Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kerala Fibre Optical Network (KFON) and other such interventions by the government
Mains level: Prevalence and dimensions of the digital divide in India, Kerala Fibre Optical Network (KFON) project and its relevance to address the digital divide
Central Idea
- Digital poverty and exclusion persist despite the era of hyper-connectivity, leaving millions marginalized even in the wealthiest nations. In the United States, approximately 14.5 million people in rural areas lack access to broadband, exposing the stark reality of digital absence and leaving over 3 billion individuals on the fringes of the digital age. However, the state of Kerala in India has embarked on a pioneering initiative called the Kerala Fibre Optical Network (KFON) to bridge this digital divide.
Relevance of this topic:
*Although efforts are being made to bridge the gap, the digital divide in India remains a significant challenge. You can use the features of the KFON project as examples in your answer.
Kerala’s Progressive Digital Initiative: Kerala Fibre Optical Network (KFON)
- Recognizing Internet as a Citizen’s Right: In 2016, the communist-led state government of Kerala acknowledged internet access as a fundamental right, following the example of progressive nations like Finland, Costa Rica, and France.
- Establishment of the KFON Project: The KFON project aims to provide affordable and reliable internet connectivity to every household, government institution, and business entity in Kerala through the deployment of a fiber-optic broadband network.
- Targeting Economically Disadvantaged Households: The KFON project adopts a focused approach, starting with approximately 14,000 economically disadvantaged households in the state. These households will receive internet connectivity in the initial phase, addressing the digital divide from the grassroots level.
- Extending Connectivity to Remote Areas: Kerala’s KFON project goes beyond urban centers, reaching even the most remote regions and tribal hamlets, such as those in Wayanad. This ensures that connectivity reaches marginalized communities that have historically faced barriers to digital access.
- Free Internet Connections for Economically Disadvantaged: Over the course of the next 12 to 18 months, the KFON project aims to provide free internet connections to 2 million economically disadvantaged households, enabling them to access the benefits of digital connectivity without financial burden.
- Affordable Data Packages: Apart from free connections, the KFON project offers a range of affordable data packages for the remaining 6 million households in Kerala. These packages cater to different affordability levels, starting from as low as 300 rupees (£2.86) per month for a 20 Mbps connection, making digital access more accessible to a broader population.
- Infrastructure Development in Schools and Government Buildings: The KFON project includes the installation of necessary infrastructure in schools and government buildings. This ensures that educational institutions and public entities are equipped with the means to leverage digital connectivity effectively.
- Digital Literacy Campaigns: To ensure the effective utilization of digital connectivity, the Kerala government has initiated digital literacy campaigns at the grassroots level. Collaborating with local bodies, the aim is to empower individuals from marginalized communities with the necessary skills to navigate the online world and leverage digital resources for personal and professional development.
Impact of KFON project on Society
- Enhanced Healthcare Services: The availability of reliable internet connectivity through KFON enables improved access to telemedicine and remote healthcare services. People in remote areas can connect with healthcare professionals, receive consultations, and access medical information without the need for physical travel, leading to better healthcare outcomes, especially in underserved regions.
- Empowerment through Education: KFON’s connectivity in schools and educational institutions facilitates digital learning, e-learning platforms, and access to online educational resources. This empowers students with equal opportunities for quality education, regardless of their geographical location, and equips them with essential digital skills for the future.
- Skill Development and Employment Opportunities: Access to the internet provided by KFON opens doors to online skill development programs, vocational training, and employment opportunities. It enables individuals, especially from marginalized communities, to enhance their skills, access job portals, and explore entrepreneurial ventures, contributing to economic growth and reducing unemployment.
- Business and Entrepreneurship: KFON’s internet connectivity creates a conducive environment for businesses to thrive. Small and medium enterprises can expand their reach, engage in e-commerce, and access digital marketing channels. It also fosters entrepreneurship by providing a platform for aspiring entrepreneurs to launch and promote their startups.
- Digital Governance and E-Government Services: KFON’s connectivity strengthens digital governance and e-government initiatives. Citizens can access online government services, submit applications, pay bills, and participate in e-governance processes conveniently. This streamlines administrative procedures, reduces bureaucracy, and enhances transparency and efficiency in service delivery.
- Bridging Social and Economic Divides: By providing affordable and reliable internet connectivity to economically disadvantaged households, KFON plays a significant role in bridging social and economic divides. It ensures that individuals from marginalized communities have equal opportunities to access information, resources, and services, thus reducing inequality and promoting social inclusion.
Prevalence of the digital divide in India
- Limited Digital Literacy and Access: The Oxfam India report highlights that only about one-fifth of the Indian population can operate a computer or use the internet. This limited digital literacy and access contribute to the digital divide across different segments of society.
- Rural-Urban Divide: There is a significant disparity in internet usage between rural and urban areas. The report mentions that around 31 percent of the rural population in India uses the internet compared to 67 percent of the urban population, indicating a notable urban-rural divide.
- Educational Divide: The report points out the challenges faced by students in accessing digital resources for education. Only a small percentage of enrolled students have access to computers with internet connectivity, limiting their ability to leverage digital platforms for learning.
- Financial Inclusion Disparities: The report highlights disparities in digital payment facility usage, indicating that the richest 60 percent of Indians are four times more likely to use digital payment services than the poorest 40 percent. Financial inclusion gaps exacerbate the digital divide, particularly among economically disadvantaged groups.
- Household Disparities: The report highlights significant differences in computer and internet access between the poorest and richest households. The poorest 20 percent of households have limited access to computers and the internet, while the richest 20 percent enjoy higher rates of access.
- Gender Divide: The gendered digital divide in India is prominent, with a wide gap of 40.4 percent between internet usage among men and women. This gender disparity limits digital access and opportunities for women, particularly in rural areas.
How KFON project can contribute to address the digital divide in India?
- Bridging the Connectivity Gap: The KFON project aims to provide affordable and reliable internet connectivity to every household, government institution, and business entity in Kerala. By ensuring widespread access to high-speed internet, KFON helps bridge the connectivity gap that exists between urban and rural areas, as well as economically disadvantaged communities.
- Rural Outreach: The KFON project extends its network to even the most remote areas, including tribal hamlets in Kerala. By bringing internet connectivity to these underserved rural regions, KFON addresses the urban-rural digital divide and ensures that residents in these areas can access the same digital opportunities as their urban counterparts.
- Affordability and Inclusion: KFON’s approach includes providing free internet connections to economically disadvantaged households and offering affordable data packages to others. This helps address the affordability barrier that often limits digital access for marginalized communities. By making internet services accessible and affordable, KFON ensures that more people can participate in the digital ecosystem.
- Digital Literacy Initiatives: KFON complements its infrastructure development with digital literacy campaigns at the grassroots level. By addressing digital literacy gaps, KFON enables users to make the most of the connectivity provided and enhances their overall digital inclusion.
- Multi-sector Impact: The KFON project’s extensive infrastructure and connectivity have a multiplier effect on various sectors, including education, healthcare, skill development, and business opportunities. By promoting digital inclusion in these sectors, KFON contributes to reducing the disparities caused by the digital divide. It helps ensure that individuals and communities have equal access to educational resources, healthcare services, employment opportunities, and digital tools for economic growth.
- Role Model for Replication: The KFON project’s success and approach can serve as a role model for addressing the digital divide in other parts of India. By showcasing the benefits of bridging the digital divide, KFON encourages other entities to prioritize digital inclusion and work towards reducing disparities in digital access and opportunities.
Conclusion
- Digital poverty and exclusion persist worldwide, hindering access to crucial resources and opportunities. As discussions on digital public infrastructure gain momentum, Kerala’s achievements demonstrate the power of political will and innovative thinking in bridging the digital divide and fostering equitable development.
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Meira Paibis
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- During Home Minister’s visit to Manipur amidst ongoing violence in the state, he met with various civil society groups, including the Meira Paibis.
- This article explores the significance of the Meira Paibis in Manipur’s civil society, their social role, and major actions they have undertaken.
Who are the Meira Paibis of Manipur?
- The Meira Paibis, also known as Imas or Mothers of Manipur, are Meitei women who represent a powerful moral force in Manipur’s civil society.
- They come from various sections of society in the Imphal valley and are widely respected for their activism.
- They Paibis are loosely organized, led by groups of senior women, and lack rigid hierarchy or overt political leanings.
Social Role of Meira Paibis
- Originating in 1977, the Meira Paibis began as a grassroots movement primarily focused on combating alcoholism and drug abuse.
- Over time, their scope expanded to address human rights violations and work towards the development of society at large.
- They serve as the conscience keepers of Manipuri society and have a permanent and palpable presence in civil society.
Major Actions Undertaken
- Support for Irom Sharmila: The Meira Paibi women actively supported Irom Sharmila during her 16-year hunger strike against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), which grants immunity to armed forces in “disturbed” areas.
- Advocacy for Inner Line Permit (ILP) System: In 2015, the Meira Paibis played a significant role in demanding the introduction of the ILP system, aiming to protect local interests, culture, and commercial opportunities.
- Bandh Protests: The Meira Paibis organized bandhs and shutdown calls in markets to protest against perceived injustices, such as the broken promise of a marriage by an elected representative.
- Recent Actions: During the current crisis, the Meira Paibis reportedly influenced the release of 12 KYKL cadres (an extremist group) who were apprehended by the armed forces, highlighting the influence of women activists in confronting security personnel.
Conclusion
- The Meira Paibis of Manipur play a crucial role in the state’s civil society.
- Their activism spans a range of social and political issues, and they have consistently fought for justice, human rights, and the betterment of society.
- Despite the recent controversy surrounding their alleged interference in security operations, their contribution as a powerful force for social change should be acknowledged and appreciated.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai has recently bestowed Geographical Indication (GI) tags on seven distinct products from Uttar Pradesh.
- These products represent the rich heritage and craftsmanship of the region.
What is GI Tag?
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
GI tags awarded in UP
(1) Amroha Dholak – A Musical Masterpiece
- Description: The Amroha Dholak is a musical instrument crafted from natural wood, with a preference for mango, jackfruit, and teakwood.
- Carving Process: Skilled artisans use mango and sheesham wood to carve multiple-sized hollow blocks, which are then fitted with animal skin, predominantly goatskin, to create the instrument.
(2) Baghpat Home Furnishings – Timeless Handloom Artistry
- Description: Baghpat and Meerut are renowned for their exclusive handloom home furnishings and running fabrics crafted from cotton yarn for generations.
- Traditional Weaving: Skilled weavers in the region employ only cotton yarn in the handloom weaving process, ensuring the authenticity and quality of the products.
(3) Barabanki Handloom Product – A Heritage of Weaving
- Description: Barabanki and its surrounding areas house around 50,000 weavers and 20,000 looms, showcasing the significant presence of handloom weaving.
- Weaving Tradition: The region has a rich history of handloom weaving, with the skilled craftsmen contributing to the vibrant textile industry of Barabanki.
(4) Kalpi Handmade Paper – Time-Honored Craftsmanship
- Description: Kalpi is known for its handmade paper, with the craft being introduced by Munnalal ‘Khaddari’, a Gandhian, in the 1940s.
- Craftsmanship Legacy: The handmade paper-making cluster in Kalpi engages more than 5,000 craftsmen and approximately 200 units, preserving the tradition of exquisite paper-making.
(5) Mahoba Gaura Patthar Hastashlip – Crafted Elegance
- Description: Mahoba Gaura Patthar Hastashlip represents the stone craft of the region, created from the unique and soft ‘Pyro Flight Stone.’
- Radiant White Stone: The craft utilizes radiant white-colored stone predominantly found in the region, producing exquisite craft items.
(6) Mainpuri Tarkashi – Artistry in Brass Wire Inlay
- Description: Mainpuri is known for Tarkashi, an art form involving brass wire inlay work on wood.
- Traditional Use: Tarkashi was primarily used for crafting khadaous (wooden sandals) as a household necessity, replacing leather due to cultural considerations.
(7) Sambhal Horn Craft – Unique Handmade Art
- Description: Sambhal Horn Craft utilizes raw materials sourced from deceased animals and involves meticulous handcrafting processes.
- Artisanal Creation: Skilled craftsmen transform raw materials into beautiful handmade products, showcasing the uniqueness of Sambhal’s horn craft.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Stray dog attack incidences
Centre Idea:
- The Centre will soon formulate a law on the issue of stray dogs, Union Minister Parshottam Rupala said.
Stray Dog Menace in India
- Cities have witnessed a sharp increase in the stray dog population, which as per the official 2019 livestock census stood at 1.5 crore.
- However, independent estimates peg the number to be around 6.2 crore.
- The number of dog bites has simultaneously doubled between 2012 and 2020.
- Experts agree there may be a correlation between urbanisation and solid waste production, made visible due to the mismanagement of waste disposal.
- Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Reasons behind
- Poor waste management: Inadequate waste disposal facilities and the mismanagement of solid waste often lead to the congregation of stray dogs around garbage dumps and landfills, where they scavenge for food.
- Unplanned urbanization: The population boom in Indian cities has led to a sharp increase in the stray dog population. Rapid urbanization has led to the creation of slums and unmanaged solid waste, which attract dogs.
- Lack of food and shelter: The availability of food and shelter determines the carrying capacity of a city. In the absence of these facilities, free-ranging dogs become scavengers that forage around for food, eventually gravitating towards exposed garbage dumping sites.
- Territoriality: Stray dogs often become territorial and aggressive about public spaces where they are fed, leading to increased attacks on humans.
- Improper sterilization and rescue centres: Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Food wastage in India
- A population boom in Indian cities has contributed to a staggering rise in solid waste production. Indian cities generate more than 150000 metric tonnes of urban solid waste every day.
- According to a 2021 UNEP report, an estimated 931 million tonnes of food available to consumers ended up in households, restaurants, vendors and other food service retailers’ bins in 2019.
- Indian homes on average also generated 50 kg of food waste per person.
- The presence of free-roaming dogs in urban areas is determined by the “carrying capacity” of a city, which is the availability of food and shelter.
Urban Stray Dogs and Waste Disposal
- Food and shelter: The wastage food often serves as a source of food for hunger-stricken, free-roaming dogs that move towards densely-populated areas in cities, such as urban slums which are usually located next to dumping sites.
- Sanitation assists food hunt: In the absence of proper sanitation and waste disposal facilities, stray dogs become scavengers that forage for food around exposed garbage dumping sites.
Impact of Unplanned and Unregulated Urban Development
- ABC Program: Under Animal Birth Control (ABC) program, municipal bodies trap, sterilize, and release dogs to slow down the dog population. This approach aims to control the number of strays while avoiding the inhumane practice of killing them.
- Rabies Control Measures: Another anchor of India’s response is rabies control measures, including vaccination drives. Rabies is a fatal disease that can be transmitted to humans through dog bites. Thus, preventing rabies is essential in addressing the issue of stray dogs.
- Informal Measures: These include mass killing of dogs in states like Kerala, which is a controversial practice as it is often inhumane and does not address the root causes of the issue. Other measures include imposing bans on the entry of stray dogs in colonies or feeding them in public.
Why address stray dog attacks issue?
- Adds Vulnerability to the poor: The disproportionate burden of dog bites may also fall on people in urban slums, which are usually located in close proximity to dumping sites.
- Exposes harsher realities: The rise in such attacks speak to core issues of lack of serviced affordable urban housing for all, lack of safe livelihood options and improper solid waste management”.
Empathizing the strays
- Abandoned, not strayed: Stray dogs are sentient social beings capable of feeling pain, fear, and joy. Urban living patterns have largely impacted their abandonment.
- Subjected to abuse: They are often victims of neglect, abuse, and abandonment, and are forced to survive in harsh conditions on the streets.
- Neglected community guardians: Stray dogs can serve as community guardians by alerting us to potential dangers and can also provide emotional support to humans.
Way forward
- Improve waste management: Efficient management of solid waste can help reduce the availability of food for stray dogs and limit their population growth.
- Increase vaccination and sterilization: ABC and vaccination programs should be implemented in a more organized and efficient manner to control the stray dog population and the spread of rabies.
- Encourage responsible feeding practices: Regulating feeding around bakeries and restaurants and improving waste management in public spaces can reduce the carrying capacity of the environment for stray dogs and minimize the congregation of dogs in certain areas.
- Develop national policy: There is a need for a comprehensive national policy that addresses the issue of stray dogs and their management in a more systematic and humane manner.
- Stop gruesome brutality: Stopping brutality towards dogs is a crucial step towards creating a more compassionate and just management of stray dogs menace.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-US Tech Trade
Central Idea
- During PM’s state visit to the United States, cooperation on technology emerged as a significant topic of discussion.
- While the visit yielded positive outcomes, US tech companies have raised concerns about policy hurdles affecting digital trade with India.
Current Status of India-US Technology Trade
- Bilateral Trade: In FY2023, the US became India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $128.55 billion. However, digital or technology services have not played a prominent role in this trade.
- Deficit in Digital Services: The US has a significant trade deficit of $27 billion in digital services with India, despite the potential for growth in the US digital services export sector and the expanding online services market in India.
Concerns of US Tech Firms
- Imbalance and Misalignment: US tech companies have raised concerns about the “significant imbalance” and “misalignment” in the US-India economic relationship. They argue that India’s policies favor domestic players, creating a tilted playing field.
- Discriminatory Regulations: US tech firms criticize India’s regulations, such as geospatial data sharing guidelines, for providing preferential treatment to Indian companies. They also express discontent over India’s departure from democratic norms, leading to challenges for US companies operating in India.
Policy Barriers Raised by US Tech Firms
- Equalisation Levy: US tech firms object to India’s expanded version of the equalisation levy, which imposes taxes on digital services. They argue that it leads to double taxation, complicates the tax framework, and raises questions of constitutional validity and compliance with international obligations.
- Information Technology Rules: US tech firms are concerned about India’s Information Technology Rules, which impose compliance burdens and tight deadlines for content takedown, appointment of local compliance officers, and the establishment of Grievance Appellate Committees.
- Data Protection Law: Ambiguities surrounding cross-border data flows, compliance timelines, and data localization in India’s draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill raise concerns among US tech firms. They argue that data localization requirements increase operating costs and can be seen as discriminatory.
Other Policy Barriers to Digital Trade
- Digital Competition Act: The proposed adoption of a Digital Competition Act, including estimated taxes for big tech companies, has raised concerns about anti-competitive practices and potential targeting of US tech firms.
- Competition Commission Fines: The fines imposed by the Competition Commission of India on Google for anti-competitive practices have been seen by US tech firms as part of India’s protectionist industrial policy.
Way Forward
To promote digital trade between India and the United States and overcome policy barriers, the following steps can be taken:
- Transparent and Consistent Policies: Ensure transparency, consistency, and clear guidelines in policy formulation, implementation, and enforcement to create a level playing field.
- Review and Refinement of Regulations: Periodically review regulations, such as the equalisation levy, Information Technology Rules, and data protection laws, to address concerns and strike a balance.
- Mutual Recognition Agreements: Explore the possibility of mutual recognition agreements that facilitate the acceptance of each other’s certification standards and regulatory frameworks, reducing duplicative compliance requirements.
- Data Sharing Frameworks: Develop comprehensive and secure frameworks for cross-border data sharing that protect privacy and enable data flows for digital trade, benefiting both economies.
- Collaborative Research and Development: Encourage joint research and development initiatives between Indian and US companies and institutions to foster technological advancements and drive innovation in emerging areas such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and quantum computing.
- Cybersecurity Cooperation: Strengthen bilateral cooperation on cybersecurity, sharing best practices, and collaborating on threat intelligence to safeguard digital infrastructure and build trust in cross-border digital transactions.
Conclusion
- By implementing these measures, India and the United States can foster a conducive environment for digital trade, innovation, and investment, strengthening bilateral ties and driving economic growth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Elections to the Rajya Sabha
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Election Commission announced elections to 10 Rajya Sabha seats from three States that are falling vacant in July and August.
Rajya Sabha and its Composition
- Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Parliament of India.
- It plays a vital role in the legislative process, representing the interests of states and providing a platform for deliberations on important national issues.
Composition of Rajya Sabha
- Members: Rajya Sabha consists of a maximum of 250 members, of which 238 members are representatives of states and union territories, while the President of India nominates 12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in various fields.
- Allocation of Seats: The allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha is based on the population of each state, with larger states having more representatives. The President can also nominate members to ensure the representation of expertise and diverse backgrounds.
- Term: Members of Rajya Sabha serve for a term of 6 years, with one-third of the members retiring every two years. This rotational system ensures continuity in the functioning of the house.
Nominated Members
- Nominations: In addition to the elected members, Rajya Sabha includes 12 nominated members who are appointed by the President of India. These nominations are made to ensure the representation of individuals with special knowledge or practical experience in various fields such as literature, science, art, social service, and more.
- Expertise and Diversity: Nominated members bring diverse perspectives and expertise to Rajya Sabha. They contribute to the legislative process by providing valuable insights and enriching debates on critical issues.
- Contribution: Nominated members play an essential role in shaping legislation and policy discussions. Their expertise and experience contribute to a more comprehensive and informed decision-making process in Rajya Sabha.
Functions of Rajya Sabha
- Legislative Functions: Rajya Sabha has equal legislative powers with the Lok Sabha in most matters, including passing bills related to constitutional amendments, finance, and non-financial matters. In certain circumstances, it enjoys exclusive powers, such as creating all-India services.
- Representation of States: Rajya Sabha represents the interests of states, allowing them to participate in the decision-making process at the national level. It ensures that laws and policies are formulated with the consideration of diverse regional perspectives.
- Role in Impeachment: Rajya Sabha, along with the Lok Sabha, plays a role in the impeachment of the President of India, Chief Justice, and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. It ensures a fair and balanced process in cases of impeachment.
Significance of Rajya Sabha
- Federal Character: Rajya Sabha represents the federal character of India’s political system by giving states and union territories a voice in the national legislature. It serves as a platform for states to raise their concerns and participate in policy discussions.
- Reviewing and Amending Legislation: Rajya Sabha plays a critical role in the legislative process by reviewing and amending bills passed by the Lok Sabha. It acts as a revising chamber and provides an opportunity for in-depth scrutiny and debate on proposed laws.
- Expertise and Stability: The nomination of members with specialized knowledge and experience, along with the rotational system, ensures that Rajya Sabha benefits from their expertise. The continuity of membership allows for stability and the accumulation of institutional knowledge.
Try this PYQ:
Q.Consider the following statements:
- The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are not the members of that House.
- While the nominated members of the two Houses of the Parliament have no voting right in the presidential election, they have the right to vote in the election of the Vice President.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Immediately after returning from the US, PM Modi said that India needed a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) as the country could not run with the dual system of “separate laws for separate communities”.
- This has raised the level of speculations among the left liberal groups in India.
Key statements made by PM
- Abolishing Dual System: PM highlighted the impracticality of maintaining separate laws for different communities and emphasized the need for a unified legal framework.
- Discerning Political Manipulation: He urged the Muslim community to be vigilant about political parties that exploit their interests for personal gains.
- Constitutional Provisions: He emphasized that the Constitution already upholds the principle of equal rights for all citizens.
- Opposition’s Exploitation: He criticized political opponents for using Muslims, particularly Pasmanda Muslims, to further their own interests at the expense of the community’s well-being.
What is Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
- The UCC aims to establish a single personal civil law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc.
- The idea of a UCC has a long history in India and has been a topic of debate and discussion.
- This article explores the basis for a UCC, its timeline, the conflict with the right to freedom of religion, minority opinions, challenges to implementation, and the way forward.
Basis for UCC: Article 44
- Article 44 of the Directive Principles envisions the state’s endeavor to secure a UCC for all citizens throughout the country.
- While DPSP of the Constitution are not enforceable by courts, they provide fundamental principles for governance.
Personal Laws and UCC: A Timeline
- Colonial Period: Personal laws were first framed for Hindu and Muslim citizens during the British Raj.
- 1940: The idea of a UCC was proposed by the National Planning Commission, examining women’s status and recommending reforms for gender equality.
- 1947: UCC was considered as a fundamental right during the framing of the Constitution by Minoo Masani, Hansa Mehta, Amrit Kaur, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
- 1948: The Constitution Assembly debated Article 44, which emphasizes the implementation of uniform civil laws as a state duty under Part IV.
- 1950: Reformist bills were passed, granting Hindu women the right to divorce and inherit property and outlawing bigamy and child marriages.
- 1951: Ambedkar resigned when his draft of the Hindu Code Bill was stalled in Parliament.
- 1985: Shah Bano case highlighted the need for a UCC and the rights of divorced Muslim women.
- 1995: Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India reiterated the urgency of a UCC for national integration and removing contradictions.
- 2000: The Supreme Court, in Lily Thomas v. Union of India, stated it could not direct the government to introduce a UCC.
- 2015: The apex court refused to mandate a decision on implementing a UCC.
- 2016: The Triple Talaq debate gained attention, leading to the ruling of its unconstitutionality in 2017.
UCC vs. Right to Freedom of Religion
- Article 25: Guarantees an individual’s fundamental right to religion.
- Article 26(b): Upholds the right of religious denominations to manage their own affairs.
- Article 29: Protects the right to conserve distinctive culture.
- Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on freedom of religion for public order, health, morality, and other provisions related to fundamental rights.
Minority Opinion in the Constituent Assembly
- Some members sought to exempt Muslim Personal Law from state regulation, arguing against interference in personal laws based on secularism.
- Concerns were raised about uniformity in a diverse country like India and the potential for opposition from different communities.
- Gender justice was not a significant focus during these debates.
Enacting and Enforcing UCC
- Fundamental rights are enforceable in courts, while Directive Principles have varying degrees of enforceability.
- The wording of Article 44 suggests a lesser duty on the state compared to other Directive Principles.
- Fundamental rights are considered more important than Directive Principles, and a balance between both is crucial.
Need for UCC
- Multiple personal laws: Different religions and denominations follow distinct property and matrimonial laws, hindering national unity.
- Absence of exclusive jurisdiction: Such thing in the Union List implies that the framers did not intend to have a UCC.
- Customary laws are discriminatory: These laws also vary among different communities and regions.
Why is UCC Necessary?
- Harmonizing equality: UCC would provide equal status to all citizens, promote gender parity, and align with the aspirations of a liberal and young population.
- Promote fraternity: Implementation of UCC would support national integration.
Hurdles to UCC Implementation
- Opposition from religious factions: The diverse religious and cultural landscape of India poses practical difficulties.
- Minority resistance: UCC is often perceived by minorities as an encroachment on religious freedom and interference in personal matters.
- Societal preparedness: Experts argue that Indian society may not be ready to embrace a UCC at present.
Unaddressed Questions
- Ignoring diversities: Maintaining the essence of diverse components of society while achieving uniformity in personal laws.
- One size fits all: The assumption that practices of one community are backward or unjust.
- Uniqueness of diversity: The effectiveness of uniformity in eradicating societal inequalities.
Way Forward
- Theological education: Religious intelligentsia should educate their communities about rights and obligations based on modern interpretations.
- Open discussion: The government should create an environment conducive to UCC by explaining Article 44’s contents and significance while considering different perspectives.
- Gradual introduction: Social reforms should be gradual, addressing concerns such as fake news and disinformation.
- Prioritizing social harmony: Preserving the cultural fabric of the nation is essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate financing mechanism, institutions and development in news
Mains level: Issues related to climate financing
Central Idea
- The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) plays a crucial role in alleviating the challenges associated with implementing the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) and financing projects in the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). While NaBFID has made significant strides in disbursing loans to address India’s infrastructure needs, certain areas warrant careful consideration to ensure sustainable and climate-resilient development
Relevance of the topic
Climate finance for sustainable infrastructure and low carbon economy
What is National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID)?
- The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) is a specialized financial institution established by the Government of India.
- NaBFID is responsible for providing financial assistance, loans, and credit facilities to infrastructure projects across sectors such as transportation, energy, water and sanitation, urban development, and social infrastructure.
- It focuses on supporting projects that contribute to sustainable development, climate resilience, and inclusive growth.
- One of the key objectives of NaBFID is to implement the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) and finance projects outlined in the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP).
Financial risks associated with climate change
- Physical Risks: These risks are associated with the direct impact of climate change on physical assets and infrastructure. They include:
- Property Damage: Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like hurricanes, floods, and wildfires can cause significant damage to properties, leading to financial losses for property owners and insurers.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Climate-related events can disrupt supply chains, causing delays, shortages, and increased costs for businesses.
- Asset Devaluation: Physical assets, such as properties located in areas prone to sea-level rise or extreme weather events, may lose value due to the increased risk associated with climate change impacts.
- Transition Risks: These risks arise from the transition to a low-carbon economy and the efforts to mitigate climate change. They include:
- Policy and Regulatory Changes: Governments implementing stricter environmental regulations or imposing carbon pricing mechanisms can impact the profitability and viability of certain industries, leading to financial losses for companies.
- Technology Disruptions: Rapid advancements in clean energy technologies and shifts away from carbon-intensive industries can render certain assets, such as fossil fuel reserves or outdated infrastructure, economically obsolete.
- Market Shifts: Changing consumer preferences and investor sentiment towards sustainability can result in shifts in market demand, affecting the profitability and market value of companies operating in carbon-intensive sectors.
- Liability Risks: These risks arise from legal and financial liabilities associated with climate change impacts. They include:
- Litigation and Legal Actions: Companies, particularly those in high-emission sectors, may face lawsuits and legal actions for their contribution to climate change or for inadequate adaptation measures.
- Insurance Claims: Increasing frequency and severity of climate-related events can lead to higher insurance claims, putting pressure on insurance companies and potentially increasing premiums for policyholders.
- Investor Lawsuits: Investors may file lawsuits against companies for failing to disclose climate-related risks, misrepresenting their environmental performance, or mismanaging climate-related risks, potentially resulting in financial settlements.
What is the need for Financing the green transition?
- Mitigating Climate Change: The transition to a low-carbon and sustainable economy is essential for mitigating the impacts of climate change. Green financing enables the deployment of renewable energy, energy efficiency measures, and other sustainable technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By redirecting financial resources towards green projects, we can accelerate the decarbonization of various sectors and limit global warming.
- Transitioning to a Sustainable Future: Green financing supports the development and implementation of sustainable practices across sectors. It promotes investments in clean energy, sustainable infrastructure, circular economy models, and environmentally friendly technologies. Financing the green transition is necessary to shift from resource-intensive and polluting practices towards more sustainable and resilient systems.
- Fostering Innovation and Economic Growth: Green financing stimulates innovation and drives economic growth. Investments in renewable energy, energy-efficient technologies, and sustainable infrastructure create new markets, industries, and job opportunities. It encourages research and development of cutting-edge technologies, positioning countries and businesses at the forefront of the green economy.
- Managing Environmental and Social Risks: Financing the green transition helps manage environmental and social risks associated with unsustainable practices. It supports projects that prioritize environmental stewardship, protect biodiversity, and promote social inclusivity. By integrating environmental and social considerations into financing decisions, we can mitigate negative impacts on ecosystems, communities, and vulnerable populations.
- Meeting Sustainable Development Goals: Green financing is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It supports the achievement of goals such as affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, and biodiversity conservation. Financing projects that contribute to the SDGs is essential for creating a more equitable and sustainable future for all.
- Addressing Investor Demand and Risk Management: Increasingly, investors are demanding sustainable and responsible investment options. Green financing provides opportunities for investors to align their portfolios with environmental objectives and sustainability targets. It also helps manage financial risks associated with climate change and unsustainable practices by redirecting investments towards climate-resilient assets and projects.
- International Commitments and Agreements: Many countries have committed to international agreements like the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Financing the green transition is essential for countries to meet their climate commitments and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change.
How India is financing its green transition?
- International Climate Finance: India has been accessing international climate finance, including funds from multilateral development banks, climate funds, and bilateral partnerships. These funds support the implementation of climate mitigation and adaptation projects in India. For example, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) has provided financial assistance to India for renewable energy, sustainable urban development, and climate-resilient agriculture.
- National Clean Energy and Environmental Funds: India has established national funds to support the green transition. The National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) was created to finance clean energy initiatives, energy efficiency projects, and research and development. Additionally, the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) supports climate adaptation and resilience projects.
- Domestic Banks and Financial Institutions: Indian banks and financial institutions are increasingly incorporating green financing into their portfolios. They provide loans, credit facilities, and investment products for renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, and sustainable infrastructure development. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also encouraged banks to prioritize lending to the renewable energy sector.
- Green Bonds: India has witnessed a growth in green bond issuances, which enable the mobilization of capital specifically for climate-friendly projects. Indian entities, including government-backed institutions, corporations, and municipalities, have issued green bonds to finance renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure projects. The success of India’s sovereign green bond issuance has paved the way for further green bond investments in the country.
- International Cooperation and Partnerships: India collaborates with international partners to attract green investments and promote technology transfer. Collaborative initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA) aim to mobilize funding and facilitate the deployment of solar energy projects in India and other member countries.
- Renewable Energy Certificates and Incentives: The Indian government has implemented mechanisms such as Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) and feed-in tariffs to incentivize renewable energy generation. RECs provide financial benefits to renewable energy producers, encouraging investment in clean energy projects.
- Energy Efficiency Financing: India has implemented various financing schemes to promote energy efficiency in industries, buildings, and the transportation sector. Initiatives like the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme provide financial incentives and market-based mechanisms to encourage energy efficiency improvements.
- Collaborative Programs and Funds: India participates in collaborative programs and funds such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the World Bank’s Clean Technology Fund (CTF). These platforms provide financial resources and technical assistance to support India’s green transition projects
Loopholes in National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)
- Insufficient Integration of Climate Resilience: The NIP’s focus on traditional grey infrastructure and limited integration of green and blue infrastructure is a significant loophole.
- Lack of Detailed Sectoral Needs Assessment: The NIP needs a more comprehensive and detailed assessment of sectoral needs to ensure that investments are targeted in the most critical areas. Without a thorough analysis of sector-specific requirements, there is a risk of misallocation of resources and insufficient prioritization of key infrastructure projects.
- Inadequate Private Sector Engagement: While the NIP recognizes the importance of public-private partnerships (PPPs), the experience with PPPs in India has been mixed. There have been instances of cost overruns, delays, and disputes in PPP projects.
- Limited Focus on Rural Infrastructure: The NIP primarily emphasizes urban infrastructure development, potentially neglecting the critical needs of rural areas. Addressing the infrastructure deficit in rural regions, including connectivity, healthcare facilities, and education, is essential for equitable development and inclusive growth.
- Financing Challenges: While NaBFID has made progress in disbursing loans, the flow of funds to sustainable projects and addressing climate-related challenges remains a significant hurdle. There is a need to enhance expertise in evaluating climate risks, correlating them with financial risks, and quantifying them accurately.
- Limited Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring transparency and accountability in the implementation of the NIP is vital. Clear monitoring and reporting mechanisms should be established to track project progress, expenditure, and outcomes.
Way forward
- Refine and Strengthen Mandate: NaBFID should refine its mandate to explicitly prioritize sustainable and climate-resilient infrastructure projects. This would provide a clear direction and enhance its impact on India’s green transition.
- Enhance Risk Management: NaBFID should continue to enhance its risk assessment and management capabilities. This includes integrating climate risk assessments, considering environmental and social risks, and adopting best practices for sustainable infrastructure financing.
- Foster Public-Private Partnerships: NaBFID should actively engage with the private sector and foster partnerships to attract private investments and leverage their expertise. This can be done through transparent and streamlined processes, risk-sharing mechanisms, and collaborative project planning.
- Promote Innovation and Technology: NaBFID can encourage innovation and the deployment of advanced technologies in infrastructure projects. This includes supporting research and development, promoting technology transfer, and incentivizing the adoption of clean and sustainable solutions.
- Strengthen Environmental and Social Safeguards: NaBFID should enforce robust environmental and social safeguards to ensure that infrastructure projects adhere to sustainable practices, respect community rights, and minimize negative impacts on ecosystems and vulnerable populations.
- Embrace Digitalization: NaBFID can leverage digital technologies to streamline processes, enhance efficiency, and improve monitoring and evaluation of infrastructure projects. This can include the use of data analytics, remote monitoring, and digital platforms for project management.
Conclusion
- To achieve sustainable and climate-resilient infrastructure development, NaBFID must address the gaps in integrating climate risk, enhance transparency and mainstream sustainability, and navigate the challenges associated with financial risks. By focusing on structural measures, engaging the private sector effectively, and harnessing innovative financial products, NaBFID can play a pivotal role in driving climate-resilient investments and integrating nature into decision-making processes
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: El nino, la nina, IOD
Mains level: impacts of El Nino on the Indian monsoon and interplay between ENSO and IOD from the mains perspective
Central Idea
- With the El Nino phenomenon set to affect the Indian monsoon this year, there is growing optimism surrounding the development of a positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and its ability to mitigate the effects of El Nino. The IOD, a weaker ocean-atmosphere interaction in the Indian Ocean, has demonstrated limited impacts in the past but holds potential in offsetting the adverse effects of El Nino, particularly in neighbouring regions.
*Relevance of the topic*
*Questions on Indian ocean dipole and El nino and its impact on Indian monsoon have been asked multiple times in previous years.
*Relate this topic with Indian monsoon, and its impact on Indian agriculture as, Rainfed agriculture occupies about 51 percent of country’s net sown area and accounts for nearly 40 percent of the total food production.
The current status of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino
- IOD:
- The IOD is currently in a neutral phase. This means that there is no significant temperature difference between the western and eastern sides of the Indian Ocean along the equator.
- However, international climate models suggest the possibility of a positive IOD event developing in the coming months.
- The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has also reported an 80% chance of a positive IOD during the June-August 2023 season. The development of a positive IOD would have implications for weather patterns in the Indian Ocean region.
- El Nino:
- El Nino has already established itself in the Pacific Ocean this year. El Nino occurs when the prevailing wind systems weaken, resulting in reduced displacement of warm waters in the eastern side of the Pacific.
- This abnormal warming of the eastern Pacific can have impacts on global weather patterns, including the Indian monsoon. The presence of El Nino raises concerns about its potential impact on the Indian monsoon rainfall.
Understanding El Nino and IOD
| Phenomenon |
El Nino |
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) |
| Definition |
Warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean |
Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the Indian Ocean |
| Cause |
Weakening or reversal of trade winds |
Temperature difference between the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean along the equator |
| Impact on Weather |
Disrupts atmospheric circulation patterns globally, leading to droughts, floods, and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns |
Influences regional weather patterns in the Indian Ocean basin and its surrounding landmasses |
| Indian Monsoon |
Suppresses rainfall, leading to drought conditions in some regions |
Positive IOD enhances rainfall along the African coastline and over the Indian subcontinent; negative IOD suppresses rainfall in affected regions |
| Opposite Phase |
La Nina (cooling of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific) |
Opposite effects based on the temperature gradient between the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean |
| Relative Impact |
Significantly affects global weather patterns |
Weaker impacts compared to El Nino and La Nina, but still influences local weather patterns |
The interplay between the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and IOD
- Triggering Mechanism: ENSO events, specifically El Nino, can trigger the development of a positive IOD in the Indian Ocean.
- External Drivers: While external factors such as ENSO can initiate IOD events in some cases, there is evidence to suggest that IOD events can also occur due to local circulations or subsurface processes within the equatorial Indian Ocean.
- Internal Dynamics: IOD events largely develop and mature through internal dynamics, even when triggered by external drivers. They have the potential to exhibit independent existence and can impact weather patterns in the Indian Ocean region.
- Impact on IOD: During El Nino, the Pacific side of Indonesia tends to be cooler than normal, which influences the Indian Ocean side, leading to the development of a positive IOD.
- Mutual Interaction: The circulation patterns of IOD and ENSO can impact each other when both events are strong. The interaction between the two phenomena can influence the intensity and duration of each event.
- Contrasting Associations: Positive IOD events are often associated with El Nino, while negative IOD events are sometimes linked to La Nina. However, this association is not absolute, and IOD events can occur independently or have different associations depending on the specific conditions.
- Combined Impacts: Strong IOD and ENSO events can have combined effects on weather patterns, as their circulation patterns can interact and influence each other.
The impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole
- Rainfall Distribution: IOD significantly influences rainfall patterns in the Indian Ocean region. During a positive IOD, there is increased convection and rainfall along the African coastline and over the Indian subcontinent. Conversely, a negative IOD leads to suppressed rainfall in these regions.
- Drought and Floods: Positive IOD events can bring above-average rainfall to the affected regions, which can alleviate drought conditions and replenish water resources. However, this increased rainfall can also result in flooding and water-related disasters in certain areas.
- Agricultural Productivity: IOD has implications for agriculture as it affects the availability and distribution of rainfall. Positive IOD events can enhance agricultural productivity in the affected regions, while negative IOD events may lead to reduced crop yields and agricultural challenges.
- Fisheries: IOD impacts the productivity of marine ecosystems. During positive IOD, increased upwelling of nutrient-rich waters occurs, which promotes higher fish stocks and benefits fisheries. In contrast, negative IOD can disrupt the marine food chain and impact fish populations.
- Coral Bleaching: IOD influences sea surface temperatures, and prolonged positive IOD events can contribute to increased sea surface temperatures in the affected regions. This can lead to coral bleaching, negatively impacting coral reefs and marine biodiversity.
- Indian Monsoon: IOD can influence the strength and distribution of the Indian monsoon rainfall. Positive IOD events are generally associated with enhanced monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent, while negative IOD events can lead to reduced monsoon rainfall.
- Weather Extremes: IOD can contribute to the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, storms, and tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean region.
- Economic and Social Impacts: The impacts of IOD on rainfall, agriculture, fisheries, and other sectors have direct economic and social implications. These impacts can affect livelihoods, water availability, food security, and overall economic development in the affected regions.
Impacts of El Nino on the Indian monsoon
- Weakened Monsoon Winds: During El Nino, the trade winds that blow from the east across the Indian Ocean weaken. These winds are responsible for carrying moisture-laden air towards the Indian subcontinent, facilitating the monsoon rainfall. With weakened winds, the supply of moisture is reduced, leading to a decrease in rainfall.
- Delayed Onset: El Nino can cause a delayed onset of the Indian monsoon. The normal onset of monsoon rainfall in India is around June, but during El Nino years, the monsoon arrival may be delayed, resulting in a late start to the rainy season.
- Deficient Rainfall: El Nino events often lead to below-average rainfall during the monsoon season in India. The reduced moisture transport and altered atmospheric circulation associated with El Nino result in deficient rainfall across various parts of the country.
- Regional Variations: The impact of El Nino on the Indian monsoon is not uniform throughout the country. Certain regions, particularly central and northern India, are more prone to experiencing below-average rainfall during El Nino years. However, some areas in southern India may receive near-normal or even above-normal rainfall during these periods.
- Drought Conditions: El Nino-induced deficient rainfall can result in drought conditions in affected regions. This can have adverse effects on agriculture, water availability, and livelihoods, leading to crop failures, reduced agricultural productivity, and water scarcity.
- Temperature Extremes: El Nino can contribute to increased temperatures during the monsoon season in some parts of India. The reduced cloud cover and rainfall can lead to heatwaves and higher temperatures, posing health risks and impacting human well-being.
Conclusion
- While the IOD’s ability to counterbalance the effects of El Nino is limited, there is hope that a positive IOD event may develop in the coming months. Past instances, such as the strong IOD event in 2019, have demonstrated the potential of IOD in compensating for monsoon rainfall deficits. As researchers continue to study the interplay between ENSO and IOD, the development of a positive IOD this year would be welcomed, offering some respite from the anticipated impacts of El Nino on the Indian monsoon.
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