Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Hydrogen
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Researchers from IIT-Madras have developed components for a cost-effective method of electrolyzing seawater to produce green hydrogen.
- The current alkaline water electrolyzer technology is energy-intensive, requires an expensive oxide-polymer separator, and uses fresh water.
Generating Green Hydrogen
- Instead of using fresh water, the researchers developed an electrolyzer that utilizes alkaline seawater.
- Carbon-based support material was used for the electrodes to minimize corrosion.
- Transition metal-based catalysts were designed to catalyze both oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, improving the production of hydrogen and oxygen.
- A cellulose-based separator was developed to allow hydroxide ions to pass through while preventing crossover of oxygen and hydrogen.
How does Electrolysis take place?
- The alkaline water electrolyzer involves two half-reactions at the anode and cathode.
- At the cathode, water dissociates into H+ and hydroxide ions, with H+ ions converting into hydrogen.
- Hydroxide ions produced at the cathode pass through the separator, and oxygen is generated at the anode.
- When seawater is used, hypochlorite formation occurs at the anode, causing corrosion and reducing oxygen production. Impurities also affect the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode.
How were the Catalyst and Electrode designed?
- The carbon-based support material was used for both anode and cathode electrodes to prevent corrosion.
- The catalyst coating on the support material enhances hydrogen production at the cathode and oxygen production at the anode.
- Transition bimetals in the catalyst are selective toward oxygen evolution reaction, overcoming the challenge of hypochlorite formation.
- Despite impurities adsorbed on the cathode, the catalyst promotes hydrogen evolution, increasing hydrogen production.
What made this device novel?
- The team developed a cellulose-based separator to separate the anode and cathode.
- The separator allows hydroxide ions to pass through but minimizes the crossover of hydrogen and oxygen.
- The separator shows high resistance to degradation in seawater.
Experimental Results and Performance
- The assembled electrolyzer achieved a seawater splitting voltage of 1.73 V at 10 mA/sq.cm and 26 degrees C.
- The optimized parameters enable the electrolyzer to directly use photovoltaic-derived voltage for green hydrogen production.
- Two prototypes of different dimensions were developed, producing hydrogen at rates of 250 ml/hour and 1 liter/hour.
- A stack of three cells produced hydrogen at a rate of about 4 liters/hour.
Back2Basics: Hydrogen Categories
|
Production Method |
Carbon Emissions |
| Gray Hydrogen |
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) from fossil fuels |
High emissions |
| Blue Hydrogen |
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) |
Reduced emissions compared to gray hydrogen |
| Green Hydrogen |
Electrolysis using renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro) |
No carbon emissions |
| Turquoise Hydrogen |
Methane pyrolysis from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) |
Reduced emissions compared to gray hydrogen |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jatan Software
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Union government plans to complete the 3D digitisation of all museums under its administrative control by the end of 2023.
- The digitisation initiative using JATAN software aims to enhance the conservation and preservation of artefacts.
What is JATAN Software?
- JATAN is a virtual museum builder software used in Indian museums.
- It enables the creation of a digital collection management system and is deployed in several national museums across India.
- The objective of JATAN is to digitally preserve and document museum objects for the benefit of researchers, curators, and other interested individuals.
- The software was designed and developed by the Human Centres Design and Computing Group at the Centre for Development of Smart Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.
- JATAN facilitates the creation of digital imprints of preserved objects and monuments.
- These digital imprints are integrated into the national digital repository and portal, making them accessible to the public.
Benefits of 3D Digitisation
- 3D digitisation offers improved conservation and preservation of artefacts, ensuring their long-term protection.
- It enhances accessibility and exploration for museum visitors, providing new ways to engage with the collection.
- The 3D models generated through digitisation can be used in augmented reality, virtual reality, and interactive learning experiences, creating immersive educational opportunities.
- Furthermore, the digitisation process enables the potential for 3D printing, allowing for replication and detailed study of artefacts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Akashteer
Mains level: Advanced Air Defence Technologies
Central Idea
- Reorientation of focus: Indian Army shifts focus from western to northern borders following 2020 standoff with China.
- Lessons from Ukraine conflict: Insights from ongoing war in Ukraine are influencing transformation of Army Air Defence (AAD).
- Induction of new systems: New systems are being inducted to enhance air defence capabilities.
What is Project Akashteer?
- Networking and automation: Project Akashteer aims to establish networking and automation capabilities similar to Indian Air Force’s system.
- Comprehensive air defence picture: Project Akashteer focuses on building a comprehensive air defence picture for monitoring, tracking, and engaging air defence assets.
- Implementation target: The project aims to complete implementation by March 2024 for integration of radars, control centres, and weapons.
Shifting Focus and New Technology
- Shift in focus: Indian Army shifts focus from western border to northern borders.
- Mountainous air defence requirements: The need for lightweight radars and mobile weapon systems to cater to requirements in mountainous regions.
- Consideration of new threats: Insights from Ukraine conflict prompt consideration of new threats such as UAVs, loitering munitions, swarm drones, and cruise missiles.
Induction of New Systems
- Improved Akash surface-to-air missile systems: Contract signed for two regiments of improved Akash systems to enhance air defence capabilities.
- Collaboration with Israel: Collaboration with Israel for the induction of medium-range surface-to-air missile project.
- Development of quick reaction systems: Indigenously developing quick reaction surface-to-air missile (QRSAM) to meet critical air defence needs.
- Exploration of air defence guns: Ongoing efforts to procure air defence guns to strengthen air defence capabilities.
Challenges and Indigenization
- Component shortage: Global shortage of components and hardware due to the Ukraine conflict affecting the pace of inductions.
- Emphasis on indigenization: Focus on promoting indigenization and reducing dependence on imports for air defence systems.
- Revitalization of modernization: Revival of Army Air Defence modernization with emphasis on indigenous development and procurement.
Significance of the project
- Strengthened air defence capabilities: Focus on enhancing air defence capabilities for robust border security.
- Improved monitoring and coordination: Integration and automation initiatives enhance monitoring, coordination, and situational awareness.
- Enhanced border preparedness: Contribution to enhanced border preparedness and response capabilities.
Way forward
- Continued research and development: Focus on continuous research and development to stay ahead of evolving threats and challenges.
- International collaboration: Collaboration with international partners to incorporate advanced air defence systems and technologies.
- Integration of advanced technologies: Integration of technologies like AI and machine learning to enhance air defence operations and effectiveness.
- Innovation and efficiency: Focus on innovation, efficiency, and effectiveness in future air defence strategies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fruit Flies
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Flies’ negative perception: Fruit flies often considered annoying pests, but their significance in biological and medical science is immense.
- Economic and environmental importance: Flies, including fruit flies, play crucial roles as pollinators for plants and contribute to decomposition processes.
Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
- Overview: Fruit or vinegar fly species known for its nuisance during summer.
- Scientific significance: Drosophila melanogaster is a well-understood animal organism globally and has contributed to numerous Nobel Prize-winning discoveries in physiology and medicine.
Partnership between Science and Flies
- Early collaborations with flies: Biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies revolutionized evolutionary and genetic research.
- Discoveries in genetics: Fruit flies provided insights into genetic mutations, inheritance patterns, and the mapping of genes on chromosomes.
- Understanding biological processes: Studies in fruit flies helped unravel mechanisms of development, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Insights from Drosophila Research
- Embryo studies: Microscopic examination of Drosophila embryos aided in understanding genetic defects and gene networks that control development.
- Contribution to genetic medicine: Research on fruit flies helped decipher the genetic code, map DNA structure, and investigate inherited disorders.
- Remarkable genetic similarity: Fruit flies and humans share striking biological similarities, allowing for the study of human biology and disease in flies.
Versatility and Applications of Drosophila Research
- Efficient and cost-effective research: Fruit flies offer a fast and versatile model organism for studying various aspects of human biology and disease.
- Neuroscience and behavioral research: Fruit flies provide insights into learning, memory, sleep, aggression, addiction, and neural disorders.
- Broad range of applications: Fruit flies are used to study cancer, aging, development, gut microbiome, stem cells, muscles, and the heart.
Bridging Knowledge Gaps
- Complementary to human studies: Fruit flies serve as a bridge to understanding complex human diseases and physiological processes.
- Insights into neurodegenerative diseases: Although flies cannot fully mimic personality loss in Alzheimer’s disease, they contribute to studying neuronal death and related mechanisms.
Paradigm for Scientific Discoveries
- Accelerating research in complex organisms: Knowledge gained from fruit flies can be applied to more complex organisms, expediting scientific progress.
- Global research community: Over 10,000 researchers worldwide utilize fruit flies for diverse areas of study, enriching our understanding of human biology and disease.
Shifting Perspectives
- Appreciating the significance: Fruit flies, despite their annoyance, play a vital role in advancing scientific knowledge and medical breakthroughs.
- Rethinking flies’ presence: Viewing fruit flies in a different light, recognizing their value in research and their contributions to understanding the world around us.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ram Prasad Bismil, Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: This article revolves around the life, contributions, and legacy of Ram Prasad Bismil, a revolutionary figure in India’s freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
Ram Prasad Bismil
- Birth: Ram Prasad Bismil was born on June 11, 1897, in Shahjahanpur district, UP.
- Revolutionary activities: He actively fought against British Raj and participated in notable events like the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918 and the Kakori Train Action of 1925.
- Founding of Hindustan Republican Association: Bismil established the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, later known as the Hindustan Socialist RA) and played a pivotal role in the organization.
- Sacrifice and execution: Bismil was hanged for his revolutionary activities on December 19, 1927, at the age of 30.
Early life and Arya Samaj connections
- Upbringing and linguistic influences: Bismil was born into a Rajput Tomar family and learned Hindi from his father, Urdu from a nearby maulvi, and also studied in an English medium school in Shahjahanpur.
- Association with Arya Samaj: Bismil joined the Arya Samaj during his childhood, becoming a prolific writer and poet. He used pen names such as ‘Agyat’, ‘Ram’, and the well-known ‘Bismil’.
- Poem “Mera Janm”: At the age of 18, Bismil wrote the poem “Mera Janm” expressing his anger over the death sentence of Arya Samaj missionary Bhai Parmanand.
Major events associated to Bismil
(1) Mainpuri Conspiracy
- Political disillusionment: Bismil became disillusioned with the moderate wing of the Congress Party and rejected negotiation or appeasement with the British.
- Formation of Matrivedi: Bismil established the revolutionary organization Matrivedi and collaborated with Genda Lal Dixit, who had connections with dacoits and sought to utilize them in the armed struggle.
- Mainpuri Ki Pratigya: Bismil’s famous poem, “Mainpuri Ki Pratigya,” was widely distributed in pamphlets across the United Provinces. He carried out acts of looting to gather funds for his organization.
(2) Founding the Hindustan Republican Association
- Return to Shahjahanpur: After being underground for several years, Bismil returned to Shahjahanpur in February 1920.
- Formation of HRA: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, founded the Hindustan Republican Association. Later, Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh joined the organization.
- Release of the manifesto: Bismil played a significant role in penning the manifesto titled “Krantikari,” which was officially released on January 1, 1925. The manifesto called for an organized and armed revolution to establish a federal Republic of United States of India.
(3) Kakori Train Action
- Objective and planning: The Kakori Train Action aimed to rob a train carrying treasury bags between Shahjahanpur and Lucknow.
- Execution of the action: On August 9, 1925, around ten revolutionaries, including Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan, stopped the train at Kakori station, overpowered the guard, and looted the treasury bags containing approximately Rs 4,600.
- Consequences and crackdown: The action drew both British outrage and mixed responses from the Indian public. The misfiring of a gun resulted in the accidental killing of a passenger, Ahmad Ali, dampening public support. Subsequently, a violent crackdown led to the arrest of most involved, excluding Chandrashekhar Azad.
Death and legacy
- Trial and sentencing: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan and Rajendranath Lahiri, faced a long trial and were ultimately sentenced to death.
- Execution and martyrdom: On December 19, 1927, Bismil was executed at the age of 30, leaving behind a legacy of sacrifice and dedication to the cause of freedom.
- Enduring influence and remembrance: Bismil’s poetry continues to inspire and his call for Hindu-Muslim unity serves as a symbol of communal harmony. He is remembered for his revolutionary spirit and deep concern for society, justice, and equality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Divyang friendly infrastructure and schemes
Mains level: Inclusive cities , challenges faced by persons with disabilities and way ahead
Central Idea
- Persons with disabilities often face numerous challenges when it comes to participating fully in urban life. In order to provide them with equal opportunities to enjoy cultural, economic, and social activities, it is crucial to create an enabling environment with inclusive infrastructure.
Role of Technology and ICT in addressing the challenges faced by persons with disabilities
- Accessibility: Technology and ICT can help create accessible environments by providing innovative solutions that remove barriers and enable equal access for persons with disabilities. For example, assistive technologies such as mobility aids, screen readers, and voice recognition systems can empower individuals with visual or mobility impairments to navigate urban spaces and access information.
- Communication and Information: Technology and ICT facilitate communication and access to information for persons with disabilities. This includes providing alternative formats for content, such as braille, audio, or captioning, and ensuring websites, applications, and digital platforms are designed to be accessible and inclusive.
- Assistive Devices and Tools: Technology plays a significant role in the development and advancement of assistive devices and tools that enhance the independence and capabilities of persons with disabilities. These may include prosthetics, smart mobility aids, wearable devices, and specialized software applications that cater to specific needs.
- Smart Cities and Infrastructure: Technology and ICT enable the development of smart cities and infrastructure, which can be designed with inclusivity in mind. For instance, smart mobility systems, sensor-based navigation aids, and inclusive public transportation systems can greatly enhance the mobility and independence of individuals.
- Data Collection and Analysis: Technology and ICT enable the collection, analysis, and utilization of data related to disability and accessibility. This data can help policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders make informed decisions, identify areas for improvement, and develop inclusive policies and interventions.
- Awareness and Education: Technology and ICT platforms provide avenues for raising awareness about disability rights, accessibility, and inclusive practices. They can also be used for educational purposes, such as online courses, virtual training, and accessible learning materials, to promote inclusive education and capacity building.
Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards
- Purpose: The Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards were established to crowdsource tech-based solutions and innovations that specifically target city-level accessibility and inclusion challenges.
- Organizers: The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) in partnership with the United Nations (UN) in India is responsible for hosting and organizing the Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards.
- Participation: The initiative invites individuals, organizations, start-ups, and innovators to participate in the challenge by submitting their technology-based solutions that address the specific needs of persons with disabilities in urban contexts.
- Solution Areas: The Smart Solutions Challenge focuses on solutions that enhance accessibility, inclusivity, and independent living for persons with disabilities. These solutions may cover a wide range of domains, including but not limited to transportation, mobility, assistive devices, communication, digital platforms, smart infrastructure, and data-driven solutions.
- Recognition and Support: The Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards provide a platform to showcase and recognize the most innovative and impactful solutions. Winning participants receive recognition for their work and may also receive support in the form of funding, mentorship, networking opportunities, or collaborations with relevant stakeholders to further develop and implement their solutions.
- Localizing Innovations: The initiative emphasizes the importance of localizing innovations to suit the specific needs and challenges of different cities in India. By promoting context-specific solutions, the program aims to ensure that urban areas across the country become more inclusive and accessible for persons with disabilities.
Government Initiatives and Global Engagement
- Start-up 20 Engagement Group: As part of its G20 presidency, India initiated the Start-up 20 Engagement Group. This platform provides a global space for collaboration and exchange of ideas among start-ups across G20 member nations.
- G20 Digital Innovation Alliance (G20-DIA): The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the G20 Digital Innovation Alliance to showcase innovative solutions and create an alliance of players in the innovation ecosystem.
- Urban-20 (U20) Engagement Group: The U20 Engagement Group, under the G20 framework, focuses on urban issues and policies. One of the priority themes for the U20 is Catalyzing Digital Urban Futures. This theme emphasizes the effective and inclusive use of data and technology for improving city management and fostering urban development.
- Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Government of India has prioritized its development agenda in alignment with the globally agreed SDGs. This includes leveraging technological innovations to achieve sustainable urbanization and address the needs of vulnerable populations, including persons with disabilities.
- National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA): The NIUA, in collaboration with the UN in India, has been actively involved in promoting inclusive cities through initiatives like the Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards. These platforms encourage innovation and provide a space for sharing best practices and solutions for enhancing urban accessibility and inclusivity.
- Global Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: The government of India actively engages in global partnerships, forums, and collaborations to exchange knowledge, share experiences, and learn from international best practices in inclusive urban development.
Way ahead: Building an Inclusive and Accessible India
- Policy and Legislative Framework: Strengthen and enforce existing laws and policies that promote accessibility and inclusivity for persons with disabilities. This includes the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which provides a legal framework for ensuring equal opportunities, non-discrimination, and accessibility in various areas of life.
- Awareness and Sensitization: Conduct awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate the public, policymakers, and relevant stakeholders about the rights, abilities, and needs of persons with disabilities.
- Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for government officials, urban planners, architects, engineers, and other professionals involved in urban development to enhance their understanding of accessibility standards and inclusive design principles.
- Accessible Infrastructure: Invest in the development of accessible infrastructure, including accessible transportation systems, buildings, public spaces, and digital platforms. This involves implementing universal design principles, ensuring barrier-free access, and incorporating assistive technologies.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaborations between government agencies, private sector organizations, non-profit organizations, academic institutions, and persons with disabilities themselves.
- Data and Monitoring: Establish comprehensive data collection mechanisms to gather accurate and up-to-date information on the status of accessibility and inclusion in cities. This data can inform evidence-based decision-making, monitor progress, and identify areas that require further attention and improvement.
- Empowerment and Employment: Promote inclusive employment opportunities and entrepreneurship for persons with disabilities. This can be achieved through affirmative action policies, skill development programs, mentorship initiatives, and creating an enabling environment that supports their full and meaningful participation in the workforce.
- Collaboration on a Global Scale: Engage in international collaborations, exchange best practices, and learn from global experiences to accelerate progress towards inclusive urban development.
Conclusion
- Inclusive cities are essential for ensuring equal opportunities and participation for persons with disabilities. By embracing the power of technology and fostering global partnerships, India is paving the way for an inclusive and accessible future, empowering individuals to reach their full potential and contributing to a society that celebrates diversity and inclusivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C+C5 summit and other such developments
Mains level: Central Asian countries complex dynamics and multi vectored foreign policy
Central Idea
- China recently hosted the inaugural C+C5 summit in Xi’an, which brought together the leaders of five Central Asian countries. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration’ and emphasized the Belt and Road cooperation as a new starting point for China-Central Asia relations. However, the central Asian countries have successfully implemented a multi-vectored foreign policy, balancing their engagements with various regional and international powers.
What is C+C5 summit?
- The C+C5 stands for China plus Central Asia, indicating the participation of both China and the five Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
- The purpose of the C+C5 summit is to strengthen the relations and cooperation between China and these Central Asian countries.
- The first C+C5 summit took place in Xi’an, China, and resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which outlines the shared vision and goals for China-Central Asia cooperation.
Facts for prelims
G7 Summit Hiroshima
- The 49th annual G7 Summit took place in Hiroshima. Japan hosted the summit in its capacity as the President of the G7.
- Prime Minister Kishida’s commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation was evident through the choice of Hiroshima as the host city.
- Prime Minister Modi attended the summit at the invitation of the Japanese Prime Minister.
- The participating leaders issued a leaders’ communiqué on the second day of the summit. The communiqué will be adopted officially at the end of the summit on the 21st.
- Current Members: US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan
|
Complex Regional Dynamics of Central Asian countries
- Geopolitical Competition: China’s growing influence in Central Asia can be seen as a challenge to Russia’s historical dominance in the region. This geopolitical competition between the two powers shapes the dynamics of China-Central Asia relations.
- Multi-vector Engagements: Central Asian countries pursue multi-vectored foreign policies, engaging with various regional and international powers. This approach allows them to maintain balanced relations and leverage different partnerships to their advantage.
- Regional Cooperation Organizations: Central Asian countries are members of various regional cooperation organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). These organizations influence the dynamics of regional interactions and shape cooperation initiatives.
- Economic Interests: China’s economic investments and infrastructure projects in Central Asia, driven by the Belt and Road initiative, have both positive and complex implications for the region. Balancing economic benefits with potential dependencies and competition is crucial for the Central Asian countries.
- Historical and Cultural Connections: Central Asia shares historical and cultural ties with both China and Russia. These historical connections influence the perceptions, interactions, and priorities of the countries involved, impacting regional dynamics.
- Balancing Global Engagements: Central Asian countries navigate their relationships with major global powers, including the European Union, the United States, and regional actors such as Turkey. Balancing these engagements is necessary to safeguard their interests and maintain stability in the region.
- Afghanistan’s Impact: The situation in Afghanistan has implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia. Stability and security concerns in Afghanistan directly affect neighboring countries and influence their interactions with external powers.
Significance of C+C5: Strengthening China-Central Asia Relations
- ‘Xi’an Declaration: The C+C5 summit held in Xi’an, China, served as a platform for leaders from China and the Central Asian countries to discuss and strengthen their bilateral relations. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which laid out a blueprint for future cooperation.
- Belt and Road Cooperation: The summit focused on the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road initiative, emphasizing its role as a new starting point for China-Central Asia cooperation. The Belt and Road initiative aims to enhance connectivity and promote economic development through infrastructure projects.
- Cultural Silk Road Program: The ‘Cultural Silk Road’ program was discussed during the summit, which aims to enhance cultural cooperation, preserve shared heritage, and promote cultural exchange between China and Central Asian countries.
- China-Central Asia Summit Mechanism: The establishment of the China-Central Asia Summit mechanism during the summit paves the way for future biennial summits between the participating countries. This institutional framework ensures regular high-level engagement and facilitates ongoing cooperation.
Successes of a Multi-Vectored Foreign Policy
- Diversified Economic Ties: Central Asian countries have successfully diversified their economic ties through a multi-vectored foreign policy. By engaging with multiple regional and international partners, they have expanded trade relations, attracted foreign investments, and accessed various markets.
- Enhanced Diplomatic Influence: A multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to expand their diplomatic influence. By cultivating relationships with different actors, they can assert their interests, advocate for regional stability, and participate actively in international forums.
- Balancing Regional Security: Central Asian countries have effectively balanced regional security concerns through multi-vectored foreign policies. By cooperating with different security organizations and partners, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and Russia, they have successfully managed common security challenges, including terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking.
- Preserving Sovereignty: Pursuing a multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to maintain their sovereignty and independence. By engaging with multiple actors, they prevent overreliance on any single power and safeguard their decision-making autonomy in international affairs.
- Regional Cooperation Initiatives: Central Asian countries have actively participated in regional cooperation initiatives and organizations, such as the SCO and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program.
- Improved Resilience and Flexibility: Central Asian countries’ multi-vectored foreign policy has made them more resilient and adaptable in the face of changing geopolitical dynamics. By diversifying their partnerships, they can navigate shifting regional dynamics and respond effectively to evolving challenges and opportunities.
- Peaceful Coexistence: The success of a multi-vectored foreign policy in Central Asia highlights the region’s ability to maintain peaceful coexistence among major regional and global powers. By pursuing balanced engagements, Central Asian countries contribute to stability, reduce tensions, and promote cooperation between different actors.
Conclusion
- The C+C5 summit and the successful implementation of a multi-vectored foreign policy by Central Asian countries highlight the importance of balanced regional engagements. As Georgia and Moldova strive for EU/NATO membership, they should embrace a multi-vectored approach to ensure regional stability and security. Only through this pragmatic path can lasting peace be achieved, despite existing challenges and geopolitical complexities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nutrition schemes
Mains level: Nutrition of girls, Programs', challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- India’s future prosperity hinges on the well-being and development of its adolescent girls. The period of adolescence is critical for cognitive growth, making improved access to nutrition during this phase crucial. By addressing any nutrient deficiencies acquired in early developmental stages, we can unlock the full potential of the girl child.
Ever-growing Nutritional Concerns
- High Prevalence of Anemia: The National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) reveals that a staggering 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic. Anemia not only affects their overall health but also hampers their cognitive development and academic performance.
- Underweight and Malnourishment: According to NFHS-4 data, over 41.9% of school-going girls in India are underweight. Malnourishment deprives girls of essential nutrients necessary for their growth, development, and overall well-being.
- Menstruation-Related Nutritional Challenges: The onset of menstruation poses specific nutritional challenges for adolescent girls. The increased nutrient requirements during this phase, coupled with inadequate access to nutritious food and hygiene products, further exacerbate the risk of undernutrition and anemia.
- Impact on Cognitive Development: Poor nutrition during adolescence can have long-lasting effects on cognitive development, affecting academic performance and limiting educational attainment. This hampers opportunities for employment and economic self-sufficiency later in life.
- Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases and Pregnancy Complications: Undernourished adolescent girls are at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases and experiencing complications during pregnancy. This not only burdens families and communities with healthcare costs but also leads to financial instability and increased poverty.
- Impediment to Women’s Labor Force Participation: Adolescent health serves as a significant indicator of women’s long-term participation in the labor force. Improved nutrition during adolescence enhances the prospects of young girls to engage in productive activities, contributing to economic growth and development
Long-term Consequences of Neglecting Nutrition among adolescent girls
- Academic Performance and Educational Attainment: Poor nutrition during adolescence can lead to cognitive impairments, affecting academic performance. Malnourished girls may struggle to concentrate, learn, and retain information, ultimately limiting their educational attainment.
- Economic Self-Sufficiency: Limited educational attainment and reduced job prospects due to undernutrition can impede economic self-sufficiency for adolescent girls. They may face challenges in finding stable employment and earning a sufficient income, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
- Health Consequences: Undernourished adolescent girls are at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders, later in life. Poor nutrition during this crucial developmental phase also increases the likelihood of experiencing complications during pregnancy
- Inter-generational Cycle of Malnutrition: Neglecting the nutritional needs of adolescent girls perpetuates an inter-generational cycle of malnutrition. Malnourished girls are more likely to give birth to undernourished babies, continuing the cycle of poor health and nutrition from one generation to the next.
- Increased Healthcare Burden: The long-term consequences of undernutrition, including chronic diseases and pregnancy complications, impose a significant healthcare burden on both families and communities. The cost of treating and managing these health issues places additional strain on healthcare systems and can lead to financial instability for families.
- Social Participation and Empowerment: Adequate nutrition plays a vital role in enabling individuals to actively participate in society. Undernourished adolescent girls may face limitations in engaging in social and community activities, including work, politics, and community involvement.
What needs to do to address these challenges?
- Policy and Programmatic Interventions: Governments should prioritize nutrition interventions for adolescent girls by developing and implementing policies and programs that specifically target their nutritional needs.
- Convergence and Collaboration: There should be effective convergence and collaboration among various government departments and stakeholders involved in nutrition and health programs.
- Awareness and Education: Comprehensive awareness campaigns and nutrition education programs targeted at adolescent girls, their families, and communities should be implemented.
- Strengthening Health Systems: Health systems should be strengthened to effectively deliver nutrition interventions to adolescent girls. This includes training health workers to provide appropriate counseling, screening for nutritional deficiencies, and ensuring the availability of necessary supplements and treatments.
- Research and Data: There is a need for continued research and data collection on the nutritional status of adolescent girls. This data should be disaggregated by various parameters such as age, location, and socio-economic background.
- Empowering Girls: Empowering adolescent girls is essential for their overall development and well-being. This can be done by providing opportunities for education, skill-building, and economic empowerment. Empowered girls are more likely to prioritize their own health and nutrition and become agents of change within their communities.
- Partnerships and Investments: Public-private partnerships and investments from both domestic and international stakeholders are crucial for scaling up nutrition interventions for adolescent girls.
Need for the Strategic Modifications and Collaborations
- Integration of Government Initiatives: Various government initiatives targeting adolescent girls’ nutrition should be integrated and coordinated to ensure comprehensive coverage and avoid duplication. For example, the Scheme for Adolescent Girls (SAG) can be brought under the umbrella of the Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition programme (POSHAN) 2.0, facilitating a more cohesive and synergistic approach.
- Strengthening Awareness and Nutrition Education: Targeted adolescent-oriented schemes, such as the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), should incorporate robust awareness and nutrition education programs. Integration of behavior change communication (BCC) efforts can generate greater demand and promote the adoption of good nutrition practices.
- Collaborative Efforts for Convergence: Effective convergence and collaborations among relevant departments and stakeholders are crucial. This includes collaboration between the health, education, and women and child development departments to ensure a coordinated approach.
- Regional Contextualization: Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) efforts should be tailored to the regional context and cultural nuances to ensure better acceptance and uptake of nutrition interventions. Collaboration with local community leaders, influencers, and organizations can help in designing region-specific interventions and strategies.
Conclusion
- Addressing nutrition among girls is not just a health concern but an investment in the nation’s future. We have a responsibility and an opportunity to prioritize the nutritional needs of India’s girls, nurturing a healthier, stronger India where every girl can reach her full potential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: provisions related to Governors and power to assent bills
Mains level: Issues between Chief Ministers and Governors
Central Idea
- Issues have recently surfaced in several states regarding the delay in the passage of Bills, leading to conflicts between Chief Ministers and Governors. This situation poses a challenge for parliamentary democracies, where governments are elected to enact laws that reflect the will of the people. Inability to legislate effectively can potentially result in a breakdown of the democratic system.
Who is Governor?
- Parallel to President: The Governors of the states of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the President of India at the Central level.
- Nominal head: The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief Ministers of the states and her/his councils of ministers.
- Similar offices: Governors exist in the states while Lieutenant Governors or Administrators exist in union territories including the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
- Non-local appointees: Few or no governors are local to the state that they are appointed to govern.
The Role of the Governor in the state
- Constitutional Head: The Governor serves as the constitutional head of the state and represents the President at the state level.
- Executive Functions: The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. The Governor also appoints other members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
- Legislative Functions: The Governor summons and prorogues sessions of the Legislative Assembly, and can also dissolve the Legislative Assembly if necessary. The Governor addresses the Legislative Assembly at the beginning of each session, highlighting the government’s policies and priorities.
- Assenting to Bills: The Governor plays a crucial role in the legislative process by giving or withholding assent to bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Governor can also return a bill with recommendations for reconsideration by the Legislative Assembly.
- Discretionary Powers: The Governor can exercise certain discretionary powers, such as referring a bill to the President if it affects the powers of the High Court or if it involves a matter of public interest. The Governor may also exercise discretion in situations where the Constitution expressly permits independent action.
- Judicial Functions: The Governor appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the state’s Chief minister. The Governor also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment.
- Diplomatic Functions: The Governor represents the state in its relations with other states in India and performs ceremonial duties as the representative of the state.
- Emergency Powers: In times of emergency or breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state, the Governor can assume additional powers to maintain law and order and ensure the smooth functioning of the government.
- Interaction with the Central Government: The Governor acts as a link between the state government and the central government. They communicate state-related matters to the President and seek the President’s advice on various issues
Constitutional Provision Regarding Governor
- Article 153: Provides a Governor for each State, and by virtue of Article 154, the executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor “Shall be exercised by him directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution”.
- Article 154(2)(a): Prohibits the Governor from exercising any function “conferred by existing law on any other Authority.
- Article 163: Categorically provides that “there shall be a council of ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor. except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his function or any of them in his discretion”
Governor’s Power to Assent the Bill
According to Article 200:
- Assenting to Bills: When a bill is presented to the Governor, they have three options: to give their assent, to withhold their assent, or to return the bill with recommendations for reconsideration.
- Returning the Bill: If the Governor decides to return the bill, they can do so with a message to the Legislative Assembly, requesting them to reconsider the bill wholly or partially. However, this provision applies only to bills that are not Money Bills.
- Timeframe for Reconsideration: The Legislative Assembly has a period of six months to decide whether or not to accept the Governor’s recommendations. If the bill is returned to the Governor and the Legislative Assembly accepts the recommendations, the Governor is obliged to give their assent to the bill.
- Discretionary Referral to the President: The Governor also has the discretion to refer a bill to the President if they believe that the bill, if enacted, would encroach upon the powers of the High Court. In such cases, the procedure for obtaining the President’s assent is outlined in Article 201 of the Constitution
Judicial Review over the Governor’s Autonomy
- Constitutionality of Actions: The judiciary has the authority to review the actions of the Governor and determine whether they are consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. If the Governor acts in a manner that exceeds their constitutional powers or violates constitutional provisions, the judiciary can intervene and declare such actions as unconstitutional.
- Exercise of Discretionary Powers: The Governor’s discretionary powers, as granted by the Constitution, are subject to judicial review. If the Governor’s exercise of discretion is found to be arbitrary, unreasonable, or against constitutional principles, the judiciary can intervene and provide necessary remedies.
- Violation of Fundamental Rights: If the actions or decisions of the Governor infringe upon the fundamental rights of individuals or groups, the judiciary can review such violations and ensure that constitutional rights are protected. The courts can examine whether the Governor’s actions are in accordance with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and take appropriate measures to safeguard these rights.
- Compliance with Constitutional Procedures: The judiciary can review whether the Governor has followed the prescribed constitutional procedures in exercising their powers. This includes assessing whether the Governor has properly considered the advice of the Council of Ministers, followed the constitutional provisions regarding assenting to bills, or adhered to procedural requirements in making appointments or taking other actions.
- Limits on Discretion: Judicial review ensures that the Governor’s discretion is not absolute and subject to constitutional limitations. If the Governor’s actions are found to be beyond their constitutional powers, the judiciary can nullify such actions and provide appropriate remedies.
- Review of Delayed Actions: If the Governor unduly delays taking action on a bill or any other matter, the judiciary can review such delays to ensure that they are not in violation of constitutional principles. If the delay is deemed unreasonable or unjustified, the courts can intervene and direct the Governor to fulfill their constitutional obligations within a reasonable time frame
Conclusion
- The issues between Chief Ministers and Governors regarding the passing of Bills highlight the need to preserve the integrity of parliamentary democracy. The Governor’s role is to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, and their discretion is limited. Judicial review ensures constitutional adherence and protects democratic principles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dicsoms related developments in news
Mains level: Challenges faced by Discoms, Electricity Act 2003, way ahead
Central Idea
- The Electricity Act 2003 introduced significant reforms in the Indian power sector, aiming to enhance competition, protect consumer interests, and ensure electricity supply for all. The Act led to the dismantling of State Electricity Boards and the separation of generation, transmission, and distribution into separate entities. While the generation sector saw a surge in private investment and competitive procurement, transmission and distribution remained regulated activities.
What is The Electricity Act 2003?
- The Electricity Act 2003 is a legislation enacted by the Government of India with the objective of restructuring and reforming the power sector in the country. It replaced the earlier Electricity Supply Act of 1948 and introduced several significant changes to the regulatory framework governing the generation, transmission, distribution, and trading of electricity.
The key provisions of the Electricity Act 2003
- Restructuring of the power sector: The Act aimed to dismantle the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and separate the functions of generation, transmission, and distribution into distinct entities. This was done to promote competition, improve efficiency, and ensure a level playing field for different players in the power sector.
- Delicensing of electricity generation: The Act removed the requirement of obtaining licenses for electricity generation, except in certain exceptional cases. This opened up the generation sector to private investment and competition, leading to increased participation of independent power producers and encouraging the development of diverse energy sources.
- Licensing and regulation of transmission and distribution: While electricity generation was delicensed, the Act retained the licensing and regulatory framework for transmission and distribution activities. This was done to ensure the reliability, safety, and quality of electricity supply to consumers and to prevent any abuse of monopoly power in these segments.
- Promotion of renewable energy: The Act recognized the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development and mandated the promotion of renewable energy generation. It provided incentives and provisions for the purchase and obligation of renewable power by distribution licensees.
- Open access and power trading: The Act introduced provisions for open access, which allowed consumers with a load above a certain threshold to choose their electricity supplier. It also facilitated the establishment of power exchanges for transparent trading of electricity and promoted the development of a competitive power market.
- Establishment of regulatory bodies: The Act established State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) at the state level and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) at the national level. These regulatory bodies were entrusted with the task of regulating tariffs, ensuring compliance with regulations, resolving disputes, and promoting competition in the power sector.
Facts for prelims:
What is UDAY scheme?
- Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana is the financial turnaround and revival package for electricity distribution companies of India initiated by the Government of India with the intent to find a permanent solution to the financial mess that the power distribution is in
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Competitive generation and renewable power
- Competitive Industry Structure: The Electricity Act 2003 led to the evolution of a competitive industry structure in electricity generation. It opened up the sector to private investment and allowed for the entry of independent power producers, fostering competition among different players.
- Increased Private Investment: The Act resulted in a significant increase in private investment in the creation of new generating capacity. Private investors played a crucial role in expanding the generation infrastructure in the country.
- Long-Term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Competitive procurement through long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) became prevalent in the power sector. PPAs provide assurance to investors and de-risk their financial commitment, enabling the development of new generating capacity.
- Lower-than-Anticipated Prices: Prices discovered through the competitive market and long-term PPAs turned out to be lower than anticipated under the earlier cost-plus dispensation for determining tariffs. This suggests that the competitive procurement process led to more cost-effective pricing of electricity.
- Impressive Growth in Renewable Power: The growth of renewable power in India is entirely the result of private investment. The provisions of the Electricity Act 2003, such as the promotion of renewable energy and obligations on distribution licensees, have played a significant role in driving this growth.
- Key Role of Tariff-Based Bids: Tariff-based bids for the supply of electricity to distribution companies (Discoms) have been instrumental in the success of the National Solar Mission. This approach allows for competitive pricing and has contributed to India achieving one of the cheapest rates for solar power supply in the world.
Challenges faced by Discoms (Distribution Licensees) in the power sector
- Cost-Reflective Tariffs: One of the main challenges is the inability of regulators in the states to determine cost-reflective tariffs. Discoms often struggle to set tariffs that accurately reflect the costs associated with electricity supply, leading to financial inefficiencies and revenue shortfalls.
- Timely Subsidies: State governments find it difficult to provide timely subsidies as required by law. This creates financial burdens on Discoms, affecting their ability to meet operational expenses, procure power, and make payments to generators.
- Cross-Subsidy Surcharge: The Electricity Act 2003 mandates a progressive reduction of cross-subsidies, where higher-end industrial and commercial consumers pay more to cross-subsidize lower-end households with lower tariffs. However, the reduction of cross-subsidies has not been effectively implemented, resulting in the continuation of cross-subsidy surcharges.
- Misgovernance and Rent-Seeking: Some states face issues of misgovernance and rent-seeking in the power sector, which further exacerbates the challenges faced by Discoms. These problems can hinder efficient operations, delay decision-making processes, and contribute to financial losses.
- Financial Viability: Discoms often struggle with financial viability due to a combination of factors, including high aggregate technical and commercial losses, inadequate tariff hikes, and mounting debts. This affects their ability to invest in infrastructure upgrades, procure power, and meet payment obligations to generators and other stakeholders.
- Power Supply Reliability: Discoms have the responsibility to ensure reliable power supply to consumers. However, challenges in forecasting demand accurately, managing supply-demand imbalances, and maintaining grid stability can affect the reliability of power supply.
Way ahead: Lessons from the UK and Cautionary Considerations
- Demand Growth and New Generating Capacity: The UK’s experience with power sector reforms differs from India’s due to variations in demand growth. The UK did not witness significant demand growth after implementing reforms, reducing the need for new generating capacity. In contrast, India continues to experience substantial demand growth, necessitating continuous investments in new generation infrastructure.
- Energy Transition and Market Mechanisms: The UK’s energy transition required the introduction of “contract for differences” to drive renewable energy investments. This mechanism assured successful bidders’ payment of the difference between the market price and their bid price whenever the market price fell below their bid price.
- Consequences of Deregulated Markets: Inelastic electricity demand led to significant price increases, prompting the government to provide cash support for lifeline consumption. Energy companies generated record profits, leading the government to impose taxes on their windfall gains. This highlights the potential risks and unintended consequences of relying solely on deregulated markets.
- Cautionary Approach: While Discoms face challenges, such as financial losses and delays in payments to generators, the underlying problems lie in the domain of political economy, including misgovernance and rent-seeking. Simply adopting imported reform ideas may not solve these issues and may have unintended negative consequences.
- Comprehensive Understanding: It highlights that quick-fix solutions should be avoided, and the experiences and lessons from other countries, such as the UK, should be carefully analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls.
Conclusion
- The Electricity Act 2003 has laid the foundation for significant reforms in India’s power sector. While challenges persist in the form of Discoms, careful considerations and comprehensive solutions are necessary. Lessons from the UK’s power sector reforms should be analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls. There are no quick-fix solutions, and a balanced approach is crucial for the sustainable development of India’s power sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Revolution
Mains level: India's journey to self reliance in Agriculture
Central Idea
- Soviet Union’s role: The Soviet Union contributed to India’s industrialization through capital equipment and technology.
- United States’ contribution: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, supported India’s agricultural development.
Soviet Union’s Role in Industrialization
- Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc: Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc led to the establishment of key industrial plants and institutions in India.
- Examples: Bhilai and Bokaro steel plants (established in the 1950s), Barauni and Koyali refineries, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation, Neyveli Thermal Power Station, Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, and oil prospecting and drilling at Ankleshwar.
US’s Contribution to Agricultural Development
- Lesser-known involvement: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, played a crucial role in India’s agricultural development during the 1950s and 1960s.
- Assistance provided: The US supported areas such as agricultural education, research, extension services, and technology transfer.
US Land-Grant Model
- Visit to US land-grant universities: In 1950, Major H.S. Sandhu and Chief Secretary A.N. Jha visited US land-grant universities for inspiration.
- Proposal for integrated agricultural universities: The visit inspired the recommendation to establish integrated agricultural universities in India.
- Establishment of UP Agricultural University: The UP Agricultural University was established in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh and inaugurated by PM Jawaharlal Nehru on November 17, 1960.
Expansion of Agricultural Universities
- Publication of blueprint by ICAR: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) published a blueprint titled “Blueprint for a Rural University in India” in the late 1950s.
- Financial assistance: The United States, through the USAID, provided support for the establishment of agricultural universities in India, starting from the late 1950s.
- Collaboration with US land-grant institutions: Agricultural universities in India established in the late 1950s and early 1960s were linked with US land-grant institutions for expertise and curriculum design.
Green Revolution under M.S. Swaminathan
- Characteristics of traditional varieties: Traditional wheat and rice varieties were tall and prone to lodging when the ear-heads were heavy with well-filled grains.
- Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties: Semi-dwarf varieties with strong stems that tolerated high fertilizer application were developed in the 1960s.
- Development and distribution of Norin-10 genes: The Norin-10 dwarfing genes played a significant role in the development of high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s.
Introduction of Seeds to India
- Correspondence with Vogel and Borlaug: M.S. Swaminathan contacted Orville Vogel and Norman Borlaug in the late 1950s.
- Arrival of Mexican wheat varieties: Mexican wheat varieties, sent by Borlaug, were first sown in trial fields in the early 1960s and later adopted on a large scale in India.
- Transition to self-sufficiency: India transitioned from being a wheat importer to achieving self-sufficiency in wheat production in the mid-1960s.
Motivation for US Assistance
- Cold War geopolitics and competition: Assistance in agricultural development was motivated by the Cold War geopolitics and the competition between superpowers.
- Benefits of India’s non-aligned status: India’s non-aligned status allowed for assistance from both superpowers, benefiting agricultural development.
Socioeconomic Benefits of the Green Revolution:
- Increased grain yields and productivity: The Green Revolution significantly increased grain yields, ensuring a stable food supply starting from the mid-1960s.
- Food security and self-sufficiency: Adoption of high-yielding varieties improved food security and reduced dependence on imports in the 1960s and 1970s.
- Economic growth and poverty reduction: The Green Revolution contributed to economic growth and poverty reduction in rural areas in the 1960s and 1970s.
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