weakly radioactive isotope of carbon.
  • It has a half-life of 5,700 years and is used to estimate the age of carbon-based materials.
  • Radiocarbon dating provides objective age estimates for materials from living organisms.
  • Carbon-14 cannot determine the age of objects older than approximately 50,000 years.
  • Three techniques are used to measure carbon-14 content: gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting, and accelerator mass spectrometry.

Introducing Calcium-41

  • Calcium-41 is a rare long-lived radioisotope of calcium with a half-life of 99,400 years.
  • It is produced through cosmic ray interactions in the soil and is found in the Earth’s crust.
  • Calcium-41 occurs less frequently than carbon-14.

Method used: Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA)

  • ATTA is a technique proposed by researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China.
  • It is based on laser manipulation and detection of neutral atoms.
  • The sample is vaporized, and the atoms are laser-cooled and loaded into a light and magnetic field cage.
  • By tuning the laser’s frequency, Calcium-41 atoms can be detected through electron transitions.

Significance and Applications

  • ATTA can detect one Calcium-41 atom in every 10^16 calcium atoms in seawater with 12% precision.
  • It is selective and avoids confusion with potassium-41 atoms.
  • ATTA can be adapted to study other isotopes, such as argon-39, krypton-81, and krypton-85.
  • The applications of ATTA and Calcium-41 include dating rocks covered by ice and exploring Earth-science applications.

 

Also read:

What is Carbon Dating? How does it work?

 

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Understanding a Human Pangenome Map

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Human Pangenome Map

Mains level: Genetic studies

pangenome

Central Idea

  • A study published in the Nature journal presents a pangenome reference map built using genomes from 47 anonymous individuals.
  • The individuals included in the study are from various regions, including Africa, the Caribbean, Americas, East Asia, and Europe.

Understanding Genomes and Reference Genomes

  • The genome refers to the collection of all genes and regions between genes found in our chromosomes.
  • Each chromosome is composed of millions of nucleotides (A, T, G, and C) arranged in different combinations.
  • Genome sequencing helps understand genetic diversity and susceptibility to diseases.
  • A reference genome is a map used to compare newly sequenced genomes and identify differences.
  • The first reference genome, created in 2001, had limitations and did not represent human diversity accurately.

What is Pangenome Map?

  • The new study focuses on building a pangenome map, which is a graph representing genetic diversity among individuals.
  • Pangenome maps use long-read DNA sequencing technologies to assemble sequences accurately.

Importance of Pangenome Map

  • Although humans are more than 99% similar in their DNA, there is still a 0.4% difference between individuals.
  • A complete and error-free pangenome map helps understand genetic differences and human diversity.
  • It aids in identifying genetic variants linked to health conditions, such as the discovery of 150 new genes associated with autism.
  • The current pangenome map lacks representation from certain populations, including Indians.

Implications for Indian Genomes

  • The pangenome map, despite not including Indian genomes, will assist in mapping Indian genomes against existing reference genomes.
  • Future pangenome maps with Indian genome data will provide insights into disease prevalence, rare gene discovery, diagnostic methods, and drug development.

 

Key Terminologies

Genome: The complete set of genes and regions between genes in an organism.

Reference Genome: A map used to compare newly sequenced genomes and identify differences.

Pangenome: A graph representing genetic diversity among individuals rather than a linear sequence.

Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA (A, T, G, C).

Long-Read DNA Sequencing: A technology that produces longer and contiguous DNA strands for more accurate sequencing.

 

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

WHO’s advisory on Non-Sugar Sweeteners

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Non-Sugar Sweeteners

Mains level: Read the attached story

sweet

Central Idea: The World Health Organization (WHO) issued new guidelines advising against the use of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) as a healthy alternative to sugar.

What are Non-Sugar Sweeteners?

  • NSS are low or no-calorie alternatives to sugar, including aspartame, saccharin, stevia, and others.
  • They are marketed for weight loss and controlling blood glucose in individuals with diabetes.

WHO’s Finding

  • The WHO analyzed 283 studies on NSS intake in adults and children.
  • Higher intake of NSS was associated with a 76% increase in obesity risk and a 0.14 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
  • No evidence of long-term benefits on reducing body fat was found, and long-term use of NSS may increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer.
  • WHO suggests that NSS should not be used for weight control or reducing the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases.

Concerns and Recommendations

  • India has a high obesity rate and a significant number of people with pre-diabetes.
  • Lifestyle-related Type 2 diabetes is increasing among young individuals.
  • WHO recommends focusing on a balanced diet and minimally processed, unsweetened foods and beverages.

What lies ahead?

  • WHO’s conditional guideline requires further discussions among policymakers before adoption as national policy.
  • Efforts should be made to educate youngsters about taste preferences and healthy eating habits.
  • Doctors can now provide more confident guidance to patients regarding NSS consumption.

 

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

In news: Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine

Mains level: NA

neh pema

Central Idea

  • The landowner of a disputed area in Arunachal Pradesh has demanded either compensation from Army for a land where Army has built Gurdwara near the Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine.

Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine

  • It is a holy shrine located in the Mechukha Valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • It holds significant religious importance for the local Memba Buddhist community.
  • The shrine is believed to have been sanctified by Guru Padmasambhava, a prominent figure in Tibetan Buddhism, during his exploration of the area in the 8th century AD.
  • It has been a place of worship and pilgrimage for the Memba people since 1274 AD, according to historical records.
  • It attracts hundreds of Buddhists who visit the shrine annually during a pilgrimage in March.

Why in news?

  • The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee claimed the shrine associated with Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, in Arunachal Pradesh has been turned into a Buddhist shrine.

 

 

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Tax Reforms

Tax Collection at Source (TCS) on Foreign Credit Card Payments: Understanding the Intent and Impact is VItal

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Concepts: Tax Collection at Source (TCS) and Tax Terrorism

Mains level: Tax Collection at Source (TCS) on Foreign Credit Card Payments, Need, concerns and impact

TCS

Central Idea

  • The recent announcement regarding the applicability of tax collection at source (TCS) on foreign payments made through credit cards has sparked a range of emotive reactions and sweeping remarks. However, it is crucial to understand the concept and consequences of this measure and avoid unnecessary panic.

What is Tax Collection at Source (TCS) on Credit Card Payments?

  • TCS on credit card payments refers to the application of tax collection at source (TCS) on foreign payments made through credit cards.
  • When individuals use their credit cards for foreign transactions, a certain percentage of the transaction amount is collected as tax by the government at the time of payment.
  • This tax amount is then adjustable against the individual’s advance tax and final tax liabilities during the filing of their tax returns.
  • The purpose of TCS on credit card payments is to track foreign spending and ensure that individuals report their income accurately while encouraging tax compliance.
  • Applicability: TCS is applied when individuals use their credit cards for making payments in foreign currencies.
  • Tax Collection: A specific percentage of the payment amount is collected as tax by the government. This tax is collected directly by the credit card company or the payment processor.
  • Adjustable Tax: The tax amount collected through TCS is adjustable against the individual’s tax liabilities during the filing of their income tax returns. It is not an additional tax burden, but a prepayment of tax that can be adjusted against the final tax payable.
  • Purpose: TCS on credit card payments helps the government track foreign spending and ensure that individuals accurately report their income from foreign transactions.
  • Rates and Thresholds: The tax percentage and thresholds may vary based on government regulations. These rates and thresholds are subject to change from time to time.
  • Exclusions: Certain categories, such as education and medical expenses, may have lower tax rates or exemptions from TCS. Payments made using international debit or credit cards within a specified limit may also be excluded from TCS.

TCS

What is the Need for Changes in TCS?

  • Anomaly in Remittances: The Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) allows individuals to remit a certain amount of money abroad without requiring prior approval from authorities. However, payments made through credit cards were not subject to the LRS limit, leading to an anomaly where significant foreign payments were being made without any restrictions.
  • Disproportionate Spending: The initial introduction of TCS on LRS remittances aimed to track foreign spending disproportionate to the reported income of individuals. It was an effort to ensure that individuals accurately disclose their foreign transactions and pay appropriate taxes on their foreign income.
  • Circumvention of the System: Despite the initial implementation of TCS, there were instances of individuals circumventing the tax collection process. This was done through various means such as splitting payments among multiple individuals, including minors and household staff, or absorbing the 5% tax as a cost without claiming it through tax returns.
  • Encouraging Tax Compliance: The intention behind TCS on credit card payments was also to encourage individuals to come forward and file tax returns. By imposing a tax collection mechanism, individuals are nudged to report their foreign income and fulfill their tax obligations.

TCS

Concerns over TCS on credit card payments

  • Increased Financial Burden: The higher TCS rate of 20% on certain categories, such as investments, gifts, donations, and overseas travel, has led to an increased financial burden for individuals making such payments. The higher tax rate may impact individuals’ disposable income and affect their spending patterns.
  • Impact on Foreign Travel: With the application of TCS on credit card payments for foreign travel, individuals may face additional costs and may need to adjust their travel budgets accordingly. This could discourage some individuals from undertaking foreign travel or limit their spending while abroad.
  • Administrative Challenges: The implementation of TCS on credit card payments poses administrative challenges for credit card companies, payment processors, and individuals. It requires proper mechanisms to collect and remit the tax, as well as ensure accurate reporting and compliance. Compliance with these requirements may add complexity to the payment process.
  • Concerns of Double Taxation: Some individuals express concerns about potential double taxation. They argue that since they are already paying taxes on their income, applying TCS on credit card payments can be seen as an additional tax burden on the same income.
  • Impact on Economic Growth: Critics argue that the higher TCS rate and additional tax burden on certain payments may hinder economic growth. It is feared that this could discourage investments, limit foreign spending, and affect sectors such as tourism and hospitality.
  • Perception of Tax Terrorism: The introduction of TCS on credit card payments has led to criticism of the overall tax system, with terms like “tax terrorism” being used. Critics argue that the tax collection measures may be seen as excessive and could create an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty among taxpayers.

Facts for prelims: Concept box from Civilsdaily

What is mean by Tax Terrorism?

  • Tax terrorism refers to a situation where taxpayers feel harassed, intimidated, or unfairly treated by tax authorities, leading to a perception of aggressive or punitive actions.
  • In simple words, it describes instances where taxpayers believe that the tax system or tax authorities are causing undue stress, fear, or anxiety.

Illustration: Understand tax terrorism this way

  • Let’s say an individual receives a notice from the tax authority demanding extensive documentation and explanations for every financial transaction they have made over the past five years. The individual feels overwhelmed and stressed due to the complexity and scope of the request.
  • Despite providing the necessary information and cooperating fully, they face repeated audits, additional scrutiny, and prolonged delays in the resolution of their tax matters.
  • This experience leaves the individual feeling unfairly targeted and harassed by the tax authority, leading to a perception of tax terrorism.

Way forward

  • Transparent Communication: The government should engage in transparent communication to clarify the rationale behind the implementation of TCS on credit card payments. Clear and accessible information about the purpose, impact, and benefits of the policy can help alleviate concerns and misconceptions among taxpayers.
  • Stakeholder Consultation: The government should actively engage with stakeholders, including taxpayers, industry associations, and experts, to understand their concerns and gather feedback. This can help in refining the policy and addressing any unintended consequences.
  • Review and Revision: Regular reviews of the TCS policy should be conducted to assess its impact on individuals, sectors, and the economy. Based on the findings, necessary revisions can be made to strike a balance between tax collection objectives and the concerns of taxpayers.
  • Simplification of Tax Regulations: Efforts should be made to simplify tax regulations and compliance procedures to reduce the burden on taxpayers. Clear and user-friendly guidelines can help individuals understand and fulfill their tax obligations more easily.
  • Taxpayer Education and Assistance: Providing adequate taxpayer education and assistance is crucial to ensure compliance and address concerns. The government should invest in educational campaigns, workshops, and online resources to enhance taxpayer awareness and understanding of tax laws and procedures.
  • Efficient Dispute Resolution: Establishing efficient and timely dispute resolution mechanisms can help address grievances and concerns raised by taxpayers. Timely resolution of tax disputes and appeals can foster trust in the tax system and alleviate the perception of tax terrorism.
  • Balance between Tax Collection and Economic Growth: The government should strike a balance between tax collection objectives and promoting economic growth. Careful consideration should be given to the potential impact of TCS on sectors such as tourism and investments to ensure that the measures do not hamper economic development.
  • Continual Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the TCS policy, along with its impact on tax compliance, economic growth, and taxpayer sentiment, should be conducted. This will enable the government to make informed decisions and adjustments as needed.

Conclusion

  • Misinterpretation of the recent announcement on TCS for credit card payments has led to unwarranted panic and exaggerated reactions. While concerns should be addressed constructively, it is essential to acknowledge the government’s efforts in simplifying the tax system, leveraging technology, reducing processing times, and resolving disputes. Collaboration between the government and taxpayers is crucial to fostering a fair, easy, and compliant taxation environment in the country.

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Levying the Wealth tax to reduce income inequality

 

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Poverty Eradication – Definition, Debates, etc.

Bhopal’s Voluntary Local Review: A Step towards Localizing SDG’s in India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Bhopal's Voluntary Local Review and other such examples around the world

Mains level: Importance of Localizing SDG's in India, Bhopal's case study

Localizing

Central Idea

  • Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, has achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first city in India to join the global movement on localizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The city’s Voluntary Local Review (VLR), released recently, highlights Bhopal’s commitment to implementing the SDGs at the local level. This move demonstrates India’s commendable efforts in adopting and localizing the SDGs, with various states and union territories already taking steps in this direction

What is Bhopal’s Voluntary Local Review (VLR)?

  • Bhopal’s Voluntary Local Review (VLR) is a comprehensive report released by the city of Bhopal, India, to showcase its progress and initiatives in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the local level.
  • It provides a detailed analysis of Bhopal’s development projects and their alignment with the SDGs across the three pillars of ‘people,’ ‘planet,’ and ‘prosperity.’
  • The report maps these projects to specific SDGs and presents an assessment of the city’s progress, achievements, and challenges in each area.

Features of Bhopal’s VLR

  • Collaboration: The VLR is a result of collaboration between the Bhopal Municipal Corporation, UN-Habitat, and a collective of over 23 local stakeholders. This collaborative approach ensures a comprehensive and inclusive representation of Bhopal’s sustainable development efforts.
  • Mapping of Developmental Projects: Bhopal’s VLR maps 56 developmental projects to the SDGs across the three pillars of ‘people,’ ‘planet,’ and ‘prosperity.’ This mapping provides a clear understanding of how the city’s initiatives align with the specific goals and targets of the SDGs.
  • Focus on Priority Areas: The VLR identifies priority areas for Bhopal, with a particular emphasis on building basic infrastructure and resilience. This highlights the city’s strategic approach in addressing crucial issues and directing efforts towards areas that require immediate attention.
  • Quantitative Assessment: Bhopal’s VLR includes an in-depth quantitative assessment of city-level indicators under SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities). This assessment evaluates the city’s performance in areas such as solid waste management practices, public transportation, and per capita availability of open spaces.
  • Identification of Challenges: The VLR acknowledges the challenges faced by Bhopal in achieving certain SDG targets. It highlights areas where the city needs to work harder, such as adequate shelter provision, air pollution control, city planning capacity, and equitable distribution and accessibility of open spaces. This identification of challenges allows for targeted efforts to address these specific issues.
  • Leadership and Stakeholder Engagement: The VLR emphasizes the leadership role of Mayor and efforts in engaging the city’s residents throughout the VLR process. This demonstrates the importance of stakeholder participation and inclusivity in driving sustainable development initiatives.
  • Localized Approach: Bhopal’s VLR recognizes the unique local context and capacity constraints faced by Indian cities. It acknowledges that a comprehensive VLR covering all SDGs may be challenging for cities with limited resources and data availability. Therefore, the VLR allows for flexibility, enabling cities to choose specific SDGs for a detailed review and adapt national indicators to reflect the city’s local realities.

The Importance of Localizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • Contextualization: Localizing the SDGs allows cities, regions, and communities to adapt the global goals to their specific local contexts. Each locality has unique challenges, priorities, and resources. By localizing the SDGs, governments, organizations, and stakeholders can tailor strategies and interventions to address the specific needs of their communities, making them more relevant and effective.
  • Proximity to the People: Local governments and communities are closest to the people they serve. They have a better understanding of the local needs, aspirations, and realities of their residents. By localizing the SDGs, decision-making processes become more participatory and inclusive, ensuring that the voices and perspectives of the local population are taken into account.
  • Holistic Approach: The SDGs address a broad range of interconnected social, economic, and environmental challenges. Localizing the goals allows for a holistic approach to sustainable development, considering the interdependencies and synergies between different sectors and issues. It encourages integrated and comprehensive strategies that tackle multiple challenges simultaneously, leading to more sustainable and equitable outcomes.
  • Collaboration and Partnership: Localizing the SDGs fosters collaboration and partnership among various stakeholders at the local level. Governments, civil society organizations, businesses, academia, and citizens can come together to work towards common goals, leveraging their respective strengths, expertise, and resources. This multi-stakeholder approach promotes collective action, knowledge-sharing, and innovation, leading to more effective and sustainable solutions.
  • Innovation and Experimentation: Localizing the SDGs encourages innovation and experimentation. Local governments and communities can explore new approaches, policies, and practices to address complex challenges. They can pilot innovative solutions, learn from successes and failures, and share their experiences with other localities, contributing to a global knowledge exchange and learning process.
  • Monitoring and Accountability: Localizing the SDGs facilitates monitoring and accountability mechanisms at the local level. By setting local targets, indicators, and progress tracking systems, governments and stakeholders can monitor the implementation of the goals and measure their impact on the ground. This localized monitoring promotes transparency, accountability, and data-driven decision-making, ensuring that progress towards sustainable development is effectively measured and evaluated.
  • Global Impact: While the SDGs are a global agenda, their achievement ultimately depends on action at the local level. Localizing the goals is essential for aggregating local actions and initiatives to create significant impact at the global scale. When cities, regions, and communities across the world localize the SDGs, they contribute to the collective effort of achieving sustainable development globally.

Facts for prelims

India’s progress towards achieving SDGs so far

  • SDG 1 (No Poverty): India has made significant progress in reducing poverty, with the poverty rate declining from 21.9% in 2011-12 to 4.4% in 2020. The government’s efforts to provide financial inclusion and social protection schemes have contributed to this progress.
  • SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): India has made progress in reducing hunger, with the prevalence of undernourishment declining from 17.3% in 2004-06 to 14% in 2017-19.
  • SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): India has made progress in improving maternal and child health, with maternal mortality ratio declining from 167 per 100,000 live births in 2011-13 to 113 in 2016-18.
  • SDG 4 (Quality Education): India has made progress in improving access to education, with the gross enrolment ratio for primary education increasing from 93.4% in 2014-15 to 94.3% in 2019-20.
  • SDG 5 (Gender Equality): India has made progress in improving gender equality, with the sex ratio at birth increasing from 918 in 2011 to 934 in 2020.

Notable examples where cities and local governments have successfully localized the SDGs

  • New York City, United States: New York City developed an SDG framework called “OneNYC” to align its local goals and initiatives with the SDGs. The framework focuses on various areas, including reducing poverty, promoting sustainability, addressing climate change, and improving quality of life.
  • Bristol, United Kingdom: Bristol was one of the first cities to create a localized SDG plan known as the “Bristol One City Plan.” The plan integrates the SDGs into the city’s strategic priorities, such as reducing inequality, promoting sustainable economic growth, and addressing climate change.
  • Kitakyushu, Japan: Kitakyushu, a city in Japan, has implemented the “Kitakyushu SDGs City Vision” to align its local strategies with the SDGs. The vision focuses on areas such as resource efficiency, waste management, renewable energy, and sustainable urban development. Kitakyushu’s successful experience in environmental sustainability has made it a global leader in eco-industrial development.
  • Medellín, Colombia: Medellín has embraced the SDGs through its “Medellín Sustainable Development Goals 2030” strategy. The city has aligned its policies, programs, and projects with the SDGs, focusing on social inclusion, education, public transportation, urban development, and reducing violence. Medellín’s approach highlights the importance of social innovation and participatory governance in achieving sustainable development.
  • Barcelona, Spain: Barcelona has integrated the SDGs into its urban development strategy known as “Barcelona City Council 2030 Agenda.” The city’s approach emphasizes social justice, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and inclusive economic growth.

Opportunities for Indian cities in localizing the SDGs

  • Tailoring to Local Context: Localizing the SDGs allows Indian cities to adapt the global goals to their specific needs and realities. By identifying local priorities and strategies, cities can address issues such as poverty, education, healthcare, infrastructure, environmental sustainability, and urban planning in a manner that is most relevant to their local populations.
  • Leveraging Local Innovation: Localizing the SDGs provides an opportunity for cities to leverage their local innovation ecosystems to develop creative solutions to sustainable development challenges. By fostering collaboration between local businesses, startups, research institutions, and communities, cities can drive innovation and implement sustainable practices that can have a transformative impact.
  • Enhancing Local Governance and Participation: Localizing the SDGs empowers local governments to strengthen their governance systems and promote participatory decision-making. It encourages local authorities to engage citizens, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of sustainable development initiatives. This participatory approach can lead to more inclusive and effective governance, as well as increased accountability and transparency.
  • Sharing Best Practices and Learning: By sharing successful initiatives, innovative approaches, and lessons learned, cities can create a knowledge-sharing network, fostering collaboration and replication of effective strategies. This knowledge exchange can lead to improved policy-making, enhanced capacity-building, and accelerated progress towards the SDGs.
  • Attracting Investments and Partnerships: Localizing the SDGs can help Indian cities attract investments, forge partnerships, and access funding opportunities. By demonstrating their commitment to sustainable development and showcasing their achievements, cities can attract investors, businesses, and development organizations that are aligned with the SDGs. Collaborative partnerships can bring in resources, expertise, and technical assistance to support the implementation of sustainable projects and initiatives.
  • Global Recognition and Collaboration: Localizing the SDGs positions Indian cities as active participants in the global sustainable development agenda. It offers an opportunity to gain global recognition for their efforts and innovations. By actively engaging with international platforms, networks, and initiatives focused on sustainable urban development, Indian cities can collaborate with other cities, share experiences, and contribute to global efforts in achieving the SDGs

Conclusion

  • Bhopal’s pioneering VLR sets an inspiring precedent for other Indian cities to embrace localisation and actively contribute to the SDGs. Localizing the SDGs provides Indian cities with an invaluable opportunity to address local challenges, tailor strategies to their specific contexts, and engage stakeholders in decision-making processes. By following Bhopal’s lead Indian cities can create a more inclusive, resilient, and prosperous future for their residents and leave a lasting impact on the global map of sustainable development.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): India’s Progress Analysis

 

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RBI Notifications

RBI to pull out ₹2000 notes from active circulation

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: RBI regulation of Currency

2000

Central Idea

  • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to withdraw ₹2000 denomination banknotes from circulation as part of its “Clean Note Policy.”
  • The withdrawal is similar to a previous withdrawal of notes in 2013-2014 (and not the demonetization).

Legal Tender Status of ₹2,000 Banknotes

  • ₹2000 banknotes will continue to maintain their legal tender status.
  • People can use ₹2000 banknotes for transactions and accept them as payment.
  • However, the RBI encourages depositing or exchanging the notes by September 30, 2023.

About the ₹2000 Notes

  • The ₹2000 denomination banknote was introduced in November 2016 under Section 24(1) of RBI Act, 1934.
  • It primarily aimed to meet the currency requirement of the economy in an expeditious manner after withdrawal of the legal tender status of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in circulation at that time.

Reasons for withdrawal

  • Demonetization purpose served: Printing of ₹2000 notes was stopped in 2018-19 as other denominations became available in adequate quantities.
  • Clean Note Policy: This aims to provide good-quality currency notes with enhanced security features and withdraw soiled notes from circulation.
  • Ending timespan: Majority of the ₹2000 notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years.
  • Disappeared from circulation: This denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and there is sufficient stock of banknotes in other denominations to meet public requirements.

Withdrawal process

  • People can deposit ₹2,000 notes into their bank accounts or exchange them for banknotes of other denominations at any bank branch.
  • The usual deposit process without restrictions and subject to applicable statutory provisions applies.
  • Banks have been directed to provide deposit and exchange facilities for ₹2,000 notes until September 30, 2023.
  • The facility for exchange up to ₹20,000 at a time will be available at banks and RBI’s Regional Offices from May 23, 2023.
  • Banks are instructed to stop issuing ₹2,000 notes immediately.

Impact and financial analysis

  • Deposit accretion of banks may improve in the short term, similar to the demonetization period.
  • Improved deposit rates may reduce pressure on interest rate hikes and lead to moderation in short-term interest rates.

Clean Note Policy

Previously, banknotes issued before 2005 were withdrawn due to fewer security features.

Notes issued before 2005 are still legal tender but no longer in circulation to maintain consistency with international practices.

Key issues

  • Individuals can seek multiple exchanges in packets of ₹20,000, but this may attract attention from enforcement agencies and the Income-tax Department.
  • Large sums of money in ₹2,000 notes may be difficult to exchange.
  • It is likely to witness chaos and long queues in bank branches.

FAQs: Exchanging and depositing ₹2,000 Banknotes

  • Individuals should approach bank branches for depositing or exchanging ₹2,000 banknotes.
  • Deposit and exchange facilities will be available at banks until September 30, 2023.
  • Exchange facilities will also be available at 19 RBI Regional Offices.
  • There is a limit of ₹20,000 for each exchange transaction.
  • Account holders can exchange up to ₹4,000 per day through business correspondents.
  • Deposits into bank accounts have no restrictions, but compliance with KYC norms and other regulatory requirements is necessary.
  • From May 23, 2023, people can approach bank branches or RBI Regional Offices to exchange their ₹2,000 notes.

 

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