Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MATSYA 6000
Mains level: Samudryaan Mission
Central idea
- Hope Dwindling for Titan Submersible: The Titan submersible lost all crew in an underwater implosion.
- Indigenous Indian Submersible: Indian scientists are preparing to undertake a similar dive in an indigenous vehicle called Matsya-6000.
What is Samudrayaan Mission?
- Samudrayaan is a mega mission related to the ocean/sea-launched in October 2021.
- It is aimed to develop “a self-propelled manned submersible to carry three human beings to a water depth of 6,000 meters in the ocean with a suite of scientific sensors and tools for deep ocean exploration.
- It seeks to carry out deep ocean exploration of non-living resources such as polymetallic manganese nodules, gas hydrates, hydro-thermal sulfides, and cobalt crusts, located at a depth between 1000 and 5500 meters.
About MATSYA 6000
- Developed indigenously, MATSYA 6000 is a manned submersible vehicle.
- It will facilitate the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) in conducting deep ocean exploration.
- It has an endurance of 12 hours of operational period and 96 hours in case of emergency, according to the ANI news agency.
- The manned submersible will allow scientific personnel to observe and understand unexplored deep-sea areas by direct intervention.
Design specifications
- Titanium Enclosure: Matsya-6000 features a titanium casing on the front and back, chosen over carbon fiber for enhanced safety.
- Syntactic Foam: The submersible is equipped with syntactic foam, a flotation device that helps determine its location even if it cannot resurface.
Need for such a mission
- Huge coastline: India has a unique maritime position, a 7517 km long coastline, which is home to nine coastal states and 1,382 islands.
- Blue Economy: The mission aims to boost the Central government’s vision of ‘New India’ that highlights the Blue Economy as one of the ten core dimensions of growth.
- Coastal Economy: For India, with its three sides surrounded by the oceans and around 30% of the nation’s population living in coastal areas and coastal regions play a major economic factor. It supports fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, livelihoods, and blue trade.
Lessons learned from Titan Submersible
- Precautions in Place: The Indian scientists working on Matsya-6000 assure multiple back-up safety measures for the crew.
- Safety System Reviews: There may be reviews of the employed safety systems in light of the Titan submersible incident.
- Test Dives and Depth Limit: Prior to the main dives, NIOT divers will undertake test dives up to 500 meters inside a steel submersible.
- Titanium vs. Steel: Titanium, being stronger yet lighter than steel, is preferred for resurfacing ease and balancing extreme ocean depths.
- Spherical Hull Perfection: The submersible’s hull must be perfectly spherical to evenly distribute extreme pressure at ocean depths.
Impact on Safety Measures
- Reviewing Safety Measures: The incident involving the Titan submersible prompts a reevaluation and rechecking of safety measures for the Matsya-6000 mission.
- Incorporating Lessons Learned: The accident serves as a learning opportunity to enhance the safety and reliability of the upcoming Indian mission.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guinness World Record
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Prime Minister Modi’s leadership of a yoga session at the UN headquarters on the 9th International Yoga Day resulted in the creation of a Guinness World Record for the largest participation of people from different nationalities in a yoga event.
- This article explores the history, significance, and criticisms associated with Guinness World Records.
Origin and Evolution of Guinness World Records
- The idea for Guinness World Records originated from a pub argument in the 1950s, where Sir Hugh Beaver, the Managing Director of Guinness Brewery, sought a definitive answer to settle a debate.
- In response to the need for settling contentious facts, Sir Hugh conceived the idea of a book providing comprehensive and authoritative records.
- Two researchers, Norris and Ross McWhirter, were hired to compile the first edition of the Guinness Book of Records, which became an unexpected success.
- Over time, the book expanded into an annual publication that updated existing records and set new ones.
Scope and Coverage of Guinness World Records
- Guinness World Records documents and lists a wide range of human achievements and extreme natural phenomena.
- The organization currently maintains 62,252 active records, including the world’s tallest building (Burj Khalifa, Dubai) and the longest fingernails ever (Lee Redmond).
- It has expanded its presence through television shows and a robust online platform, garnering a significant social media following.
Making and Validating the Records
- Guinness World Records has a global network of over 75 adjudicators responsible for determining record-breaking attempts.
- An application process allows individuals to invite an adjudicator to witness and verify the record.
- Specific criteria must be met, such as objective measurability, breakability, standardizability, verifiability, and being the best in the world.
- In 2022, Guinness World Records received over 56,000 record enquiries from 171 countries, with more than 7,300 records approved.
Criticisms and Policy Changes
- Guinness World Records faced criticism for its business model, which involved creating records as publicity stunts for companies and individuals, attracting accusations of supporting risky activities.
- Comedian John Oliver criticized the organization in 2019 for accepting money from authoritarian governments for vanity projects.
- In response to the criticisms, Guinness World Records revised its policies and disqualified records causing harm to animals, endangering participants or spectators, or resulting in food waste.
Back2Basics: Yoga
- Origin: Yoga originated in ancient India and has its roots in Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture.
- Etymology: The word “yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit word “yuj,” which means “to join” or “to unite.” It signifies the union of mind, body, and spirit.
- Historical References: Yoga-like practices were mentioned in the Rig-Veda, an ancient Hindu text dating back to approximately 1500 BCE. References to yoga can also be found in the Upanishads, which are philosophical texts from around 800 to 400 BCE.
- Sage Patanjali: The sage Patanjali is considered the father of classical yoga. He compiled the Yoga Sutras, a foundational text that provides a systematic and philosophical framework for the practice of yoga. The Yoga Sutras were written around the 2nd century BCE.
- Eight Limbs of Yoga: Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline the eight limbs or stages of yoga, known as Ashtanga Yoga. These limbs include ethical principles (yamas and niyamas), physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), sense withdrawal (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and self-realization (samadhi).
- Schools and Styles: There are various schools and styles of yoga, each with its own approach and emphasis. Some popular styles include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Bikram, Kundalini, and Yin yoga.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GE-414 Engine Deal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s official State visit to the United States, a significant agreement is likely to be announced.
- The deal is expected to facilitate the transfer of at least 11 critical jet engine technologies.
GE-414 Engine Deal
- An agreement is expected between General Electric (GE), an American multinational corporation, and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) of India.
- The agreement aims to enable the licensed manufacture of GE’s F414 engine in India for the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk2.
- The F414 engine is part of GE’s suite of military aircraft engines and has been utilized by the US Navy for over 30 years.
- It boasts a track record of over 1,600 engines delivered, accumulating more than 5 million engine flight hours across various missions.
Features and Advancements of the F414 Engine
- The F414 engine belongs to the thrust class of 22,000 lb or 98 kN and incorporates advanced technologies such as Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC).
- GE’s highlights the engine’s use of advanced materials and cooling techniques, improving performance and extending component life.
F414-Powered Jets and their Significance
- Eight nations, including the US, have aircraft powered by F414 engines, such as the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and EA18G Growler, as well as Saab’s Gripen E/F fighters.
- The manufacturer’s website suggests the potential use of F414 engines for emerging platforms like the Korean KF-X.
India-Specific Version: F414-INS6
- The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) of the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) selected the F414-INS6 engine for the LCA Tejas Mk2.
- The LCA Tejas currently employs the GE-404-IN20 engine, which is a derivative of the GE-404 engine developed in the 1970s.
Future Prospects: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
- F414 engines may also be considered for the prototypes and initial batch of India’s fifth-generation fighter aircraft, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).
- AMCA is a potential recipient of the engine, although it might face competition from other engine manufacturers.
Significance of the Deal
- Only a few countries, including the US, Russia, the UK, and France, possess the necessary technology and metallurgy for manufacturing engines that power combat aircraft.
- Despite India’s pursuit of self-reliance in critical technologies, the country has not yet achieved mastery in manufacturing such engines.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) has emerged as a significant commitment in global climate financing at the recently-concluded Bonn climate conference in Germany.
- The conference, which sets the stage for the upcoming Conference of Parties-28 (COP28) in Dubai, has exposed significant gaps in funding for climate action.
Conference of Parties (COP)
- The Conference of Parties (COP) is a key international event where countries come together to address the urgent challenges posed by climate change.
- It is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- The COP brings together representatives from various countries to assess progress, negotiate agreements, and establish international climate policies and commitments.
- The first COP took place in 1995 in Berlin, Germany, following the adoption of the UNFCCC in 1992.
- Since then, the COP has been held annually, with each event designated by a specific number (e.g., COP21, COP22) indicating the sequential order.
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What is New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)?
- The commitment of $100 billion per year till 2020 to developing nations by developed countries was set at the 2009 COP.
- The cost estimates for addressing climate change indicate that billions, and possibly trillions, of dollars are required.
- The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement emphasized the need for a NCQG for climate financing before 2025.
- The NCGQ aims to account for the needs and priorities of developing nations and has been termed the “most important climate goal.”
- It should reflect scientific evidence, respond to increased funding requirements for Loss and Damage, and involve developed countries increasing their commitments.
Need for NCQG
- Developed countries provided $83.3 billion in 2020 out of the promised $100 billion per year.
- However, an analysis by Oxfam suggests that these figures may be inflated by as much as 225% due to misleading and dishonest reporting.
- The $100 billion target set in 2009 lacked clarity in terms of the definition and source of ‘climate finance.’
Challenges and Concerns
(A) Accessibility and Sustainability of Climate Finance
- While the funds for climate finance have increased, they remain largely inaccessible to developing countries.
- The majority of climate finance comes in the form of loans and equity, burdening developing nations with a debilitating debt crisis.
- Only around 5% of climate finance is provided as grants, which severely limits the capacity of countries in need.
(B) Developed Countries’ Perspective
- Developed countries argue that the NCQG should be seen as a collective goal for all countries.
- This perspective places the burden of mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage on developing countries.
- Experts raise concerns that developing nations may struggle to bear the costs while also ensuring sustainable infrastructure development.
- Developed countries advocate for mobilizing private-sector investments and loans as a critical component of climate finance.
Future roadmap
- A deadline looms for countries to agree on the NCQG before 2024.
- While there is no official figure yet, estimates suggest that transitioning to a low-carbon economy requires annual investments of $4 trillion to $6 trillion.
- Some propose setting separate targets or sub-goals for focus areas like mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage instead of a single aggregate figure.
- The focus should be on scaling up concessional financing, halting debt creation, and transforming the NCQG into an equitable and people-led transition process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Gender Gap Report
Mains level: Gender parity in India
Central Idea
- India climbed eight places to rank 127 among 146 countries in the Gender Gap Report 2023 by the World Economic Forum.
- Improvement in India’s ranking from 2022 and partial recovery towards 2020 parity levels.
What is Global Gender Gap Report?
- The Global Gender Gap (GGG) Report is an index designed to measure gender equality.
- It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.
Key Areas of Analysis:
- Economic participation and opportunity: Examines salary levels, workforce participation, and access to high-skilled employment.
- Educational attainment: Assesses access to basic and higher education for both genders.
- Political empowerment: Measures representation of women in decision-making structures.
- Health and survival: Considers life expectancy and sex ratio, accounting for differences in mortality rates.
- On each of the four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is complete imparity.
- It is the longest-standing index, which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006
India’s Ranking and Progress
- In 2022, India was ranked 135, indicating an improvement of 1.4 percentage points towards its 2020 parity level.
- India has closed 64.3% of the overall gender gap, showcasing progress in various areas.
- However, economic participation and opportunity in India achieved only 36.7% parity.
- India has achieved parity in enrolment across all levels of education.
Comparison and Regional Context
- Pakistan ranked 142, Bangladesh at 59, China at 107, Nepal at 116, Sri Lanka at 115, and Bhutan at 103.
- Iceland remains the most gender-equal country, with over 90% of its gender gap closed.
- Southern Asia achieved 63.4% gender parity, the second-lowest among the eight regions.
Challenges and Areas of Concern in India:
- Despite some improvement in wage parity, the representation of women in senior positions and technical roles declined.
- Political empowerment in India showed 25.3% parity, with women comprising 15.1% of MPs.
- Notably, 18 countries, including India, have achieved women’s representation of over 40% in local governance.
Efforts and Impact
- Women and Child Development Minister Smriti Irani highlighted the importance of women’s participation in local government bodies, which was acknowledged by the WEF.
- India saw a 1.9 percentage point improvement in the sex ratio at birth, contributing to increased parity after more than a decade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NATO+5
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- As Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Washington, the US Senate is set to introduce legislation that aims to grant India ‘NATO plus five’ defence status.
- However, India’s External Affairs Minister has already rejected this framework for India.
What is NATO Plus?
- NATO Plus is a coalition consisting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and five countries, namely Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, and South Korea.
- The primary objective of this group is to enhance global defense cooperation.
- Membership in NATO Plus would offer several advantages to India, including seamless intelligence sharing among member countries, access to cutting-edge military technology without delays, and a strengthened defense partnership with the United States.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- NATO is an alliance composed of 31 North American and European countries with shared values and interests.
- The organization was established through the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, also known as the Washington Treaty, on April 4, 1949.
- The main purpose of NATO is to safeguard peace and ensure the territorial integrity, political independence, and security of its member states.
- Article Five of the treaty stipulates that an armed attack against one member shall be considered an attack against all members, and the alliance will provide assistance, including the use of armed forces if necessary.
- NATO’s headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium.
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Why is the US keen to introduce India to NATO?
The US is keen to introduce India to NATO for these reasons:
- Counterbalancing China: India’s inclusion in NATO would help counterbalance China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific.
- Strengthening defense ties: It would deepen defense cooperation between the US and India.
- Enhancing regional stability: India’s participation would contribute to regional stability and improve defense capabilities.
- Expanding NATO’s reach: Including India would expand NATO’s global presence and address security challenges in the Indo-Pacific.
- Promoting a rules-based order: It aligns with shared values of democracy, human rights, and freedom of navigation.
Benefits if India’s ever joins
Joining NATO + 5 would offer several advantages to India, including:
- Enhanced security cooperation: India would benefit from increased security cooperation and intelligence sharing with NATO and its five partner countries, namely Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, and South Korea.
- Access to advanced military technology: India would gain access to the latest military technologies and equipment through streamlined transfer processes, allowing for quicker modernization of its defense forces.
- Strengthened defense partnership: Becoming a member of NATO + 5 would further strengthen India’s defense partnership with the United States and other NATO allies, leading to closer collaboration on various defense initiatives.
- Improved regional security: India’s participation in NATO + 5 would contribute to regional security, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, by fostering cooperation among like-minded countries to address common security challenges.
- Enhanced deterrence against adversaries: Being part of this defense framework would enhance India’s deterrence capabilities against potential adversaries, particularly in light of increasing security threats in the region.
Details of the Bill
- The proposed legislation seeks to upgrade India-U.S. defence ties by adding India to this arrangement, enabling the transfer of defence equipment with minimal bureaucratic interference.
- The move comes following a recommendation from a U.S. House of Representatives committee on China, suggesting India’s inclusion in the club.
India’s Response
- India’s External Affairs Minister stated that the proposed template does not apply to India, appreciating the sentiment but clarifying that it was not suitable for the country.
- The distinction between India and the proposed framework is well understood by the Biden administration.
Reasons for India’s Denial
India is unlikely to join ‘NATO-Plus’ for the following reasons:
- Non-aligned policy: India has traditionally pursued a non-aligned foreign policy, which prioritizes strategic autonomy and avoids formal military alliances.
- Regional partnerships: India prefers forging strategic partnerships with countries in the Indo-Pacific region based on shared interests, rather than joining broad-based military alliances.
- Unique security challenges: India faces specific security challenges in its region and tailors its defense priorities accordingly, making a broad military alliance less suitable for its needs.
- Diverse foreign policy objectives: India pursues a multi-faceted foreign policy approach, focusing on a range of objectives beyond security alliances, such as economic cooperation and climate change.
- Avoiding provoking China: India seeks to manage its relationship with China pragmatically and avoid actions that could escalate tensions, making joining a US-led military alliance potentially provocative.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Habeas Corpus
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Madras High Court has accepted a request made on behalf of a Minister’s wife, for an urgent hearing of a habeas corpus petition filed by her accusing the Enforcement Directorate (ED) of not having followed due procedure while arresting her husband early.
Habeas Corpus: A Safeguard for Personal Liberty
- Definition: Habeas corpus is a legal recourse that enables individuals to challenge unlawful detentions or imprisonments by reporting them to a court.
- Purpose: It allows individuals to request the court to order the custodian, typically a prison official, to present the detained person before the court and determine the legality of the detention.
- Applicability in India: In India, the power to issue a writ of habeas corpus is vested in the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
- Quick Remedy: Habeas corpus is considered an effective means of promptly addressing the loss of personal liberty without legal justification.
Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies
- Fundamental Right: Article 32 of the Constitution of India affirms the right to constitutional remedies, granting individuals the right to approach the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights.
- Scope: It empowers the Supreme Court to issue directions, orders, or writs to uphold the rights conferred in Part III of the Constitution.
- Suspension: The right guaranteed by Article 32 cannot be suspended except under specific provisions mentioned in the Constitution, such as during a state of emergency.
- Significance: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 as the soul and heart of the Constitution, emphasizing its crucial role in safeguarding rights.
Rights Protected by Article 32
- Inclusion in Part III: Article 32 is listed alongside other fundamental rights in Part III of the Constitution, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, life and personal liberty, and freedom of religion.
- Direct Approach to Supreme Court: Under Article 32, individuals can directly approach the Supreme Court only when any of their fundamental rights are violated.
Types of Writs under Article 32
- Habeas Corpus: Pertains to personal liberty in cases of illegal detention and wrongful arrest.
- Mandamus: Directs public officials, governments, and courts to perform their statutory duties.
- Quo Warranto: Requires a person to demonstrate the authority by which they hold a public office.
- Prohibition: Orders judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to halt proceedings beyond their jurisdiction.
- Certiorari: Allows the re-examination of orders issued by judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative authorities.
Remedy Hierarchy and Fundamental Rights Violations
- Civil or Criminal Matters: In civil or criminal cases, individuals first approach trial courts, followed by appeals to the High Courts and the Supreme Court.
- Violation of Fundamental Rights: In cases of fundamental rights violations, individuals have the option to approach the High Court under Article 226 or directly approach the Supreme Court under Article 32 for redress.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Which of the following is included in the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
- Disputes between the Government of India and one or more States
- A dispute regarding elections to either the House of the Parliament or the of Legislature of a State
- A dispute between the Government of India and the Union Territory
- A dispute between two or more States.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
Back2Basics: Comparison of Writs
|
Meaning |
Purpose |
Issued When |
Important Judgments |
Limitations |
Habeas Corpus
|
“You have the Body” |
Protection of personal liberty and freedom from unlawful detention |
Unlawful detention without authority of law |
Kerala Habeas Corpus case, ADM Jabalpur v. Shivakant Shukla |
Cannot be issued if detention is lawful or authorized by a competent court |
Quo Warranto
|
“By what means” |
Challenging the right to hold a public office |
In cases of public offices |
Ashok Pandey v. Mayawati, G.D. Karkare v. T.L. Shevde |
Cannot be issued for private organizations or if the office is not substantive |
Mandamus
|
“We Command” |
Ensuring correct performance of mandatory duties |
For correct performance of legal duties |
Rashid Ahmad v. Municipal Board, Binny Ltd. v. V. Sadasivan |
Not issued against the President or Governor |
Certiorari
|
“To be certified” |
Correcting errors of jurisdiction and procedure |
Wrongful exercise of jurisdiction or procedural errors |
Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai, T.C. Basappa v. T. Nagappa |
Cannot be issued against individuals, private authorities, or for amendment of an Act |
Prohibition
|
“To stop” |
Preventing an inferior court from exceeding its jurisdiction |
Lower court exceeds jurisdiction or acts contrary to law |
East India Commercial Co. v. Collector of Customs, Bengal Immunity Co. Ltd |
Not issued if the court is acting within its jurisdiction or for administrative functions |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBAM and Climate finance Mechanism
Mains level: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, challenges, implementation and
Central Idea
- The historical responsibility for climate change has primarily rested with advanced economies and their industrialization processes, while the poorer countries of the Global South have made negligible contributions. The Kyoto Protocol acknowledged the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities,” and the Paris Agreement emphasized voluntary emission targets for countries while requiring wealthier nations to provide financial transfers to developing economies.
Insufficient Climate Finance and Empty Promises by Industrialized Countries
- Inadequate Financial Transfers: Despite the commitment made under the Paris Agreement to transfer $100 billion annually to developing economies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, the actual financial transfers have been far from sufficient. In 2020, out of the $83 billion deposited into the climate finance fund, less than $25 billion was transferred as grants.
- Limited Support for Developing Countries: The Global South, comprising poorer nations, has been disproportionately affected by climate change, despite contributing minimally to the problem. These countries often lack the necessary resources and infrastructure to address the adverse effects of climate change
- Empty Promises: The track record of empty promises regarding the flow of funds to the Global South casts doubt on the credibility of commitments made by wealthier nations. The failure to deliver on financial pledges raises questions about the sincerity and commitment of industrialized countries in addressing climate change and supporting developing economies in their climate action initiatives.
- Impact on Climate Change Mitigation: Insufficient climate finance directly affects global efforts to mitigate climate change. Developing countries require financial resources to invest in clean technologies, renewable energy infrastructure, and sustainable development practices.
- Equity and Climate Justice Concerns: Insufficient climate finance exacerbates existing inequities and injustices. The burden of climate change impacts falls disproportionately on vulnerable communities in developing countries who have contributed the least to the problem.
- Loss and Damage: In addition to mitigation and adaptation efforts, financial support is crucial for addressing loss and damage caused by climate change impacts. Loss and damage refer to the irreversible and long-term damages, including economic losses and the displacement of communities, resulting from climate change.
What is The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)?
- The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is a proposed policy measure aimed at addressing the issue of carbon-intensive production methods in other countries. It involves imposing tariffs on imports from countries that are seen as utilizing carbon-intensive practices in their production processes.
The Objectives of the CBAM
- Reducing Emissions: One of the primary objectives of the CBAM is to contribute to the reduction of the European Union’s (EU) emissions. By imposing tariffs on carbon-intensive imports, the mechanism aims to incentivize foreign producers to adopt cleaner and more sustainable production methods.
- Preserving Competitiveness: The CBAM seeks to prevent carbon leakage, which refers to situations where industries move their production to countries with less stringent environmental regulations to avoid higher costs associated with carbon pricing.
- Encouraging Carbon Intensity Reduction: The CBAM aims to motivate targeted countries, particularly major exporters to the EU, to decrease the carbon intensity of their exports. By imposing tariffs on carbon-intensive goods, the mechanism creates an economic incentive for these countries to transition towards cleaner and more sustainable production practices.
Challenges and Legal Implications for Implementing CBAM
- Measurement Challenges: One of the significant challenges of the CBAM lies in accurately measuring the carbon intensity of imported goods. Determining the exact carbon footprint of a product can be complex, especially when considering indirect emissions embodied in inputs or production processes.
- Arbitrary Coverage and Product Selection: Deciding which products and sectors should be included in the CBAM’s coverage can be challenging. The mechanism’s effectiveness heavily depends on selecting the right products that have high carbon exposure and significant trade volumes. The process of determining coverage may involve some arbitrariness and requires careful consideration to avoid unintended consequences and trade distortions.
- Compliance with WTO Rules: The CBAM raises legal implications in terms of compatibility with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The mechanism’s unilateral nature, aiming to impose tariffs based on the carbon intensity of production processes, can be seen as a potential violation of WTO principles, including non-discrimination and national treatment.
- Protectionism Concerns: There is a risk that the CBAM could be used as a form of protectionism by imposing tariffs on imports to shield domestic industries from international competition. This can undermine the principles of free trade and create tensions among trading partners. Careful design and implementation of the CBAM are necessary to ensure it does not become a tool for protectionist trade practices.
- Incomplete Global Coverage: The effectiveness of the CBAM could be limited if not implemented globally. As of now, only a few countries have mechanisms in place for pricing carbon. The absence of a comprehensive global approach to carbon pricing and emission reduction may result in uneven playing fields and limited impact on overall global emissions.
- Equity Considerations: The CBAM may have equity implications, particularly for developing countries. While it aims to incentivize carbon intensity reduction, the burden of adjustment falls primarily on countries that may lack resources and capacity to adopt cleaner technologies or transition rapidly.
Way Forward
- Strengthen Climate Finance: Industrialized countries must fulfill their commitments to provide adequate climate finance to developing nations. Increasing financial transfers and grants to support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in the Global South is crucial. This includes honoring the $100 billion annual target set under the Paris Agreement and exploring innovative financing mechanisms.
- Enhance Global Cooperation: International collaboration is essential to address climate change comprehensively. Governments, organizations, and stakeholders need to foster dialogue, share best practices, and collaborate on climate initiatives. Multilateral platforms, such UNFCCC, can serve as forums for cooperation, knowledge exchange, and collective decision-making.
- Develop Comprehensive Carbon Pricing Mechanisms: Implementing comprehensive and robust carbon pricing mechanisms can incentivize emission reductions and promote the transition to low-carbon economies. Governments should explore carbon pricing mechanisms at both domestic and international levels, considering factors such as fairness, effectiveness, and economic feasibility.
- Support Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Developing countries require support in adopting and implementing clean technologies and building their capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Enhanced technology transfer, knowledge sharing, and capacity-building initiatives can empower nations to address climate challenges effectively.
- Promote Equity and Climate Justice: Efforts to combat climate change must prioritize equity and climate justice. It is essential to ensure that the burden of mitigation and adaptation does not disproportionately fall on vulnerable communities and developing countries. Equity considerations should be integrated into policy frameworks, financing mechanisms, and decision-making processes.
- Strengthen International Trade and Climate Governance: The relationship between international trade and climate change needs to be addressed coherently. Collaborative efforts should be made to reconcile trade rules and climate objectives. Strengthening the World Trade Organization (WTO) and exploring ways to integrate climate considerations into trade agreements can foster synergies and avoid conflicts between trade and climate policies.
- Encourage Innovation and Research: Investing in research and innovation is vital to develop and scale up transformative technologies and solutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Governments, private sectors, and academia should collaborate to promote research and innovation in clean energy, sustainable agriculture, circular economy, and other climate-related fields.
Conclusion
- While the CBAM attempts to address carbon-intensive production methods and climate finance, it falls short in several areas. The inadequacy of climate finance transfers to the Global South and the history of unfulfilled promises undermines the potential success of future financing initiatives. A more comprehensive and equitable approach is required to effectively combat climate change while ensuring the burden is shared responsibly among nations.
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Issues and opportunities in bilateral relations between Nepal and India.
Central Idea
- Nepal’s Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’ recently concluded a successful four-day official visit to India, marking his third stint as Prime Minister. Compared to his previous visits in 2008 and 2016, this visit in 2023 has yielded more concrete outcomes and managed to navigate contentious issues successfully. The visit holds significance for Nepal’s political landscape and the potential for enhanced bilateral relations between Nepal and India.
India Nepal Ties: A Backgrounder
- Ancient ties: The relationship between India and Nepal goes back to the times of the rule of the Sakya clan and Gautama Buddha.
- Cultural relations: From 750 to 1750 AD period saw a shift from Buddhism to Hinduism in Nepal and witnessed widespread cultural diffusion.
- Diplomatic ties: India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal.
Significance of the visit
- Strengthening Bilateral Relations: The visit signifies a renewed commitment to strengthening the bilateral relations between Nepal and India. It provides an opportunity for high-level engagement, dialogue, and cooperation, which are essential for fostering a closer partnership between the two countries.
- Concrete Outcomes: Compared to Prachanda’s previous official visits to India, this visit has yielded more concrete outcomes. The focus on economic cooperation, particularly in the hydropower sector, has resulted in progress towards realizing Nepal’s hydroelectric potential and reducing its dependence on electricity imports.
- Navigating Contentious Issues: The visit successfully managed to avoid public disagreements and controversial issues that could have strained the bilateral relationship. By prioritizing economic ties and constructive dialogue, both sides demonstrated their commitment to finding common ground and building trust.
- Political Stability in Nepal: Prachanda’s visit, along with the complex power-sharing arrangement within the coalition government, contributes to political stability in Nepal. The coalition government’s unity and consensus-based decision-making provide a conducive environment for addressing developmental issues and focusing on the country’s economic growth.
- Sub-regional Cooperation Prospects: The visit highlighted the potential for sub-regional cooperation, especially in the areas of connectivity and energy. Agreements on the expansion of transmission lines, the facilitation of trade and movement of goods and people, and the prospect of utilizing the Indian grid for Nepal’s electricity export to Bangladesh all indicate the willingness to enhance collaboration in the broader South Asian region.
Significant Progress in Hydropower Cooperation
- Increased Installed Capacity: Nepal has increased its installed capacity of hydropower from a mere 1,200 MW a decade ago to 2,200 MW currently. This growth in capacity enables Nepal to generate more electricity domestically and reduce its reliance on electricity imports from India.
- Power Export to India: During the peak season, Nepal can now export power to India. In 2021, Nepal exported 39 MW of electricity to India, and the following year, the export increased to 452 MW. This not only contributes to Nepal’s economic growth but also strengthens energy cooperation between the two countries.
- Long-Term Power Trade Agreement: Nepal and India have finalized a long-term power trade agreement that sets a target of exporting 10,000 MW of electricity from Nepal to India within a 10-year timeframe. This agreement demonstrates a shared commitment to enhancing energy cooperation and regional integration.
- Hydropower Project Initiatives: Several hydropower projects have been initiated to tap into Nepal’s vast hydropower potential. For instance, the 900 MW Arun III project, started by the SJVN (formerly the Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam), is expected to become operational later this year. Furthermore, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) has been signed for the 695 MW Arun IV project, and the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) has signed agreements for two projects with a total capacity of 1,200 MW.
- Transmission Line Expansion: To facilitate the transmission of electricity between Nepal and India, work has begun on a second high voltage transmission line between Butwal in Nepal and Gorakhpur in India. Additionally, plans are in place to construct two more transmission lines under a line of credit of $679 million. These infrastructure developments are crucial for enabling efficient power exchange and strengthening the energy partnership between the two countries.
What are the key contentious issues between the two?
- Kalapani Border Dispute: One of the longstanding issues between Nepal and India is the Kalapani border dispute. The dispute revolves around the demarcation of the border in the Kalapani region, which is claimed by both countries. Nepal argues that the region falls within its territory based on historical and cartographic evidence, while India maintains control over the area.
- Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950: The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in 1950 has been a subject of contention. While the treaty was intended to foster close ties and cooperation, some in Nepal perceive it as unfair and imposed upon them. There have been calls to review and update the treaty to address concerns related to sovereignty and equality.
- Cross-border Trade and Transit Issues: Cross-border trade and transit have faced challenges and occasional disruptions, impacting the flow of goods and creating economic strains. Issues related to customs procedures, tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and transit routes have led to occasional trade disputes between the two countries.
- Hydropower Development and Water Resources: Nepal’s potential for hydropower development has been a subject of interest for both countries. However, disagreements have arisen over issues such as the sharing of water resources, joint projects, and cross-border impacts of hydropower development.
- Employment of Gurkha Soldiers: The recruitment and employment of Gurkha soldiers from Nepal in the Indian Army has been an issue of concern. The Agnipath scheme, which governs the recruitment process, has been a subject of revision and discussion between the two countries.
Way Forward
- Dialogue and Diplomacy: Both countries should prioritize open and constructive dialogue to address contentious issues. Regular high-level meetings, diplomatic negotiations, and bilateral dialogues can help build mutual understanding and find mutually acceptable solutions.
- Boundary Dispute Resolution: The Kalapani border dispute should be addressed through diplomatic means. Engaging in discussions based on historical evidence, cartographic data, and international legal frameworks can help find a mutually acceptable resolution that respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of both nations.
- Treaty Review and Update: Considering Nepal’s concerns about the India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950, both countries can engage in substantive talks to review and update the treaty. This process should involve thorough discussions, taking into account the evolving bilateral dynamics and ensuring a fair and mutually beneficial agreement.
- Enhancing Trade and Transit: Both nations should work towards simplifying customs procedures, reducing non-tariff barriers, and facilitating smoother cross-border trade and transit. Establishing efficient mechanisms for resolving trade-related disputes and enhancing connectivity through improved transport infrastructure will contribute to a stronger economic partnership.
- Cooperation in Water Resources: Collaborative efforts can be undertaken to harness Nepal’s hydropower potential while addressing concerns related to water resources and cross-border impacts. Joint projects, sharing of technical expertise, and mechanisms for equitable sharing of water resources can promote cooperation and mutual benefit.
- People-to-People Exchanges: Encouraging people-to-people exchanges, cultural exchanges, and promoting tourism can foster greater understanding, goodwill, and friendship between the citizens of both countries. Promoting educational exchanges, cultural events, and tourism initiatives will help strengthen the bonds at the grassroots level.
- Sub-regional Cooperation: Exploring opportunities for sub-regional cooperation within the South Asian region can contribute to mutual growth and development. Initiatives such as the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) sub-regional grouping can be further strengthened, focusing on areas such as trade, connectivity, energy, and infrastructure development
Conclusion
- Prachanda’s visit to India marks a significant milestone in Nepal-India relations. The progress made in hydropower cooperation, the avoidance of controversial issues, and the commitment to dialogue pave the way for a renewed focus on mutual growth and trust. As Prime Minister Modi and Prachanda have demonstrated, the “HIT” approach (Highways, Infoways, and Transways) provides a framework for rebuilding trust and strengthening the bond between Nepal and India
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) marked its 20th Foundation Day.
What is NIXI?
- NIXI is a not-for-profit Organization under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013 and was registered on 19th June 2003.
- It’s an initiative under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) vision 1000 days.
- It is tasked with increasing Internet penetration and adoption in India by facilitating infrastructure aspects.
NIXI provides four key services:
- Internet Exchange Points: NIXI sets up and manages Internet Exchange Points, which enhance Internet connectivity and the exchange of data.
- .IN Registry: NIXI oversees the .in domain digital identity, promoting its adoption and growth.
- IRINN: NIXI facilitates the adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses through its Internet Registry and Information Network.
- Data Centre Services: NIXI-CSC offers secure and reliable data storage services, further strengthening the digital ecosystem.
Key initiatives of NIXI
- IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru): A joint effort of DOT, MeitY, and the community to support Indian entities in adopting IPv6.
- NIXI Academy: Created to educate people in India on technologies like IPv6 that are not typically taught in educational institutes.
- NIXI-IP-INDEX: Developed an IPv6 index portal to showcase the adoption rate in India and worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Ocean Event
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A new study published in Nature Communications warns that the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by the 2030s, even with significant emission reduction efforts.
- This alarming conclusion challenges previous predictions and highlights the global, damaging, and dangerous consequences of such a scenario.
Accelerated Climate Heating in the Arctic
- Fastest Heating: The Arctic region has been experiencing climate heating at a faster rate than any other part of the planet, making it a frontline area for climate change.
- Focus on Sea Ice: Scientists and local indigenous communities closely monitor the sea ice that covers much of the Arctic Ocean during winter, as it is a critical indicator of climate change.
- Diminishing Sea Ice: Over the past 40 years, multiyear sea ice, which remains at the end of summer, has reduced from approximately 7 million sq. km to 4 million sq. km, representing a significant loss.
Predicting an Ice-Free Arctic: Blue Ocean Event
- What is it: Scientists have been studying when the Arctic Ocean might become ice-free in summer, known as a “blue ocean event,” defined by the sea ice area dropping below 1 million sq. km.
- Complex Modeling: Sea ice is challenging to model accurately due to its sensitivity to atmospheric and oceanic circulation and heat transfer. Previous climate models underestimated the loss of sea ice compared to actual observations.
- Observationally Constrained Projections: The latest study takes a calibrated approach, using observational data to refine the models and project sea ice decline. It suggests the Arctic could become ice-free in summer as early as the 2030s, even with emission reductions.
Implications of an Ice-Free Arctic:
- Climate Feedback: The loss of Arctic sea ice amplifies warming through positive feedback, as it reduces sunlight absorption by the ocean, potentially accelerating the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and contributing to sea-level rise.
- Environmental Shifts: An ice-free Arctic would lead to changes in atmospheric circulation, storm tracks, and ocean biological activity, with far-reaching and undesirable consequences.
- Slender Benefits: While there may be some perceived benefits, such as shorter shipping routes, they pale in comparison to the negative impacts on the climate system and global ecosystems.
Conclusion
- The potential ice-free Arctic Ocean by the 2030s, as indicated by the study, underscores the urgent need for climate action.
- The consequences of such a scenario extend far beyond.
- The study highlights the imperative of mitigating climate change to avoid further damage to the Arctic and the planet as a whole.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ex Khaan Quest 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The multinational peacekeeping joint exercise, Ex Khaan Quest 2023, has commenced in Mongolia, with the participation of military contingents and observers from over 20 countries.
Ex Khaan Quest 2023
- This 14-day exercise aims to enhance interoperability, share experiences, and provide training for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO).
- The exercise is co-sponsored by the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) and the United States Army Pacific Command (USARPAC).
- The Indian Army, represented by a contingent from the GARHWAL RIFLES, is actively involved in this endeavor.
Agenda of the exercise
- Fostering Interoperability: This Exercise focuses on strengthening interoperability among participating nations, facilitating better coordination during joint operations.
- Sharing Experience: The exercise provides a platform for sharing experiences and best practices among military personnel involved in UNPKO, enabling them to learn from each other’s expertise.
- Training for UN Peacekeeping: Participants will be trained for future UN Peacekeeping missions, ensuring they possess the necessary skills and capabilities to carry out peace operations effectively.
- Diverse Training Components: The exercise encompasses various training elements such as Command Post Exercise (CPX), Field Training Exercises (FTX), combat discussions, lectures, and demonstrations.
Back2Basics: UN Peacekeeping
- UN Peacekeeping was established in 1948 to maintain international peace and security.
- The first mission was deployed in 1948 for the Arab-Israeli conflict ceasefire.
- Its missions involve soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel known as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets.
- Guided by principles of consent, impartiality, and limited use of force, UN Peacekeeping deploys approximately 81,820 personnel from 119 countries in 13 missions worldwide.
- With their assistance, UN Peacekeeping promotes peace, stability, and humanitarian aid globally.
Major Contributors to UN Peacekeeping:
- India: Largest troop contributor, with over 253,000 personnel in 49 missions.
- Bangladesh: Second-largest contributor, with over 150,000 personnel deployed since 1988.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NaBFID
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure & Development (NaBFID) is making significant strides in infrastructure financing, with ambitious goals for loan disbursement and expansion.
- Operational for less than a year it has already made substantial progress in lending and aims to further strengthen its presence in the infrastructure sector.
What is NaBFID?
- The NBFID was established in 2021 through the enactment of The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Act, 2021.
- It serves as a specialized Development Finance Institution (DFI) in India.
- Its primary objectives include addressing the gaps in long-term non-recourse finance for infrastructure development, strengthening the development of bonds and derivatives markets in India, and fostering sustainable economic growth.
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will regulate and supervise NBFID as an All-India Financial Institution (AIFI).
| Development Finance Institutions (DFIs): They are government-owned or public institutions that provide funding for infrastructure and large-scale projects. They play a crucial role in financing projects that are often unviable for traditional banks to lend to. DFIs offer two types of funds: Medium-term funds with a maturity period of 1-5 years, and Large-scale funds with a maturity period exceeding 5 years. |
Loan Disbursement and Expansion Targets
- Disbursement Target: NaBFID aims to disburse approximately ₹60,000 crore by the end of this fiscal year, showcasing its commitment to fostering infrastructure development.
- Sanctioning Loans: NaBFID is poised to sanction loans amounting to ₹1 lakh crore during this fiscal year. These loans will be directed towards both greenfield and brownfield assets in the vital infrastructure space.
- Debt Raise: Recently, NaBFID successfully raised ₹10,000 crore through debt issuance, signalling the institution’s ability to attract substantial funding.
- High Demand: The debt issuance received an overwhelming response, with bids worth ₹23,629.50 crore, nearly five times the base issue of ₹5,000 crore.
- Largest Debt Issuance: The debt securities, with a 10-year tenor, mark the largest debt issuance by a national-level institution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNSC 1267 list
Mains level: Global terrorist designations
Central Idea
- China yet again blocked a proposal by India and the US at the United Nations to designate Pakistan-national Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist Sajid Mir as a global terrorist on the UN Security Council’s 1267 list..
What is the UNSC 1267 list?
- The UNSC resolution 1267 was adopted unanimously on 15 October 1999.
- It came to force in 1999, and strengthened after the September, 2001 attacks.
- It is now known as the Da’esh and Al Qaeda Sanctions Committee.
What is UNSC 1267 committee?
- It comprises all permanent and non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
- The 1267 list of terrorists is a global list, with a UNSC stamp.
- It is one of the most important and active UN subsidiary bodies working on efforts to combat terrorism, particularly in relation to Al Qaeda and the Islamic State group.
- It discusses UN efforts to limit the movement of terrorists, especially those related to travel bans, the freezing of assets and arms embargoes for terrorism.
How is the listing done?
(1) Submission of Proposal
- Any member state can submit a proposal for listing an individual, group, or entity.
- The proposal must include acts or activities indicating the proposed individual/group/entity had participated in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities linked to the said organizations.
(2) Actual decision
- Decisions on listing and de-listing are adopted by consensus.
- The proposal is sent to all the members, and if no member objects within five working days, the proposal is adopted.
- An “objection” means rejection for the proposal.
(3) Putting and resolving ‘Technical Holds’
- Any member of the Committee may also put a “technical hold” on the proposal and ask for more information from the proposing member state.
- During this time, other members may also place their own holds.
- The matter remains on the “pending” list of the Committee.
- Pending issues must be resolved in six months, but the member state that has placed the hold may ask for an additional three months.
- At the end of this period, if an objection is not placed, the matter is considered approved.
Why is India furious this time?
- Recently PM Modi and Xi Jinping attended the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Samarkand.
- The grouping had agreed to take strong and consolidated action against terrorism in the region.
- Despite this, China has exposed its double standards on the issue of terrorism for consistently stopping the listing of Pakistan-based terrorists.
- This is again very surprising movement by China by putting a ‘Technical Hold’.
Here is a timeline of how China disrupts the global efforts against terrorism:
- 2009: After the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, India moved an independent terror designation proposal against Masood Azhar but China blocked the move.
- 2016: After seven years, India proposes listing of Masood Azhar as a global terrorist and is supported by the US, the UK and France. China blocks the move again.
- 2017: The trio moves a third proposal only to be blocked by China again.
- 2019: After the attacks on the CRPF personnel in J-K’s Pulwama, India calls 25 envoys of different countries to highlight the role Islamabad plays in funding, promoting and strengthening global terrorism. India moves the fourth proposal demanding Masood Azhar’s listing. China lifted its technical hold.
- June 2022: China blocked a proposal by India and the US to list Pakistan-based terrorist Abdul Rehman Makki as a ‘Global Terrorist’
- August 2022: China blocks India-US joint proposal to list Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) deputy chief Abdul Rauf Azhar as UNSC designated terrorist.
Conclusion
- China’s actions expose its double speak and double standards when it comes to the international community’s shared battle against terrorism.
- This clearly depicts its care for its vassal state Pakistan.
Back2Basics: United Nations Security Council
- The UNSC is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security.
- Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions.
- It is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states.
- The Security Council consists of fifteen members. Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, and the United States—serve as the body’s five permanent members (P5).
- These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary-General.
- The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two-year terms. The body’s presidency rotates monthly among its members.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Stocktake (GST)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Bonn Climate Change Conference was held from 5 to 15 June 2023.
- Building on the mandates that emerged from COP 27 in Egypt last year, the conference hosted a large number of mandated events and continue discussions on issues of critical importance.
- It is expected to make progress on these and other important issues and prepare draft decisions for adoption at COP 28 / CMP 18 / CMA 5 in the UAE in December 2023.
Key ideas discussed
- Some progress was made on the global stocktake (GST) discussions.
- However, the issues of historical responsibility and finance remained contentious, hindering the strengthening of climate actions.
What is Global Stocktake (GST)?
- GST is a process established under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
- It serves as a mechanism to assess global progress in addressing climate change and to enhance collective climate action.
- The GST aims to review the implementation of the Paris Agreement’s goals and targets and identify areas where additional efforts are needed to meet those objectives.
Key aspects of the Global Stocktake include:
- Timing: The Paris Agreement mandates that the GST be conducted every five years, starting in 2023. This regular assessment allows for tracking progress and adjusting strategies accordingly.
- Assessment of Collective Efforts: GST evaluates the collective efforts of all countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and providing support to developing nations.
- Review of Goals and Targets: It assesses the effectiveness of countries’ actions in meeting the long-term temperature goals outlined in the Paris Agreement, primarily the goal to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
- Transparency and Accountability: The GST promotes transparency and accountability by encouraging countries to report on their progress and actions taken toward achieving their climate goals. This allows for a comprehensive and objective assessment of global climate action.
- Identification of Gaps and Opportunities: The stocktake identifies gaps in collective efforts, including finance, technology transfer, and capacity-building support, and explores opportunities for enhanced actions to bridge those gaps.
- Decision-Making: The findings and recommendations from the GST inform future decision-making, including the setting of new targets and the adjustment of national climate plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Challenges in Climate Negotiations
- Disputes and Delayed Agendas: Developed and developing countries engaged in disagreements, leading to delays in agreeing on meeting agendas.
- Historical Responsibility Debate: Australia’s attempt to diminish the historical responsibility of developed nations in causing global warming sparked controversy.
- Developing Countries’ Perspective: Developing nations emphasized the importance of acknowledging historical responsibility in addressing climate change.
- Potential Conflict at COP28: The issue of historical responsibility is expected to resurface at COP28, posing challenges to reaching consensus.
Finance and Technology Transfer
- Disparity in Support: Developing countries expressed concerns about inadequate financial and technological support from developed nations.
- Burden of Implementation: Insufficient funds hinder the ability of developing countries to implement robust climate action plans.
Future Outlook
(1) Bridging Adequacy Gap:
- Developed Nations’ Perspective: Australia and the United States questioned the sole responsibility of developed countries in bridging the adequacy gap.
- Developing Nations’ Concerns: Developing countries emphasized the need for financial support and technology transfers to enhance their climate actions.
- Value Addition: Bridging the adequacy gap requires global cooperation, equitable burden-sharing, and increased financial assistance for developing countries.
(2) Financing Climate Action:
- Insufficient Funds: Current financial commitments fall short of the required resources for implementing climate action plans.
- Summit for a New Global Financial Pact: A Paris summit aims to redirect global financial flows and raise new funds for climate change initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Cable Projects
Mains level: Undersea Fibre Optic Cables
Central Idea
- The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has issued recommendations on rules governing undersea cables connecting Indian telecom networks to the global internet.
- These recommendations address concerns raised by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) regarding the participation of Indian firms in undersea cable projects and related regulatory clearances.
What are Undersea Cables?
- Undersea cables, also known as submarine cables, are fiber optic strands enclosed in protective layers laid on the ocean floor.
- They are essential for global connectivity, transmitting data and communication signals between continents and nations.
- These cables form the backbone of international communications infrastructure, ensuring reliable internet connectivity and supporting seamless communication worldwide.
- They play a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration, trade, and socio-cultural interactions on a global scale.
Key Recommendation by TRAI
(A) Ownership Requirements for Undersea Cables:
- Proof of Ownership: TRAI recommends that all Indian telecom companies operating undersea cables must demonstrate ownership of the portion of cables located in Indian waters.
- Significance: This requirement ensures that Indian firms have a stake in undersea cable infrastructure and fosters their active participation in global connectivity.
(B) Distinction between Cable Landing Stations and Points of Presence (PoPs):
- Differentiation of Facilities: TRAI suggests distinguishing between cable landing stations and PoPs, which are further connected to the stations.
- Regulatory Simplification: Owners of PoPs would be exempted from multiple clearance requirements but would need to comply with lawful interception regulations.
- Significance: This differentiation streamlines the regulatory process for telecom companies and promotes ease of doing business.
(C) Allowance for Dark Fiber and Stubs:
- Dark Fiber Usage: TRAI recommends permitting the use of dark fiber (unused optical fiber) on existing cable landing stations.
- Use of Stubs: TRAI suggests allowing the installation of stubs, short cables in Indian waters, for potential future expansion and use.
- Significance: Allowing dark fiber usage and stub installations enhances the flexibility and scalability of undersea cable infrastructure in India.
(D) Financial Viability Models for Repair Vessels
- Commissioning Indian Flagged Ships: TRAI proposes that a government committee explore financial viability models for commissioning Indian flagged ships for the repair and maintenance of undersea cables.
- Significance: This promotes indigenous capabilities and supports the growth of the domestic maritime industry.
(E) Domestic Traffic and Terrestrial Networks
- Permission for Domestic Traffic: TRAI recommends explicitly permitting the carrying of domestic traffic on undersea cables, allowing for connectivity between domestic locations.
- Extension through Terrestrial Networks: The regulator suggests enabling undersea cable systems to extend further inland through terrestrial networks to facilitate the flow of international traffic.
- Significance: This improves efficiency and promotes seamless communication within India.
Critical Information Infrastructure Protection
- Notification of Critical Infrastructure: TRAI proposes notifying undersea cables as critical information infrastructure, making them eligible for protection by the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC).
- Significance: Recognizing undersea cables as critical infrastructure strengthens their security and safeguards against potential cyber threats.
India’s Cable Projects and Future Expansion
- India-Asia Xpress (IAX) and India-Europe Xpress (IEX): Reliance Jio is leading these projects, connecting India to Singapore, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. The capacity is around 200 Tbps, with funding from a consortium including Facebook and Google.
- MIST: This cable will link Mumbai and Cochin in India to Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. It has a capacity of 218 Tbps and is scheduled for operation in 2024.
- Blue-Raman: Connecting Italy, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and India, this cable bypasses the Egyptian chokepoint. It has a capacity of over 200 Tbps and is funded by a consortium led by Google.
- SEA-ME-WE 6: Upgrading the link from Singapore to Marseille, this cable spans 19,200 km with a capacity of 126 Tbps. It is scheduled to be operational in 2025 and involves a consortium of telecommunications companies.
- 2 Africa Pearl: Extending from India and Pakistan, this cable orbits Africa, connecting 33 nations across three continents. It has a capacity of 180 Tbps and is funded by a consortium that includes Facebook and China Mobile.
India’s Significance in Undersea Connectivity
- Growing digital economy: India’s rapidly expanding digital market and high data usage make it a significant consumer and provider of global data connectivity.
- Strategic location: Situated at the crossroads of major regions, India serves as a vital link connecting Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East through undersea cable networks.
- Technical expertise: India boasts a large pool of skilled professionals in the tech industry, enabling it to actively participate in the development, deployment, and maintenance of undersea cables.
- Rising global influence: With its projected economic growth, population size, and geopolitical significance, India’s increasing influence positions it as a key player in shaping the future of undersea cable connectivity.
- Connectivity expansion: India’s efforts to enhance domestic and international connectivity, coupled with its focus on improving infrastructure and regulatory frameworks, contribute to its importance in undersea cable networks.
Conclusion
- TRAI’s recommendations on undersea cables aim to enhance the participation of Indian firms, simplify regulatory processes, and strengthen the security and efficiency of undersea cable infrastructure in India.
- These recommendations promote the growth of the telecom industry and support the country’s digital connectivity goals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: pro-Khalistani events and glorification of violence in Canada and its impact on bilateral relations
Central Idea
- The recent pro-Khalistani parade in Brampton, Canada, featuring a tableau depicting the assassination of former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, has raised concerns about the glorification of violence and its impact on Indo-Canadian relations.
The Offensive Float: Glorifying Violence
- Depiction of Indira Gandhi: The float featured a tableau depicting a lady dressed in a white sari, symbolizing India’s former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The portrayal of her in a bloodied state aimed to evoke a sense of violence and brutality.
- Soldiers Training Guns: The tableau included two soldiers pointing their guns at the depicted figure of Indira Gandhi. This imagery conveys a message of aggression and threat towards a political leader.
- Board Text: The float had a board behind the figure of Indira Gandhi, reading “Revenge of attack on Shri Darbar Sahib.” This text suggests a desire for revenge for the attack on the Golden Temple (Shri Darbar Sahib) and implies a justification for violence.
- “Never forget 1984”: The side of the float carried the words “Never forget 1984.” This phrase refers to the anti-Sikh riots that took place in 1984 following Indira Gandhi’s assassination, further emphasizing the glorification of a violent event in history.
Indian Response
- External Affairs Minister’s Comments: During a media conference on June 8, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar indirectly addressed the offensive float. While he did not directly mention the incident, he referred to the larger issue of Canada providing space to separatists, extremists, and those advocating violence. He emphasized that such a stance is detrimental to the bilateral relationship between India and Canada.
- Condemning Hypocrisy: Jaishankar criticized Canada’s hypocritical approaches to human rights issues and its historical disregard for India’s territorial integrity. He pointed out the need for Canada to reassess its policies and give due consideration to the impact of its actions on the relationship between the two nations.
- Omission of Direct Mention: Although Mr. Jaishankar spoke out against the offensive float and Canada’s permissive environment for separatists, it is notable that he did not directly mention the name of the former Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.
- Canadian High Commissioner’s Statement: While Mr. Jaishankar refrained from naming Indira Gandhi, the Canadian High Commissioner to India, Cameron Mackay, explicitly denounced the event through a tweet. He expressed his appallment at reports of an event in Canada that celebrated the assassination of the late Indian Prime Minister.
Concerns about the glorification of violence
- Promotion of Hatred and Conflict: Glorifying violence perpetuates a culture of animosity, division, and hatred. It can fuel tensions between different communities or groups, leading to further conflicts and hostility.
- Erosion of Social Cohesion: The glorification of violence undermines social cohesion and harmony within societies. It deepens divisions, exacerbates grievances, and creates an environment conducive to violence and social unrest.
- Undermining Rule of Law: Glorifying violence goes against the principles of the rule of law and peaceful resolution of conflicts. It encourages a mindset that justifies resorting to violence as a means to address grievances, disregarding established legal frameworks and peaceful mechanisms for dispute resolution.
- Impact on National Identity: The glorification of violence can tarnish the image and identity of a nation. It reinforces negative stereotypes, perpetuates cycles of violence, and can lead to emotional distress for individuals or communities associated with the affected events.
- Impediment to Reconciliation: Glorifying violence hampers efforts towards reconciliation and healing. It deepens wounds from past conflicts, making it harder to foster understanding and dialogue between different groups or communities.
- Strained International Relations: The glorification of violence can strain relations between countries, particularly when it involves controversial historical events or political figures. It can lead to diplomatic tensions, a breakdown of trust, and hinder cooperation and collaboration in various domains
Implications for Indo-Canadian relations
- Diplomatic Strains: The incident can strain bilateral relations between India and Canada. The portrayal of violence and the glorification of a historical event that caused significant pain and turmoil within India can lead to a breakdown of trust and cooperation between the two countries.
- Perception of Insensitivity: If Canada is perceived as not taking appropriate action to address and condemn the glorification of violence, it may be viewed as insensitive to India’s concerns. This perception can damage the mutual understanding and goodwill that are essential for fostering strong bilateral relations.
- Impact on People-to-People Connections: The glorification of violence can negatively affect people-to-people connections between India and Canada. It may deepen divisions and breed resentment among different communities, hindering social cohesion and understanding.
- Economic and Trade Consequences: In extreme cases, if tensions escalate due to incidents like the offensive float, it can have economic and trade consequences. Trade and investment flows may be affected, hampering economic cooperation and growth between the two nations.
- Cultural Exchanges and Cooperation: Glorifying violence can hamper cultural exchanges and cooperation between India and Canada. It may discourage collaborations in areas such as education, arts, tourism, and other forms of cultural exchange, limiting opportunities for mutual understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures.
Way forward
- Dialogue and Diplomacy: Both countries should engage in open and constructive dialogue at various levels, including government officials, diplomats, and civil society organizations. This dialogue should aim to address concerns, clarify misunderstandings, and find common ground for cooperation.
- Condemnation of Violence: It is important for both India and Canada to unequivocally condemn the glorification of violence and any acts that undermine peace, harmony, and social cohesion. Clear statements from government officials and community leaders can send a strong message against violence and promote a culture of non-violence.
- Cultural Exchanges and Understanding: Encouraging cultural exchanges, educational programs, and people-to-people interactions can foster greater understanding and appreciation between the two nations. Efforts should be made to showcase the rich cultural diversity of both countries and emphasize shared values of respect, tolerance, and harmony.
- Enhanced Cooperation: Exploring opportunities for enhanced cooperation in various fields, including trade, investment, technology, and research, can strengthen the bilateral relationship. Collaborative projects, joint initiatives, and mutually beneficial partnerships can foster closer ties and promote shared prosperity.
- Promoting Mutual Respect: It is crucial to uphold the principles of mutual respect, sovereignty, and territorial integrity in bilateral relations. Both countries should demonstrate respect for each other’s historical narratives, sensitivities, and concerns, while working towards resolving differences through peaceful and diplomatic means.
- Engagement with the Indian Diaspora: Canada should ensure that its policies and actions do not provide support or platforms for separatist or extremist elements. Engaging positively with the Indian diaspora in Canada, which includes Sikhs and other communities, can help build bridges and promote a better understanding of India’s diverse perspectives.
Conclusion
- While the Brampton parade highlights the need for Canada to address its hypocritical stance on separatism and violence, and for India to navigate its engagement with the diaspora sensitively. Both countries must strive to strengthen their relationship while respecting each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Day of Yoga and Initiatives taken by India
Mains level: Yoga, its significance, benefits and India's wisdom of Yoga
Central Idea
- The International Day of Yoga (IDY), initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, holds immense significance this year as it is being celebrated at the UN headquarters in New York. Over the past nine years, the IDY has gained tremendous popularity, raising awareness about the physical, mental, and emotional benefits of practicing yoga.
What is Yoga?
- Yoga is a holistic practice that originated in ancient India. It encompasses physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), meditation, and ethical principles.
- The word “yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit word yuj, which means to unite or join.
- The practice of yoga aims to harmonize the body, mind, and spirit, promoting overall well-being and inner transformation
Significance and Benefits of Yoga
- Physical Health: Yoga promotes physical well-being by improving flexibility, strength, balance, and overall fitness. Regular practice can help prevent and manage various physical ailments, enhance immune function, increase energy levels, and improve overall vitality.
- Mental and Emotional Well-being: Yoga is known for its positive effects on mental and emotional health. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, and depression by promoting relaxation, calming the mind, and cultivating mindfulness. Yoga practices such as meditation and breath control can enhance mental clarity, focus, and emotional resilience.
- Holistic Approach: Unlike many other forms of exercise, yoga takes a holistic approach, addressing the interconnectedness of the body, mind, and spirit. It recognizes that physical health is deeply intertwined with mental and emotional well-being, promoting a balanced and integrated approach to overall wellness.
- Self-Discovery and Self-Transformation: Yoga provides a path for self-exploration and self-realization. Through self-reflection and introspection, practitioners gain a deeper understanding of themselves, their thoughts, emotions, and patterns of behavior. This process of self-discovery can lead to personal growth, self-acceptance, and a greater sense of purpose in life.
- Stress Reduction and Relaxation: In today’s fast-paced and stressful world, yoga offers valuable tools for managing stress and promoting relaxation. Breathing techniques, meditation, and specific yoga poses help activate the body’s relaxation response, reducing the harmful effects of chronic stress and promoting a sense of calm and well-being.
- Cultivation of Mindfulness: Mindfulness, the practice of being fully present in the moment, is a core component of yoga. By cultivating mindfulness during yoga practice, individuals learn to bring that same awareness and presence into their daily lives. This fosters greater attention, focus, and an increased ability to engage fully in each moment.
- Spiritual Growth: For those seeking spiritual growth and connection, yoga provides a pathway. It offers practices and philosophies that explore deeper aspects of the self and the universe. Yoga’s ancient wisdom and teachings encourage individuals to seek a higher purpose, expand their consciousness, and experience a sense of unity with all of existence.
How India is Promoting Yoga?
- International Day of Yoga (IDY): The IDY, initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has been a significant platform for promoting yoga globally. India organizes and celebrates the IDY with great enthusiasm, showcasing yoga’s cultural and health benefits to the world.
- Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR): The ICCR, under the Ministry of External Affairs, plays a crucial role in promoting yoga internationally. It organizes international conferences, seminars, and workshops to foster a deeper understanding of yoga’s holistic nature and its connections with other traditional wellness practices.
- Ministry of AYUSH: The Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) has been at the forefront of promoting yoga in India. It implements various initiatives and schemes to support the development and promotion of yoga, including research, education, and awareness campaigns.
- Swami Vivekananda District Yoga Health Centres: In the aftermath of the International Day of Yoga in 2015, the Government of India established 150 Swami Vivekananda District Yoga Health Centres across the country. These centers offer yoga training, workshops, and therapy to promote yoga’s health benefits at the grassroots level.
- AYUSH Health & Wellness Centres: As part of the government’s efforts to integrate yoga into the healthcare system, 1,25,000 AYUSH Health & Wellness Centres have been established. These centers provide traditional healthcare services, including yoga and Ayurveda, to rural and underserved communities.
- Tele Yoga Advisory: The Department of AYUSH, in collaboration with the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) and S-VYASA University, has developed a Tele Yoga Advisory. This initiative utilizes telemedicine technology to provide yoga guidance and therapy remotely, making it accessible to a wider population.
- Yoga Education in Universities: Several universities in India have started dedicated departments and academic programs focused on yoga. Six central universities offer full-fledged departments of yoga, while over 30% of private, state, and deemed universities have introduced certificate, diploma, or undergraduate/postgraduate programs in yoga.
- International Collaborations: India collaborates with various countries and international organizations to promote yoga globally. These collaborations include joint research projects, cultural exchanges, and organizing international yoga conferences and festivals.
- Standards and Certification: India is working towards establishing standards and certification processes for yoga accessories and practices. The Bureau of Indian Standards, under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, is involved in creating quality standards for yoga accessories to ensure good industrial practices.
- National Yogasana Sport Federation: India has taken the lead in establishing the National Yogasana Sport Federation, which aims to standardize and introduce yogasana-based competitions at the national level. This initiative helps promote yogasanas as a competitive sport, encouraging more people to engage with yoga.
How the IDY has Transformed Yoga into a Global Phenomenon?
- Global Recognition and Celebration: The IDY, initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, gained recognition at the international level when it was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2014. This official recognition brought global attention to yoga as a valuable practice for holistic well-being.
- Increased Awareness and Accessibility: The IDY has created greater awareness about the benefits of yoga for physical, mental, and emotional health. It has highlighted yoga as a practice that is accessible to people of all ages, abilities, and cultural backgrounds. This has encouraged individuals worldwide to explore and embrace yoga as part of their wellness routines.
- Cross-cultural Exchange: The IDY has facilitated cross-cultural exchange by encouraging participation from people of diverse cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. This celebration of yoga as a universal practice has fostered understanding, respect, and unity among different communities worldwide.
- International Participation: The IDY has seen enthusiastic participation from a large number of countries, including 192 countries in the first celebration in 2015. The participation of 44 Islamic countries in the IDY demonstrates that yoga has transcended religious and cultural boundaries, gaining acceptance and popularity worldwide.
- Promotion by Indian Government: The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and the Ministry of External Affairs, with the support of the Ministry of AYUSH, have actively promoted yoga through various initiatives. These efforts have included organizing international conferences, fostering collaborations, and promoting the holistic nature of yoga.
- Research and Health Benefits: The IDY has encouraged research in yoga and its therapeutic benefits. This has resulted in a growing body of scientific evidence supporting the positive impact of yoga on physical and mental health. The WHO in collaboration with the Ministry of AYUSH, has developed resources and initiatives to educate people about the therapeutic benefits of yoga.
- Integration into Healthcare Systems: Many countries have recognized the value of yoga in promoting wellness and have incorporated it into their healthcare systems. Yoga has been integrated into rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management, mental health interventions, and overall preventive healthcare strategies.
- Cultural Exchange and Yoga Tourism: The IDY has promoted cultural exchange by encouraging people to explore yoga’s roots in India. This has led to an increase in yoga tourism, with people visiting India to experience authentic yoga practices, learn from experienced teachers, and immerse themselves in the country’s rich yoga heritage.
Way Forward: Preserving the Essence of Yoga
- Respect for Traditional Roots: Emphasize the importance of understanding and respecting the traditional roots of yoga. Encourage practitioners and teachers to explore the philosophical and historical aspects of yoga, studying ancient texts, and learning from experienced teachers who have deep knowledge of yoga’s traditions.
- Authentic Teacher Training: Promote rigorous and comprehensive teacher training programs that uphold the values, principles, and ethics of yoga. Ensure that teacher trainings include a deep study of yogic philosophy, anatomy, teaching methodologies, and practical experience under the guidance of qualified and experienced instructors.
- Continuing Education: Encourage yoga teachers to engage in continuous learning and professional development. Encourage them to attend workshops, seminars, and conferences to deepen their understanding of yoga and stay updated on the latest research and practices. Continuing education helps teachers refine their skills and maintain the authenticity of their teachings.
- Emphasis on Personal Practice: Encourage practitioners and teachers to prioritize their personal practice. Regular and dedicated personal practice helps individuals embody the essence of yoga and deepen their understanding of its transformative power. It also allows them to share their own authentic experiences with others.
- Integrity in Teaching: Encourage teachers to uphold the integrity of yoga by teaching with clarity, respect, and authenticity. Emphasize the importance of honoring individual differences, providing modifications and variations, and creating a safe and inclusive environment for practitioners.
- Collaboration with Traditional Practitioners: Foster collaborations between modern yoga practitioners and traditional yoga masters. Create opportunities for dialogue, exchange of knowledge, and mutual learning. By bridging the gap between ancient traditions and contemporary practices, we can preserve and integrate the essence of yoga.
- Mindful Innovation: While it is important to honor tradition, allow space for mindful innovation within the practice of yoga. Encourage exploration and adaptation of yoga to suit the needs of diverse populations, while maintaining the core principles and values of yoga
Conclusion
- The International Day of Yoga has played a vital role in promoting the practice worldwide, creating awareness about its numerous benefits, and fostering research and standardization efforts. As yoga continues to evolve globally, it is essential to protect its integrity and ensure its preservation for future generations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UPI, Internationalization of UPI and other digital payment ecosystem
Mains level: proliferation of UPI transactions in India, advantages and challenges faced by the Banks
Central Idea
- The rapid increase in United Payments Interface (UPI) transactions in India has attracted attention due to the various daily limits imposed by apps and banks. These limitations, both in terms of value and volume, have created a complex landscape.
What is Unified Payments Interface (UPI)?
- UPI is India’s mobile-based fast payment system, which facilitates customers to make round-the-clock payments instantly, using a Virtual Payment Address (VPA) created by the customer.
- It eliminates the risk of sharing bank account details by the remitter.
- UPI supports both Person-to-Person (P2P) and Person-to-Merchant (P2M) payments and it also enables a user to send or receive money.
Factors Behind the Surge in UPI Transactions
- Increased Adoption: UPI transactions have witnessed a significant surge in adoption by Indian consumers. The ease of use, convenience, and widespread acceptance of UPI as a payment method have contributed to its popularity.
- Post-Demonetization Boost: The demonetization drive in India, implemented in November 2016, played a crucial role in promoting digital payments. UPI emerged as a viable alternative to cash transactions, leading to a surge in its usage.
- Rising Smartphone Penetration: With the increasing affordability and accessibility of smartphones, more people in India have gained access to UPI-enabled apps. This has facilitated a higher number of UPI transactions, as users can conveniently make payments using their smartphones.
- Government Initiatives: The Indian government has actively promoted digital payments and cashless transactions. Initiatives such as the Digital India campaign and the introduction of UPI by the National Payments Corporation of India (NCPI) have encouraged the adoption of UPI among both businesses and individuals.
- Merchant Acceptance: The expansion of UPI acceptance among merchants, including small businesses, street vendors, and online platforms, has contributed to the surge in transactions. The availability of UPI as a payment option in various retail outlets has increased its usage significantly.
- Ease of Use and Seamless Integration: UPI offers a user-friendly interface, making it easy for individuals to link their bank accounts and initiate transactions. Moreover, UPI integrates seamlessly with various apps, allowing users to make payments directly from their bank accounts without the need for multiple intermediaries.
- Cashback Offers and Discounts: Many UPI-enabled apps and platforms offer attractive cashback offers, discounts, and incentives for using UPI as a payment method. These promotional activities have incentivized users to opt for UPI transactions, further contributing to the surge in usage.
- Government-Backed Initiatives: Government-backed schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) have promoted the use of UPI for disbursing welfare benefits and subsidies. This has significantly increased the volume of UPI transactions.
- Expansion of UPI Ecosystem: The UPI ecosystem has witnessed continuous expansion with the addition of more banks, financial institutions, and UPI-enabled apps. This has widened the reach and accessibility of UPI, leading to a surge in transactions.
- Peer-to-Peer Transactions: UPI’s peer-to-peer (P2P) transaction capability has been a key driver behind its growth. Users can easily transfer funds to friends, family, or vendors using just their mobile numbers or UPI IDs, eliminating the need for traditional banking details.
Challenges Faced by Banks with Rising Demand for UPI and the Apps
- Infrastructure Upgrade: Banks need to continually upgrade their banking infrastructure to handle the increasing volume of UPI transactions. This includes investing in robust technology systems, server capacity, and network bandwidth to ensure seamless and efficient transaction processing.
- Scalability Issues: The rapid surge in UPI transactions can strain banks’ existing systems, leading to scalability issues. Banks must scale up their infrastructure to accommodate the growing transaction volume and ensure smooth processing without disruptions or delays.
- Technical Limitations: Banks may face technical limitations within their systems that hinder their ability to handle the high volume of UPI transactions. Outdated or inadequate technology systems may result in transaction failures, errors, or processing delays, impacting the user experience.
- Transaction Failures: As the demand for UPI transactions increases, there is a higher risk of transaction failures due to system overload or technical glitches. Banks must address these issues promptly to minimize transaction failures and provide a reliable payment experience to users.
- Competing with Popular Apps: Certain UPI-enabled apps, such as PhonePe and GPay, have gained significant market dominance and user adoption. Banks may find it challenging to compete with these popular apps and attract users to their own UPI platforms, which can impact their transaction volumes.
- Disparity in Transaction Limits: Different banks and apps may have varying transaction limits imposed on UPI transactions. This creates a complex landscape where users may need to navigate through different limits set by different banks, leading to confusion and inconvenience.
- Balancing Security and User Experience: Banks must strike a balance between ensuring robust security measures for UPI transactions and providing a seamless user experience. Enhancing security protocols without compromising user convenience can be a challenge, especially with the evolving nature of cybersecurity threats.
- Regulatory Compliance: Banks must comply with regulatory guidelines set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other authorities to ensure adherence to UPI standards and data privacy regulations. Meeting these compliance requirements while managing the increasing transaction volume can pose additional challenges for banks.
- Innovation and Stay Ahead: Banks need to continuously innovate to keep pace with evolving customer expectations and industry trends. They must introduce new features, enhance user experience, and offer competitive services to stay relevant in the UPI ecosystem.
- Collaborating with Remitter Banks: Banks that are not dominant remitter banks may face challenges in collaborating with these dominant players to facilitate UPI transactions effectively. Establishing partnerships and ensuring interoperability between banks and apps can be crucial for seamless transaction processing.
Way Forward
- Infrastructure Enhancement: Banks should prioritize investments in upgrading their infrastructure to handle the increasing volume of UPI transactions. This includes improving server capacity, network bandwidth, and robust technology systems to ensure scalability and efficient transaction processing.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Banks can collaborate with popular UPI-enabled apps to enhance their reach and user base. Partnering with these apps can provide access to a larger customer segment and help banks stay competitive in the UPI ecosystem.
- Seamless User Experience: Banks should focus on providing a seamless and user-friendly experience for UPI transactions. This involves investing in user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design, ensuring smooth transaction flows, and offering personalized services to attract and retain customers.
- Innovation and Feature Development: Banks need to continuously innovate and introduce new features and functionalities to differentiate themselves in the UPI ecosystem. This could include incorporating advanced security measures, enhancing transaction speeds, and introducing value-added services to enhance the overall customer experience.
- Emphasis on Security: Maintaining robust security measures is crucial to building trust among users. Banks should invest in advanced security technologies such as multi-factor authentication, encryption, and fraud detection systems to ensure the safety and integrity of UPI transactions.
- Regulatory Compliance: Banks must stay updated with the regulatory guidelines set by the RBI and other relevant authorities. They should ensure compliance with data privacy regulations, customer protection measures, and UPI standards to maintain trust and regulatory compliance.
- Interoperability and Standardization: Banks should work towards establishing seamless interoperability between different UPI-enabled apps and remitter banks. This allows users to have a unified experience across various platforms and reduces confusion and inconvenience associated with different transaction limits or processes.
Conclusion
- The proliferation of UPI transactions in India has revolutionized the digital payments landscape. Despite the impressive surge in transaction volume, there has been a decline in the average value per transaction. As certain apps and remitter banks dominate the UPI ecosystem, further developments in the UPI framework and banking systems are necessary to ensure a seamless and efficient payment experience for all users.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semiconductor and its applications
Mains level: Significance and challenges of semiconductor technology and fabrication processes in India
Central Idea
- Setting up a semiconductor fabrication plant in India holds immense significance, driven by both market opportunities and strategic considerations. With India’s growing dependence on semiconductor imports, the nation becomes vulnerable to coercion. Recognizing these challenges, the Indian government’s 2022 Semiconductor Mission deserves commendation. However, uncertainties persist regarding the establishment of a fab in India.
What are Semiconductors?
- Semiconductors are materials that have properties that are in between those of conductors (such as copper) and insulators (such as rubber).
- They have the ability to conduct electricity under certain conditions, but not under others.
- The conductivity of semiconductors can be manipulated through the introduction of impurities or doping with other materials. This process alters the electronic properties of the material and creates regions of excess or deficit of electrons, called p-type and n-type regions respectively.
India’s Previous Attempts to Establish a Semiconductor Fabrication Plant
- Special Incentive Package (SIP) in 2007: India’s first serious attempt to establish a semiconductor fabrication plant through this package did not yield any response from potential investors.
- Modified SIP in 2012: The second attempt involved a modified version of the Special Incentive Package. After extensive outreach efforts, two consortia were approved by the Cabinet. One consortium was led by Jaiprakash Associates in partnership with IBM and TowerJazz, while the other was led by Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation along with ST Microelectronics. However, despite finalizing locations and allocating land, both consortia failed to mobilize the necessary resources for the fabrication plant
Significance of Establishing Semiconductor Fabrication Plants for India
- Market Potential: India is experiencing a growing demand for semiconductors driven by various sectors, including electronics, telecommunications, automotive, healthcare, and consumer goods. Establishing semiconductor fabrication plants in India would enable the domestic production of semiconductors, reducing dependence on imports and capturing a significant portion of the expanding market.
- Strategic Independence: Dependence on imported semiconductors makes India vulnerable to coercion and supply chain disruptions. Establishing domestic semiconductor fabrication plants would enhance India’s strategic independence by reducing reliance on external sources, ensuring a secure and consistent supply of critical technology components.
- Job Creation and Skill Development: Semiconductor fabrication plants have the potential to generate a substantial number of high-skilled jobs. These plants require a skilled workforce in areas such as engineering, manufacturing, research and development, and technical support. Establishing such plants in India would drive job creation and contribute to the development of a skilled labor force.
- Technological Advancement: Semiconductor fabrication plants foster technological advancements and innovation. By establishing these plants, India can build its expertise in semiconductor manufacturing, drive research and development in the field, and contribute to technological advancements in various industries. This would enhance India’s competitiveness on the global stage and position it as a technology leader.
- Economic Growth and Investment: Semiconductor fabrication plants have a significant economic impact, contributing to GDP growth and attracting investments. These plants create a multiplier effect, stimulating the growth of ancillary industries and supporting sectors. Moreover, establishing semiconductor fabrication plants would attract foreign direct investment and promote collaborations with global semiconductor companies.
- Ecosystem Development: Setting up semiconductor fabrication plants requires the development of a comprehensive ecosystem, including supply chains, research institutions, testing facilities, and supportive infrastructure. This ecosystem development would have positive ripple effects, fostering the growth of related industries, supporting technological advancements, and nurturing innovation in the semiconductor sector.
- National Security: Establishing domestic semiconductor fabrication plants enhances national security by reducing dependence on foreign sources for critical technology components. It strengthens self-reliance and safeguards against potential disruptions in the global supply chain due to geopolitical or economic factors, ensuring the availability of essential technology components for strategic applications.
Challenges in Establishing a Semiconductor Fabrication Plant
- High Risk and Capital Intensive: Investing in a semiconductor fabrication plant involves significant financial risk and requires substantial capital investment. Billions of dollars need to be recovered before the technology becomes obsolete. This poses a challenge in terms of securing the necessary funding and ensuring a return on investment.
- Economic Viability and Production Volumes: Semiconductor fabs require large production volumes to achieve economic viability. The production levels often need to meet global demand rather than just the domestic market. Achieving the necessary economies of scale can be challenging, especially for a new fab in a competitive market.
- Ecosystem Development: Establishing a semiconductor fabrication plant involves developing a complex ecosystem. This includes securing a reliable supply chain for hundreds of chemicals and gases required for chip fabrication, setting up the necessary infrastructure for cleanrooms and equipment, and training a skilled workforce. Building this ecosystem from scratch can be a significant challenge.
- Quality and Yield: The semiconductor industry requires high-quality manufacturing processes and yields to ensure profitability. Poor quality and low yields can lead to significant losses and render a fab economically unviable. Maintaining consistent quality and optimizing yields pose challenges in the fabrication process.
- Technological Complexity: Semiconductor fabrication is a highly complex process that requires advanced technologies and expertise. Keeping up with the latest advancements, staying at the cutting edge of technology, and ensuring access to state-of-the-art equipment and techniques can be challenging.
- Strategic Competition: The global semiconductor industry is highly competitive, with countries like China, the United States, and the European Union investing heavily in chip manufacturing. Competing with established players and navigating strategic challenges, such as technology transfers and market dominance, can be a significant hurdle for India or any new entrant in the industry.
- Environmental Considerations: Semiconductor fabrication processes involve the use of hazardous chemicals and generate waste. Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations, managing waste disposal, and adopting sustainable practices present challenges in terms of environmental impact and sustainability.
Alternative Approaches for Semiconductor Fabrication
- Acquisition of Existing Fabs: Instead of establishing a new fab from scratch, a viable alternative is to acquire existing semiconductor fabrication facilities. This approach offers advantages such as access to stabilized technology, an established supply chain ecosystem, existing product lines, and an established market presence.
- Focus on Assembly, Testing, Packaging, and Marking (ATMP): Setting up ATMP facilities can be a relatively easier and cost-effective option for developing the semiconductor ecosystem. ATMP facilities specialize in the packaging, testing, and marking of chips, rather than their actual fabrication.
- Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations: Collaborating with established semiconductor companies, research institutions, and global technology leaders can help overcome the challenges of building a semiconductor fabrication plant independently. Strategic partnerships can facilitate technology transfer, access to expertise, and shared resources, thereby accelerating the development of the semiconductor ecosystem in India.
- Government Support and Incentives: Governments can play a crucial role in supporting the establishment of semiconductor fabs by providing financial incentives, tax benefits, infrastructure support, and policy frameworks conducive to the growth of the industry.
- Research and Development Focus: Emphasizing research and development efforts in semiconductor technology and fabrication processes is crucial. Investing in advanced R&D can help develop cutting-edge technologies, improve yields, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness in the global semiconductor market.
- Skill Development and Education: Developing a skilled workforce is essential for the success of the semiconductor industry. Investing in education and skill development programs focused on semiconductor technology, fabrication processes, and related disciplines can ensure the availability of qualified personnel to support the growth of fabs and the overall ecosystem.
Lessons from China in Semiconductor Fabrication
- Acquiring Existing Fabs: China’s success in the semiconductor industry involved acquiring existing, loss-making fabs from around the world. This approach allowed China to access established technologies, supply chains, product lines, and markets. Acquiring existing fabs can provide a head start and a foundation for building a semiconductor ecosystem.
- Government Financial Support: China’s semiconductor industry growth was backed by massive government financial support over the last two decades. Investing substantial funds in the sector enabled the development of infrastructure, research and development, and the creation of a favorable environment for chip manufacturing.
- Lower Manufacturing Costs: China’s lower manufacturing costs played a significant role in its success. By leveraging economies of scale, cost efficiency, and competitive pricing, China became a major player in chip production. Exploring cost-effective manufacturing strategies can be a valuable lesson for other countries.
- Rare Earth Control: China’s strategic advantage in chip-making was bolstered by its control over rare earth minerals. These minerals are essential for chip production. By securing a reliable supply of rare earths, China gained a strategic edge in the semiconductor industry. Assessing and securing critical resources can be crucial for long-term success.
- Building Ecosystem and Training Human Resources: China focused on developing a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem. This involved not only establishing fabs but also investing in the necessary infrastructure, supply chains, and training skilled personnel. Building a strong ecosystem and nurturing human resources are vital for a sustainable semiconductor industry.
- Balancing Subsidies and R&D Investment: China’s approach involved allocating funds saved from acquiring existing fabs towards advanced research and development (R&D) in fab technologies. This allowed for continuous innovation, improved capabilities, and the potential to develop state-of-the-art fabs in the future.
- Leveraging ATMP Facilities: China’s semiconductor journey included the establishment of over 100 Assembly, Testing, Packaging, and Marking (ATMP) facilities. While ATMP facilities may not contribute directly to chip fabrication, they provide a stepping stone in developing the semiconductor ecosystem, training personnel, and nurturing supporting industries
Conclusion
- India’s pursuit of semiconductor fabrication requires careful consideration of past failures and exploration of alternative approaches. Acquiring existing fabs, as demonstrated by China, offers a viable path to develop the fab ecosystem and save on subsidies. Furthermore, investing in ATMPs can help nurture the required infrastructure. By leveraging lessons learned, fostering innovation, and securing strategic alliances, India can establish itself as a key player in the global semiconductor industry.
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