Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extreme weather events phenomenon exacerbated by climate change and Impact on Indian monsoon
Mains level: Climate change induced severity of weather events, impacts and Responsibility of Wealthier Nations in Addressing the Climate Crisis
Central Idea
- The recent reports on the southwest monsoon in India have sparked concerns about the impact of climate change on weather patterns. The adverse consequences of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and crop damage, highlight the urgent need to address the climate crisis. The World Meteorological Organisation’s alarming report on global temperatures crossing the 1.5 degrees Celsius mark underscores the severity of the climate emergency.
How the Government Actions are Not Sufficient to Address the Climate Crisis?
- Insufficient Emissions Reduction Targets: Many governments have set emissions reduction targets that are insufficient to meet the goals outlined in international agreements such as the Paris Agreement. These targets often fall short of what is required to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
- Slow Implementation of Renewable Energy Policies: Governments have been slow to implement and scale up policies and incentives to promote renewable energy sources. The transition to renewable energy is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but many governments have not provided adequate support or created an enabling environment for renewable energy development.
- Reliance on Fossil Fuels: Governments continue to subsidize and support the fossil fuel industry, which contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. These subsidies impede the transition to cleaner energy sources and perpetuate the use of fossil fuels, despite their detrimental environmental impact.
- Inadequate Climate Finance: The provision of climate finance, particularly from wealthier nations to developing countries, has fallen short of what is needed. The quantum of climate finance has not met the estimated requirements for adaptation and mitigation efforts outlined in international agreements like the Paris Agreement. This lack of financial support hinders developing countries’ ability to effectively address climate change.
- Limited Investment in Sustainable Infrastructure: Governments have been slow to invest in sustainable infrastructure projects that promote low-carbon transportation, energy-efficient buildings, and resilient urban planning. Without substantial investment in sustainable infrastructure, the transition to a low-carbon economy becomes more challenging.
- Weak Climate Policy Coordination: There is often a lack of coordination and collaboration between different government departments and agencies responsible for climate policy. This can lead to fragmented approaches and hinder the implementation of effective climate strategies.
- Insufficient Climate Education and Public Awareness: Governments have not done enough to educate the public about the severity and urgency of the climate crisis. This lack of awareness can limit public support for climate action and impede the adoption of sustainable behaviours and practices.
- Inadequate Preparedness for Climate Impacts: Governments have been slow to invest in measures to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as building resilient infrastructure, implementing early warning systems, and developing climate-resilient agriculture practices. This leaves communities vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
The Adverse Consequences of Extreme Weather Events Exacerbated by Climate Change
- Loss of Human Lives: Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and storms, can result in the loss of human lives. These events pose direct threats to individuals through injuries, drowning, and other hazards associated with severe weather conditions.
- Physical Injuries and Health Impacts: Extreme weather events often lead to physical injuries, including cuts, fractures, and trauma. Additionally, they can have significant health impacts, such as heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems from air pollution, and waterborne diseases in the aftermath of floods.
- Displacement and Homelessness: Severe weather events can displace large numbers of people from their homes. Flooding, hurricanes, and wildfires can destroy or severely damage houses, forcing individuals and communities to evacuate and seek temporary or long-term shelter.
- Infrastructure Damage: Extreme weather events can cause substantial damage to infrastructure, including roads, bridges, buildings, and power lines. This damage hampers transportation, communication, and access to essential services, disrupting daily life and impeding recovery efforts.
- Agricultural and Livelihood Losses: Droughts, floods, and storms can have devastating effects on agriculture and livelihoods. Crop failures, soil erosion, and livestock losses can result in food shortages, increased food prices, and economic instability for farmers and rural communities.
- Economic Losses: Extreme weather events impose significant economic burdens on affected regions. Costs associated with repairing infrastructure, rebuilding homes, and restoring businesses can be substantial. Moreover, disruptions to industries such as tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing can lead to job losses and economic downturns.’
- Ecological Impacts: Extreme weather events can cause ecological disruptions and harm biodiversity. For example, wildfires destroy habitats, leading to the loss of plant and animal species. Flooding can contaminate water bodies and disrupt aquatic ecosystems.
- Social and Psychological Impact: The aftermath of extreme weather events can take a toll on individuals’ mental and emotional well-being. Displacement, loss of homes, and the challenges of recovery can lead to stress, anxiety, and trauma, both in the short and long term.
Responsibility of Wealthier Nations in Addressing the Climate Crisis
- Historical Emissions: Wealthier nations, particularly industrialized countries, have historically been the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Their extensive use of fossil fuels and industrial activities over the years has significantly contributed to the current climate crisis. As such, they bear a responsibility for their historical emissions and the consequent impacts on the climate.
- Technological and Financial Capacity: Wealthier nations possess greater technological and financial resources to invest in clean energy technologies, adaptation measures, and climate mitigation strategies. Their capacity to support research and development, innovation, and the deployment of sustainable technologies can play a crucial role in addressing the climate crisis.
- Climate Finance: Wealthier nations have an obligation to provide financial support to developing countries that are more vulnerable to climate change impacts but have fewer resources to address them. This includes fulfilling commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to provide climate finance for adaptation and mitigation efforts in developing nations.
- Net Carbon Imports: Wealthier nations often rely on imported goods and services produced in countries with lower labor and environmental standards. These nations have a responsibility to account for the carbon emissions associated with their consumption and work towards reducing the carbon footprint of their supply chains.
- Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Wealthier nations can facilitate the transfer of clean and sustainable technologies to developing countries, assisting them in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Capacity building initiatives can empower developing nations to implement effective climate solutions and build resilience.
Scalable Solutions and Renewable Energy for sustainable Future
- Utility-Scale Solar Power: Solar energy has become one of the most scalable and cost-effective sources of power. Large-scale solar installations, such as solar farms and solar parks, can generate significant amounts of electricity and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Wind Power: Wind farms, consisting of multiple wind turbines, can generate substantial amounts of electricity, particularly in regions with consistent wind patterns. Advances in wind turbine technology, including larger and more efficient turbines, have increased the capacity and scalability of wind power.
- Global Growth of Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal, have experienced significant global growth in recent years. In 2022, 90 percent of the world’s power sector growth came from renewables.
- Falling Costs of Renewable Energy: The cost of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar and wind, has been steadily declining. This cost reduction has made renewable energy more economically attractive and scalable, even without subsidies. The decreasing costs of solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems have contributed to the rapid growth of renewable energy installations worldwide.
- Expansion of Renewable Energy Capacity: Many countries have reported significant expansions of their renewable energy capacity. By increasing investments in renewable energy infrastructure, such as solar and wind power plants, countries have been able to scale up their clean energy generation and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
- Renewable Energy in Developing Countries: Renewable energy is playing an increasingly important role in providing electricity access to developing countries. Off-grid solar power systems and mini-grids have allowed communities without access to centralized electricity grids to meet their energy needs sustainably. This decentralized approach to renewable energy deployment has facilitated scalability and expanded energy access.
Way Ahead: Opportunities for the Fossil Fuel Industry
- Expertise in Energy Technology: The fossil fuel industry possesses significant expertise in energy technology and infrastructure. This expertise can be leveraged to facilitate the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. Fossil fuel companies can apply their engineering, project management, and operational skills to support the scaling up of renewable energy projects.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: Fossil fuel companies have the financial resources to invest in renewable energy projects. By diversifying their portfolios and investing in renewable energy technologies, they can contribute to the growth and scalability of clean energy.
- Offshore Capabilities: The offshore capabilities of the fossil fuel industry, particularly in areas such as offshore drilling and exploration, can be utilized in the development of offshore renewable energy sources. Offshore wind farms, for example, can benefit from the industry’s experience in offshore operations and infrastructure, facilitating the growth of this sector.
- Clean Energy Retail: Fossil fuel companies can become providers of clean energy to support the growing demand for renewable energy. By incorporating renewable energy sources into their energy portfolios and retailing clean energy, they can play a significant role in accelerating the adoption of renewables and facilitating the energy transition.
- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): The fossil fuel industry can invest in and develop carbon capture and storage technologies. CCS technologies capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power plants and industrial processes, reducing their environmental impact. By implementing CCS technologies, the industry can mitigate its carbon emissions while continuing to utilize fossil fuels during the transition period.
- Hydrogen Production: Fossil fuel companies can leverage their existing infrastructure and knowledge to participate in the production of clean hydrogen. Hydrogen produced through renewable energy sources, such as electrolysis, can be used as a low-carbon fuel or feedstock, providing an alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based processes.
- Energy Transition Workforce: The fossil fuel industry can support the transition by retraining and transitioning its workforce to work in renewable energy sectors. This can help mitigate the potential negative impacts on jobs and livelihoods associated with the decline of the fossil fuel industry, ensuring a just transition for workers.
Conclusion
- Climate change poses a grave threat to our planet and demands immediate and determined action from governments, corporations, and individuals. The reports of subpar southwest monsoon rains in India serve as a reminder of the increasing variability caused by climate change. The time for transformative change is now, and by adopting a long-term commitment to reducing emissions and investing in sustainable technologies, we can pave the way to a better and more resilient future
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change and related forums
Mains level: Climate change, challenges faced by climate vulnerable countries and Clean Energy Solutions
Central Idea
- In recent weeks, a growing movement has emerged to remove Minister Sultan Al Jaber, the President-Designate of COP28 and CEO of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, from his position. As representatives of climate-vulnerable developing nations like Bangladesh and the Maldives and as the leaders of the Climate Vulnerable Forum, underscore the urgency of the climate challenge. They argue that their economies have suffered staggering climate-related losses, amounting to $500 billion in the last two decades alone.
Campaign to Unseat the President-Designate of COP28
- CEO of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC): Sultan Al Jaber serves as the CEO of ADNOC, which is a national oil company. Critics argue that his role in an oil company creates a conflict of interest, as the fossil fuel industry is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
- Concerns about Clean Energy Transition: Some argue that as the CEO of ADNOC, Sultan Al Jaber may not prioritize or advocate for a rapid and ambitious transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. They believe that his leadership in COP28 could hinder progress in achieving global climate goals.
- Advocacy for Inclusive Approach: Those calling for his removal argue for a more inclusive approach to COP28 leadership, with a focus on engaging a broader range of stakeholders, including voices from climate-vulnerable countries and civil society, to ensure a more balanced representation and decision-making process.
- Conflict of Interest and Lack of Impartiality: The campaign contends that Sultan Al Jaber’s position as the head of ADNOC raises concerns about conflicts of interest and impartiality in decision-making regarding climate policy and the transition to clean energy.
Sultan Al-Jaber’s Contributions in Advancing Clean Energy Solutions
- Leadership in Renewable Energy: Sultan Al-Jaber has played a pivotal role in leading Masdar, a renewable energy company that has made substantial investments in solar and wind projects. Through Masdar’s initiatives, significant progress has been made in expanding renewable energy capacity and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Barakah Nuclear Power Plant: As part of the UAE’s clean energy efforts, Sultan Al-Jaber oversaw the opening of the Barakah nuclear power plant. This facility generates 6 gigawatts of clean power, further diversifying the country’s energy mix and reducing carbon emissions.
- Tripling Global Renewable Energy Capacity: Sultan Al-Jaber, in collaboration with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), has championed the goal of tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030. This ambitious target demonstrates his commitment to advancing the transition to clean energy on a global scale.
- Practical Solutions for Clean Energy: Under Sultan Al-Jaber’s guidance, Masdar and IRENA have signed an agreement aimed at tripling global renewable energy capacity. This partnership focuses on implementing practical solutions and driving tangible results in clean energy deployment.
- Advocacy for Clean Energy Investments: Sultan Al-Jaber has been an advocate for attracting investments in clean energy infrastructure. By promoting partnerships with sovereign wealth funds and multilateral development banks, he has sought to secure the necessary financial support for scaling up clean energy projects worldwide.
- Vision for the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company: Sultan Al-Jaber envisions transforming the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company into the Abu Dhabi Clean Energy and Grid Company by 2030. This transition highlights his commitment to steering a fossil fuel-dependent economy towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.
- Global Financial Reform: Sultan Al-Jaber has voiced support for global financial reform, including reforms within the International Monetary Fund. His advocacy underscores the recognition that financial systems must align with the goals of combating climate change and promoting sustainable development.
How Debt is posing As a Significant Impediment?
- Unsustainable Debt Burden: Many developing nations, including those represented by Bangladesh and the Maldives, face significant debt burdens that hinder their ability to invest in clean energy infrastructure and climate adaptation measures. These debts often become increasingly unpayable, exacerbated by climate damages caused by emissions originating from other countries.
- Financial Instability: The burden of unsustainable debt creates financial instability, limiting the fiscal capacity of developing nations to allocate resources towards climate-related initiatives. This instability further undermines their ability to attract investments in clean energy and impairs their overall economic development.
- Limited Access to Finance: High levels of debt restrict developing countries’ access to affordable financing for clean energy projects. International financial institutions and private lenders may be hesitant to provide loans or invest in these countries due to their precarious debt situations, leading to a lack of financial resources necessary for transitioning to renewable energy sources.
- Risk Perception: Unsustainable debt levels increase the perception of risk associated with investing in clean energy projects within these countries. Potential investors may view such projects as financially unstable or uncertain, further deterring crucial investment in renewable energy infrastructure.
- Inability to Prioritize Climate Adaptation: Mounting debt obligations divert limited resources away from crucial climate adaptation efforts. Developing countries, particularly those most vulnerable to climate change, struggle to allocate sufficient funding to build resilient infrastructure, enhance disaster preparedness, and implement necessary adaptation measures.
- Need for Collective Approach: The debt problem and its implications for clean energy investment and climate adaptation require a collective approach. Addressing the debt issue at a global level is essential to ensure that developing nations have the necessary financial support and space to prioritize sustainable development and climate action.
- De-risking and Insurance Solutions: Sovereign wealth funds and multilateral development banks (MDBs) can play a significant role in de-risking restructured debts and insuring climate bonds. By providing financial mechanisms that reduce the perceived risk associated with investing in debt-ridden countries, these institutions can unlock clean energy investments and facilitate climate adaptation efforts.
- Global Financial Reform: Tackling the debt impediment also necessitates global financial reform. Reforming international financial systems, including initiatives within institutions like the International Monetary Fund, can address the structural barriers that perpetuate unsustainable debt burdens and hinder sustainable development efforts.
Facts for prelims
| Major Positive Outcomes of COP27 |
Summary of COP26 |
- Agreement on the establishment of a loss and damage fund
- Reaffirmation of the commitment to increase funding for adaptation
- Launch of the first report by the High-Level Expert Group on the Net-Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities
- Introduction of the Executive Action Plan for the Early Warnings for All initiative
- Presentation of master plans to accelerate decarbonization in major sectors
- Launch of the Food and Agriculture for Sustainable Transformation (FAST) initiative
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- Inadequate reduction commitments by developed countries
- Exhaustion of a significant portion of the global carbon budget
- Political disputes over the phasing out of coal
- Doubts regarding developed countries’ ability to meet commitments
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The Crucial Role of Finance in Enabling Clean Energy Transitions
- Scaling Up Clean Energy Infrastructure: Adequate financing is crucial for scaling up clean energy infrastructure in both developed and developing countries. Investment in renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind power plants, is essential to transition away from fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Technology Development and Deployment: Finance plays a pivotal role in supporting the research, development, and deployment of innovative clean energy technologies. Investment in research institutions and initiatives facilitates the advancement of technologies like energy storage, carbon capture, and renewable energy integration into existing grids.
- Access to Affordable Financing: Developing countries, in particular, require access to affordable financing options to facilitate their clean energy transitions. International financial institutions, governments, and private investors can contribute by providing loans, grants, and favorable investment conditions to ensure affordability and accessibility of clean energy technologies.
- Climate Adaptation and Resilience: Financial resources are necessary for implementing climate adaptation measures and building resilience against climate change impacts. This includes developing climate-resilient infrastructure, improving disaster preparedness, and supporting vulnerable communities affected by climate-related events.
- Capacity Building and Technical Assistance: Finance is crucial for capacity building initiatives and providing technical assistance to developing countries. This support helps enhance local expertise and knowledge in clean energy project development, management, and operation.
- Mobilizing Climate Finance: Mobilizing climate finance is essential to fulfill the commitments made under international agreements like the Paris Agreement. Developed countries have committed to providing financial assistance to developing countries for mitigation and adaptation efforts, including the Green Climate Fund and other climate finance mechanisms.
- Socially Responsible Investing: Finance plays a role in promoting socially responsible investing, where investors consider environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in their investment decisions. By allocating funds to clean energy projects and divesting from fossil fuels, investors can contribute to the transition towards a low-carbon economy.
Way ahead
- Strengthen International Cooperation: Enhance collaboration and dialogue among nations, fostering a spirit of unity and shared responsibility in addressing the challenges of climate change. Strengthen international platforms like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Conference of Parties (COP) to facilitate meaningful discussions and decision-making.
- Ambitious and Equitable Commitments: Encourage all nations to enhance their commitments to greenhouse gas emissions reduction in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Emphasize the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, ensuring that developed countries take the lead while providing support to developing nations for their clean energy transitions.
- Mobilize Climate Finance: Scale up financial resources dedicated to climate change mitigation and adaptation, particularly in developing countries. Developed nations should fulfill their commitment to provide $100 billion per year in climate finance, while exploring innovative financing mechanisms and private sector engagement.
- Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Facilitate the transfer of clean energy technologies from developed to developing countries, accompanied by capacity-building initiatives to enhance local expertise. Encourage knowledge sharing, technology partnerships, and the establishment of research and development centers to foster innovation in clean energy solutions.
- Support Vulnerable Communities: Prioritize the needs of vulnerable communities, particularly those in climate-sensitive regions, by allocating resources for climate adaptation and resilience-building efforts. Ensure that climate finance reaches those most affected and that local communities are actively involved in decision-making processes.
- Mainstream Climate Considerations: Integrate climate considerations into policymaking across sectors, including energy, transportation, agriculture, and urban planning. Foster collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society to develop and implement climate-friendly policies and practices.
Conclusion
- The leaders representing the most climate vulnerable developing nations urge American and European parliamentarians to embrace inclusivity. Collaborative and united action, with finance at the core, is vital for a successful COP28. Together, we must work tirelessly to save our planet and secure a sustainable future for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WTO and related facts
Mains level: Transparency gaps and challenges withing WTO, Need for reforms and way ahead
Central Idea
- The recently concluded G20 working group meeting on trade and investment placed significant emphasis on the imperative task of reforming the World Trade Organization (WTO). While this issue has long been on the global agenda, it is crucial to consider the broader global context.
What is Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) Principle Enshrined in WTO Agreements?
- SDT principle is a fundamental aspect of the WTO agreements.
- It recognizes the differences in development levels among member countries and aims to provide special rights and treatment to developing countries.
- The principle acknowledges that developing nations face unique challenges and constraints in participating effectively in the global trading system.
Key Elements of SDT
- Longer Transition Periods: Developing countries are granted extended timeframes to implement certain obligations and adjust their domestic policies to comply with WTO rules. This allows them to accommodate their unique circumstances and developmental needs.
- Differential Tariff Reductions: Developing countries may be granted more lenient tariff reduction commitments compared to developed countries. They have the flexibility to reduce tariffs on a selective basis and protect certain sensitive sectors.
- Special Safeguard Measures: Developing countries can employ special safeguard mechanisms to protect domestic industries from import surges or market disruptions caused by increased competition. These measures allow temporary deviations from WTO commitments to mitigate adverse effects on vulnerable sectors.
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: Developed countries and international organizations provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to help developing nations enhance their trade-related infrastructure, institutions, and human resources. This assistance aims to strengthen their ability to effectively participate in global trade.
- Preferential Treatment in Regional and Bilateral Agreements: Developing countries are often offered preferential trade agreements or schemes by developed countries, granting them favorable market access and trade preferences. These agreements help stimulate export growth and promote economic development.
- Flexibility in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Developing countries may have more relaxed obligations related to intellectual property rights, allowing them to adopt measures that protect public health, promote access to affordable medicines, and support domestic innovation.
- Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures: Developing countries may receive technical assistance to comply with TBT and SPS measures, which include regulations related to product standards, labeling, and food safety. This support facilitates their participation in global trade by addressing capacity constraints.
- Special and Differential Treatment Monitoring: The WTO has established mechanisms to monitor and review the implementation of SDT provisions. This ensures that developing countries’ concerns are addressed and that they receive the support they are entitled to under the SDT principle
The Appellate Body Crisis Within the WTO
- Blocking Appointments: The United States has blocked the appointment of new members to the Appellate Body since 2017, preventing it from functioning effectively. This has led to a significant reduction in the number of active members, impeding the body’s ability to hear and resolve trade disputes.
- Depletion of Membership: Due to the lack of appointments, the Appellate Body’s membership has dropped below the minimum required number to constitute a quorum. As a result, pending and future appeals have been left unresolved, leading to a growing backlog of cases.
- Paralysis of Dispute Settlement: The inability of the Appellate Body to hear and decide on trade disputes has resulted in a paralysis of the WTO’s dispute settlement system. Member countries have limited options for resolving disputes, potentially leading to increased trade tensions and the risk of unilateral actions without proper adjudication.
- Concerns Raised by the United States: The US has expressed concerns about the Appellate Body’s perceived overreach, its interpretation of WTO rules, and what it sees as judicial activism. It has called for reforms to address these issues before approving new appointments.
- Implications for the Multilateral Trading System: The absence of a functioning Appellate Body undermines the credibility and effectiveness of the WTO’s dispute settlement system. It raises concerns about the stability of the multilateral trading system and the enforceability of WTO rules.
- Discussions on Reform: WTO members have engaged in discussions to address the concerns raised by the US and find a way to restore the functionality of the Appellate Body. Various proposals and ideas have been put forward to reform the body while ensuring transparency, accountability, and adherence to WTO rules.
- Alternative Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: In light of the Appellate Body crisis, some countries have explored alternative mechanisms for resolving trade disputes. Bilateral or plurilateral agreements and arbitration panels are being considered as possible alternatives to the WTO’s traditional dispute settlement process.
What is Plurilateralism and Multilateral Governance?
- Plurilateralism refers to the approach of negotiating agreements among a subset of countries within the broader framework of multilateralism. In other words, it involves a group of countries voluntarily coming together to establish rules and commitments on specific issues, even if not all WTO members participate.
- Multilateral governance, on the other hand, refers to the process of managing and governing global issues through the participation and collaboration of multiple countries within a multilateral framework. It aims to ensure inclusive decision-making, transparency, and adherence to established rules and principles.
The Relationship Between Plurilateralism and Multilateral Governance
- Plurilateralism as a Complement to Multilateralism: Plurilateral agreements are often seen as a complement to multilateralism. They allow a subset of countries with a common interest or objective to move forward and establish rules or commitments that might be difficult to achieve at the multilateral level due to diverse positions and interests of all WTO members. Plurilateral agreements can serve as building blocks and help facilitate progress within the multilateral trading system.
- Multilateral Governance of Plurilateral Agreements: While plurilateral agreements involve a smaller group of countries, it is important to ensure that they are governed within a multilateral framework. Multilateral governance ensures that the principles of non-discrimination, transparency, and inclusivity are upheld in the negotiation and implementation of plurilateral agreements. It ensures that the outcomes of these agreements are integrated into the broader WTO rulebook and apply equally to all members.
- Inclusivity and Trust in Multilateral Governance: Multilateral governance plays a crucial role in addressing the trust deficit between developed and developing countries. In the context of plurilateral agreements, it is essential to ensure that non-participating members are not forced into agreements they are unwilling to join. Multilateral governance should uphold inclusivity, respect the rights of non-participants, and create mechanisms to bridge the trust gap between countries with varying levels of development and interests.
- Coherence and Consistency with Multilateral Rules: Plurilateral agreements must align with the existing multilateral rules and principles of the WTO. They should not undermine the core principles of non-discrimination, most-favored-nation treatment, and transparency that underpin the multilateral trading system. Multilateral governance ensures that plurilateral agreements are coherent with and contribute to the overall objectives of the WTO.
Facts for prelims
What is the WTO’s Ministerial Conference?
- The MC is at the very top of WTO’s organizational chart.
- It meets once every two years and can take decisions on all matters under any multilateral trade agreement.
- Unlike other organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund or World Bank, WTO does not delegate power to a board of directors or an organizational chief.
- All decisions at the WTO are made collectively and through consensus among member countries at varied councils and committees.
- This year’s conference took place in Geneva, Switzerland.
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The transparency gap within the WTO
- Notification Requirements: WTO member countries are obligated to notify all their laws, regulations, and measures that affect trade to ensure transparency. However, compliance with this obligation has been lacking, leading to a transparency gap. Many countries fail to provide timely and comprehensive notifications, hindering the ability of other members to stay informed about trade-related measures and potential impacts.
- Incomplete or Inaccurate Notifications: Even when notifications are provided, they may be incomplete or inaccurate, further widening the transparency gap. This lack of comprehensive information makes it challenging for other members to assess the potential trade implications of new measures or to effectively engage in consultations and negotiations.
- Lack of Timeliness: Delays in providing notifications contribute to the transparency gap. However, significant delays in notifications limit the ability of other members to respond promptly or seek clarification, undermining the transparency and predictability of the WTO system.
- Lack of Clarity and Understandability: Notifications can sometimes lack clarity, making it difficult for other members to fully comprehend the scope and implications of trade-related measures. Clear and understandable notifications are essential for promoting transparency and facilitating effective engagement among WTO members.
- Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement: The monitoring and enforcement of notification requirements remain weak within the WTO system. The lack of robust mechanisms to ensure compliance with notification obligations hampers efforts to address the transparency gap.
- Capacity Constraints: Some developing countries face capacity constraints in fulfilling their notification obligations effectively. Limited resources and technical expertise may hinder their ability to provide comprehensive and timely notifications.
- Accessibility of Notifications: The accessibility and availability of notifications can also contribute to the transparency gap. Ensuring that notifications are easily accessible to all members, including developing countries, through user-friendly platforms and language accessibility measures can help improve transparency within the WTO.
Way Forward
- Strong Leadership and Engagement: Member countries, particularly middle powers like India, Indonesia, Brazil, and South Africa, should take a leadership role in driving the WTO reform agenda. They can actively engage in discussions, negotiations, and consensus-building to push for meaningful reforms that reflect the interests and concerns of developing countries.
- Strengthening Special and Differential Treatment (SDT): Developing countries should advocate for stronger SDT provisions within the WTO. Developing countries should resist any attempts to weaken SDT provisions under the guise of reform and emphasize the importance of addressing asymmetries in the global trading system.
- Revitalizing the Appellate Body: Member countries, apart from the United States, should explore ways to either persuade the US to change its position or find alternative mechanisms to ensure the effective functioning of the Appellate Body. Reestablishing a fully operational Appellate Body is crucial for maintaining a robust and reliable dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO.
- Balancing Plurilateral and Multilateral Approaches: While plurilateral agreements can offer opportunities for progress on specific issues, it is important to strike a balance with multilateralism. Plurilateral negotiations should be conducted within a framework that upholds multilateral governance principles, ensuring inclusivity, transparency, and consistency with broader WTO rules. Forced participation should be avoided, and efforts should be made to bridge the trust deficit between developed and developing countries.
- Transparency and Compliance: Member countries should prioritize enhancing transparency and compliance with notification requirements. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive notifications of trade-related measures are essential for promoting predictability and understanding among WTO members.
- Inclusive Decision-Making: Decision-making processes within the WTO should be more inclusive, giving developing countries a meaningful voice and ensuring their concerns are taken into account.
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: Developed countries should provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to help developing countries strengthen their institutional and human resources to effectively participate in the global trading system.
- Renewed Commitment to Multilateralism: Member countries should reaffirm their commitment to the principles of multilateralism, including non-discrimination, transparency, and cooperation. Emphasizing the importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system and collective problem-solving can help rebuild trust and foster a conducive environment for constructive engagement and negotiations.
Conclusion
- Trade multilateralism, though facing challenges, remains crucial for countries like India. As the current G20 Presidency holder, India should collaborate with other nations to drive the agenda for WTO reforms, focusing on making trade multilateralism more inclusive. By strengthening SDT provisions, revitalizing the appellate body, promoting multilateral governance for plurilateral agreements, and enhancing transparency, developing countries can empower themselves to safeguard their interests and ensure a fair and balanced global trading system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Predator Drones
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the procurement of armed Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) at the cost of over $3 billion.
- The UAVs will be procured from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI), a United States-based aeronautics company.
Predator Drones: An Overview
- The Predator UAV, manufactured by GA-ASI, is known as the MQ-9.
- It has an endurance of over 27 hours, speeds of 240 KTAS, and can operate up to 50,000 feet.
- It has a payload capacity of 3,850 pounds (1,746 kilograms) and can carry external stores of up to 3,000 pounds (1,361 kilograms).
Benefits and Capabilities of the MQ-9 UAV
- The MQ-9 UAV has a higher payload capacity and horsepower compared to its predecessor, the MQ-1 Predator.
- It provides long endurance, persistent surveillance, and strike capability for the warfighter.
- The maritime variant of the MQ-9 UAV, known as Sea Guardian, has an endurance of over 30 hours.
Enhancing Indian Armed Forces’ Capabilities
- The procurement of MQ-9 UAVs will enhance the Indian Armed Forces’ Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.
- These high-altitude, long-endurance drones will be able to carry out intelligence collection, strike strategic targets in mountains and maritime domains, and support various military operations.
- Indian Armed Forces are expected to receive a total of 31 MQ-9s, with 15 for the Navy and eight each for the Army and the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Previous Use of MQ-9 UAVs by India
- In the aftermath of the Galwan Valley clashes in 2020, the Indian Navy had leased two MQ-9 UAVs, and the lease has since been extended.
- The leased UAVs have completed 10,000 flight hours and have significantly contributed to the Indian Navy’s operations.
International Usage of MQ-9 UAVs
- The MQ-9 UAV has been acquired by various countries, including the United States Air Force, Department of Homeland Security, NASA, Royal Air Force, Italian Air Force, French Air Force, and Spanish Air Force.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmani Natural Arch
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Geological Survey of India (GSI) plans to declare the ‘Brahmani Natural Arch’ in Kanika range of Sundargarh forest division of Odisha as a Geo Heritage Site.
- This natural arch is believed to date back to the Jurassic period and would be the largest natural arch in India with the Geo Heritage tag.
Brahmani Natural Arch
- The oval-shaped arch has a base length of 30 meters and a height of 12 meters.
- The alcove of the arch has a maximum height of 7 meters and a width of 15 meters.
- India currently has two other natural arches, located at Tirumala hills in Tirupati and Andaman and Nicobar, but both are smaller than the one in Sundargarh.
Its formation
- The natural arch is composed of ferruginous sandstone from the Upper Kamthi formation.
- It dates back to the lower to middle Jurassic age, approximately 184 to 160 million years old.
- Research on the geological significance of the site began in 2017 after its discovery during coal exploration in the district.
Awareness and Preservation Efforts
- The GSI state unit and Sundargarh forest division conducted an awareness drive in the district to promote the protection of the natural arch.
- Steps are being taken to promote the proposed geo-heritage site as a cultural pride and potentially name it ‘Brahmani natural arch.’
- The site could be promoted and preserved as an eco-tourism destination.
Back2Basics:
| Geological Heritage Sites in India |
| Andhra Pradesh |
Mangampeta Volcanogenic bedded Barytes (Cuddapah Dist.), Eparchaean Unconformity (Chittor Dist.), Natural Geological Arch in Tirumala Hills (Chittor Dist.), Erra Matti Dibbalu located between Vishakhapatnam and Bhimunipatnam. |
| Maharashtra |
Lonar Lake (Buldana Dist.) |
| Kerala |
Laterite near Angadipuram PWD rest house premises (Malapuram Dist.), Varkala Cliff Section (Thiruvanatapuram Dist.) |
| Chattisgarh |
Lower Permian Marine bed at Manendragarh (Surguja Dist.) |
| Tamil Nadu |
Fossil wood near Tiruvakkarai (South Arcot Dist.), National fossil wood park in Sattanur (Tiruchirapalli Dist.), Charnockite in St. Thomas Mount (Madras), Badlands of Karai Formation with Cretaceous fossils along Karai – Kulakkalnattam Section (Perambalur District) |
| Karnataka |
Columnar Lava in St. Mary Island (Udupi Dist.), Pillow lavas near Mardihalli (Chitradurga Dist.), Peninsular Gneiss in Lalbagh (Bangalore), Pyroclastics & Pillow lavas in Kolar Gold fields (Kolar Dist.) |
| Gujarat |
Sedimentary Structures – Eddy Markings in Kadan Dam (Panch Mahals Dist.) |
| Himachal Pradesh |
Siwalik Fossil Park (Saketi, Sirmur dt.) |
| Rajasthan |
Sendra Granite (Pali Dist.), Barr Conglomerate (Pali Dist.), Stromatolite Fossil Park near Jharmarkotra Rock Phosphate deposit (Udaipur Dist.), Gossan in Rajpura-Dariba Mineralised belt (Udaipur Dist.), Akal Fossil Wood Park (Jaisalmer Dist.) |
| Odisha |
Pillow Lava in iron ore belt at Nomira (Keonjhar dist.) |
| Jharkhand |
Plant Fossil bearing Inter-trappean beds of Rajmahal Formation around Mandro (Sahibganj dist.) |
| Nagaland |
Nagahill Ophiolite Site near Pungro |
| Sikkim |
Stromatolite bearing Dolomite/Limestone of Buxa Formation at Mamley, near Namchi (South district), Stromatolite bearing Dolomite / Limestone of Buxa Formation, Sikkim |
https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2023/jun/11/gsi-proposes-geo-heritage-tag-for-jurassic-age-natural-arch-in-odisha-2583901.html
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Change of Name under Article 21
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Allahabad High Court has allowed a man to change his name citing fundamental rights under Articles 19(1) (a), 21, and 14.
- Delhi High Court permitted two brothers to reflect their father’s changed surname on their Board certificates, asserting the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
| Article |
Summary |
| Article 19(1)(a) |
Freedom of speech and expression: Citizens have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely, with reasonable restrictions to safeguard national interests and public order. |
| Article 21 |
Right to life and personal liberty: Individuals are protected from arbitrary deprivation of life or liberty and have the right to live with dignity. It includes the right to privacy and encompasses various aspects of human rights. |
| Article 14 |
Right to equality: All individuals are entitled to equal protection under the law, ensuring fairness and prohibiting discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It promotes equality before the law for all citizens. |
Right to Change Name
- The right to change one’s name is recognized as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
- It is often exercised for various reasons, including personal preferences, religious conversions, marriage or divorce, or to overcome social or cultural barriers.
- Individuals may choose to change their names to reflect their gender identity, religious beliefs, or to align with their professional or artistic pursuits.
Process to change the name
- Prepare a petition stating the desire to change the name and reasons for the change.
- Prepare an affidavit affirming the intention to change the name and get it notarized.
- Publish a notice in two local newspapers announcing the name change.
- Apply for Gazette notification through the Department of Publication.
- Gather supporting documents like identity and address proof.
- File the petition, affidavit, and supporting documents in the appropriate court.
- Attend the court hearing and provide necessary explanations.
- Obtain a court order approving the name change.
- Update official documents with the new name.
Observations by the HCs
- Allahabad High Court ruled that the rejection of the name-change applications by the authorities violates fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(a), 21, and 14.
- It emphasized the need for congruence in all identity-related documents and the prevention of confusion and potential misuse.
- Delhi High Court asserted the right to identity as an intrinsic part of the right to life under Article 21.
Restrictions on the Right to Change Names
- Although the right to change names is a fundamental right, it is subject to reasonable restrictions.
- Restrictions imposed by law must be fair, just, and reasonable.
- Principle of proportionality and the value of human dignity play important roles in determining the reasonableness of restrictions (Jeeja Ghosh vs. Union of India, 2016).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pension Scheme (NPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has introduced a new feature for systematic withdrawal from the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
National Pension Scheme (NPS): A Brief Overview
- The National Pension Scheme (NPS) is a voluntary retirement savings scheme launched by the Government of India in 2004.
- It is regulated and administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
- The primary objective of the NPS is to provide a pension income to individuals upon their retirement.
Key Features of the NPS:
- Contributions: Subscribers make regular contributions to their NPS account during their working years. These contributions accumulate and grow over time.
- Investment Options: The NPS offers two investment options: a) Auto Choice: where the funds are invested based on the subscriber’s age, and b) Active Choice: where the subscriber can select the asset classes (equity, corporate bonds, and government securities) and the fund manager.
- Portable Account: The NPS account is portable, allowing subscribers to maintain their account even if they change jobs or locations.
- Withdrawal Options: Upon retirement, subscribers have the flexibility to withdraw a portion of their accumulated corpus as a lump sum and use the remaining amount to purchase an annuity, which provides a regular pension income.
- Tax Benefits: NPS offers tax benefits at different stages. Contributions made by subscribers are eligible for tax deductions under Section 80C, while withdrawals are subject to certain tax exemptions.
- Regulated and Transparent: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring transparency and oversight of the scheme. It follows strict investment guidelines and has mechanisms in place to safeguard the interests of subscribers.
- Wide Coverage: The NPS is available to all Indian citizens, including salaried employees, self-employed individuals, and non-resident Indians (NRIs).
Benefits of the NPS
- Retirement Income: The NPS provides a retirement income to subscribers, ensuring financial security during their post-retirement years.
- Long-term Wealth Creation: The investment component of the NPS allows subscribers to accumulate wealth over time, potentially generating higher returns and building a substantial retirement corpus.
- Flexibility and Control: Subscribers have the flexibility to choose their investment options and actively manage their NPS accounts, providing a level of control over their retirement savings.
- Tax Efficiency: The NPS offers tax benefits both on contributions and withdrawals, making it a tax-efficient retirement savings option.
- Portability: The portability feature of the NPS allows subscribers to continue their account irrespective of job changes or relocations.
- Regulated and Secure: The NPS is regulated by the PFRDA, ensuring a secure and transparent framework for retirement savings.
Changes introduced: Systematic Withdrawal Plan
- NPS subscribers will be allowed to withdraw 60% of their contributions systematically post-retirement.
- The current system of one-time withdrawal will be replaced.
- 40% of the contributions must be in annuity.
- Systematic withdrawals can be customized by the subscriber based on their needs.
- Withdrawals can be made in lump sum or on a monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, or annual basis.
- This feature is applicable to individuals aged 60-75.
Benefits offered by this change
- Flexibility: Subscribers can customize their withdrawals based on their financial needs.
- Regular Income: Systematic withdrawals provide a regular income stream post-retirement.
- Enhanced Financial Planning: Allows for better financial planning and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The decision to rename the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) Society has ignited a political controversy.
- The institution will now be known as the ‘Prime Ministers Museum and Library Society’.
- The controversy reflects the ongoing debate surrounding dynastic politics in India.
About the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) (erstwhile)
- NMML in New Delhi, is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture.
- It is a leading resource center on India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Established in 1964, it houses extensive archives, including Mahatma Gandhi’s writings and private papers of prominent figures like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, C. Rajagopalachari, and Sarojini Naidu.
- It is located in the majestic Teen Murti House, the official residence of the first Prime Minister of India.
- It has four major constituents, namely, a Memorial Museum, a library on modern India, a Centre for Contemporary Studies and the Nehru Planetarium.
Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (the PM’s Museum)
- In April 2022, the NMML inaugurated the Museum as a new addition to the institution.
- It is a tribute to every Prime Minister of India since Independence, showcasing their contributions to the nation’s development over the past 75 years.
Why rename it now?
- The meeting acknowledged the contributions of all past and present Prime Ministers and expressed the mission of the Society to preserve India’s democratic journey and legacy.
- It was felt that renaming the institution would better align with this purpose.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kari Ishad Mango, GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Kari Ishad mango, prominently grown in Ankola taluk of Uttara Kannada, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry.
- The GI certificate has been issued to Matha Totagars Farmer Producer Company Limited, Ankola, and is valid until March 1, 2032 from March 31, 2023.
Kari Ishad Mango
- The Kari Ishad mango is renowned for its unique aroma, luscious taste, high amount of pulp, and distinctive shape and size.
- They are large and have an oblique to oval shape.
- Typically, each panicle bears only one fruit, and a well-grown tree can produce up to 2,000 fruits in a season.
- However, the fruit has a short shelf life of about five days.
Cultivation and Production
- Apart from Ankola, the Kari Ishad mango is grown in Karwar and to a certain extent in Kumta of Uttara Kannada.
- The prominent cultivation areas include Belse, Shetgeri, Belambara, Mogata, and Vandige villages of Ankola.
- Vandige village stands out as the highest producer, yielding around 600 tonnes of fruits per season. Belse village boasts 1,500 plants.
Variants of the Mango
- The Ishad mango has two variants:
- Kari Ishad, characterized by its thin skin, abundance of pulp, and sweetness,
- Bili Ishad, which has thick skin, less pulp, and sweetness.
Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Proposed agreement between US and Iran, potential outcomes and implications
Central Idea
- The recent disclosure of interactions between American and Iranian diplomats has shed light on the ongoing negotiations regarding the release of American prisoners in Iran and the possibility of a fresh deal on the nuclear issue. These discussions have taken place through intermediaries, with Oman playing a key role in facilitating communication between the two countries.
What is the proposed agreement?
- Iran’s Nuclear Program: Under the arrangement, Iran would freeze its nuclear enrichment at 60%. This measure is significant as Iran’s uranium enrichment program had reached 84%, raising concerns about its progress towards a nuclear weapon.
- US Security in the Region: Iran would agree not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq. This provision aims to ensure the safety of American personnel operating in these areas.
- Cooperation with the IAEA: Iran would improve cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. This step is crucial for ensuring transparency and verifying Iran’s compliance with its nuclear-related commitments.
- Ballistic Missiles: Iran would refrain from providing ballistic missiles to Russia. The inclusion of this provision reflects concerns about Iran’s missile capabilities and their potential destabilizing impact on the region.
- Release of American Prisoners: Iran would release the three US citizens currently in its custody. This aspect addresses the humanitarian issue of detained Americans and has been a point of contention in US-Iran relations.
United States commitments In return
- Sanctions: The US would pledge to avoid imposing new harsh sanctions on Iran. This is significant as sanctions have been a central tool in exerting pressure on Iran in the past.
- Gulf Waters: The US would refrain from seizing Iranian oil tankers in the Gulf waters. This provision aims to prevent further escalations and maintain stability in the region.
- UN Resolutions: The US would not pursue anti-Iran resolutions in the United Nations. This indicates a shift away from a confrontational approach in international forums.
- Release of Frozen Assets: The US would take steps to defreeze Iran’s bank accounts, which are estimated to be around $80 billion in various banks outside the country. Additionally, the US would immediately allow the release of $7 billion in South Korea and $2.7 billion in Iraq. These actions aim to address Iran’s economic concerns and provide some relief.
US Interests in the Proposed Agreement
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The United States has a long-standing interest in preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The proposed agreement aims to address concerns regarding Iran’s nuclear program and prevent it from acquiring a nuclear weapon. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and enhancing cooperation with the IAEA, the agreement seeks to maintain regional stability and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation.
- Regional Stability: The US has a vested interest in promoting stability in the Middle East. The proposed agreement aims to mitigate tensions and reduce the likelihood of a regional conflagration. By addressing Iran’s nuclear program and its activities in the region, the agreement seeks to contribute to a more stable and secure Middle East.
- Humanitarian Concerns: The release of American prisoners held in Iran is an important humanitarian issue for the United States. The proposed agreement includes a provision for the release of these individuals, which aligns with US interests in protecting the welfare of its citizens abroad.
Potential Outcomes of the Proposed Agreement
- Temporary Resolution: The agreement could serve as a temporary resolution to address immediate concerns related to Iran’s nuclear program and US-Iran tensions. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and securing the release of American prisoners, it could create a period of relative stability and reduced hostilities between the two countries.
- Mitigating Regional Conflicts: The agreement may help mitigate regional conflicts by reducing the risk of a direct confrontation between Iran and the United States. With Iran committing not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq, it could contribute to a de-escalation of tensions in these regions.
- Improved US-Iran Relations: The proposed agreement could pave the way for improved relations between the United States and Iran in the short term. By engaging in diplomatic negotiations, both countries demonstrate a willingness to find common ground and address key issues. This could potentially lead to further engagement and dialogue on other matters of mutual concern in the future.
- Economic Impact: If the agreement is implemented, it could have economic implications. Iran’s release of frozen assets and the potential easing of some sanctions could provide a boost to its economy. This, in turn, could improve the living conditions of Iranian citizens and potentially contribute to stability within the country.
- Impact on Regional Dynamics: The agreement may have broader implications for regional dynamics. It could potentially facilitate improved ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia, as well as impact other regional players. Additionally, the agreement could influence the behavior and decisions of other countries in the region, potentially altering geopolitical dynamics.
- Uncertain Long-Term Viability: The long-term viability of the proposed agreement remains uncertain. Given its informal and unwritten nature, there may be challenges in ensuring adherence and accountability over time. Changes in leadership, shifts in domestic politics, or evolving regional dynamics could impact the agreement’s sustainability beyond the current administration.
India’s significant interest in these developments
- Energy Security: India is heavily reliant on oil imports, and Iran has historically been an important supplier of crude oil. Any changes in the US-Iran relationship, including sanctions or easing of restrictions, could have an impact on India’s energy security and oil prices.
- Chabahar Port: India has invested significantly in the development of the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a crucial gateway for India’s connectivity with Afghanistan and Central Asia. The US sanctions have posed challenges to India’s operations at the port. Therefore, any changes in the US-Iran dynamics and potential easing of sanctions could have implications for India’s access and operations at the port.
- Regional Stability: India has a stake in maintaining stability in the region, particularly in its immediate neighborhood. The US-Iran agreement, if successful, could potentially contribute to regional stability and reduce tensions. This aligns with India’s broader interests in ensuring peace and security in the Middle East.
- Balancing Relations: India maintains relationships with both the United States and Iran. As a strategic partner of the US, India has sought to align its interests with the US on several global issues. At the same time, India has maintained longstanding cultural, economic, and historical ties with Iran. India will likely aim to strike a balance between its relationships with both countries while promoting its national interests.
- Geopolitical Considerations: India’s stance on the US-Iran negotiations could be influenced by broader geopolitical considerations. India seeks to maintain its strategic autonomy and diversify its partnerships. It will carefully assess the implications of the US-Iran agreement on its relationships with other countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia and Israel
Conclusion
- The implications of US and Iran arrangement extend beyond the nuclear issue, potentially impacting Iran’s regional relationships and opening doors for future engagement between the US and Iran. The success of the agreement remains uncertain, but it marks a notable step towards resolving longstanding tensions between the two nations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Railway infrastructure development updates
Mains level: Railway derailments and safety issues
Central Idea
- Nothing captures the nation’s attention quite like a major accident within the Indian Railways. The recent triple train collision at Bahanaga Bazar railway station in Odisha has resulted in significant loss of lives, triggering the expected reactions and responses from different quarters. As the clamor for resignations and critical analysis of the railways’ future direction unfolds, it is crucial to objectively assess the situation and take meaningful steps to prevent such accidents in the future
Objective assessment: Understanding the Safety Performance
- Decline in Derailments: Statistics reveal a significant decline in derailments, which constitute the majority of accidents in the Indian Railways. The number of derailments has decreased from around 350 per year in the early 2000s to 22 in 2021-22. This remarkable achievement demonstrates an improvement in safety standards.
- Accommodating Increased Traffic: The decline in derailments is even more impressive considering the substantial increase in both freight loading and passenger traffic. Despite a nearly threefold increase in freight loading and more than a doubling of passenger traffic, the overall safety performance of the Railways has shown improvement over the years
- Vulnerability to Single Major Accidents: While the decline in accidents is noteworthy, the nature of safety performance in the railway industry is such that a single major accident can overshadow the positive track record. Even with improved safety measures, one significant incident can tarnish the overall perception of safety.
The multiplicity of inquiries in the aftermath of the Bahanaga Bazar accident
- Railway Minister’s Visit: In the aftermath of the triple train collision at Bahanaga Bazar railway station, the railway minister visited the accident site, which is a rare occurrence. This visit showcased a proactive approach by the Minister in overseeing relief and restoration work.
- Prime Minister’s Visit: Remarkably, the Prime Minister himself visited the accident site, marking a historical first for the Indian Railways. His presence demonstrated the gravity of the situation and the government’s commitment to addressing the incident.
- Determination of Cause: The Prime Minister’s statement, made during his visit, that “instructions have been given to ensure proper and speedy investigation of tragedy and to take prompt and stringent action against those found guilty,” indicated a preconceived notion that the accident was caused by human agency. This assumption was made before the statutory inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety began.
- Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Inquiry: Unprecedentedly, the inquiry into the accident was handed over to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The reason for this decision is not immediately apparent unless there is suspicion of criminal intent behind the accident.
- Preliminary Enquiry: Prior to the commencement of the statutory inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety, a committee of senior supervisors conducted a “preliminary enquiry.” This step, conducted before the formal inquiry, is somewhat unusual and raises questions about the sequence and coordination of investigations.
International Comparison of Railway Safety
- Developed Countries: Countries with well-developed railway systems such as Japan, China, Turkey, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have significantly better railway safety records compared to India. Stringent safety regulations, advanced infrastructure, modern signalling systems, and effective maintenance practices contribute to their superior safety standards.
- Passenger Train Speeds: In developed railway systems, most passenger trains operate at much higher speeds compared to India. For instance, Japan’s Shinkansen, China’s high-speed trains, and European high-speed rail services commonly achieve speeds of 200-350 kmph, ensuring efficient and safe travel. This stands in contrast to India’s average train speeds of approximately 50 kmph.
- Safety Performance Ranking: If a ranking of major railways based on safety performance were to be made, India would likely place slightly higher than countries such as Egypt, Mexico, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This suggests the need for improvement to match the safety standards of leading railway systems.
- Infrastructure and Network Length: China, with its similar geographic size and population, provides a relevant comparison for India. China has made significant strides in expanding and modernizing its railway network. By surpassing India’s total route length and investing in infrastructure upgrades, China has been able to enhance safety and accommodate growing passenger and freight demands effectively.
- Technological Advancements: Developed countries have embraced advanced technologies and innovations to enhance railway safety. These include state-of-the-art signaling systems, automated train control mechanisms, and advanced maintenance practices. India can draw lessons from their successful adoption of these technologies to improve safety standards.
Implementing Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS)
- Study and Adaptation: The Indian Railways would need to study the CIRAS system implemented on British Railways and understand its core principles, functioning, and effectiveness. This analysis would serve as the basis for adapting the system to suit the specific requirements and operational dynamics of the Indian Railways.
- Infrastructure Setup: The implementation of CIRAS would require establishing the necessary infrastructure. This includes developing a secure and confidential reporting platform accessible to railway staff at all levels. The platform can be a web-based portal or a dedicated mobile application, designed to ensure anonymity and maintain the confidentiality of the reporters.
- Training and Awareness: To ensure the successful implementation of CIRAS, comprehensive training programs should be conducted for all railway staff. This training would familiarize them with the reporting system, emphasize the importance of reporting deviations or unsafe practices, and assure them of confidentiality and protection against retaliation.
- Reporting Procedures: Clear reporting procedures and guidelines should be established to facilitate the reporting process. These guidelines would outline what incidents or deviations should be reported, how to submit reports through the CIRAS system, and the expected timelines for reporting and response.
- Analysis and Action: A dedicated team or department within the Railways should be responsible for analyzing the reported incidents or deviations. They would assess the severity, identify patterns or trends, and propose appropriate actions to rectify the issues and enhance safety.
Way Ahead: Sustaining Safety Efforts in the Indian Railways
- Strengthening Safety Culture: Building a safety-oriented culture throughout the organization is crucial. This involves instilling a shared commitment to safety at all levels, from the highest management to the frontline staff. Safety should be prioritized as a core value, and efforts should be made to promote transparency, open communication, and proactive reporting of safety concerns.
- Embracing Technology: Leveraging advanced technologies can significantly contribute to enhancing safety in railway operations. The adoption of modern signaling systems, automated train control systems, predictive maintenance techniques, and real-time monitoring tools can help identify potential safety risks and mitigate them proactively.
- Regular Audits and Inspections: Periodic audits and inspections should be conducted to assess compliance with safety standards and identify areas for improvement. These audits should involve external experts to ensure impartiality and comprehensive evaluations. Any shortcomings or deviations from safety protocols should be addressed promptly and effectively.
- Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Collaborating with international railway systems and experts can provide valuable insights into best practices and lessons learned. Establishing partnerships and knowledge-sharing platforms with global railway organizations can help the Indian Railways stay updated with the latest safety advancements and innovations.
- Robust Reporting and Analysis: Establishing a robust reporting and analysis system, such as the Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS), mentioned earlier, can encourage frontline staff to report safety concerns without fear of reprisal. Analyzing incident data and near-miss occurrences can help identify trends, root causes, and systemic issues.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Safety performance should be continuously monitored and evaluated to track progress and identify areas that require further attention. Implementing key performance indicators (KPIs) and safety metrics can provide objective measures of the railway’s safety performance.
- Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging stakeholders, including passengers, employees, unions, and local communities, is essential for creating a safety-conscious environment. Encouraging feedback, conducting safety awareness campaigns, and involving stakeholders in safety initiatives can foster a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for safety.
Conclusion
- Enhancing railway safety requires a shift in perspective and the implementation of robust reporting systems. It is imperative to prioritize a culture of safety, embracing proactive measures to prevent accidents. Sustaining safety improvements demands continuous dedication and a willingness to adapt. By reassessing existing practices and ensuring undivided attention from policymakers, the Indian Railways can achieve a safer and more efficient future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VAIBHAV Program
Mains level: Various initiatives for Indian Diaspora
Central Idea: The Ministry of Science & Technology has launched the Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) fellowships programme.
VAIBHAV Program
- The program aims to connect the Indian STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine) diaspora with Indian academic and R&D institutions.
- It promotes collaborative research work, knowledge sharing, and the exchange of best practices in frontier areas of science and technology.
Implementation and Eligibility
- Implementing Agency: Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology.
- Beneficiaries: outstanding scientists/technologists of Indian origin (NRI/OCI/PIO) engaged in research activities in their respective countries.
- Benefits: Grant of INR 4,00,000 per month, international and domestic travel expenses, accommodation, and contingencies
- Verticals identified: 75 fellows will be selected to work in 18 identified knowledge verticals, including quantum technology, health, pharma, electronics, agriculture, energy, computer sciences, and material sciences.
- Collaborations: The VAIBHAV Fellow will collaborate with Indian Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs), universities, and/or public-funded scientific institutions.
- R&D Activity: The fellow can spend up to 2 months per year, for a maximum of 3years, in an Indian institution.
VAIBHAV Summit and Participation
- The Government of India organized the VAIBHAV Summit to connect the Indian STEMM diaspora with Indian institutions.
- The summit was inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister and saw the participation of over 25,000 attendees.
- Indian STEMM diaspora from more than 70 countries took part in the deliberations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ladakh, Sixth Schedule
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) will meet civil society leaders from Ladakh amid persistent demands and protests in the Union Territory for statehood and constitutional safeguards under the sixth schedule of the Constitution.
About Ladakh
- Ladakh is a region in the northernmost part of India, bordering China and Pakistan.
- The region is home to several ethnic groups, including the Ladakhi people, who are predominantly Buddhist.
Demand for Sixth Schedule in Ladakh
- There has been a demand from the local tribal communities in Ladakh to extend the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the region.
- The demand has been primarily driven by concerns over the protection of tribal rights and the preservation of the unique cultural identity of the local communities.
Current administration in Ladakh
- Ladakh was granted Union Territory status in 2019, following the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two separate Union Territories.
- The administration of Ladakh is currently governed by the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh and an elected Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC).
Benefits of Sixth Schedule in Ladakh
- Meeting tribal aspiration: The Parliamentary standing committee recommended including of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule because its tribal communities account for 79.61% of its total population.
- Autonomy and self-governance: The extension of the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh could provide greater autonomy and self-governance to the local tribal communities.
- Cultural preservation: It could also help to protect the unique cultural identity of the local communities and preserve their traditional practices and customs.
Challenges to this demand
- No further fragmentation: The demand to extend the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh has faced some opposition from certain quarters, who argue that it could lead to further fragmentation of the region and create new administrative challenges.
- Losing political capital: There are also concerns over the potential impact of the demand on the political and administrative structure of the region.
Conclusion
- Overall, the demand to extend the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of the needs and aspirations of the local tribal communities, as well as the broader political and administrative context of the region.
Back2Basics: Sixth Schedule of Indian Constitution
- The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in the northeastern states of India.
- These provisions were added to the Constitution in order to protect the rights and interests of the tribal communities in these areas and to promote their social, cultural, and economic development.
Here’s a summary of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:
Areas covered
- The Sixth Schedule covers the tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- These areas are known as “tribal areas” and are home to a large number of indigenous tribal communities.
Autonomous district councils
- The Sixth Schedule provides for the establishment of autonomous district councils in the tribal areas.
- These councils have the power to make laws and regulations for the governance of their respective areas.
- They are also responsible for the administration of the local institutions of self-government, such as village councils and traditional councils.
Composition of district councils
- The members of the district councils are elected by the people of the respective districts.
- The councils are headed by a chairman, who is also elected by the members of the council.
- The district councils have the power to appoint their own staff and to manage their own finances.
Powers of district councils
- The district councils have the power to make laws on a range of subjects, including land, forests, water, and fisheries.
- They also have the power to regulate local markets and to levy taxes and fees on a range of activities.
- The district councils can also establish and manage schools, hospitals, and other institutions for the benefit of the local communities.
Protection of tribal rights
- The Sixth Schedule provides for the protection of the rights of the tribal communities in the areas covered by the schedule.
- It ensures that the traditional rights and customs of the tribal communities are respected and protected.
- It also provides for the reservation of seats in the district councils and other local bodies for members of the tribal communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NIRF Ranking
Mains level: State of higher education in India
Central Idea
- In a country as diverse as India, ranking universities and institutions is a complex task.
- The Ministry of Education established the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2016 to assess the performance of institutions based on critical indicators.
- Institutions eagerly await their standings in this nationally recognized system every year.
NIRF Ranking: An Overview
- The NIRF releases rankings across various categories, including ‘Overall’, ‘Research Institutions’, ‘Universities’, ‘Colleges’, and specific disciplines.
- The rankings serve as an important resource for prospective students navigating the higher education landscape in India.
- NIRF ranks institutes based on their total score, which is determined using five indicators:
- Teaching, Learning & Resources (30% weightage)
- Research and Professional Practice (30%)
- Graduation Outcomes (20%)
- Outreach and Inclusivity (10%)
- Perception (10%)
Concerns about the methodology
- Role of Bibliometrics: Bibliometrics refers to the quantitative analysis of scholarly publications, including metrics such as the number of publications, citations received, and journal impact factors.
- Limitations: Bibliometrics may not adequately consider factors such as the quality and relevance of research, innovation, societal impact, and contributions beyond traditional publications.
- Caution against Over-Reliance: A comprehensive evaluation methodology should consider a broader range of factors to provide a more holistic assessment of institutional performance.
Issues with NIRF’s Bibliometric Approach
- Reliance on Commercial Databases: The NIRF relies on commercial databases like Scopus and Web of Science to collect bibliometric data for evaluating research output and impact. However, these databases may have limitations in terms of coverage, accuracy, and the inclusion of non-traditional research outputs.
- Accuracy and Misuse Concerns: There are concerns regarding the accuracy of bibliometric data, potential manipulation of citation counts, and the misuse of metrics for promotional purposes. It is important to ensure the integrity and validity of the data used in ranking assessments.
- Neglecting Non-traditional Contributions: The focus on research articles in bibliometric indicators may overlook other valuable intellectual contributions, such as books, book chapters, patents, policy reports, and other forms of non-traditional scholarly outputs.
- Disincentive for Local Issues: The emphasis on internationally recognized journals and global research trends may discourage researchers from addressing local issues and conducting research that is contextually relevant to national or regional priorities.
Transparency and Flaws in the Rankings
- Lack of Transparency: Institutions and stakeholders should have access to detailed information about the methodology, data sources, weightage assigned to different indicators, and the process of data collection and analysis.
- Need for Detailed NIRF Methodology: While the NIRF publicly shares its ranking methodology, there is a need for more comprehensive and transparent documentation that provides a detailed view of the evaluation process. This would enhance stakeholders’ understanding and enable a more informed assessment of the rankings.
- Addressing the Discrepancy: Clear and precise definitions for indicators like research quantity and quality are crucial to avoid potential ambiguity and misinterpretation. Transparent guidelines and criteria should be established to ensure a consistent and fair evaluation.
Conclusion
- Promoting Comprehensive Evaluation: There is a need to develop evaluation methodologies that go beyond bibliometrics and consider a broader range of qualitative and quantitative factors to provide a more comprehensive assessment of institutional performance.
- Transparency, Diverse Factors, and Balance: Ensuring transparency in ranking methodologies, considering diverse factors, and striking a balance between quantitative metrics and qualitative assessments will contribute to a more accurate and meaningful evaluation of universities in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OBCs, NCBC
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) is processing the approval for adding approximately 80 castes from six states to the Central List of Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
- The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE) also reported the addition of 16 communities to the Central OBC list in Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir.
About National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
|
| Established |
Constitution Act, 2018 (also known as 102nd Amendment Act, 2018) under Article 338B of the Indian Constitution |
| Jurisdiction |
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India |
| Purpose |
Active participation and advisory role in the socio-economic development of socially backward classes (OBCs)
Evaluating the progress of their development |
| Statutory Backing |
Outcome of the Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India case (16.11.1992) |
| Composition |
Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other members appointed by the President
Conditions of service and tenure determined by the President |
| Functions and Powers |
Inclusions and exclusions in the lists of backward communities for job reservations
Providing advice to the Central Government
Investigating and monitoring safeguards for backward classes
Inquiring into specific complaints related to their rights and safeguards
Participating in socio-economic development and evaluating progress |
| Reports and Recommendations |
Annual reports to the President and recommendations for effective implementation of safeguards
Recommendations for measures to protect, welfare, and socio-economic development of backward classes |
| Other Functions |
Discharging functions specified by the President and subject to parliamentary laws |
| Constitutional Amendment |
102nd Constitutional Amendment Act (2018) empowered NCBC to address grievances of Other Backward Classes |
Who are the Other Backward Classes (OBCs)?
- Other Backward Class is a collective term used to classify castes which are educationally or socially disadvantaged.
- It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General Class, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs).
- The OBCs were found to comprise 55% of the country’s population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006.
Communities likely to be added
States like Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana have proposed communities to be added to the Central OBC list.
- Telangana: Suggested the addition of around 40 communities.
- Andhra Pradesh: Turup Kapu community
- Himachal Pradesh: Majhra community
- Maharashtra: Lodhi, Lingayat, Bhoyar, Pawar, and Jhandse communities
- Punjab: Yadav community
- Haryana: Gosai/Gosain community
Approval Process
- NCBC Examination: The NCBC examines the requests and processes them accordingly, aiming for most of them to be approved.
- Cabinet Approval: Once the Commission decides, it can send its recommendations to the Cabinet for approval.
- Notification by President: The final step involves legislation and notification by the President to enact the changes.
How is the process different from SC/ST list updation?
- Unlike the procedure for adding communities to the SC or ST lists, the addition of communities to the Central OBC list does not require the concurrence of the Office of the Registrar General of India or any other authority.
- The Commission follows guidelines established by the Mandal Commission in 1979, considering social, educational, and economic indicators for additions to the Central OBC list.
Current Status of OBC List and Recent Additions
- The Central OBC list currently includes over 2,650 different communities from all states and union territories.
- The Union government takes credit for recent additions and highlights the 105th Constitutional Amendment, which protects state OBC communities from being deprived of benefits.
- There are currently about 1,270 communities listed in the Scheduled Caste (SC) list and 748 communities in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list.
Changes in the SC and ST Lists
- Since the last Census in 2011, four communities have been added to the SC list as main entries, 40 as sub-entries, and four have been dropped or moved to other lists.
- Similarly, in the ST list, five communities were added as main entries, 22 as sub-entries, 13 as substitute terms, and one was dropped.
Impact of OBC List Additions
- Broader representation: Adding more castes to the Central OBC list ensures broader representation and access to reserved seats and benefits for disadvantaged communities.
- Social upliftment: The inclusion of additional communities acknowledges their backwardness and provides opportunities for social upliftment and empowerment.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Political motivation: The process may face challenges and criticisms, such as concerns over potential political motivations or inaccuracies in identifying backwardness.
- Issue of parity: Ensuring transparency, fairness, and inclusivity in the decision-making process is essential to address these challenges and maintain the integrity of the OBC list.
Conclusion
- The reservation system and OBC list play a significant role in promoting social equality by providing opportunities for historically marginalized communities.
- The continuous evaluation and expansion of the OBC list reflect the government’s commitment to creating a more inclusive society and addressing historical injustices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-U.S. relations and latest developments, ICET, I2U2 etc
Mains level: India-U.S. relationship and Growing cooperation and Indo pacific imperative
Central Idea
- The recent visit of United States Secretary of Defence, Lloyd Austin, to India has bolstered the already robust relationship between the two countries. This visit, focused on technological innovation and military cooperation, marks a significant step forward in the bilateral defence partnership.
Significance of the visit
- Strengthening Defence Partnership: The visit reinforces the already strong defence partnership between the United States and India. It demonstrates the commitment of both nations to deepen cooperation and collaboration in critical defence domains.
- Defence Industrial Cooperation: The establishment of a road map for defence industrial cooperation is a significant outcome of the visit. It aims to enhance defence manufacturing in India through technological collaboration, aligning with India’s self-reliance mission and reducing import dependence.
- Technology Sharing: India’s recognition as a “Major Defence Partner” of the United States, along with the signing of foundational agreements, allows for increased technology sharing between the two countries. This facilitates the exchange of sensitive technologies without India becoming a formal ally, fostering greater collaboration and advancement in defence capabilities.
- Indo-Pacific Focus: The discussions during the visit highlight the strategic importance of the U.S.-India defence partnership in the Indo-Pacific region. Both nations share concerns over China’s assertive actions, and the visit underscores their commitment to address shared security challenges and maintain a free and open Indo-Pacific.
- Space Sector Cooperation: The launch of the Indus-X initiative and the existing Space Situational Awareness arrangement strengthen cooperation in the space sector. These initiatives enhance information-sharing, collaboration, and innovation in space-related technologies between the United States and India.
- Economic Impact: The visit emphasizes broader industrial cooperation between Indian and U.S. companies in the defence sector. It highlights the significant investments made by American companies in India and the U.S. government’s support for India’s defence modernization.
Facts for prelims
Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (ICET)
- Launched by PM Modi and President Joe Biden: The ICET initiative was launched by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Joe Biden in May 2022.
- Goal to elevate and expand Indo-US Partnership: Strategic technology partnership and defense industrial cooperation between the governments, businesses, and academic institutions of the two countries.
- Directly monitored by PMO and White house: The Prime Minister’s Office in Delhi and the White House in Washington will oversee and direct the ICET.
- Six focus areas of co-development and co-production: Strengthening innovation ecosystems, defence innovation and technology cooperation, resilient semiconductor supply chains, space, STEM talent, and next generation telecom
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Outcomes of the visit
- Road Map for Defence Industrial Cooperation: One of the major outcomes of the visit was the establishment of a road map for defence industrial cooperation. This road map aims to boost defence manufacturing in India through greater technological collaboration between the two nations. It outlines specific measures and initiatives to expedite co-development and co-production projects, fostering stronger connections between the defence sectors of India and the United States.
- Launch of the Indus-X Initiative: The visit witnessed the launch of the Indus-X initiative, which provides a new impetus to defence innovation engagement between the two countries. Building upon the existing bilateral Space Situational Awareness arrangement, the Indus-X initiative enhances information-sharing and cooperation in the space sector. It sets the stage for collaborative advancements and joint initiatives in space-related technologies.
- Strengthened Defence Partnership: The visit further solidified the U.S.-India defence partnership, emphasizing the “Major Defence Partner” status of India. This recognition allows for increased technology sharing and more frequent cooperation between the two countries. It reflects the trust and confidence placed in India and strengthens the foundation for deeper collaboration in the future.
- Indo-Pacific Security Cooperation: Discussions during the visit reaffirmed the strategic importance of the U.S.-India defence partnership in addressing common security challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. Both countries recognize the shared concerns regarding China’s assertive actions and aim to work together to ensure a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. The visit underscores their commitment to strengthening security cooperation in the region.
- Advancement in Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI): The visit injected new momentum into the Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), which aims to enhance co-production and co-development in the defence sector. The elevation of the India-U.S. strategic partnership through the iCET (Critical and Emerging Technology) agreement has been instrumental in revitalizing the DTTI and providing specific momentum to collaborative efforts in the defence industry.
- Preparation for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s State Visit: The visit of the U.S. Defence Secretary set the groundwork for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming state visit to the United States. It paved the way for potential major announcements and agreements, especially in the area of defence cooperation, further strengthening the partnership between the two nations.
What is The Indo-Pacific Imperative?
The Indo-Pacific imperative refers to the shared interests and concerns of India and the United States in the region, particularly regarding regional security challenges, economic connectivity, and freedom of navigation.
- Common Threats: Both India and the United States recognize the challenges posed by China’s assertive actions in the Indo-Pacific region. The combined threat assessments by both countries point to China as a common and conspicuous challenge. This includes China’s expanding military capabilities, including its growing naval presence and subsurface activities in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
- Regional Security Cooperation: The discussions during the visit focused on countering coercive actions by China and addressing other regional security concerns, such as Russia’s aggressive actions and transnational issues like terrorism and climate change.
- Free and Open Indo-Pacific: India and the United States share a vision of a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region. They are committed to upholding the principles of freedom of navigation, peaceful resolution of disputes, and respect for international law.
- Regional Cooperation Mechanisms: The U.S.-India defence partnership serves as a crucial pillar in various regional cooperation mechanisms in the Indo-Pacific. Through bilateral and multilateral engagements, including the Quad (comprising the United States, India, Japan, and Australia), India and the United States aim to enhance coordination, interoperability, and capacity-building efforts to address regional challenges effectively.
- Counterbalance to China: As China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific grows, the U.S.-India defence partnership plays a significant role in providing a counterbalance to China’s assertiveness. By strengthening cooperation, sharing information, and developing shared capabilities, India and the United States can collectively address common security challenges and maintain regional stability.
Conclusion
- The visit of the U.S. Defence Secretary to India and the impending state visit of PM to the United States lay a strong foundation for an enduring U.S.-India defence partnership. The potential future prospects encompass various aspects, including enhanced defence cooperation, technological advancements, regional security collaborations, and the strengthening of defence industry partnerships. These prospects herald a promising future for two nations committed to forging a robust and mutually beneficial relationship.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuralink technology and probable applications
Mains level: Nuralink, its applications, Concerns , Data transparency, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- On May 25, the USFDA granted approval for clinical trials of Neuralink’s implantable Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), developed by tech mogul Elon Musk’s neurotech startup. While Neuralink’s ambitions are revolutionary, promising to treat brain disorders and fuse human consciousness with AI, there are significant concerns regarding the safety, viability, and transparency of the technology.
What is Implantable Brain-Computer Interface?
- An implantable Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology that allows direct communication between the human brain and external devices.
- It involves the surgical implantation of a chip containing electrodes into the brain, which can detect and transmit neural signals.
- These signals are then decoded by a device connected to the chip, enabling individuals to control devices or interact with technology using their thoughts alone.
- The goal of implantable BCIs is to enhance human capabilities, treat neurological disorders, and potentially merge human consciousness with artificial intelligence (AI).
Simplified: What Is Neuralink?
- A device to be inserted in brain: Neuralink is a gadget that will be surgically inserted into the brain using robotics. In this procedure, a chipset called the link is implanted in the skull.
- Insulated wires connected to electrodes: It has a number of insulated wires connected from the electrodes that are used in the process.
- Can be operated by smartphones: This device can then be used to operate smartphones and computers without having to touch it
Neuralink’s Claims and Lack of Data Transparency
- Limited Published Data: Neuralink has only published one article, co-authored by Elon Musk and the Neuralink team, which describes the chip and implantation process. However, this article was not published in a prominent journal and does not provide comprehensive data supporting the claims made by Neuralink.
- Episodic Launch Videos: Instead of presenting robust scientific evidence, Neuralink relies on episodic launch videos and show-and-tell events live-streamed on YouTube. While these videos generate excitement and capture public interest, they do not provide in-depth data or transparency regarding the technology’s safety and efficacy.
- Lack of Preclinical Assessment: Before human trials, it is crucial to conduct thorough preclinical assessments on complex mammals to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the technology. However, Neuralink has not shared comprehensive data on preclinical studies involving animals such as pigs, sheep, or monkeys, leaving questions about the device’s effectiveness and potential risks.
- Limited Quantitative Data: Neuralink has not released sufficient quantitative data to the public regarding the safety and efficacy of their implantable device. There is a lack of published imaging or quantitative data from their histology unit, making it challenging to assess the device’s performance, mortality rates, or the success rate of the surgical procedure.
- Limited Disclosure of FDA-submitted Data: Private companies like Neuralink have the privilege of protecting proprietary technologies, and they are not obligated to disclose or publish the data they submit to regulatory authorities like the USFDA. This lack of transparency prevents public scrutiny and raises concerns about the thorough evaluation of the technology by independent experts.
Facts for prelims
What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)?
- The concept behind an ANN is to define inputs and outputs, feed pieces of inputs to computer programs that function like neurons and make inferences or calculations.
- It then forwards those results to another layer of computer programs and so on, until a result is obtained.
- As part of this neural network, a difference between intended output and input is computed at each layer and this difference is used to tune the parameters to each program.
- This method is called back-propagation and is an essential component to the Neural Network.
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Safety concerns associated with Neuralink’s BCI technology
- Heat Generation and Wire Stability: With thousands of thin wires implanted in the brain, the issue of heat generation arises. The high density of wires and the transmission of signals can potentially generate heat, which may pose a risk to the surrounding brain tissue. Furthermore, ensuring the stability and secure placement of these thin wires in a freely moving human presents additional challenges.
- Brain Tissue Response and Injury: Implanting foreign objects into the brain can cause tissue response and potential injury. The impact of movement on the surrounding brain tissue, the potential for micro-injuries that may accumulate over time, and the resulting complications and disabilities need to be thoroughly assessed.
- Immune Reaction and Scar Tissue Formation: The brain has a natural defense mechanism that responds to injuries by forming scar tissue. Scar tissue can be seizure-prone and may have implications for the overall functioning of the implanted device. The immune reaction and scar tissue formation around the brain in response to the implant need to be carefully studied and understood.
Concerns about Work Environment and Material Stability
- Pressure Cooker Work Environment: Reports have emerged suggesting a high-pressure work environment at Neuralink. There have been claims of Elon Musk creating unrealistic timelines and expectations for employees, potentially fostering a culture that prioritizes speed over thoroughness. This kind of work environment can have negative effects on employee well-being and may compromise the quality and safety of the technology being developed.
- Material Stability: The long-term stability and inertness of the materials used in the fabrication of Neuralink’s implantable device have come into question. Competitor companies, such as InBrain, have raised doubts about the stability of the material (PEDOT) used for the implant wires.
Regulatory Challenges for Neuralink and Proprietary Protection
- Regulatory Challenges: The regulatory process may face challenges in terms of ensuring thorough evaluation, transparency, and adherence to safety standards. The FDA rejected Neuralink’s initial application due to safety concerns with the implanted chip’s lithium batteries, but the basis for subsequent approval remains unclear.
- Proprietary Protection: Neuralink have been granted latitude in protecting proprietary and patented technologies. This protection allows companies to safeguard their intellectual property, maintain a competitive advantage, and control the release of information. While proprietary protection is a common practice in business, it can limit public access to critical data and impede independent scrutiny of the technology’s safety and efficacy.
Way Forward
- Rigorous Evaluation: Comprehensive and independent evaluation of Neuralink’s technology is necessary to assess its safety, efficacy, and long-term viability. This evaluation should involve transparent data sharing, peer review, and collaboration with regulatory agencies, independent experts, and the scientific community.
- Preclinical Assessment: Thorough preclinical assessments, including studies in complex mammals, should be conducted to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and potential risks of Neuralink’s BCI. Comprehensive data on mortality rates, surgical success rates, and long-term effects should be disclosed to ensure a robust understanding of the technology’s impact.
- Transparency and Data Sharing: Neuralink should prioritize transparency and data sharing to address concerns about the lack of quantitative data, animal welfare, and material stability. Publishing quantitative data, sharing research findings, and providing access to independent researchers for scrutiny can enhance trust and facilitate a more thorough evaluation of the technology.
- Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of merging humans with AI should be carefully examined and discussed. Engaging in open and inclusive dialogues involving experts from various disciplines can help navigate the ethical challenges associated with the potential fusion of human consciousness and AI.
- Regulatory Oversight: Regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, should ensure rigorous evaluation and oversight of Neuralink’s BCI technology. Striking the right balance between proprietary protection and the need for transparency and accountability is crucial to safeguard public safety and promote responsible innovation.
- Independent Monitoring and Accountability: Independent monitoring of Neuralink’s practices, including animal welfare and work environment, should be in place to ensure adherence to ethical standards. This can involve external audits, collaborations with animal welfare organizations, and enhanced regulatory scrutiny.
Conclusion
- Before delving into the ethical debates surrounding merging humans with AI, it is crucial to address the concerns surrounding Neuralink’s implantable BCI. Safety, data transparency, and animal welfare should be paramount. By promoting transparency, rigorous evaluation, and responsible practices, Neuralink can build trust, ensure patient safety, and foster a constructive dialogue about the future implications of this groundbreaking technology.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The field of taxonomy, which involves naming and classifying living beings, is currently engaged in a heated discussion regarding the renaming of species with objectionable scientific names.
- These names often stem from problematic individuals associated with slavery, racism, derogatory terms, and racial slurs.
- The debate has gained prominence in recent years, particularly in the wake of movements like Black Lives Matter, which seeks to address systemic racism and dismantle symbols of oppression.
Controversial Naming Practices
(1) Species Named after Controversial Figures:
- Anophthalmus hitleri: The blind beetle named after Adolf Hitler by an entomologist who admired him gained popularity among Neo-Nazis, leading to its near-extinction.
- Uta stansburiana: The lizard named after Howard Stansbury, known for his involvement in the massacre of Timpanogos Native Americans.
- Hibbertia scandens: The plant named after George Hibbert, a prominent member of the pro-slavery and anti-abolition lobby.
(2) Species Named with Derogatory Terms:
- Hottentotta tamulus scorpion: The use of “Hottentot” as a derogatory term for Indigenous Black people in Africa.
- Rauvolfia caffra: The quinine tree named with an offensive term considered hate speech against Black communities in South Africa.
Rules and International Bodies
- Nomenclature Codes: International bodies such as ICZN, ICNafp, ICNB, and ICTV govern the naming of animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses, respectively.
- Validity and Publication: New names must be published in openly distributed publications and accompanied by detailed descriptions of typical specimens.
| ICZN: International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature
ICNafp: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
ICNB: International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |
Scientific Naming Process
- Two-part Scientific Names: Each species has two scientific names, with the first denoting the genus and the second identifying the species within the genus. Both names are italicized.
- Naming Conventions: Names are often derived from Latin or Greek, reflecting distinctive features or characteristics of the species.
Challenges in Changing Offensive Names
- Limited Appetite for Change: International committees show little inclination to engage in debates on potentially offensive names, prioritizing stability and universality.
- Criteria for Name Change: The rules state that name changes should only occur with profound taxonomic knowledge or to rectify names conflicting with established rules.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Transgenic Cotton
Mains level: GM crops and issues
Central Idea
- The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Telangana in India have deferred a proposal to test a new type of transgenic cotton seed.
- This proposal had been approved by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of the central government.
- The deferral of the proposal by these states indicates that the broader acceptance of genetically modified crops, including transgenic cotton, remains challenging to achieve in India.
What are Transgenic Crops?
- Transgenic crops, also known as genetically modified (GM) crops or genetically engineered (GE) crops, are plants that have been modified through genetic engineering techniques.
- These techniques involve the introduction of specific genes from one organism into the genetic material of another organism, resulting in the expression of new traits or characteristics in the modified crop.
- The introduction of transgenic technology allows scientists to selectively transfer desirable genes into crop plants to impart beneficial traits such as:
- Pest Resistance: Genes from naturally pest-resistant organisms can be inserted into crops to make them resistant to specific pests or insects.
- Disease Resistance: Genes conferring resistance to diseases can be introduced into crops to enhance their ability to withstand infections caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens.
- Herbicide Tolerance: Transgenic crops can be engineered to tolerate specific herbicides, allowing farmers to effectively control weeds without harming the crop.
- Improved Nutritional Content: Genetic engineering techniques can be employed to enhance the nutritional profile of crops by increasing the levels of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, or proteins.
- Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Transgenic crops can be engineered to withstand environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures.
- Extended Shelf Life: Such crops have extended shelf life or resistance to spoilage, thereby reducing food waste and increasing marketability.
Transgenic Crops in India
- Cotton: Cotton is currently the only transgenic crop being commercially cultivated in India. It contains a gene called Cry2Ai, which is believed to confer resistance against the American pink bollworm, a significant pest affecting cotton crops.
- Other Crops in Trials: Apart from cotton, there are several other crops in various stages of trials using transgenic technology. These include brinjal (eggplant), tomato, maize (corn), and chickpea. These crops are being developed with traits such as insect resistance, disease resistance, and improved nutritional content.
- Mustard Hybrid DMH-11: The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) approved the environmental release of Mustard hybrid DMH-11 and its parental lines for seed production and testing. This transgenic mustard variety is awaiting final clearance.
Regulation Process in India
- Safety Assessments: Transgenic crops go through rigorous safety assessments conducted by committees before they are approved for further testing. These assessments evaluate the potential environmental, health, and socioeconomic impacts of genetically modified crops.
- Confined Trials: After safety assessments, transgenic crops undergo confined trials in controlled environments. These trials are conducted at agricultural universities or plots controlled by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR). The aim is to assess the performance, agronomic traits, and potential risks associated with transgenic crops.
- Open Field Trials: Upon successful confined trials, transgenic crops can proceed to open field trials. These trials are conducted over multiple crop seasons and in different geographical regions to evaluate the performance of the crops under diverse environmental conditions.
- Comparative Evaluation: Transgenic crops can seek commercial clearance only if they demonstrate superiority over comparable non-GM varieties in terms of desired traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, or drought, without causing harm to the environment or other cultivated species.
Issues in Acceptance of Transgenic Crops
- Public Perception and Opposition: The acceptance of genetically modified crops continues to be elusive in India due to concerns raised by activists, farmers, and consumer groups regarding the safety, environmental impact, and long-term consequences of GM crops.
- Legal and Regulatory Framework: The litigation in the Supreme Court regarding the approval and cultivation of transgenic crops adds complexity to the regulatory framework. The decision-making process involves multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, scientists, activists, and judicial authorities.
- State-Level Approvals: Agriculture being a state subject, companies interested in testing transgenic seeds often require approvals from the respective states. Varying attitudes and policies towards GM crops among states can create challenges and inconsistencies in the regulatory process.
- Ecological Impact and Biodiversity: Critics argue that the release of transgenic crops into the environment may have unintended ecological consequences, such as the potential harm to non-target organisms, disruption of ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity.
- Socioeconomic Implications: The adoption of transgenic crops may have socioeconomic implications, including concerns about farmer dependency on seed companies, patenting of genetic materials, and potential impacts on traditional farming practices and indigenous seed varieties.
Way forward
- Robust Regulation: Strengthen the regulatory framework for transgenic crops to ensure rigorous evaluation, transparent decision-making, and effective monitoring of potential risks to human health, environment, and biodiversity.
- Public Awareness: Conduct comprehensive campaigns to educate the public about the benefits and safety of transgenic cotton, dispelling misconceptions, and promoting informed decision-making.
- Stakeholder Engagement: Foster open dialogue among farmers, scientists, policymakers, and consumer groups to address concerns, share information, and build mutual understanding.
- Environmental Monitoring: Implement long-term monitoring programs to assess the impact of transgenic cotton cultivation on factors such as pest resistance, gene flow, and ecological interactions to ensure sustainability.
- Farmer Training and Support: Provide training programs and technical assistance to farmers, equipping them with proper cultivation practices and effective management strategies for transgenic cotton, maximizing benefits of improved yields and pest control.
- Socioeconomic Assessments: Conduct comprehensive assessments to evaluate the potential impact of transgenic cotton on farmers’ livelihoods, rural economies, and social well-being, addressing issues of equity, access, and distribution of benefits.
- Transparent Labelling and Traceability: Implement clear labeling and traceability mechanisms to ensure transparency in marketing and trade of transgenic cotton products, enabling consumers to make informed choices.
Conclusion
- The GEAC is exploring options to streamline the regulatory process for GM crops.
- The proposal to declare certain regions as “notified testing sites” aims to provide a standardized framework for conducting trials and minimize the dependency on state-level approvals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre has discontinued the sale of rice and wheat from the central pool to State governments under the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS).
- This move is aimed at controlling price inflation and stabilizing food prices, but it may have an impact on states like Karnataka that offer free grains to the poor.
What is Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS)?
- The OMSS refers to the government’s selling of food grains, such as rice and wheat, in the open market at predetermined prices.
- The scheme aims to enhance grain supply during the lean season and moderate open market prices.
- It consists of three components:
- Sale of wheat to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction.
- Sale of wheat to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction by dedicated movement.
- Sale of Raw Rice Grade ‘A’ to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction.
Working of OMSS
- To ensure transparency, the Food Corporation of India (FCI) has adopted e-auction as the method for selling food grains under the OMSS (Domestic).
- Weekly auctions are conducted on the NCDEX platform.
- State governments and Union Territory Administrations can participate in the e-auction if they require wheat and rice outside TPDS & OWS (Targeted Public Distribution System & Other Welfare Schemes).
Reasons for Discontinuation of OMSS:
- Controlling price inflation: Discontinuing OMSS helps regulate the supply of rice and wheat to prevent price hikes.
- Ensuring price stability: By limiting the availability of grains through OMSS, the government aims to maintain stable market prices.
- Balancing stock levels: Discontinuation allows for better management of grain stock in the central pool.
- Streamlining distribution channels: OMSS discontinuation enables a more focused and efficient distribution of grains through targeted welfare schemes.
- Efficient utilization of resources: By discontinuing OMSS, resources can be allocated more effectively to optimize procurement and distribution efforts.
- Flexibility in response to market conditions: The discontinuation provides flexibility to adjust grain supply based on market demands and conditions.
- Promoting market competition: The absence of OMSS encourages the participation of private traders and bulk consumers, fostering a competitive market environment.
Concerns and Production Challenges
- Adverse weather conditions: Unseasonal rains, hailstorms, and higher temperatures have posed challenges to wheat production.
- Lower production and higher prices: The adverse weather conditions may lead to reduced wheat production and subsequent price increases.
- Rice price fluctuations: Rice prices have already increased by 10% at the mandi level in the last year.
- Dependence on monsoon rains: Monsoon rains are crucial for rice production, as 80% of the country’s total rice production occurs during the kharif season.
- Potential impact on food security: Lower production and price fluctuations can affect food security, particularly for vulnerable sections of society.
- Procurement challenges: Slow wheat procurement and increased prices create difficulties in achieving procurement targets and maintaining stock levels.
- Potential impact on overall agricultural output: Production challenges in wheat may have a ripple effect on the overall agricultural sector and farm incomes.
- Need for stabilizing measures: Measures to stabilize supply, improve agricultural practices, and manage weather-related risks are crucial to address these concerns.
Efforts to Stabilize Supply and Stock Levels
- Food Corporation of India: FCI plays a vital role in ensuring the availability of food grains at reasonable prices to vulnerable sections of society through the Public Distribution System.
- Increased Procurement: The government has set a procurement target of 341.5 lakh metric tonnes of wheat for the ongoing Rabi Marketing Season (RMS) 2023-24.
Conclusion
- The Centre’s decision to discontinue the sale of rice and wheat to states under the OMSS aims to control price inflation and stabilize food prices.
- Exceptions have been made for regions facing specific challenges.
- The imposition of stock limits and offloading through the OMSS demonstrates the government’s efforts to manage overall food security and prevent hoarding.
- However, concerns remain regarding lower wheat production due to adverse weather conditions, highlighting the need for measures to stabilize supply and stock levels.
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