Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WTO and related facts
Mains level: Transparency gaps and challenges withing WTO, Need for reforms and way ahead
Central Idea
- The recently concluded G20 working group meeting on trade and investment placed significant emphasis on the imperative task of reforming the World Trade Organization (WTO). While this issue has long been on the global agenda, it is crucial to consider the broader global context.
What is Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) Principle Enshrined in WTO Agreements?
- SDT principle is a fundamental aspect of the WTO agreements.
- It recognizes the differences in development levels among member countries and aims to provide special rights and treatment to developing countries.
- The principle acknowledges that developing nations face unique challenges and constraints in participating effectively in the global trading system.
Key Elements of SDT
- Longer Transition Periods: Developing countries are granted extended timeframes to implement certain obligations and adjust their domestic policies to comply with WTO rules. This allows them to accommodate their unique circumstances and developmental needs.
- Differential Tariff Reductions: Developing countries may be granted more lenient tariff reduction commitments compared to developed countries. They have the flexibility to reduce tariffs on a selective basis and protect certain sensitive sectors.
- Special Safeguard Measures: Developing countries can employ special safeguard mechanisms to protect domestic industries from import surges or market disruptions caused by increased competition. These measures allow temporary deviations from WTO commitments to mitigate adverse effects on vulnerable sectors.
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: Developed countries and international organizations provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to help developing nations enhance their trade-related infrastructure, institutions, and human resources. This assistance aims to strengthen their ability to effectively participate in global trade.
- Preferential Treatment in Regional and Bilateral Agreements: Developing countries are often offered preferential trade agreements or schemes by developed countries, granting them favorable market access and trade preferences. These agreements help stimulate export growth and promote economic development.
- Flexibility in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Developing countries may have more relaxed obligations related to intellectual property rights, allowing them to adopt measures that protect public health, promote access to affordable medicines, and support domestic innovation.
- Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures: Developing countries may receive technical assistance to comply with TBT and SPS measures, which include regulations related to product standards, labeling, and food safety. This support facilitates their participation in global trade by addressing capacity constraints.
- Special and Differential Treatment Monitoring: The WTO has established mechanisms to monitor and review the implementation of SDT provisions. This ensures that developing countries’ concerns are addressed and that they receive the support they are entitled to under the SDT principle
The Appellate Body Crisis Within the WTO
- Blocking Appointments: The United States has blocked the appointment of new members to the Appellate Body since 2017, preventing it from functioning effectively. This has led to a significant reduction in the number of active members, impeding the body’s ability to hear and resolve trade disputes.
- Depletion of Membership: Due to the lack of appointments, the Appellate Body’s membership has dropped below the minimum required number to constitute a quorum. As a result, pending and future appeals have been left unresolved, leading to a growing backlog of cases.
- Paralysis of Dispute Settlement: The inability of the Appellate Body to hear and decide on trade disputes has resulted in a paralysis of the WTO’s dispute settlement system. Member countries have limited options for resolving disputes, potentially leading to increased trade tensions and the risk of unilateral actions without proper adjudication.
- Concerns Raised by the United States: The US has expressed concerns about the Appellate Body’s perceived overreach, its interpretation of WTO rules, and what it sees as judicial activism. It has called for reforms to address these issues before approving new appointments.
- Implications for the Multilateral Trading System: The absence of a functioning Appellate Body undermines the credibility and effectiveness of the WTO’s dispute settlement system. It raises concerns about the stability of the multilateral trading system and the enforceability of WTO rules.
- Discussions on Reform: WTO members have engaged in discussions to address the concerns raised by the US and find a way to restore the functionality of the Appellate Body. Various proposals and ideas have been put forward to reform the body while ensuring transparency, accountability, and adherence to WTO rules.
- Alternative Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: In light of the Appellate Body crisis, some countries have explored alternative mechanisms for resolving trade disputes. Bilateral or plurilateral agreements and arbitration panels are being considered as possible alternatives to the WTO’s traditional dispute settlement process.
What is Plurilateralism and Multilateral Governance?
- Plurilateralism refers to the approach of negotiating agreements among a subset of countries within the broader framework of multilateralism. In other words, it involves a group of countries voluntarily coming together to establish rules and commitments on specific issues, even if not all WTO members participate.
- Multilateral governance, on the other hand, refers to the process of managing and governing global issues through the participation and collaboration of multiple countries within a multilateral framework. It aims to ensure inclusive decision-making, transparency, and adherence to established rules and principles.
The Relationship Between Plurilateralism and Multilateral Governance
- Plurilateralism as a Complement to Multilateralism: Plurilateral agreements are often seen as a complement to multilateralism. They allow a subset of countries with a common interest or objective to move forward and establish rules or commitments that might be difficult to achieve at the multilateral level due to diverse positions and interests of all WTO members. Plurilateral agreements can serve as building blocks and help facilitate progress within the multilateral trading system.
- Multilateral Governance of Plurilateral Agreements: While plurilateral agreements involve a smaller group of countries, it is important to ensure that they are governed within a multilateral framework. Multilateral governance ensures that the principles of non-discrimination, transparency, and inclusivity are upheld in the negotiation and implementation of plurilateral agreements. It ensures that the outcomes of these agreements are integrated into the broader WTO rulebook and apply equally to all members.
- Inclusivity and Trust in Multilateral Governance: Multilateral governance plays a crucial role in addressing the trust deficit between developed and developing countries. In the context of plurilateral agreements, it is essential to ensure that non-participating members are not forced into agreements they are unwilling to join. Multilateral governance should uphold inclusivity, respect the rights of non-participants, and create mechanisms to bridge the trust gap between countries with varying levels of development and interests.
- Coherence and Consistency with Multilateral Rules: Plurilateral agreements must align with the existing multilateral rules and principles of the WTO. They should not undermine the core principles of non-discrimination, most-favored-nation treatment, and transparency that underpin the multilateral trading system. Multilateral governance ensures that plurilateral agreements are coherent with and contribute to the overall objectives of the WTO.
Facts for prelims
What is the WTO’s Ministerial Conference?
- The MC is at the very top of WTO’s organizational chart.
- It meets once every two years and can take decisions on all matters under any multilateral trade agreement.
- Unlike other organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund or World Bank, WTO does not delegate power to a board of directors or an organizational chief.
- All decisions at the WTO are made collectively and through consensus among member countries at varied councils and committees.
- This year’s conference took place in Geneva, Switzerland.
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The transparency gap within the WTO
- Notification Requirements: WTO member countries are obligated to notify all their laws, regulations, and measures that affect trade to ensure transparency. However, compliance with this obligation has been lacking, leading to a transparency gap. Many countries fail to provide timely and comprehensive notifications, hindering the ability of other members to stay informed about trade-related measures and potential impacts.
- Incomplete or Inaccurate Notifications: Even when notifications are provided, they may be incomplete or inaccurate, further widening the transparency gap. This lack of comprehensive information makes it challenging for other members to assess the potential trade implications of new measures or to effectively engage in consultations and negotiations.
- Lack of Timeliness: Delays in providing notifications contribute to the transparency gap. However, significant delays in notifications limit the ability of other members to respond promptly or seek clarification, undermining the transparency and predictability of the WTO system.
- Lack of Clarity and Understandability: Notifications can sometimes lack clarity, making it difficult for other members to fully comprehend the scope and implications of trade-related measures. Clear and understandable notifications are essential for promoting transparency and facilitating effective engagement among WTO members.
- Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement: The monitoring and enforcement of notification requirements remain weak within the WTO system. The lack of robust mechanisms to ensure compliance with notification obligations hampers efforts to address the transparency gap.
- Capacity Constraints: Some developing countries face capacity constraints in fulfilling their notification obligations effectively. Limited resources and technical expertise may hinder their ability to provide comprehensive and timely notifications.
- Accessibility of Notifications: The accessibility and availability of notifications can also contribute to the transparency gap. Ensuring that notifications are easily accessible to all members, including developing countries, through user-friendly platforms and language accessibility measures can help improve transparency within the WTO.
Way Forward
- Strong Leadership and Engagement: Member countries, particularly middle powers like India, Indonesia, Brazil, and South Africa, should take a leadership role in driving the WTO reform agenda. They can actively engage in discussions, negotiations, and consensus-building to push for meaningful reforms that reflect the interests and concerns of developing countries.
- Strengthening Special and Differential Treatment (SDT): Developing countries should advocate for stronger SDT provisions within the WTO. Developing countries should resist any attempts to weaken SDT provisions under the guise of reform and emphasize the importance of addressing asymmetries in the global trading system.
- Revitalizing the Appellate Body: Member countries, apart from the United States, should explore ways to either persuade the US to change its position or find alternative mechanisms to ensure the effective functioning of the Appellate Body. Reestablishing a fully operational Appellate Body is crucial for maintaining a robust and reliable dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO.
- Balancing Plurilateral and Multilateral Approaches: While plurilateral agreements can offer opportunities for progress on specific issues, it is important to strike a balance with multilateralism. Plurilateral negotiations should be conducted within a framework that upholds multilateral governance principles, ensuring inclusivity, transparency, and consistency with broader WTO rules. Forced participation should be avoided, and efforts should be made to bridge the trust deficit between developed and developing countries.
- Transparency and Compliance: Member countries should prioritize enhancing transparency and compliance with notification requirements. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive notifications of trade-related measures are essential for promoting predictability and understanding among WTO members.
- Inclusive Decision-Making: Decision-making processes within the WTO should be more inclusive, giving developing countries a meaningful voice and ensuring their concerns are taken into account.
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: Developed countries should provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to help developing countries strengthen their institutional and human resources to effectively participate in the global trading system.
- Renewed Commitment to Multilateralism: Member countries should reaffirm their commitment to the principles of multilateralism, including non-discrimination, transparency, and cooperation. Emphasizing the importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system and collective problem-solving can help rebuild trust and foster a conducive environment for constructive engagement and negotiations.
Conclusion
- Trade multilateralism, though facing challenges, remains crucial for countries like India. As the current G20 Presidency holder, India should collaborate with other nations to drive the agenda for WTO reforms, focusing on making trade multilateralism more inclusive. By strengthening SDT provisions, revitalizing the appellate body, promoting multilateral governance for plurilateral agreements, and enhancing transparency, developing countries can empower themselves to safeguard their interests and ensure a fair and balanced global trading system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Predator Drones
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the procurement of armed Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) at the cost of over $3 billion.
- The UAVs will be procured from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI), a United States-based aeronautics company.
Predator Drones: An Overview
- The Predator UAV, manufactured by GA-ASI, is known as the MQ-9.
- It has an endurance of over 27 hours, speeds of 240 KTAS, and can operate up to 50,000 feet.
- It has a payload capacity of 3,850 pounds (1,746 kilograms) and can carry external stores of up to 3,000 pounds (1,361 kilograms).
Benefits and Capabilities of the MQ-9 UAV
- The MQ-9 UAV has a higher payload capacity and horsepower compared to its predecessor, the MQ-1 Predator.
- It provides long endurance, persistent surveillance, and strike capability for the warfighter.
- The maritime variant of the MQ-9 UAV, known as Sea Guardian, has an endurance of over 30 hours.
Enhancing Indian Armed Forces’ Capabilities
- The procurement of MQ-9 UAVs will enhance the Indian Armed Forces’ Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.
- These high-altitude, long-endurance drones will be able to carry out intelligence collection, strike strategic targets in mountains and maritime domains, and support various military operations.
- Indian Armed Forces are expected to receive a total of 31 MQ-9s, with 15 for the Navy and eight each for the Army and the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Previous Use of MQ-9 UAVs by India
- In the aftermath of the Galwan Valley clashes in 2020, the Indian Navy had leased two MQ-9 UAVs, and the lease has since been extended.
- The leased UAVs have completed 10,000 flight hours and have significantly contributed to the Indian Navy’s operations.
International Usage of MQ-9 UAVs
- The MQ-9 UAV has been acquired by various countries, including the United States Air Force, Department of Homeland Security, NASA, Royal Air Force, Italian Air Force, French Air Force, and Spanish Air Force.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmani Natural Arch
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Geological Survey of India (GSI) plans to declare the ‘Brahmani Natural Arch’ in Kanika range of Sundargarh forest division of Odisha as a Geo Heritage Site.
- This natural arch is believed to date back to the Jurassic period and would be the largest natural arch in India with the Geo Heritage tag.
Brahmani Natural Arch
- The oval-shaped arch has a base length of 30 meters and a height of 12 meters.
- The alcove of the arch has a maximum height of 7 meters and a width of 15 meters.
- India currently has two other natural arches, located at Tirumala hills in Tirupati and Andaman and Nicobar, but both are smaller than the one in Sundargarh.
Its formation
- The natural arch is composed of ferruginous sandstone from the Upper Kamthi formation.
- It dates back to the lower to middle Jurassic age, approximately 184 to 160 million years old.
- Research on the geological significance of the site began in 2017 after its discovery during coal exploration in the district.
Awareness and Preservation Efforts
- The GSI state unit and Sundargarh forest division conducted an awareness drive in the district to promote the protection of the natural arch.
- Steps are being taken to promote the proposed geo-heritage site as a cultural pride and potentially name it ‘Brahmani natural arch.’
- The site could be promoted and preserved as an eco-tourism destination.
Back2Basics:
| Geological Heritage Sites in India |
| Andhra Pradesh |
Mangampeta Volcanogenic bedded Barytes (Cuddapah Dist.), Eparchaean Unconformity (Chittor Dist.), Natural Geological Arch in Tirumala Hills (Chittor Dist.), Erra Matti Dibbalu located between Vishakhapatnam and Bhimunipatnam. |
| Maharashtra |
Lonar Lake (Buldana Dist.) |
| Kerala |
Laterite near Angadipuram PWD rest house premises (Malapuram Dist.), Varkala Cliff Section (Thiruvanatapuram Dist.) |
| Chattisgarh |
Lower Permian Marine bed at Manendragarh (Surguja Dist.) |
| Tamil Nadu |
Fossil wood near Tiruvakkarai (South Arcot Dist.), National fossil wood park in Sattanur (Tiruchirapalli Dist.), Charnockite in St. Thomas Mount (Madras), Badlands of Karai Formation with Cretaceous fossils along Karai – Kulakkalnattam Section (Perambalur District) |
| Karnataka |
Columnar Lava in St. Mary Island (Udupi Dist.), Pillow lavas near Mardihalli (Chitradurga Dist.), Peninsular Gneiss in Lalbagh (Bangalore), Pyroclastics & Pillow lavas in Kolar Gold fields (Kolar Dist.) |
| Gujarat |
Sedimentary Structures – Eddy Markings in Kadan Dam (Panch Mahals Dist.) |
| Himachal Pradesh |
Siwalik Fossil Park (Saketi, Sirmur dt.) |
| Rajasthan |
Sendra Granite (Pali Dist.), Barr Conglomerate (Pali Dist.), Stromatolite Fossil Park near Jharmarkotra Rock Phosphate deposit (Udaipur Dist.), Gossan in Rajpura-Dariba Mineralised belt (Udaipur Dist.), Akal Fossil Wood Park (Jaisalmer Dist.) |
| Odisha |
Pillow Lava in iron ore belt at Nomira (Keonjhar dist.) |
| Jharkhand |
Plant Fossil bearing Inter-trappean beds of Rajmahal Formation around Mandro (Sahibganj dist.) |
| Nagaland |
Nagahill Ophiolite Site near Pungro |
| Sikkim |
Stromatolite bearing Dolomite/Limestone of Buxa Formation at Mamley, near Namchi (South district), Stromatolite bearing Dolomite / Limestone of Buxa Formation, Sikkim |
https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2023/jun/11/gsi-proposes-geo-heritage-tag-for-jurassic-age-natural-arch-in-odisha-2583901.html
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Change of Name under Article 21
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Allahabad High Court has allowed a man to change his name citing fundamental rights under Articles 19(1) (a), 21, and 14.
- Delhi High Court permitted two brothers to reflect their father’s changed surname on their Board certificates, asserting the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
| Article |
Summary |
| Article 19(1)(a) |
Freedom of speech and expression: Citizens have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely, with reasonable restrictions to safeguard national interests and public order. |
| Article 21 |
Right to life and personal liberty: Individuals are protected from arbitrary deprivation of life or liberty and have the right to live with dignity. It includes the right to privacy and encompasses various aspects of human rights. |
| Article 14 |
Right to equality: All individuals are entitled to equal protection under the law, ensuring fairness and prohibiting discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It promotes equality before the law for all citizens. |
Right to Change Name
- The right to change one’s name is recognized as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
- It is often exercised for various reasons, including personal preferences, religious conversions, marriage or divorce, or to overcome social or cultural barriers.
- Individuals may choose to change their names to reflect their gender identity, religious beliefs, or to align with their professional or artistic pursuits.
Process to change the name
- Prepare a petition stating the desire to change the name and reasons for the change.
- Prepare an affidavit affirming the intention to change the name and get it notarized.
- Publish a notice in two local newspapers announcing the name change.
- Apply for Gazette notification through the Department of Publication.
- Gather supporting documents like identity and address proof.
- File the petition, affidavit, and supporting documents in the appropriate court.
- Attend the court hearing and provide necessary explanations.
- Obtain a court order approving the name change.
- Update official documents with the new name.
Observations by the HCs
- Allahabad High Court ruled that the rejection of the name-change applications by the authorities violates fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(a), 21, and 14.
- It emphasized the need for congruence in all identity-related documents and the prevention of confusion and potential misuse.
- Delhi High Court asserted the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
Restrictions on the Right to Change Names
- Although the right to change names is a fundamental right, it is subject to reasonable restrictions.
- Restrictions imposed by law must be fair, just, and reasonable.
- Principle of proportionality and the value of human dignity play important roles in determining the reasonableness of restrictions (Jeeja Ghosh vs. Union of India, 2016).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pension Scheme (NPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has introduced a new feature for systematic withdrawal from the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
National Pension Scheme (NPS): A Brief Overview
- The National Pension Scheme (NPS) is a voluntary retirement savings scheme launched by the Government of India in 2004.
- It is regulated and administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
- The primary objective of the NPS is to provide a pension income to individuals upon their retirement.
Key Features of the NPS:
- Contributions: Subscribers make regular contributions to their NPS account during their working years. These contributions accumulate and grow over time.
- Investment Options: The NPS offers two investment options: a) Auto Choice: where the funds are invested based on the subscriber’s age, and b) Active Choice: where the subscriber can select the asset classes (equity, corporate bonds, and government securities) and the fund manager.
- Portable Account: The NPS account is portable, allowing subscribers to maintain their account even if they change jobs or locations.
- Withdrawal Options: Upon retirement, subscribers have the flexibility to withdraw a portion of their accumulated corpus as a lump sum and use the remaining amount to purchase an annuity, which provides a regular pension income.
- Tax Benefits: NPS offers tax benefits at different stages. Contributions made by subscribers are eligible for tax deductions under Section 80C, while withdrawals are subject to certain tax exemptions.
- Regulated and Transparent: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring transparency and oversight of the scheme. It follows strict investment guidelines and has mechanisms in place to safeguard the interests of subscribers.
- Wide Coverage: The NPS is available to all Indian citizens, including salaried employees, self-employed individuals, and non-resident Indians (NRIs).
Benefits of the NPS
- Retirement Income: The NPS provides a retirement income to subscribers, ensuring financial security during their post-retirement years.
- Long-term Wealth Creation: The investment component of the NPS allows subscribers to accumulate wealth over time, potentially generating higher returns and building a substantial retirement corpus.
- Flexibility and Control: Subscribers have the flexibility to choose their investment options and actively manage their NPS accounts, providing a level of control over their retirement savings.
- Tax Efficiency: The NPS offers tax benefits both on contributions and withdrawals, making it a tax-efficient retirement savings option.
- Portability: The portability feature of the NPS allows subscribers to continue their account irrespective of job changes or relocations.
- Regulated and Secure: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring a secure and transparent framework for retirement savings.
Changes introduced: Systematic Withdrawal Plan
- NPS subscribers will be allowed to withdraw 60% of their contributions systematically post-retirement.
- The current system of one-time withdrawal will be replaced.
- 40% of the contributions must be in annuity.
- Systematic withdrawals can be customized by the subscriber based on their needs.
- Withdrawals can be made in lump sum or on a monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, or annual basis.
- This feature is applicable to individuals aged 60-75.
Benefits offered by this change
- Flexibility: Subscribers can customize their withdrawals based on their financial needs.
- Regular Income: Systematic withdrawals provide a regular income stream post-retirement.
- Enhanced Financial Planning: Allows for better financial planning and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The decision to rename the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) Society has ignited a political controversy.
- The institution will now be known as the ‘Prime Ministers Museum and Library Society’.
- The controversy reflects the ongoing debate surrounding dynastic politics in India.
About the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) (erstwhile)
- NMML in New Delhi, is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture.
- It is a leading resource center on India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Established in 1964, it houses extensive archives, including Mahatma Gandhi’s writings and private papers of prominent figures like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, C. Rajagopalachari, and Sarojini Naidu.
- It is located in the majestic Teen Murti House, the official residence of the first Prime Minister of India.
- It has four major constituents, namely, a Memorial Museum, a library on modern India, a Centre for Contemporary Studies and the Nehru Planetarium.
Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (the PM’s Museum)
- In April 2022, the NMML inaugurated the Museum as a new addition to the institution.
- It is a tribute to every Prime Minister of India since Independence, showcasing their contributions to the nation’s development over the past 75 years.
Why rename it now?
- The meeting acknowledged the contributions of all past and present Prime Ministers and expressed the mission of the Society to preserve India’s democratic journey and legacy.
- It was felt that renaming the institution would better align with this purpose.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kari Ishad Mango, GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Kari Ishad mango, prominently grown in Ankola taluk of Uttara Kannada, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry.
- The GI certificate has been issued to Matha Totagars Farmer Producer Company Limited, Ankola, and is valid until March 1, 2032 from March 31, 2023.
Kari Ishad Mango
- The Kari Ishad mango is renowned for its unique aroma, luscious taste, high amount of pulp, and distinctive shape and size.
- They are large and have an oblique to oval shape.
- Typically, each panicle bears only one fruit, and a well-grown tree can produce up to 2,000 fruits in a season.
- However, the fruit has a short shelf life of about five days.
Cultivation and Production
- Apart from Ankola, the Kari Ishad mango is grown in Karwar and to a certain extent in Kumta of Uttara Kannada.
- The prominent cultivation areas include Belse, Shetgeri, Belambara, Mogata, and Vandige villages of Ankola.
- Vandige village stands out as the highest producer, yielding around 600 tonnes of fruits per season. Belse village boasts 1,500 plants.
Variants of the Mango
- The Ishad mango has two variants:
- Kari Ishad, characterized by its thin skin, abundance of pulp, and sweetness,
- Bili Ishad, which has thick skin, less pulp, and sweetness.
Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Proposed agreement between US and Iran, potential outcomes and implications
Central Idea
- The recent disclosure of interactions between American and Iranian diplomats has shed light on the ongoing negotiations regarding the release of American prisoners in Iran and the possibility of a fresh deal on the nuclear issue. These discussions have taken place through intermediaries, with Oman playing a key role in facilitating communication between the two countries.
What is the proposed agreement?
- Iran’s Nuclear Program: Under the arrangement, Iran would freeze its nuclear enrichment at 60%. This measure is significant as Iran’s uranium enrichment program had reached 84%, raising concerns about its progress towards a nuclear weapon.
- US Security in the Region: Iran would agree not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq. This provision aims to ensure the safety of American personnel operating in these areas.
- Cooperation with the IAEA: Iran would improve cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. This step is crucial for ensuring transparency and verifying Iran’s compliance with its nuclear-related commitments.
- Ballistic Missiles: Iran would refrain from providing ballistic missiles to Russia. The inclusion of this provision reflects concerns about Iran’s missile capabilities and their potential destabilizing impact on the region.
- Release of American Prisoners: Iran would release the three US citizens currently in its custody. This aspect addresses the humanitarian issue of detained Americans and has been a point of contention in US-Iran relations.
United States commitments In return
- Sanctions: The US would pledge to avoid imposing new harsh sanctions on Iran. This is significant as sanctions have been a central tool in exerting pressure on Iran in the past.
- Gulf Waters: The US would refrain from seizing Iranian oil tankers in the Gulf waters. This provision aims to prevent further escalations and maintain stability in the region.
- UN Resolutions: The US would not pursue anti-Iran resolutions in the United Nations. This indicates a shift away from a confrontational approach in international forums.
- Release of Frozen Assets: The US would take steps to defreeze Iran’s bank accounts, which are estimated to be around $80 billion in various banks outside the country. Additionally, the US would immediately allow the release of $7 billion in South Korea and $2.7 billion in Iraq. These actions aim to address Iran’s economic concerns and provide some relief.
US Interests in the Proposed Agreement
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The United States has a long-standing interest in preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The proposed agreement aims to address concerns regarding Iran’s nuclear program and prevent it from acquiring a nuclear weapon. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and enhancing cooperation with the IAEA, the agreement seeks to maintain regional stability and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation.
- Regional Stability: The US has a vested interest in promoting stability in the Middle East. The proposed agreement aims to mitigate tensions and reduce the likelihood of a regional conflagration. By addressing Iran’s nuclear program and its activities in the region, the agreement seeks to contribute to a more stable and secure Middle East.
- Humanitarian Concerns: The release of American prisoners held in Iran is an important humanitarian issue for the United States. The proposed agreement includes a provision for the release of these individuals, which aligns with US interests in protecting the welfare of its citizens abroad.
Potential Outcomes of the Proposed Agreement
- Temporary Resolution: The agreement could serve as a temporary resolution to address immediate concerns related to Iran’s nuclear program and US-Iran tensions. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and securing the release of American prisoners, it could create a period of relative stability and reduced hostilities between the two countries.
- Mitigating Regional Conflicts: The agreement may help mitigate regional conflicts by reducing the risk of a direct confrontation between Iran and the United States. With Iran committing not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq, it could contribute to a de-escalation of tensions in these regions.
- Improved US-Iran Relations: The proposed agreement could pave the way for improved relations between the United States and Iran in the short term. By engaging in diplomatic negotiations, both countries demonstrate a willingness to find common ground and address key issues. This could potentially lead to further engagement and dialogue on other matters of mutual concern in the future.
- Economic Impact: If the agreement is implemented, it could have economic implications. Iran’s release of frozen assets and the potential easing of some sanctions could provide a boost to its economy. This, in turn, could improve the living conditions of Iranian citizens and potentially contribute to stability within the country.
- Impact on Regional Dynamics: The agreement may have broader implications for regional dynamics. It could potentially facilitate improved ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia, as well as impact other regional players. Additionally, the agreement could influence the behavior and decisions of other countries in the region, potentially altering geopolitical dynamics.
- Uncertain Long-Term Viability: The long-term viability of the proposed agreement remains uncertain. Given its informal and unwritten nature, there may be challenges in ensuring adherence and accountability over time. Changes in leadership, shifts in domestic politics, or evolving regional dynamics could impact the agreement’s sustainability beyond the current administration.
India’s significant interest in these developments
- Energy Security: India is heavily reliant on oil imports, and Iran has historically been an important supplier of crude oil. Any changes in the US-Iran relationship, including sanctions or easing of restrictions, could have an impact on India’s energy security and oil prices.
- Chabahar Port: India has invested significantly in the development of the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a crucial gateway for India’s connectivity with Afghanistan and Central Asia. The US sanctions have posed challenges to India’s operations at the port. Therefore, any changes in the US-Iran dynamics and potential easing of sanctions could have implications for India’s access and operations at the port.
- Regional Stability: India has a stake in maintaining stability in the region, particularly in its immediate neighborhood. The US-Iran agreement, if successful, could potentially contribute to regional stability and reduce tensions. This aligns with India’s broader interests in ensuring peace and security in the Middle East.
- Balancing Relations: India maintains relationships with both the United States and Iran. As a strategic partner of the US, India has sought to align its interests with the US on several global issues. At the same time, India has maintained longstanding cultural, economic, and historical ties with Iran. India will likely aim to strike a balance between its relationships with both countries while promoting its national interests.
- Geopolitical Considerations: India’s stance on the US-Iran negotiations could be influenced by broader geopolitical considerations. India seeks to maintain its strategic autonomy and diversify its partnerships. It will carefully assess the implications of the US-Iran agreement on its relationships with other countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia and Israel
Conclusion
- The implications of US and Iran arrangement extend beyond the nuclear issue, potentially impacting Iran’s regional relationships and opening doors for future engagement between the US and Iran. The success of the agreement remains uncertain, but it marks a notable step towards resolving longstanding tensions between the two nations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Railway infrastructure development updates
Mains level: Railway derailments and safety issues
Central Idea
- Nothing captures the nation’s attention quite like a major accident within the Indian Railways. The recent triple train collision at Bahanaga Bazar railway station in Odisha has resulted in significant loss of lives, triggering the expected reactions and responses from different quarters. As the clamor for resignations and critical analysis of the railways’ future direction unfolds, it is crucial to objectively assess the situation and take meaningful steps to prevent such accidents in the future
Objective assessment: Understanding the Safety Performance
- Decline in Derailments: Statistics reveal a significant decline in derailments, which constitute the majority of accidents in the Indian Railways. The number of derailments has decreased from around 350 per year in the early 2000s to 22 in 2021-22. This remarkable achievement demonstrates an improvement in safety standards.
- Accommodating Increased Traffic: The decline in derailments is even more impressive considering the substantial increase in both freight loading and passenger traffic. Despite a nearly threefold increase in freight loading and more than a doubling of passenger traffic, the overall safety performance of the Railways has shown improvement over the years
- Vulnerability to Single Major Accidents: While the decline in accidents is noteworthy, the nature of safety performance in the railway industry is such that a single major accident can overshadow the positive track record. Even with improved safety measures, one significant incident can tarnish the overall perception of safety.
The multiplicity of inquiries in the aftermath of the Bahanaga Bazar accident
- Railway Minister’s Visit: In the aftermath of the triple train collision at Bahanaga Bazar railway station, the railway minister visited the accident site, which is a rare occurrence. This visit showcased a proactive approach by the Minister in overseeing relief and restoration work.
- Prime Minister’s Visit: Remarkably, the Prime Minister himself visited the accident site, marking a historical first for the Indian Railways. His presence demonstrated the gravity of the situation and the government’s commitment to addressing the incident.
- Determination of Cause: The Prime Minister’s statement, made during his visit, that “instructions have been given to ensure proper and speedy investigation of tragedy and to take prompt and stringent action against those found guilty,” indicated a preconceived notion that the accident was caused by human agency. This assumption was made before the statutory inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety began.
- Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Inquiry: Unprecedentedly, the inquiry into the accident was handed over to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The reason for this decision is not immediately apparent unless there is suspicion of criminal intent behind the accident.
- Preliminary Enquiry: Prior to the commencement of the statutory inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety, a committee of senior supervisors conducted a “preliminary enquiry.” This step, conducted before the formal inquiry, is somewhat unusual and raises questions about the sequence and coordination of investigations.
International Comparison of Railway Safety
- Developed Countries: Countries with well-developed railway systems such as Japan, China, Turkey, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have significantly better railway safety records compared to India. Stringent safety regulations, advanced infrastructure, modern signalling systems, and effective maintenance practices contribute to their superior safety standards.
- Passenger Train Speeds: In developed railway systems, most passenger trains operate at much higher speeds compared to India. For instance, Japan’s Shinkansen, China’s high-speed trains, and European high-speed rail services commonly achieve speeds of 200-350 kmph, ensuring efficient and safe travel. This stands in contrast to India’s average train speeds of approximately 50 kmph.
- Safety Performance Ranking: If a ranking of major railways based on safety performance were to be made, India would likely place slightly higher than countries such as Egypt, Mexico, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This suggests the need for improvement to match the safety standards of leading railway systems.
- Infrastructure and Network Length: China, with its similar geographic size and population, provides a relevant comparison for India. China has made significant strides in expanding and modernizing its railway network. By surpassing India’s total route length and investing in infrastructure upgrades, China has been able to enhance safety and accommodate growing passenger and freight demands effectively.
- Technological Advancements: Developed countries have embraced advanced technologies and innovations to enhance railway safety. These include state-of-the-art signaling systems, automated train control mechanisms, and advanced maintenance practices. India can draw lessons from their successful adoption of these technologies to improve safety standards.
Implementing Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS)
- Study and Adaptation: The Indian Railways would need to study the CIRAS system implemented on British Railways and understand its core principles, functioning, and effectiveness. This analysis would serve as the basis for adapting the system to suit the specific requirements and operational dynamics of the Indian Railways.
- Infrastructure Setup: The implementation of CIRAS would require establishing the necessary infrastructure. This includes developing a secure and confidential reporting platform accessible to railway staff at all levels. The platform can be a web-based portal or a dedicated mobile application, designed to ensure anonymity and maintain the confidentiality of the reporters.
- Training and Awareness: To ensure the successful implementation of CIRAS, comprehensive training programs should be conducted for all railway staff. This training would familiarize them with the reporting system, emphasize the importance of reporting deviations or unsafe practices, and assure them of confidentiality and protection against retaliation.
- Reporting Procedures: Clear reporting procedures and guidelines should be established to facilitate the reporting process. These guidelines would outline what incidents or deviations should be reported, how to submit reports through the CIRAS system, and the expected timelines for reporting and response.
- Analysis and Action: A dedicated team or department within the Railways should be responsible for analyzing the reported incidents or deviations. They would assess the severity, identify patterns or trends, and propose appropriate actions to rectify the issues and enhance safety.
Way Ahead: Sustaining Safety Efforts in the Indian Railways
- Strengthening Safety Culture: Building a safety-oriented culture throughout the organization is crucial. This involves instilling a shared commitment to safety at all levels, from the highest management to the frontline staff. Safety should be prioritized as a core value, and efforts should be made to promote transparency, open communication, and proactive reporting of safety concerns.
- Embracing Technology: Leveraging advanced technologies can significantly contribute to enhancing safety in railway operations. The adoption of modern signaling systems, automated train control systems, predictive maintenance techniques, and real-time monitoring tools can help identify potential safety risks and mitigate them proactively.
- Regular Audits and Inspections: Periodic audits and inspections should be conducted to assess compliance with safety standards and identify areas for improvement. These audits should involve external experts to ensure impartiality and comprehensive evaluations. Any shortcomings or deviations from safety protocols should be addressed promptly and effectively.
- Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Collaborating with international railway systems and experts can provide valuable insights into best practices and lessons learned. Establishing partnerships and knowledge-sharing platforms with global railway organizations can help the Indian Railways stay updated with the latest safety advancements and innovations.
- Robust Reporting and Analysis: Establishing a robust reporting and analysis system, such as the Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS), mentioned earlier, can encourage frontline staff to report safety concerns without fear of reprisal. Analyzing incident data and near-miss occurrences can help identify trends, root causes, and systemic issues.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Safety performance should be continuously monitored and evaluated to track progress and identify areas that require further attention. Implementing key performance indicators (KPIs) and safety metrics can provide objective measures of the railway’s safety performance.
- Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging stakeholders, including passengers, employees, unions, and local communities, is essential for creating a safety-conscious environment. Encouraging feedback, conducting safety awareness campaigns, and involving stakeholders in safety initiatives can foster a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for safety.
Conclusion
- Enhancing railway safety requires a shift in perspective and the implementation of robust reporting systems. It is imperative to prioritize a culture of safety, embracing proactive measures to prevent accidents. Sustaining safety improvements demands continuous dedication and a willingness to adapt. By reassessing existing practices and ensuring undivided attention from policymakers, the Indian Railways can achieve a safer and more efficient future.
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