From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jatan Software
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Union government plans to complete the 3D digitisation of all museums under its administrative control by the end of 2023.
The digitisation initiative using JATAN software aims to enhance the conservation and preservation of artefacts.
What is JATAN Software?
JATAN is a virtual museum builder software used in Indian museums.
It enables the creation of a digital collection management system and is deployed in several national museums across India.
The objective of JATAN is to digitally preserve and document museum objects for the benefit of researchers, curators, and other interested individuals.
The software was designed and developed by the Human Centres Design and Computing Group at the Centre for Development of Smart Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.
JATAN facilitates the creation of digital imprints of preserved objects and monuments.
These digital imprints are integrated into the national digital repository and portal, making them accessible to the public.
Benefits of 3D Digitisation
3D digitisation offers improved conservation and preservation of artefacts, ensuring their long-term protection.
It enhances accessibility and exploration for museum visitors, providing new ways to engage with the collection.
The 3D models generated through digitisation can be used in augmented reality, virtual reality, and interactive learning experiences, creating immersive educational opportunities.
Furthermore, the digitisation process enables the potential for 3D printing, allowing for replication and detailed study of artefacts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Akashteer
Mains level: Advanced Air Defence Technologies
Central Idea
Reorientation of focus: Indian Army shifts focus from western to northern borders following 2020 standoff with China.
Lessons from Ukraine conflict: Insights from ongoing war in Ukraine are influencing transformation of Army Air Defence (AAD).
Induction of new systems: New systems are being inducted to enhance air defence capabilities.
What is Project Akashteer?
Networking and automation: Project Akashteer aims to establish networking and automation capabilities similar to Indian Air Force’s system.
Comprehensive air defence picture: Project Akashteer focuses on building a comprehensive air defence picture for monitoring, tracking, and engaging air defence assets.
Implementation target: The project aims to complete implementation by March 2024 for integration of radars, control centres, and weapons.
Shifting Focus and New Technology
Shift in focus: Indian Army shifts focus from western border to northern borders.
Mountainous air defence requirements: The need for lightweight radars and mobile weapon systems to cater to requirements in mountainous regions.
Consideration of new threats: Insights from Ukraine conflict prompt consideration of new threats such as UAVs, loitering munitions, swarm drones, and cruise missiles.
Induction of New Systems
Improved Akash surface-to-air missile systems: Contract signed for two regiments of improved Akash systems to enhance air defence capabilities.
Collaboration with Israel: Collaboration with Israel for the induction of medium-range surface-to-air missile project.
Development of quick reaction systems: Indigenously developing quick reaction surface-to-air missile (QRSAM) to meet critical air defence needs.
Exploration of air defence guns: Ongoing efforts to procure air defence guns to strengthen air defence capabilities.
Challenges and Indigenization
Component shortage: Global shortage of components and hardware due to the Ukraine conflict affecting the pace of inductions.
Emphasis on indigenization: Focus on promoting indigenization and reducing dependence on imports for air defence systems.
Revitalization of modernization: Revival of Army Air Defence modernization with emphasis on indigenous development and procurement.
Significance of the project
Strengthened air defence capabilities: Focus on enhancing air defence capabilities for robust border security.
Improved monitoring and coordination: Integration and automation initiatives enhance monitoring, coordination, and situational awareness.
Enhanced border preparedness: Contribution to enhanced border preparedness and response capabilities.
Way forward
Continued research and development: Focus on continuous research and development to stay ahead of evolving threats and challenges.
International collaboration: Collaboration with international partners to incorporate advanced air defence systems and technologies.
Integration of advanced technologies: Integration of technologies like AI and machine learning to enhance air defence operations and effectiveness.
Innovation and efficiency: Focus on innovation, efficiency, and effectiveness in future air defence strategies.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fruit Flies
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Flies’ negative perception: Fruit flies often considered annoying pests, but their significance in biological and medical science is immense.
Economic and environmental importance: Flies, including fruit flies, play crucial roles as pollinators for plants and contribute to decomposition processes.
Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Overview: Fruit or vinegar fly species known for its nuisance during summer.
Scientific significance: Drosophila melanogaster is a well-understood animal organism globally and has contributed to numerous Nobel Prize-winning discoveries in physiology and medicine.
Partnership between Science and Flies
Early collaborations with flies: Biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies revolutionized evolutionary and genetic research.
Discoveries in genetics: Fruit flies provided insights into genetic mutations, inheritance patterns, and the mapping of genes on chromosomes.
Understanding biological processes: Studies in fruit flies helped unravel mechanisms of development, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Insights from Drosophila Research
Embryo studies: Microscopic examination of Drosophila embryos aided in understanding genetic defects and gene networks that control development.
Contribution to genetic medicine: Research on fruit flies helped decipher the genetic code, map DNA structure, and investigate inherited disorders.
Remarkable genetic similarity: Fruit flies and humans share striking biological similarities, allowing for the study of human biology and disease in flies.
Versatility and Applications of Drosophila Research
Efficient and cost-effective research: Fruit flies offer a fast and versatile model organism for studying various aspects of human biology and disease.
Neuroscience and behavioral research: Fruit flies provide insights into learning, memory, sleep, aggression, addiction, and neural disorders.
Broad range of applications: Fruit flies are used to study cancer, aging, development, gut microbiome, stem cells, muscles, and the heart.
Bridging Knowledge Gaps
Complementary to human studies: Fruit flies serve as a bridge to understanding complex human diseases and physiological processes.
Insights into neurodegenerative diseases: Although flies cannot fully mimic personality loss in Alzheimer’s disease, they contribute to studying neuronal death and related mechanisms.
Paradigm for Scientific Discoveries
Accelerating research in complex organisms: Knowledge gained from fruit flies can be applied to more complex organisms, expediting scientific progress.
Global research community: Over 10,000 researchers worldwide utilize fruit flies for diverse areas of study, enriching our understanding of human biology and disease.
Shifting Perspectives
Appreciating the significance: Fruit flies, despite their annoyance, play a vital role in advancing scientific knowledge and medical breakthroughs.
Rethinking flies’ presence: Viewing fruit flies in a different light, recognizing their value in research and their contributions to understanding the world around us.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ram Prasad Bismil, Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: This article revolves around the life, contributions, and legacy of Ram Prasad Bismil, a revolutionary figure in India’s freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
Ram Prasad Bismil
Birth: Ram Prasad Bismil was born on June 11, 1897, in Shahjahanpur district, UP.
Revolutionary activities: He actively fought against British Raj and participated in notable events like the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918 and the Kakori Train Action of 1925.
Founding of Hindustan Republican Association: Bismil established the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, later known as the Hindustan Socialist RA) and played a pivotal role in the organization.
Sacrifice and execution: Bismil was hanged for his revolutionary activities on December 19, 1927, at the age of 30.
Early life and Arya Samaj connections
Upbringing and linguistic influences: Bismil was born into a Rajput Tomar family and learned Hindi from his father, Urdu from a nearby maulvi, and also studied in an English medium school in Shahjahanpur.
Association with Arya Samaj: Bismil joined the Arya Samaj during his childhood, becoming a prolific writer and poet. He used pen names such as ‘Agyat’, ‘Ram’, and the well-known ‘Bismil’.
Poem “Mera Janm”: At the age of 18, Bismil wrote the poem “Mera Janm” expressing his anger over the death sentence of Arya Samaj missionary Bhai Parmanand.
Major events associated to Bismil
(1) Mainpuri Conspiracy
Political disillusionment: Bismil became disillusioned with the moderate wing of the Congress Party and rejected negotiation or appeasement with the British.
Formation of Matrivedi: Bismil established the revolutionary organization Matrivedi and collaborated with Genda Lal Dixit, who had connections with dacoits and sought to utilize them in the armed struggle.
Mainpuri Ki Pratigya: Bismil’s famous poem, “Mainpuri Ki Pratigya,” was widely distributed in pamphlets across the United Provinces. He carried out acts of looting to gather funds for his organization.
(2) Founding the Hindustan Republican Association
Return to Shahjahanpur: After being underground for several years, Bismil returned to Shahjahanpur in February 1920.
Formation of HRA: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, founded the Hindustan Republican Association. Later, Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh joined the organization.
Release of the manifesto: Bismil played a significant role in penning the manifesto titled “Krantikari,” which was officially released on January 1, 1925. The manifesto called for an organized and armed revolution to establish a federal Republic of United States of India.
(3) Kakori Train Action
Objective and planning: The Kakori Train Action aimed to rob a train carrying treasury bags between Shahjahanpur and Lucknow.
Execution of the action: On August 9, 1925, around ten revolutionaries, including Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan, stopped the train at Kakori station, overpowered the guard, and looted the treasury bags containing approximately Rs 4,600.
Consequences and crackdown: The action drew both British outrage and mixed responses from the Indian public. The misfiring of a gun resulted in the accidental killing of a passenger, Ahmad Ali, dampening public support. Subsequently, a violent crackdown led to the arrest of most involved, excluding Chandrashekhar Azad.
Death and legacy
Trial and sentencing: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan and Rajendranath Lahiri, faced a long trial and were ultimately sentenced to death.
Execution and martyrdom: On December 19, 1927, Bismil was executed at the age of 30, leaving behind a legacy of sacrifice and dedication to the cause of freedom.
Enduring influence and remembrance: Bismil’s poetry continues to inspire and his call for Hindu-Muslim unity serves as a symbol of communal harmony. He is remembered for his revolutionary spirit and deep concern for society, justice, and equality.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Divyang friendly infrastructure and schemes
Mains level: Inclusive cities , challenges faced by persons with disabilities and way ahead
Central Idea
Persons with disabilities often face numerous challenges when it comes to participating fully in urban life. In order to provide them with equal opportunities to enjoy cultural, economic, and social activities, it is crucial to create an enabling environment with inclusive infrastructure.
Role of Technology and ICT in addressing the challenges faced by persons with disabilities
Accessibility: Technology and ICT can help create accessible environments by providing innovative solutions that remove barriers and enable equal access for persons with disabilities. For example, assistive technologies such as mobility aids, screen readers, and voice recognition systems can empower individuals with visual or mobility impairments to navigate urban spaces and access information.
Communication and Information: Technology and ICT facilitate communication and access to information for persons with disabilities. This includes providing alternative formats for content, such as braille, audio, or captioning, and ensuring websites, applications, and digital platforms are designed to be accessible and inclusive.
Assistive Devices and Tools: Technology plays a significant role in the development and advancement of assistive devices and tools that enhance the independence and capabilities of persons with disabilities. These may include prosthetics, smart mobility aids, wearable devices, and specialized software applications that cater to specific needs.
Smart Cities and Infrastructure: Technology and ICT enable the development of smart cities and infrastructure, which can be designed with inclusivity in mind. For instance, smart mobility systems, sensor-based navigation aids, and inclusive public transportation systems can greatly enhance the mobility and independence of individuals.
Data Collection and Analysis: Technology and ICT enable the collection, analysis, and utilization of data related to disability and accessibility. This data can help policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders make informed decisions, identify areas for improvement, and develop inclusive policies and interventions.
Awareness and Education: Technology and ICT platforms provide avenues for raising awareness about disability rights, accessibility, and inclusive practices. They can also be used for educational purposes, such as online courses, virtual training, and accessible learning materials, to promote inclusive education and capacity building.
Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards
Purpose: The Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards were established to crowdsource tech-based solutions and innovations that specifically target city-level accessibility and inclusion challenges.
Organizers: The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) in partnership with the United Nations (UN) in India is responsible for hosting and organizing the Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards.
Participation: The initiative invites individuals, organizations, start-ups, and innovators to participate in the challenge by submitting their technology-based solutions that address the specific needs of persons with disabilities in urban contexts.
Solution Areas: The Smart Solutions Challenge focuses on solutions that enhance accessibility, inclusivity, and independent living for persons with disabilities. These solutions may cover a wide range of domains, including but not limited to transportation, mobility, assistive devices, communication, digital platforms, smart infrastructure, and data-driven solutions.
Recognition and Support: The Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards provide a platform to showcase and recognize the most innovative and impactful solutions. Winning participants receive recognition for their work and may also receive support in the form of funding, mentorship, networking opportunities, or collaborations with relevant stakeholders to further develop and implement their solutions.
Localizing Innovations: The initiative emphasizes the importance of localizing innovations to suit the specific needs and challenges of different cities in India. By promoting context-specific solutions, the program aims to ensure that urban areas across the country become more inclusive and accessible for persons with disabilities.
Government Initiatives and Global Engagement
Start-up 20 Engagement Group: As part of its G20 presidency, India initiated the Start-up 20 Engagement Group. This platform provides a global space for collaboration and exchange of ideas among start-ups across G20 member nations.
G20 Digital Innovation Alliance (G20-DIA): The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the G20 Digital Innovation Alliance to showcase innovative solutions and create an alliance of players in the innovation ecosystem.
Urban-20 (U20) Engagement Group: The U20 Engagement Group, under the G20 framework, focuses on urban issues and policies. One of the priority themes for the U20 is Catalyzing Digital Urban Futures. This theme emphasizes the effective and inclusive use of data and technology for improving city management and fostering urban development.
Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Government of India has prioritized its development agenda in alignment with the globally agreed SDGs. This includes leveraging technological innovations to achieve sustainable urbanization and address the needs of vulnerable populations, including persons with disabilities.
National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA): The NIUA, in collaboration with the UN in India, has been actively involved in promoting inclusive cities through initiatives like the Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards. These platforms encourage innovation and provide a space for sharing best practices and solutions for enhancing urban accessibility and inclusivity.
Global Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: The government of India actively engages in global partnerships, forums, and collaborations to exchange knowledge, share experiences, and learn from international best practices in inclusive urban development.
Way ahead: Building an Inclusive and Accessible India
Policy and Legislative Framework: Strengthen and enforce existing laws and policies that promote accessibility and inclusivity for persons with disabilities. This includes the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which provides a legal framework for ensuring equal opportunities, non-discrimination, and accessibility in various areas of life.
Awareness and Sensitization: Conduct awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate the public, policymakers, and relevant stakeholders about the rights, abilities, and needs of persons with disabilities.
Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for government officials, urban planners, architects, engineers, and other professionals involved in urban development to enhance their understanding of accessibility standards and inclusive design principles.
Accessible Infrastructure: Invest in the development of accessible infrastructure, including accessible transportation systems, buildings, public spaces, and digital platforms. This involves implementing universal design principles, ensuring barrier-free access, and incorporating assistive technologies.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaborations between government agencies, private sector organizations, non-profit organizations, academic institutions, and persons with disabilities themselves.
Data and Monitoring: Establish comprehensive data collection mechanisms to gather accurate and up-to-date information on the status of accessibility and inclusion in cities. This data can inform evidence-based decision-making, monitor progress, and identify areas that require further attention and improvement.
Empowerment and Employment: Promote inclusive employment opportunities and entrepreneurship for persons with disabilities. This can be achieved through affirmative action policies, skill development programs, mentorship initiatives, and creating an enabling environment that supports their full and meaningful participation in the workforce.
Collaboration on a Global Scale: Engage in international collaborations, exchange best practices, and learn from global experiences to accelerate progress towards inclusive urban development.
Conclusion
Inclusive cities are essential for ensuring equal opportunities and participation for persons with disabilities. By embracing the power of technology and fostering global partnerships, India is paving the way for an inclusive and accessible future, empowering individuals to reach their full potential and contributing to a society that celebrates diversity and inclusivity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C+C5 summit and other such developments
Mains level: Central Asian countries complex dynamics and multi vectored foreign policy
Central Idea
China recently hosted the inaugural C+C5 summit in Xi’an, which brought together the leaders of five Central Asian countries. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration’ and emphasized the Belt and Road cooperation as a new starting point for China-Central Asia relations. However, the central Asian countries have successfully implemented a multi-vectored foreign policy, balancing their engagements with various regional and international powers.
What is C+C5 summit?
The C+C5 stands for China plus Central Asia, indicating the participation of both China and the five Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
The purpose of the C+C5 summit is to strengthen the relations and cooperation between China and these Central Asian countries.
The first C+C5 summit took place in Xi’an, China, and resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which outlines the shared vision and goals for China-Central Asia cooperation.
Facts for prelims
G7 Summit Hiroshima
The 49th annual G7 Summit took place in Hiroshima. Japan hosted the summit in its capacity as the President of the G7.
Prime Minister Kishida’s commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation was evident through the choice of Hiroshima as the host city.
Prime Minister Modi attended the summit at the invitation of the Japanese Prime Minister.
The participating leaders issued a leaders’ communiqué on the second day of the summit. The communiqué will be adopted officially at the end of the summit on the 21st.
Current Members: US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan
Complex Regional Dynamics of Central Asian countries
Geopolitical Competition: China’s growing influence in Central Asia can be seen as a challenge to Russia’s historical dominance in the region. This geopolitical competition between the two powers shapes the dynamics of China-Central Asia relations.
Multi-vector Engagements: Central Asian countries pursue multi-vectored foreign policies, engaging with various regional and international powers. This approach allows them to maintain balanced relations and leverage different partnerships to their advantage.
Regional Cooperation Organizations: Central Asian countries are members of various regional cooperation organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). These organizations influence the dynamics of regional interactions and shape cooperation initiatives.
Economic Interests: China’s economic investments and infrastructure projects in Central Asia, driven by the Belt and Road initiative, have both positive and complex implications for the region. Balancing economic benefits with potential dependencies and competition is crucial for the Central Asian countries.
Historical and Cultural Connections: Central Asia shares historical and cultural ties with both China and Russia. These historical connections influence the perceptions, interactions, and priorities of the countries involved, impacting regional dynamics.
Balancing Global Engagements: Central Asian countries navigate their relationships with major global powers, including the European Union, the United States, and regional actors such as Turkey. Balancing these engagements is necessary to safeguard their interests and maintain stability in the region.
Afghanistan’s Impact: The situation in Afghanistan has implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia. Stability and security concerns in Afghanistan directly affect neighboring countries and influence their interactions with external powers.
Significance of C+C5: Strengthening China-Central Asia Relations
‘Xi’an Declaration: The C+C5 summit held in Xi’an, China, served as a platform for leaders from China and the Central Asian countries to discuss and strengthen their bilateral relations. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which laid out a blueprint for future cooperation.
Belt and Road Cooperation: The summit focused on the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road initiative, emphasizing its role as a new starting point for China-Central Asia cooperation. The Belt and Road initiative aims to enhance connectivity and promote economic development through infrastructure projects.
Cultural Silk Road Program: The ‘Cultural Silk Road’ program was discussed during the summit, which aims to enhance cultural cooperation, preserve shared heritage, and promote cultural exchange between China and Central Asian countries.
China-Central Asia Summit Mechanism: The establishment of the China-Central Asia Summit mechanism during the summit paves the way for future biennial summits between the participating countries. This institutional framework ensures regular high-level engagement and facilitates ongoing cooperation.
Successes of a Multi-Vectored Foreign Policy
Diversified Economic Ties: Central Asian countries have successfully diversified their economic ties through a multi-vectored foreign policy. By engaging with multiple regional and international partners, they have expanded trade relations, attracted foreign investments, and accessed various markets.
Enhanced Diplomatic Influence: A multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to expand their diplomatic influence. By cultivating relationships with different actors, they can assert their interests, advocate for regional stability, and participate actively in international forums.
Balancing Regional Security: Central Asian countries have effectively balanced regional security concerns through multi-vectored foreign policies. By cooperating with different security organizations and partners, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and Russia, they have successfully managed common security challenges, including terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking.
Preserving Sovereignty: Pursuing a multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to maintain their sovereignty and independence. By engaging with multiple actors, they prevent overreliance on any single power and safeguard their decision-making autonomy in international affairs.
Regional Cooperation Initiatives: Central Asian countries have actively participated in regional cooperation initiatives and organizations, such as the SCO and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program.
Improved Resilience and Flexibility: Central Asian countries’ multi-vectored foreign policy has made them more resilient and adaptable in the face of changing geopolitical dynamics. By diversifying their partnerships, they can navigate shifting regional dynamics and respond effectively to evolving challenges and opportunities.
Peaceful Coexistence: The success of a multi-vectored foreign policy in Central Asia highlights the region’s ability to maintain peaceful coexistence among major regional and global powers. By pursuing balanced engagements, Central Asian countries contribute to stability, reduce tensions, and promote cooperation between different actors.
Conclusion
The C+C5 summit and the successful implementation of a multi-vectored foreign policy by Central Asian countries highlight the importance of balanced regional engagements. As Georgia and Moldova strive for EU/NATO membership, they should embrace a multi-vectored approach to ensure regional stability and security. Only through this pragmatic path can lasting peace be achieved, despite existing challenges and geopolitical complexities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nutrition schemes
Mains level: Nutrition of girls, Programs', challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
India’s future prosperity hinges on the well-being and development of its adolescent girls. The period of adolescence is critical for cognitive growth, making improved access to nutrition during this phase crucial. By addressing any nutrient deficiencies acquired in early developmental stages, we can unlock the full potential of the girl child.
Ever-growing Nutritional Concerns
High Prevalence of Anemia: The National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) reveals that a staggering 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic. Anemia not only affects their overall health but also hampers their cognitive development and academic performance.
Underweight and Malnourishment: According to NFHS-4 data, over 41.9% of school-going girls in India are underweight. Malnourishment deprives girls of essential nutrients necessary for their growth, development, and overall well-being.
Menstruation-Related Nutritional Challenges: The onset of menstruation poses specific nutritional challenges for adolescent girls. The increased nutrient requirements during this phase, coupled with inadequate access to nutritious food and hygiene products, further exacerbate the risk of undernutrition and anemia.
Impact on Cognitive Development: Poor nutrition during adolescence can have long-lasting effects on cognitive development, affecting academic performance and limiting educational attainment. This hampers opportunities for employment and economic self-sufficiency later in life.
Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases and Pregnancy Complications: Undernourished adolescent girls are at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases and experiencing complications during pregnancy. This not only burdens families and communities with healthcare costs but also leads to financial instability and increased poverty.
Impediment to Women’s Labor Force Participation: Adolescent health serves as a significant indicator of women’s long-term participation in the labor force. Improved nutrition during adolescence enhances the prospects of young girls to engage in productive activities, contributing to economic growth and development
Long-term Consequences of Neglecting Nutrition among adolescent girls
Academic Performance and Educational Attainment: Poor nutrition during adolescence can lead to cognitive impairments, affecting academic performance. Malnourished girls may struggle to concentrate, learn, and retain information, ultimately limiting their educational attainment.
Economic Self-Sufficiency: Limited educational attainment and reduced job prospects due to undernutrition can impede economic self-sufficiency for adolescent girls. They may face challenges in finding stable employment and earning a sufficient income, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
Health Consequences: Undernourished adolescent girls are at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders, later in life. Poor nutrition during this crucial developmental phase also increases the likelihood of experiencing complications during pregnancy
Inter-generational Cycle of Malnutrition: Neglecting the nutritional needs of adolescent girls perpetuates an inter-generational cycle of malnutrition. Malnourished girls are more likely to give birth to undernourished babies, continuing the cycle of poor health and nutrition from one generation to the next.
Increased Healthcare Burden: The long-term consequences of undernutrition, including chronic diseases and pregnancy complications, impose a significant healthcare burden on both families and communities. The cost of treating and managing these health issues places additional strain on healthcare systems and can lead to financial instability for families.
Social Participation and Empowerment: Adequate nutrition plays a vital role in enabling individuals to actively participate in society. Undernourished adolescent girls may face limitations in engaging in social and community activities, including work, politics, and community involvement.
What needs to do to address these challenges?
Policy and Programmatic Interventions: Governments should prioritize nutrition interventions for adolescent girls by developing and implementing policies and programs that specifically target their nutritional needs.
Convergence and Collaboration: There should be effective convergence and collaboration among various government departments and stakeholders involved in nutrition and health programs.
Awareness and Education: Comprehensive awareness campaigns and nutrition education programs targeted at adolescent girls, their families, and communities should be implemented.
Strengthening Health Systems: Health systems should be strengthened to effectively deliver nutrition interventions to adolescent girls. This includes training health workers to provide appropriate counseling, screening for nutritional deficiencies, and ensuring the availability of necessary supplements and treatments.
Research and Data: There is a need for continued research and data collection on the nutritional status of adolescent girls. This data should be disaggregated by various parameters such as age, location, and socio-economic background.
Empowering Girls: Empowering adolescent girls is essential for their overall development and well-being. This can be done by providing opportunities for education, skill-building, and economic empowerment. Empowered girls are more likely to prioritize their own health and nutrition and become agents of change within their communities.
Partnerships and Investments: Public-private partnerships and investments from both domestic and international stakeholders are crucial for scaling up nutrition interventions for adolescent girls.
Need for the Strategic Modifications and Collaborations
Integration of Government Initiatives: Various government initiatives targeting adolescent girls’ nutrition should be integrated and coordinated to ensure comprehensive coverage and avoid duplication. For example, the Scheme for Adolescent Girls (SAG) can be brought under the umbrella of the Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition programme (POSHAN) 2.0, facilitating a more cohesive and synergistic approach.
Strengthening Awareness and Nutrition Education: Targeted adolescent-oriented schemes, such as the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), should incorporate robust awareness and nutrition education programs. Integration of behavior change communication (BCC) efforts can generate greater demand and promote the adoption of good nutrition practices.
Collaborative Efforts for Convergence: Effective convergence and collaborations among relevant departments and stakeholders are crucial. This includes collaboration between the health, education, and women and child development departments to ensure a coordinated approach.
Regional Contextualization: Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) efforts should be tailored to the regional context and cultural nuances to ensure better acceptance and uptake of nutrition interventions. Collaboration with local community leaders, influencers, and organizations can help in designing region-specific interventions and strategies.
Conclusion
Addressing nutrition among girls is not just a health concern but an investment in the nation’s future. We have a responsibility and an opportunity to prioritize the nutritional needs of India’s girls, nurturing a healthier, stronger India where every girl can reach her full potential.
op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: provisions related to Governors and power to assent bills
Mains level: Issues between Chief Ministers and Governors
Central Idea
Issues have recently surfaced in several states regarding the delay in the passage of Bills, leading to conflicts between Chief Ministers and Governors. This situation poses a challenge for parliamentary democracies, where governments are elected to enact laws that reflect the will of the people. Inability to legislate effectively can potentially result in a breakdown of the democratic system.
Who is Governor?
Parallel to President: The Governors of the states of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the President of India at the Central level.
Nominal head: The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief Ministers of the states and her/his councils of ministers.
Similar offices: Governors exist in the states while Lieutenant Governors or Administrators exist in union territories including the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Non-local appointees: Few or no governors are local to the state that they are appointed to govern.
The Role of the Governor in the state
Constitutional Head: The Governor serves as the constitutional head of the state and represents the President at the state level.
Executive Functions: The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. The Governor also appoints other members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
Legislative Functions: The Governor summons and prorogues sessions of the Legislative Assembly, and can also dissolve the Legislative Assembly if necessary. The Governor addresses the Legislative Assembly at the beginning of each session, highlighting the government’s policies and priorities.
Assenting to Bills: The Governor plays a crucial role in the legislative process by giving or withholding assent to bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Governor can also return a bill with recommendations for reconsideration by the Legislative Assembly.
Discretionary Powers: The Governor can exercise certain discretionary powers, such as referring a bill to the President if it affects the powers of the High Court or if it involves a matter of public interest. The Governor may also exercise discretion in situations where the Constitution expressly permits independent action.
Judicial Functions: The Governor appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the state’s Chief minister. The Governor also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment.
Diplomatic Functions: The Governor represents the state in its relations with other states in India and performs ceremonial duties as the representative of the state.
Emergency Powers: In times of emergency or breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state, the Governor can assume additional powers to maintain law and order and ensure the smooth functioning of the government.
Interaction with the Central Government: The Governor acts as a link between the state government and the central government. They communicate state-related matters to the President and seek the President’s advice on various issues
Constitutional Provision Regarding Governor
Article 153: Provides a Governor for each State, and by virtue of Article 154, the executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor “Shall be exercised by him directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution”.
Article 154(2)(a): Prohibits the Governor from exercising any function “conferred by existing law on any other Authority.
Article 163: Categorically provides that “there shall be a council of ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor. except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his function or any of them in his discretion”
Governor’s Power to Assent the Bill
According to Article 200:
Assenting to Bills: When a bill is presented to the Governor, they have three options: to give their assent, to withhold their assent, or to return the bill with recommendations for reconsideration.
Returning the Bill: If the Governor decides to return the bill, they can do so with a message to the Legislative Assembly, requesting them to reconsider the bill wholly or partially. However, this provision applies only to bills that are not Money Bills.
Timeframe for Reconsideration: The Legislative Assembly has a period of six months to decide whether or not to accept the Governor’s recommendations. If the bill is returned to the Governor and the Legislative Assembly accepts the recommendations, the Governor is obliged to give their assent to the bill.
Discretionary Referral to the President: The Governor also has the discretion to refer a bill to the President if they believe that the bill, if enacted, would encroach upon the powers of the High Court. In such cases, the procedure for obtaining the President’s assent is outlined in Article 201 of the Constitution
Judicial Review over the Governor’s Autonomy
Constitutionality of Actions: The judiciary has the authority to review the actions of the Governor and determine whether they are consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. If the Governor acts in a manner that exceeds their constitutional powers or violates constitutional provisions, the judiciary can intervene and declare such actions as unconstitutional.
Exercise of Discretionary Powers: The Governor’s discretionary powers, as granted by the Constitution, are subject to judicial review. If the Governor’s exercise of discretion is found to be arbitrary, unreasonable, or against constitutional principles, the judiciary can intervene and provide necessary remedies.
Violation of Fundamental Rights: If the actions or decisions of the Governor infringe upon the fundamental rights of individuals or groups, the judiciary can review such violations and ensure that constitutional rights are protected. The courts can examine whether the Governor’s actions are in accordance with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and take appropriate measures to safeguard these rights.
Compliance with Constitutional Procedures: The judiciary can review whether the Governor has followed the prescribed constitutional procedures in exercising their powers. This includes assessing whether the Governor has properly considered the advice of the Council of Ministers, followed the constitutional provisions regarding assenting to bills, or adhered to procedural requirements in making appointments or taking other actions.
Limits on Discretion: Judicial review ensures that the Governor’s discretion is not absolute and subject to constitutional limitations. If the Governor’s actions are found to be beyond their constitutional powers, the judiciary can nullify such actions and provide appropriate remedies.
Review of Delayed Actions: If the Governor unduly delays taking action on a bill or any other matter, the judiciary can review such delays to ensure that they are not in violation of constitutional principles. If the delay is deemed unreasonable or unjustified, the courts can intervene and direct the Governor to fulfill their constitutional obligations within a reasonable time frame
Conclusion
The issues between Chief Ministers and Governors regarding the passing of Bills highlight the need to preserve the integrity of parliamentary democracy. The Governor’s role is to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, and their discretion is limited. Judicial review ensures constitutional adherence and protects democratic principles.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dicsoms related developments in news
Mains level: Challenges faced by Discoms, Electricity Act 2003, way ahead
Central Idea
The Electricity Act 2003 introduced significant reforms in the Indian power sector, aiming to enhance competition, protect consumer interests, and ensure electricity supply for all. The Act led to the dismantling of State Electricity Boards and the separation of generation, transmission, and distribution into separate entities. While the generation sector saw a surge in private investment and competitive procurement, transmission and distribution remained regulated activities.
What is The Electricity Act 2003?
The Electricity Act 2003 is a legislation enacted by the Government of India with the objective of restructuring and reforming the power sector in the country. It replaced the earlier Electricity Supply Act of 1948 and introduced several significant changes to the regulatory framework governing the generation, transmission, distribution, and trading of electricity.
The key provisions of the Electricity Act 2003
Restructuring of the power sector: The Act aimed to dismantle the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and separate the functions of generation, transmission, and distribution into distinct entities. This was done to promote competition, improve efficiency, and ensure a level playing field for different players in the power sector.
Delicensing of electricity generation: The Act removed the requirement of obtaining licenses for electricity generation, except in certain exceptional cases. This opened up the generation sector to private investment and competition, leading to increased participation of independent power producers and encouraging the development of diverse energy sources.
Licensing and regulation of transmission and distribution: While electricity generation was delicensed, the Act retained the licensing and regulatory framework for transmission and distribution activities. This was done to ensure the reliability, safety, and quality of electricity supply to consumers and to prevent any abuse of monopoly power in these segments.
Promotion of renewable energy: The Act recognized the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development and mandated the promotion of renewable energy generation. It provided incentives and provisions for the purchase and obligation of renewable power by distribution licensees.
Open access and power trading: The Act introduced provisions for open access, which allowed consumers with a load above a certain threshold to choose their electricity supplier. It also facilitated the establishment of power exchanges for transparent trading of electricity and promoted the development of a competitive power market.
Establishment of regulatory bodies: The Act established State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) at the state level and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) at the national level. These regulatory bodies were entrusted with the task of regulating tariffs, ensuring compliance with regulations, resolving disputes, and promoting competition in the power sector.
Facts for prelims:
What is UDAY scheme?
Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana is the financial turnaround and revival package for electricity distribution companies of India initiated by the Government of India with the intent to find a permanent solution to the financial mess that the power distribution is in
Competitive generation and renewable power
Competitive Industry Structure: The Electricity Act 2003 led to the evolution of a competitive industry structure in electricity generation. It opened up the sector to private investment and allowed for the entry of independent power producers, fostering competition among different players.
Increased Private Investment: The Act resulted in a significant increase in private investment in the creation of new generating capacity. Private investors played a crucial role in expanding the generation infrastructure in the country.
Long-Term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Competitive procurement through long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) became prevalent in the power sector. PPAs provide assurance to investors and de-risk their financial commitment, enabling the development of new generating capacity.
Lower-than-Anticipated Prices: Prices discovered through the competitive market and long-term PPAs turned out to be lower than anticipated under the earlier cost-plus dispensation for determining tariffs. This suggests that the competitive procurement process led to more cost-effective pricing of electricity.
Impressive Growth in Renewable Power: The growth of renewable power in India is entirely the result of private investment. The provisions of the Electricity Act 2003, such as the promotion of renewable energy and obligations on distribution licensees, have played a significant role in driving this growth.
Key Role of Tariff-Based Bids: Tariff-based bids for the supply of electricity to distribution companies (Discoms) have been instrumental in the success of the National Solar Mission. This approach allows for competitive pricing and has contributed to India achieving one of the cheapest rates for solar power supply in the world.
Challenges faced by Discoms (Distribution Licensees) in the power sector
Cost-Reflective Tariffs: One of the main challenges is the inability of regulators in the states to determine cost-reflective tariffs. Discoms often struggle to set tariffs that accurately reflect the costs associated with electricity supply, leading to financial inefficiencies and revenue shortfalls.
Timely Subsidies: State governments find it difficult to provide timely subsidies as required by law. This creates financial burdens on Discoms, affecting their ability to meet operational expenses, procure power, and make payments to generators.
Cross-Subsidy Surcharge: The Electricity Act 2003 mandates a progressive reduction of cross-subsidies, where higher-end industrial and commercial consumers pay more to cross-subsidize lower-end households with lower tariffs. However, the reduction of cross-subsidies has not been effectively implemented, resulting in the continuation of cross-subsidy surcharges.
Misgovernance and Rent-Seeking: Some states face issues of misgovernance and rent-seeking in the power sector, which further exacerbates the challenges faced by Discoms. These problems can hinder efficient operations, delay decision-making processes, and contribute to financial losses.
Financial Viability: Discoms often struggle with financial viability due to a combination of factors, including high aggregate technical and commercial losses, inadequate tariff hikes, and mounting debts. This affects their ability to invest in infrastructure upgrades, procure power, and meet payment obligations to generators and other stakeholders.
Power Supply Reliability: Discoms have the responsibility to ensure reliable power supply to consumers. However, challenges in forecasting demand accurately, managing supply-demand imbalances, and maintaining grid stability can affect the reliability of power supply.
Way ahead: Lessons from the UK and Cautionary Considerations
Demand Growth and New Generating Capacity: The UK’s experience with power sector reforms differs from India’s due to variations in demand growth. The UK did not witness significant demand growth after implementing reforms, reducing the need for new generating capacity. In contrast, India continues to experience substantial demand growth, necessitating continuous investments in new generation infrastructure.
Energy Transition and Market Mechanisms: The UK’s energy transition required the introduction of “contract for differences” to drive renewable energy investments. This mechanism assured successful bidders’ payment of the difference between the market price and their bid price whenever the market price fell below their bid price.
Consequences of Deregulated Markets: Inelastic electricity demand led to significant price increases, prompting the government to provide cash support for lifeline consumption. Energy companies generated record profits, leading the government to impose taxes on their windfall gains. This highlights the potential risks and unintended consequences of relying solely on deregulated markets.
Cautionary Approach: While Discoms face challenges, such as financial losses and delays in payments to generators, the underlying problems lie in the domain of political economy, including misgovernance and rent-seeking. Simply adopting imported reform ideas may not solve these issues and may have unintended negative consequences.
Comprehensive Understanding: It highlights that quick-fix solutions should be avoided, and the experiences and lessons from other countries, such as the UK, should be carefully analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls.
Conclusion
The Electricity Act 2003 has laid the foundation for significant reforms in India’s power sector. While challenges persist in the form of Discoms, careful considerations and comprehensive solutions are necessary. Lessons from the UK’s power sector reforms should be analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls. There are no quick-fix solutions, and a balanced approach is crucial for the sustainable development of India’s power sector.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Revolution
Mains level: India's journey to self reliance in Agriculture
Central Idea
Soviet Union’s role: The Soviet Union contributed to India’s industrialization through capital equipment and technology.
United States’ contribution: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, supported India’s agricultural development.
Soviet Union’s Role in Industrialization
Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc: Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc led to the establishment of key industrial plants and institutions in India.
Examples: Bhilai and Bokaro steel plants (established in the 1950s), Barauni and Koyali refineries, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation, Neyveli Thermal Power Station, Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, and oil prospecting and drilling at Ankleshwar.
US’s Contribution to Agricultural Development
Lesser-known involvement: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, played a crucial role in India’s agricultural development during the 1950s and 1960s.
Assistance provided: The US supported areas such as agricultural education, research, extension services, and technology transfer.
US Land-Grant Model
Visit to US land-grant universities: In 1950, Major H.S. Sandhu and Chief Secretary A.N. Jha visited US land-grant universities for inspiration.
Proposal for integrated agricultural universities: The visit inspired the recommendation to establish integrated agricultural universities in India.
Establishment of UP Agricultural University: The UP Agricultural University was established in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh and inaugurated by PM Jawaharlal Nehru on November 17, 1960.
Expansion of Agricultural Universities
Publication of blueprint by ICAR: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) published a blueprint titled “Blueprint for a Rural University in India” in the late 1950s.
Financial assistance: The United States, through the USAID, provided support for the establishment of agricultural universities in India, starting from the late 1950s.
Collaboration with US land-grant institutions: Agricultural universities in India established in the late 1950s and early 1960s were linked with US land-grant institutions for expertise and curriculum design.
Green Revolution under M.S. Swaminathan
Characteristics of traditional varieties: Traditional wheat and rice varieties were tall and prone to lodging when the ear-heads were heavy with well-filled grains.
Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties: Semi-dwarf varieties with strong stems that tolerated high fertilizer application were developed in the 1960s.
Development and distribution of Norin-10 genes: The Norin-10 dwarfing genes played a significant role in the development of high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s.
Introduction of Seeds to India
Correspondence with Vogel and Borlaug: M.S. Swaminathan contacted Orville Vogel and Norman Borlaug in the late 1950s.
Arrival of Mexican wheat varieties: Mexican wheat varieties, sent by Borlaug, were first sown in trial fields in the early 1960s and later adopted on a large scale in India.
Transition to self-sufficiency: India transitioned from being a wheat importer to achieving self-sufficiency in wheat production in the mid-1960s.
Motivation for US Assistance
Cold War geopolitics and competition: Assistance in agricultural development was motivated by the Cold War geopolitics and the competition between superpowers.
Benefits of India’s non-aligned status: India’s non-aligned status allowed for assistance from both superpowers, benefiting agricultural development.
Socioeconomic Benefits of the Green Revolution:
Increased grain yields and productivity: The Green Revolution significantly increased grain yields, ensuring a stable food supply starting from the mid-1960s.
Food security and self-sufficiency: Adoption of high-yielding varieties improved food security and reduced dependence on imports in the 1960s and 1970s.
Economic growth and poverty reduction: The Green Revolution contributed to economic growth and poverty reduction in rural areas in the 1960s and 1970s.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
PC: The Quint
Central Idea
Kerala High Court’s Ruling on POCSO Case: Quashing of a case filed against a Kerala actor/activist accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
Emphasis on Contextual Consideration: The court highlights the need to consider the context in which the act was performed and challenges the notion of default sexual interpretation.
Nudity and Obscenity Charges against the Accused
(1) POCSO Case
Video Incident and Allegations: A women’s rights activist posted a video on social media showing her children painting on her semi-nude torso with the hashtag “Body Art and Politics”.
Outrage and Accusations: Public outcry ensues, and the activist is accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
Additional Charges: The activist also faced charges under Section 67B (a), (b), and (c) of the Information Technology (IT) Act and Section 75 of the Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act.
IT Act Charges: The charges relate to publishing or transmitting obscene material involving children.
JJ Act Charge: The charge pertains to cruelty towards children.
Court’s Ruling on POCSO Charges
Absence of Sexual Intent: The court examined the video and concludes that there was no sexual intent on the part of the mother.
Dismissal of POCSO Charges: The court dismissed charges under relevant sections of the POCSO Act, as sexual intent and use of children for pornography were not established.
Contextual Consideration: The court emphasizes the importance of considering the context in which the video was published.
Discharge from IT and JJ Act Charges: The court discharged the activist from charges under the IT and JJ Acts, finding no sufficient grounds for proceeding against her.
Significance of the Judgment
Bodily Autonomy as Human Dignity: The court emphasized women’s autonomy as an integral aspect of human dignity.
Importance of Bodily Autonomy: The court highlighted the significance of bodily autonomy in making choices about one’s own body.
Legal Interpretation of Obscenity: The court explained the definition of obscenity based on legal precedents.
Comparison of Standards: The court compared the Hicklin Test with contemporary community standards to determine obscenity.
Hicklin Test
The Hicklin Test is a legal standard used to determine obscenity in various jurisdictions. It originated from the 1868 ruling in the UK case of ‘Queen vs. Hicklin.’ According to the Test, material is considered obscene if it has the potential to “Deprave and Corrupt” individuals whose minds are open to immoral influences. This test focuses on the impact of the material on vulnerable individuals rather than considering its overall artistic or social value. This Test has been subject to reinterpretation and revision in subsequent legal decisions.
Nudity and Cultural Context
Nudity beyond Obscenity: The court asserted that nudity and obscenity are not always synonymous.
Cultural Examples: The court cited cultural and artistic depictions of nudity in temples and festivals to demonstrate the acceptance of nudity in certain contexts.
Challenging Double Standards and Promoting Equality
Critique of Double Standards: The court criticized the double standards that sexualize women’s bodies while allowing men’s bodies to be exposed.
Activist’s Intent: The court acknowledged the activist’s intention to challenge these double standards.
Importance of Individual Freedom: The court concluded that societal norms and morality should not dictate legal prosecution, emphasizing individual freedom and equality before the law.
Balancing Individual Autonomy and Societal Morality
Delicate Balance: We must consider the delicate balance between individual autonomy and societal morality in cases involving nudity and obscenity.
Need for Contextual Consideration: Reiteration of the importance of considering the specific context and intentions behind an act before passing judgment about someone is crucial.
Navigating Obscenity Standards: Hicklin Test and Beyond
Exploring the Hicklin Test: Explanation of the historical significance and limitations of the Hicklin Test in determining obscenity.
Evolving Standards: Reflection on the evolving legal standards and the shift towards contemporary community standards in assessing obscenity.
Way forward
Promoting Education: Implement comprehensive educational programs to raise awareness about the nuances of nudity, artistic expression, and individual autonomy.
Addressing Stereotypes: Challenge societal stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding nudity, promoting a more inclusive understanding of diverse forms of artistic expression.
Cultural Sensitivity: Encourage respectful discussions that acknowledge and respect different cultural perspectives on nudity and artistic expression.
Review of Obscenity Laws: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing obscenity laws to ensure they align with contemporary community standards and protect freedom of expression and individual autonomy.
Contextual Consideration: Introduce legal provisions that mandate contextual considerations when assessing charges related to nudity and obscenity, emphasizing artistic intent and cultural significance.
Support Artistic Expression: Provide platforms, grants, and resources to support artists exploring nudity as a form of artistic expression, fostering creativity, and challenging societal norms.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's G20 Presidency and new initiatives
Mains level: India's G20 Presidency, commitment for global good and inclusive approach
Central Idea
India’s G20 presidency, characterized by the keywords “inclusive, ambitious, and action-oriented,” has made substantial progress in delivering on its promise of inclusivity. By prioritizing the basic necessities of life for every citizen, India has exhibited a strong commitment to social security support and people-centric development.
Inclusive Development Initiatives during India’s G20 presidency
Digital Public Infrastructure: India’s robust digital infrastructure has played a crucial role in delivering the benefits of development directly to citizens across the country. This transparent and corruption-free system has ensured that developmental programs reach every corner of the nation, bridging the digital divide and empowering citizens.
Access to Basic Necessities: The government has prioritized providing every citizen with access to basic necessities. For example, around 110 million rural households have been provided with access to clean drinking water at their homes. Additionally, more than 110 million sanitation facilities have been constructed across the country, improving public health and hygiene.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: This flagship financial inclusion program has been instrumental in providing banking services to previously unbanked sections of society. With a focus on women-led development, the scheme has witnessed significant participation, with 56% of Jan Dhan account holders being women, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
Women-Led Development: Recognizing the pivotal role of women in driving development, India’s G20 presidency has prioritized women’s empowerment. Policies and initiatives have been designed to foster gender equality, enhance women’s participation in various sectors, and promote their overall well-being.
How India’s Foreign Policy consistently prioritized working for the global public good?
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: India has a long-standing tradition of providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to countries in need. In times of crises India has extended its support by offering medical aid and supplies. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, India provided essential medical supplies to over 190 countries and shared vaccines through the Vaccine Maitri program with more than 150 countries.
Development Cooperation: Through programs such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS), India has offered capacity building, technical assistance, and development projects in various sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
Multilateral Engagements: India actively collaborates with other nations to find collective solutions to issues like climate change, sustainable development, peacekeeping, and poverty eradication. India’s engagement in forums such as the United Nations, G20, BRICS, and regional organizations like SAARC and ASEAN reflects its commitment to multilateralism and working towards common goals.
Peacekeeping Operations: India has consistently been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions. Indian peacekeepers have played a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability in conflict-affected regions around the world.
South-South Cooperation: India actively engages in South-South cooperation, which involves sharing knowledge, experiences, and resources among developing countries. India has partnered with other developing nations to address common challenges, share best practices, and promote mutual growth and development.
What is Pro-Planet People’s Movement?
Prime Minister Modi’s call for a “pro-planet people’s movement” to combat climate change epitomizes inclusivity in its true essence.
Aligned with this year’s G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam or One Earth, One Family, One Future, India demonstrates its holistic worldview, emphasizing collective efforts for global good.
Derived from the ancient Sanskrit text, the Maha Upanishad, this theme underscores the interconnectedness and value of all life forms, emphasizing the planet Earth’s broader universe
Inclusivity at the Core of India’s G20 Presidency
Geographic Representation: India has taken steps to ensure geographic inclusivity by holding G20 meetings in different locations across the country, covering all states and Union Territories.
African Representation: India has actively invited African nations to participate in its G20 Presidency, demonstrating a commitment to inclusivity and engagement with the African continent. Countries such as South Africa, Comoros (African Union Chair), Nigeria, Egypt, and Mauritius have been invited, giving a strong voice to Africa within the G20 discussions.
Engagement of Non-G20 Members: India has extended invitations to non-G20 member countries, regional organizations, and international organizations for specific G20 meetings. This initiative enriches the discussions by incorporating perspectives and expertise from a wider range of stakeholders. For example, Norway, known for its expertise in the blue economy, has been invited to contribute to the G20 meeting on ocean health.
Regional and International Organizations: In line with the inclusive approach, India has invited regional and international organizations to participate in specific G20 meetings. This facilitates dialogue and collaboration with organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, IMF, and other relevant institutions.
People-Oriented Approach: India’s G20 Presidency adopts a people-oriented approach, encouraging the active participation and engagement of citizens. Various events, including seminars, conferences, and festivals, have been designed to involve the public and make them stakeholders in India’s G20 Presidency.
Facts for prelims
What is Startup20?
The Startup20 Engagement Group has been initiated under India’s G20 Presidency in 2023.
The group aims to create a global narrative for supporting startups and enabling synergies between startups, corporates, investors, innovation agencies and other key ecosystem stakeholders.
The engagement group comprises of three taskforces, namely Foundation & Alliance, Finance, and Inclusion & Sustainability, where delegates will come together to discuss efficient policy frameworks to promote scaling up of startups in the G20 nations.
Conclusion
India’s G20 presidency embodies the values of inclusivity, ambition, and action. By prioritizing the most vulnerable citizens of the world, India aims to foster human-centric development. In an era of global crises, the significance of upholding the sentiment of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam has never been more crucial. India remains committed to inclusivity, ensuring the participation of all in the path to growth and prosperity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India- Nepal cooperation and recent developments in news
Mains level: India-Nepal relations, challenges, Significance of the recent bilateral visits and future prospects
Central Idea
Nepal’s democracy, governance, and stability face numerous challenges, along with persistent bilateral irritants with India. However, the recent bilateral visit of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda to India has highlighted the potential of a pragmatic approach and mutual sensitivity in re-energizing the relationship between the two nations.
The challenge faced by Nepal in depoliticizing cooperation with India
Political Influence: Nepal’s domestic political dynamics often influence the country’s engagement with India. Political parties and leaders may prioritize their own interests or use cooperation with India as a political tool, leading to the politicization of bilateral issues and hindering effective collaboration.
Water Resources Cooperation: One area where depoliticization is crucial is water resources cooperation. The development of hydropower projects and the management of shared rivers require technical and practical solutions that are free from political interference. Depoliticizing water resources cooperation is essential to ensure long-term sustainability and mutual benefits.
Quality of Democracy and Governance: Strengthening the quality of democracy and governance within Nepal is vital to reduce the influence of political factors on bilateral relations. By promoting transparent and accountable governance structures, Nepal can create an environment that prioritizes national interests over political considerations.
Perception of Foreign Policy Priority: There is a perception among some in Nepal that India no longer considers the country a foreign policy priority. Addressing this perception and reaffirming Nepal’s importance to India’s foreign policy agenda can help build trust and create a sense of shared ownership in bilateral cooperation.
Inclusive Approach: Nepal needs to ensure that cooperation with India is not limited to the government of the day but involves all stakeholders across the political spectrum. Providing a sense of ownership, equality, and credit for major advancements to all parties fosters a more inclusive approach and reduces the politicization of bilateral relations
Significance of the recent bilateral visit
Re-energizing Bilateral Relations: The visit signifies a renewed commitment to re-energizing and strengthening bilateral relations between Nepal and India. It highlights the willingness of both nations to address challenges, enhance cooperation, and foster a positive trajectory in their relationship.
Comprehensive Review of Bilateral Agenda: Discussions covered various areas such as politics, economics, trade, energy, security, and developmental cooperation, allowing both sides to identify priorities and areas of mutual interest.
Addressing Daunting Challenges: Despite the daunting challenges faced by Nepal’s democracy, governance, and stability, the visit demonstrated that pragmatic approaches and mutual sensitivity can help overcome these challenges.
Economic Integration: The visit underscored the significance of economic integration between the two nations. Emphasis was placed on “game changers” such as hydropower projects, infrastructure development, tourism circuits, and improved connectivity.
Power Sector Cooperation: Cooperation in the power sector, including the transmission passage from Nepal to Bangladesh through India, was an important aspect of the visit. Agreements and efforts to increase power trade and collaboration in this sector have the potential to bring prosperity to the entire sub-region.
Digital Connectivity and Space Cooperation: The visit also focused on enhancing digital financial connectivity and regional cooperation in the space sector. Initiatives such as facilitating cross-border digital payments and providing satellite services highlight the potential for collaboration in telecommunication, broadcasting, tele-medicine, tele-education, and other areas.
Building Trust and Confidence: The visit helped in building trust and confidence between the leaders of both countries. Reassurances regarding the resolution of differences on border issues and avoiding attempts to justify official versions of the border as the correct one contributes to a more positive atmosphere.
Realistic Handling of Bilateral Issues
Political Courage: Despite being in a weak position as the leader of the third-largest party in Parliament, Prachanda demonstrated political courage by considering the costs and benefits of various approaches to bilateral issues.
Calculated Decision-making: Prachanda shrewdly calculated the costs of paying heed to political noises cautioning against being soft on irritants like the 1950 Treaty, border differences, and India’s reluctance to receive the report of the Eminent Persons Group (EPG).
Listening to Voices of Reason and Moderation: Rather than succumbing to the spectrum of political dissent, Prachanda chose to listen to the few voices of reason and moderation. This approach helped him focus on opportunities for building a better future.
Pragmatic Approach: Prachanda’s approach was pragmatic, taking into account the challenges presented by the post-COVID-19 world, current realities, and the significant opportunities for bilateral cooperation.
Focus on Opportunities: Instead of getting caught up in political instability and distractions, Prachanda focused on the opportunities for cooperation and collaboration between India and Nepal.
Cooperation in the Power Sector and Digital Connectivity
Power Sector Cooperation: The visit highlighted the transmission passage from Nepal to Bangladesh through India, enabling trilateral power transactions. Agreements were made to increase the quantum of power export from Nepal to India to 10,000 MW within a timeframe of 10 years, presenting significant opportunities for economic growth and energy security in the region.
Hydropower Projects: The development of hydropower projects in Nepal can not only meet the increasing energy demands of India but also contribute to Nepal’s economic growth. The visit highlighted the importance of hydropower projects that can supply energy to India and potentially to Bangladesh, opening new avenues for regional collaboration and prosperity.
Digital Connectivity: The memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the National Payments Corporation of India and the Nepal Clearing House Ltd. facilitates cross-border digital payments, promoting seamless financial transactions and facilitating trade between the two countries.
Space Sector Cooperation: India offered to create a ground station and supply user terminals to provide satellite services of the South Asia Satellite to Nepal. This cooperation can have wide-ranging applications in telecommunication, broadcasting, tele-medicine, tele-education, disaster response, and meteorological data transmission. It promotes regional cooperation in space technology and its practical applications across various sectors.
Way ahead
Dialogue and Engagement: Sustained and regular dialogue between the leaders and officials of both countries is crucial. This helps address concerns, build trust, and foster a deeper understanding of each other’s perspectives. Regular high-level visits, diplomatic exchanges, and people-to-people interactions can help maintain open channels of communication.
Depoliticize Cooperation: Nepal should strive to depoliticize cooperation with India, particularly in critical areas such as water resources management. By prioritizing technical expertise, scientific assessments, and mutual benefits, both countries can work towards sustainable solutions that are not influenced by short-term political considerations.
Economic Integration: Enhancing economic integration is vital for strengthening bilateral relations. Efforts should focus on facilitating trade, investment, and cross-border connectivity. Expanding infrastructure, improving border infrastructure, and streamlining customs procedures can promote seamless economic cooperation and foster shared prosperity.
People-to-People Exchanges: Encouraging cultural and educational exchanges between India and Nepal can promote greater understanding and friendship at the grassroots level. Encouraging tourism, promoting student exchanges, and facilitating cultural events can contribute to stronger people-to-people bonds.
Addressing Perception Issues: India needs to address the perception in Nepal that it is no longer a foreign policy priority. Demonstrating a consistent commitment to bilateral relations, engaging with diverse stakeholders, and providing equal opportunities for cooperation can help overcome this perception and build trust.
Collaboration in Regional Forums: Both countries can collaborate within regional forums such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Active participation in these platforms can foster greater regional cooperation and provide opportunities for addressing common challenges.
Good Governance and Anti-corruption Measures: Nepal should prioritize good governance and anti-corruption measures. Strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and curbing corruption will not only enhance domestic governance but also inspire confidence in India and other partners for increased cooperation.
Conclusion
Despite the daunting challenges, the recent bilateral visit between the Prime Ministers of Nepal and India highlights the potential for re-energizing their relations through pragmatism and cooperation. By prioritizing development and cooperation, both nations can pave the way for a prosperous future in the sub-region.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jal Jeevan Mission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Potable water: The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide piped potable water to all of India.
Potential Life-Saving Impact: If successful, the mission could avert nearly 400000 deaths from diarrhoea.
Reduction in Disease Burden: The mission could avoid 14 million DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) related to diarrhoea.
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
DALY is a metric used to measure the burden of disease on a population.
It combines years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years lived with a disability (YLDs) into a single measure.
DALYs provide a comprehensive assessment of the impact of diseases, injuries, and disabilities by quantifying both the years of healthy life lost and the years lived with a disability.
This metric helps policymakers and researchers prioritize health interventions and allocate resources effectively to address the overall disease burden in a population.
About Jal Jeevan Mission
Launch: Government initiative launched in 2019
Goal: Provide access to clean and piped drinking water to every rural household
Focus: Water supply infrastructure development, community participation, water quality monitoring
Objective: Improve health, well-being, and productivity of rural communities, Addressing challenges of water scarcity, contamination, and inadequate infrastructure
Target: Achieve 100% coverage by 2024 for reliable and sustainable water supply
Definition of functional Connection: A fully functional tap water connection means receiving at least 55 litres of potable water per capita per day throughout the year
The key objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission include:
Universal coverage: Mission aims to achieve tap water connections for all rural households, ensuring access to potable water within premises.
Sustainability: Focus on long-term sustainability through community participation, water resource management, and water conservation practices.
Quality assurance: Prioritizing safe and clean drinking water by implementing water quality monitoring systems and adhering to prescribed standards set by BIS.
Convergence and coordination: Emphasis on collaboration among stakeholders to effectively achieve mission objectives.
Socioeconomic Benefits of the Mission
Economic Savings: The study suggests that the mission could save close to $101 billion.
Time Savings: It could save 66.6 million hours per day that would have been spent collecting water, primarily by women.
Improved Quality of Life: Access to piped water connections would enhance convenience and overall well-being.
Sanitation benefits: Every dollar invested in sanitation interventions yields a $4.3 return in reduced healthcare costs.
Progress status of the scheme
Current Coverage Levels: Around 62% of rural households have piped water connections.
States and UTs at Full Coverage: Five states and three Union Territories have reported 100% coverage.
Progress of states: Himachal Pradesh is at 98.87% coverage, while Bihar is at 96.30% and nearing saturation.
Limitations and Considerations of the Study
Extrapolation of Data: The study extrapolates data and does not compute current levels of coverage.
Contamination Concerns: The study does not account for the degree of contamination in the piped water provided.
Data Sources: The authors used population data from the United Nations, the 2018 National Sample Survey, and water quality data collected by the Jal Jeevan Mission.
Challenges Addressed by the Mission
Water scarcity: Mission aims to tackle the challenge of inadequate water availability in rural areas.
Contamination: Focus on improving water quality and addressing issues of waterborne diseases.
Infrastructure gaps: Efforts to bridge the gap in water supply infrastructure in rural regions.
Way forward
Enhancing Capacity of Local Bodies: Provide support and resources to strengthen the capacity of local governance institutions in effectively managing and governing rural water supply systems.
Promoting Community Participation: Foster active community participation in decision-making processes related to water infrastructure planning, implementation, and maintenance.
Empowering Local Water User Committees: Strengthen the role of local water user committees in monitoring and regulating water supply services, promoting their active involvement in decision-making.
Participatory Planning: Facilitate participatory planning processes, where water user associations actively contribute to the development of water management plans, considering local needs and priorities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fixed dose combination (FDC) Drug
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Exploring the recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination drugs in India and its rationale.
What are FDC Drugs?
Definition: FDC drugs are combinations of active ingredients in a fixed ratio, commonly used in a single pill or syrup.
Benefits offered: FDCs can reduce pill burden, improve adherence to therapy, and lower costs.
Risks associated: Certain combinations can be pharmacologically incompatible, have abuse potential, and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Issue of Irrational FDCs
Licensed FDCs: FDCs introduced for the first time require prior approval, while many older FDCs were licensed without proper scrutiny.
Lack of safety: Lack of evidence on safety and efficacy led to the categorization of many licensed FDCs as irrational.
Legal challenges: A ban on 344 FDCs in 2016 was stayed by the Delhi High Court, prompting further review and subsequent ban on 329 FDCs in 2018.
Government Action and Expert Review
Referral to Drugs Technical Advisory Board: The Supreme Court entrusted the review of FDC drugs to the government’s expert body.
Ban on 14 Pre-1988 FDCs: An expert committee recommended banning certain FDCs licensed before 1988.
Balancing Prior Approvals and Inquiry: The Supreme Court excluded 15 FDCs licensed prior to 1988 from the ban but allowed for an inquiry.
Implications of the Ban
Impact on Drug Availability: The ban affects approximately 40-50 brands used for cough, fever, pain, and common infections.
Support from Pediatricians: Many pediatricians welcome the ban, citing harmful combinations in FDC drugs.
Call for Additional Scrutiny: Calls to consider banning Nimesulide for single-dose use due to liver risks.
Cautions Regarding Cough Syrups
Conflicting Effects of Ingredients: Experts highlight how ingredients in cough syrups may work against each other, reducing their efficacy.
Limited Evidence on Cough Syrups: Weak evidence suggests cough syrups may not significantly reduce cough duration.
Caution for Cough Suppressants: Prescription-only use is advised, particularly for individuals with underlying lung conditions.
Socioeconomic impact of the Ban
Economic Savings and Improved Quality of Life: The ban may lead to cost savings and enhanced well-being for individuals.
Importance of Safe Drinking Water: Access to clean drinking water is crucial for public health and overall quality of life.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments through research and evaluation.
Addressing Emerging Health Challenges: Continuous monitoring and research are necessary to tackle evolving health risks.
Optimizing Healthcare Practices: Ongoing efforts to improve healthcare systems and practices for better patient outcomes.
Conclusion
The recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs in India highlights the government’s commitment to ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India- China potential for collaboration and China's inconsistencies in its words and actions
Central Idea
In a surprising turn of events, Ma Jia, China’s top diplomat to India, recently emphasized the potential for collaboration between China and India to promote global economic recovery and growth. While such statements from Chinese officials during summits are not uncommon, it is crucial to bridge the gap between China’s rhetoric and actions.
Beginning of India-China Relations
The two countries have played up their cultural links-such through the importation of Buddhism into China by wandering Chinese monks more than 1,500 years ago.
India and China got independence from the British yoke at the almost same time in the late 1940s. India and China established diplomatic relations on 1st April 1950.
India was the first non-socialist country to establish relations with the People’s Republic of China and the catchphrase ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ became famous.
Both countries attended the Asian-African Conference in which 29 countries participated in Bandung, Indonesia and jointly advocated the Bandung Spirit of solidarity, friendship and cooperation
Potential for collaboration to promote global economic recovery and growth
Trade and Investment: China and India can enhance trade relations by reducing trade barriers, promoting fair and balanced trade practices, and exploring new areas of economic cooperation. Increased bilateral investments and the establishment of joint ventures can stimulate economic growth and create employment opportunities in both countries.
Infrastructure Development: Collaboration in infrastructure projects, such as transportation, energy, and telecommunications, can foster economic growth and connectivity. Joint investments in projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) can create synergies and facilitate regional trade.
Technology and Innovation: Joint research and development initiatives, exchange programs for scientists and technologists, and collaboration in emerging sectors like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and digital technologies can drive innovation and productivity.
Manufacturing and Supply Chains: Collaboration in manufacturing and supply chains can enhance the competitiveness of both countries. By leveraging each other’s strengths, such as China’s manufacturing capabilities and India’s skilled workforce, they can create a robust ecosystem for production and supply of goods.
Financial Cooperation: Strengthening financial cooperation can facilitate economic recovery and growth. Enhanced cooperation in banking, investment, and capital markets can promote financial stability, facilitate cross-border investments, and support infrastructure financing.
Tourism and Cultural Exchanges: Encouraging tourism and cultural exchanges can foster people-to-people connections and deepen mutual understanding. Joint initiatives to promote tourism, exchange programs for students, and cultural festivals can boost bilateral relations and contribute to economic growth in the hospitality and tourism sectors.
Sustainable Development: Collaborating on sustainable development initiatives, such as renewable energy, climate change mitigation, and environmental protection, can benefit both countries and contribute to global goals. Joint efforts to address common challenges like air and water pollution can lead to cleaner and greener economies.
Regional and Global Cooperation: China and India can work together to address regional and global challenges, such as promoting regional integration, ensuring open and inclusive multilateralism, and strengthening institutions like the BRICS, SCO, and G20
Abnormalities in the India-China bilateral relationship
Rhetoric vs. Actions: There are inconsistency between the rhetoric of China’s top diplomats, such as Ma Jia, who express a desire for collaboration and growth, and the critical pieces published by state-run media outlets like the Global Times, which constantly criticize India. This discrepancy raises questions about China’s true intentions
Lack of Normalcy: India’s Foreign Minister, S Jaishankar, has openly admitted that the ties between India and China are not normal. This acknowledgment points to an abnormality in the relationship, which is likely attributed to the various contentious issues and conflicts between the two nations.
Unresolved Border Disputes: The ongoing border disputes, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), have created a significant abnormality in the relationship. The lack of resolution and recurring incidents of incursions and military standoffs have led to tensions and strained bilateral ties.
Strategic Motivations and Power Dynamics: China’s actions are driven by its desire to establish itself as a dominant power in Asia and the world, while potentially seeking to diminish India’s influence. This power dynamic and China’s perceived attempts to “cut India to size” contribute to the abnormality in their bilateral relationship.
Lack of Respect and Disenchantment: India’s belief that China’s foreign policy narrative is built on a lack of respect from the West. India expects China to treat rising powers like India with respect and acknowledge its growing significance as an Asian and global power. The perceived lack of respect and increasing disenchantment further strain the bilateral relationship.
Aggressive Posturing and Border Tensions: China’s aggressive actions along the borders, including capturing uninhabitable high grounds and pushing India into military alliances with the West, have intensified border tensions. These actions exacerbate the abnormality and pose challenges to the prospect of cooperation.
Shift in India’s Perception: The clashes in Galwan and China’s belligerent behavior have led to a shift in India’s perception of China. India’s increasing disenchantment with China’s behavior, particularly in terms of its promises of cooperation, has altered India’s approach and reduced the scope for cooperation in the current equilibrium.
Hesitations and Disillusionment: India’s initial enthusiasm for Asian multilateralism and cooperation, as demonstrated by its participation in initiatives like the RCEP negotiations and the AIIB, has been met with hesitations and disillusionment due to China’s behavior. This disenchantment contributes to the abnormality in their relationship.
Three proposed key steps to mend ties and pave the way for cooperation
Psychological Makeover and Pragmatism: If Beijing truly desires to work with India, it should undergo a psychological makeover and inject pragmatism into its South Asia policy. This entails a shift away from dogmas and a recognition of India’s rising power and influence. China needs to treat India with respect and acknowledge it as an indispensable Asian and global power. Adopting a pragmatic approach will help bridge the gap between China’s desire for collaboration and its actions.
Good Faith Measures: Accompanying the psychological makeover, the article emphasizes the need for good faith measures. Calming the borders and ceasing to undermine India’s relationships with its neighbors in South Asia are crucial steps. The onus is on China to settle its land border disputes with India and Bhutan, thereby demonstrating a commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the region.
Acknowledging India’s Importance: China, which has built a foreign policy narrative based on a lack of respect from the West, should recognize the need to treat rising powers like India with respect. By acknowledging India’s importance and role as a counterweight in the region, China can establish a starting point for future cooperation
Conclusion
While border tensions may temporarily influence India’s actions, they will not impede its rise as a global player. India is rapidly gravitating towards the West, and the window of opportunity for fruitful collaboration may not remain open indefinitely. By embracing pragmatism and goodwill gestures, China can pave the way for a mutually beneficial partnership that contributes to global recovery and growth.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tribes in news, related provisions and Demand for a separate administration in Manipur
Mains level: Ethnic tensions, causes , historical background, government effrots and way ahead
Central Idea
The simmering conflict between the Meiteis and the Kukis has escalated due to mutual suspicion and recent events, such as the Manipur High Court’s order to recommend Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to Meiteis and the eviction drive of tribal villages from reserved forests. The failure to address these issues has resulted in the resurgence of ethnic violence, posing a threat to peace and stability in the region
Community Dynamics in Manipur and Tensions
Ethnic Clashes: Manipur has a history of ethnic clashes between communities, particularly between the Meiteis and the Kukis. These clashes often arise due to competition for resources, land disputes, and historical grievances. Mutual suspicion and territorial claims have fueled tensions between various ethnic groups.
Land Ownership: Land is a significant source of contention among communities in Manipur. The Meiteis, who primarily inhabit the Imphal valley, face challenges in relocating to the hill areas due to their non-inclusion in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) category. This has led to a sense of deprivation and competition for land ownership between the Meiteis and the hill communities, especially the Nagas and Kukis.
Political Representation: The issue of political representation has also contributed to tensions among communities. Different ethnic groups in Manipur strive for adequate representation in governance and decision-making processes. Disparities in political clout and access to resources have fueled grievances and conflicts.
Cultural Differences: Manipur is home to diverse communities with distinct cultural practices, traditions, and languages. While this cultural diversity can be a source of richness, it can also lead to misunderstandings and tensions. Differences in religious beliefs, customs, and language can sometimes create divisions and conflicts among communities.
Historical Grievances: Historical grievances and conflicts have left lasting scars on community dynamics in Manipur. Past struggles, violence, and insurgent movements have deepened mistrust and created fragmented social landscapes. Lingering resentments from these historical events continue to impact relationships between communities.
Socio-economic Disparities: Socio-economic disparities exist among different communities in Manipur. Disparities in access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities can contribute to tensions and grievances. Economic imbalances and perceived inequalities can strain community relationships.
Historical Background
Pre-Integration Period: The Meiteis, the majority community in Manipur, had their own distinct socio-political system and cultural practices. They sought to project a pan-Mongoloid identity and had a chequered history of violence and struggles before integration with India.
Insurgent Movements: Before integration, Manipur witnessed the emergence of various insurgent groups, such as the People’s Liberation Army, which operated from bases in Bangladesh and Myanmar. These groups sought to address the political aspirations and grievances of certain communities in Manipur, leading to tensions and conflicts with the government and agencies representing the government.
Religious and Identity Issues: The Meiteis, who primarily follow Vaishnav Hinduism, had also expressed dissatisfaction with their Hindu identity, as they believed it brought them no political and economic benefits. They had previously attempted to revive an old Meitei religion called Sanamahism and had protested against the presence of Mayangs, or outsiders, including Manipur Muslims called Pangals.
Integration with India: Manipur became a part of India in 1949, and efforts were made to integrate the state with the mainstream Indian governance system. Over the years, steps such as protracted military operations, peace talks, political negotiations, improved means of communication, and development were undertaken to facilitate integration and stability in the region.
Facts for prelims
Merger of Manipur with the Union of India:
Pre-1947: Manipur was a princely state under British colonial rule. The Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, was the ruler of the state.
August 1947: The Maharaja of Manipur signed the Instrument of Accession, agreeing to accede to the Indian Union.
1972: Manipur, along with Meghalaya and Tripura, became a full-fledged state under the North Eastern Region (Reorganisation) Act, 1971
Who are the Meiteis?
Largest community: The Meiteis are the largest community in Manipur.
Community’s Language: They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of India and the sole official language of Manipur State.
Geographical Distribution: Manipur is geographically divided into the Imphal Valley and the surrounding hills. The Imphal Valley is dominated by the Meitei community, which accounts for more than 64% of the population. The hills, which comprise 90% of Manipur’s geographical area, are inhabited by more than 35% recognized tribes, which are largely Christians.
Major Festivals: festivals of meiteis are Lai Haraoba, Cheiraoba, Yaosang among others. Also, The Manipuri martial art Thang-ta had its origin in the Meitei knights during the king’s rule.
Government’s efforts to restore peace in Manipur
Deployment of Security Forces: The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), and Indian Air Force have been deployed to address the ongoing violence and maintain law and order in the region.
High-Level Government Involvement: The union Home minister has personally visited Manipur and presided over the peace process. The government has appointed a former Director-General of the CRPF as a security adviser and may appoint an officer from the Tripura cadre as the Director-General of Manipur.
Military Operations and Combing Operations: The government has initiated military and combing operations to control the intensity and spread of violence. These operations aim to apprehend perpetrators and restore peace.
Relief and Rehabilitation: Relief camps have been set up to provide shelter, food, and support to those affected by the violence. Efforts are being made to rehabilitate displaced individuals and help them return to their homes.
Strict Action Against Perpetrators: The government has emphasized taking strict action against those involved in violence. Perpetrators are facing consequences for their actions.
Confidence-Building Measures: The presence of security forces and high-level government officials aims to restore confidence among affected communities. The government’s commitment to maintaining law and order and addressing the security situation is intended to instill a sense of security.
Way ahead: Restoring Peace and Rebuilding Trust
Dialogue and Reconciliation: Facilitate open and inclusive dialogue among different communities, encouraging representatives from various ethnic groups to come together and discuss their concerns, grievances, and aspirations. This dialogue should aim to foster understanding, empathy, and reconciliation, creating a platform for finding common ground and building trust.
Addressing Land Issues: Develop a fair and transparent mechanism to address land disputes and ensure equitable land ownership rights for all communities. This can involve comprehensive land reforms, effective implementation of land laws, and creating avenues for resolving land-related conflicts through legal means or mediation.
Inclusive Governance and Representation: Ensure equitable political representation and participation of all communities in decision-making processes. This can be achieved by promoting inclusive policies, ensuring diverse community representation in legislative bodies, and providing opportunities for marginalized communities to have a voice in governance.
Economic Development and Employment Opportunities: Focus on promoting inclusive economic development in Manipur, with a particular emphasis on marginalized communities. Encourage investments in sectors that can generate employment and economic opportunities, ensuring that benefits reach all sections of society. This can help address socio-economic disparities and reduce tensions arising from perceived inequalities.
Promoting Cultural Understanding and Diversity: Foster an environment of cultural understanding, respect, and appreciation among different communities. Promote cultural exchanges, festivals, and events that showcase the richness and diversity of Manipuri cultures. Educational initiatives can also play a vital role in promoting intercultural understanding and tolerance.
Strengthening Law and Order: Enhance security measures and maintain the rule of law to curb violence and maintain peace. Ensure swift and fair justice for those involved in communal clashes, while also promoting community policing initiatives that foster trust and cooperation between law enforcement agencies and local communities.
Rehabilitation and Reconciliation Efforts: Provide rehabilitation and support to those affected by violence and displacement, irrespective of their community background. Implement initiatives that promote reconciliation and healing among affected communities, such as community dialogues, peace-building workshops, and counseling services.
Media and Communication: Encourage responsible and unbiased reporting by the media, which can play a crucial role in bridging communities and fostering understanding. Promote media initiatives that highlight stories of cooperation, cultural exchange, and positive community engagements
Conclusion
Manipur’s ethnic tensions require urgent attention to prevent further escalation of violence and to foster lasting peace. By addressing the underlying causes of conflict, implementing effective governance, and ensuring equitable representation and resource distribution, the state can work towards restoring trust and unity among its diverse communities. Only through comprehensive and inclusive approaches can Manipur integrate fully with mainstream India and realize its potential contributions to the nation’s development.
Mains level: Production-Linked Incentive, advantages and structural challenges
Central Idea
Former Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor, Raghuram Rajan, recently expressed doubts regarding the efficacy of the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme in boosting India’s domestic manufacturing and exports. While the government believes that the PLI scheme has been successful in enhancing the manufacturing sector, critics have raised concerns about its effectiveness.
What is Production-Linked Incentive scheme (PLI)?
PLI is a scheme introduced by the Indian government in 2020 to promote domestic manufacturing in specific sectors.
Under the PLI scheme, eligible companies receive financial incentives or subsidies based on their incremental production or sales.
The objective of the scheme is to boost the competitiveness of Indian manufacturers, attract investment, create employment opportunities, and enhance exports in targeted sectors.
The scheme aims to encourage both domestic and foreign companies to set up or expand their manufacturing operations in India, thereby strengthening the country’s manufacturing ecosystem and reducing reliance on imports.
Significance of the policy of subsidizing domestic sectors
Promoting Domestic Industries: Subsidies provide financial support to domestic industries, encouraging their growth and competitiveness. By reducing production costs, subsidies enable businesses to offer goods and services at more competitive prices, both in domestic and international markets.
Encouraging Employment Generation: Subsidies can stimulate job creation within domestic sectors. By providing financial incentives to businesses, subsidies help them expand their operations, leading to increased hiring and reduced unemployment rates.
Enhancing Competitiveness: Subsidies can bolster the competitiveness of domestic industries, particularly in sectors where foreign competitors have a significant advantage. Financial assistance can be used to invest in research and development, adopt advanced technologies, upgrade infrastructure, and improve product quality, enabling domestic businesses to compete more effectively on a global scale.
Reducing Dependency on Imports: By subsidizing domestic sectors, governments aim to reduce reliance on imported goods and services. This supports import substitution, where domestic industries are incentivized to produce goods that were previously imported, thereby strengthening the domestic manufacturing base and reducing trade deficits.
Fostering Innovation and Technology Development: Subsidies can facilitate research and development activities within domestic sectors. By providing financial support for innovation, governments encourage businesses to invest in new technologies, processes, and products.
Sectoral Development and Economic Diversification: Subsidies can be targeted towards specific sectors deemed strategically important for the country’s economic development and diversification. By incentivizing investments in these sectors, governments aim to create a robust industrial base, foster industrialization, and facilitate economic growth.
Addressing Market Failures: Subsidies can be used to rectify market failures, such as externalities or information asymmetries. For example, subsidies can be provided to encourage the adoption of environmentally friendly practices or to support industries with high spillover effects on other sectors of the economy.
Attracting Investments: Subsidies serve as a tool to attract domestic and foreign investments. By offering financial incentives and creating a favorable business environment, governments can entice businesses to establish or expand their operations within the country. This promotes economic development, job creation, and technology transfer
Role of tariffs on imports
Protecting Domestic Industries: Tariffs are often imposed on imported goods to provide a level of protection to domestic industries. By increasing the cost of imported products, tariffs make them less competitive in the domestic market.
Creating a Level Playing Field: Tariffs can help create a level playing field for domestic industries by counterbalancing advantages enjoyed by foreign competitors. These advantages may include lower production costs, access to subsidies, or different regulatory standards.
Promoting Import Substitution: Tariffs incentivize domestic production by making imported goods more expensive. This stimulates import substitution, where domestic industries are encouraged to manufacture goods that were previously imported.
Generating Government Revenue: Tariffs are a significant source of revenue for governments. By levying taxes on imports, governments can generate funds that can be allocated for various public purposes, including infrastructure development, social programs, and public services.
Balancing Trade Deficits: Tariffs can be utilized to address trade imbalances and reduce trade deficits. If a country consistently imports more than it exports, imposing tariffs on certain imported goods can help reduce the trade deficit by discouraging excessive imports.
Encouraging Domestic Industry Development: Tariffs can encourage the development and growth of domestic industries by making imported goods relatively more expensive. Higher prices on imports can incentivize domestic businesses to invest in their production capabilities, innovate, and improve efficiency.
Challenges of effective implementation of the PLI in manufacturing sector
Targeting and Selection: Identifying the right sectors and companies for incentives is crucial to the success of the PLI scheme. Determining the sectors that have the potential for growth, job creation, and export competitiveness requires careful analysis and assessment.
Administrative Efficiency: Efficient administration and implementation of the PLI scheme are essential. This involves the timely disbursal of incentives and the monitoring of compliance by beneficiary companies.
Funding and Budgetary Allocation: The PLI scheme requires significant financial resources to support the incentives provided to eligible companies. Ensuring adequate funding and appropriate budgetary allocation pose challenges, especially in balancing the financial burden on the government while meeting the scheme’s objectives.
Meeting Performance Criteria: The PLI scheme typically includes performance-based criteria that companies must meet to qualify for incentives. Ensuring that beneficiary companies adhere to these criteria and meet the prescribed benchmarks can be challenging and requires continuous monitoring and evaluation.
Risk of Subsidy Dependence: There is a risk that companies may become overly reliant on subsidies and may not invest adequately in improving their competitiveness or innovation capabilities.
Sector-Specific Challenges: Different sectors within the manufacturing industry have unique challenges that need to be considered during the implementation of the PLI scheme. These challenges could include technological barriers, supply chain complexities, skill gaps, or global market dynamics.
Way ahead: Addressing the structural issues in the manufacturing sector
Infrastructure Development: Adequate and modern infrastructure, including transportation networks, power supply, logistics, and connectivity, is essential for the smooth functioning of manufacturing activities.
Access to Finance: Availability of affordable and accessible finance is critical for the growth of the manufacturing sector, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Enhancing access to credit, promoting innovative financing mechanisms, and easing collateral requirements can help address the finance gap and support the expansion of manufacturing businesses.
Quality of Education and Skill Development: A skilled workforce is vital for the manufacturing sector’s productivity and competitiveness. Addressing the quality of education and aligning it with the needs of the industry can help bridge the skill gap.
Research and Development (R&D) and Innovation: Promoting R&D and innovation is crucial for enhancing the technological capabilities and competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. Encouraging investment in R&D, fostering collaboration between industry and research institutions can help drive technological advancements
Regulatory Reforms: Simplifying and rationalizing regulatory frameworks can reduce bureaucratic burdens, enhance ease of doing business, and attract investments. Streamlining processes, reducing red tape, and ensuring transparent and efficient regulatory mechanisms can create a conducive environment for manufacturing businesses to thrive.
Supply Chain Integration: Strengthening supply chain integration is essential for improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing competitiveness.
Sustainability and Environment: Integrating sustainability practices and adopting eco-friendly technologies are increasingly important for the manufacturing sector. Emphasizing resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting circular economy principles can enhance the sector’s environmental sustainability and compliance with global sustainability standards.
Market Access and Trade Policies: Facilitating market access, reducing trade barriers, and promoting export-oriented policies are critical for the manufacturing sector’s growth and global competitiveness.
Conclusion
The efficacy of the PLI scheme in boosting India’s domestic manufacturing and exports is a subject of debate. While targeted subsidies can stimulate growth in strategic sectors and cater to existing demand, concerns surrounding cronyism and bureaucratic control must be addressed. Focusing on improving the investment environment and addressing infrastructural and educational deficiencies will contribute to sustainable growth in the manufacturing sector.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RBI Monetary Policy Committee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
This article discusses the recent policy review by the MPC (Monetary Policy Committee) and its implications for India’s economy.
The MPC is responsible for making decisions regarding the repo rate and determining the policy stance to achieve specific economic objectives.
Key highlights by RBI
Repo Rate: Kept unchanged at 6.50%
Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate: Remains unchanged at 6.25%
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate and Bank Rate: Unchanged at 6.75%
Target Inflation: Medium-term target for Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation of 4% within a band of +/- 2%
RBI Monetary Policy Committee
Purpose
Make decisions on monetary policy in India
Constituted by
RBI Act, 1934
Objective
Maintain price stability and foster economic growth
Members
3 officials from the RBI,
3 external members appointed by the Government of India
Chairperson
Governor of the RBI
Decision Factors
Economic and financial developments
Inflation trends
Macroeconomic conditions
Key Tools
Policy interest rate (Repo rate)
Policy stance
Impact of Decisions
Borrowing costs
Liquidity in the banking system
Overall economic environment
Various MPC tools
Description
Repo Rate
Rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks
Reverse Repo Rate
Rate at which the central bank borrows money from commercial banks
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Portion of banks’ deposits that they must hold as reserves with the central bank
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
Percentage of certain assets that banks are required to maintain in their portfolio
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
Buying and selling of government securities by the central bank in the open market
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
Facility allowing banks to borrow funds overnight from the central bank against eligible securities
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
Repo and reverse repo rates used by banks to manage their liquidity needs
Policy Stance and Communication
MPC’s approach to monetary policy and communication of decisions and outlook
Key outlooks
GDP growth and inflation forecasts: GDP growth forecasts provide insights into the expected pace of economic expansion, while inflation forecasts help gauge price stability and purchasing power.
Stability of forecasts: The MPC’s latest review indicates relatively little change in the GDP growth and inflation forecasts, reflecting a consistent outlook for the economy.
Goldilocks metaphor for the economy: The reference to a Goldilocks moment alludes to an ideal state where the economy operates optimally, striking a balance between high inflation (too hot) and faltering GDP growth (too cold). RBI surveys on consumer confidence and inflation expectations suggest a positive and favourable economic environment.
Positive Developments
Surprising GDP growth: India’s GDP growth in FY23 exceeded the RBI’s expectations, reaching 7.2% instead of the projected 7%.
Decrease in headline retail inflation: Retail inflation dropped to 4.7% in April, marking the lowest reading since November 2021.
Consumption recovery and private investments: The anticipation of a robust Rabi crop production and a normal monsoon, combined with the government’s emphasis on capital expenditure, suggests a potential increase in consumption levels and private investments.
Increase in consumer confidence: Consumer confidence is gradually improving, while Indian families expect inflation to stabilize at a more manageable level.
Major considerations
Expected deceleration in GDP: Despite positive indicators, the MPC anticipates a slowdown in GDP growth from 7.2% to 6.5% in FY24, with professional forecasters projecting an even lower growth rate of 6%.
Consumer confidence still in negative territory: While consumer confidence metrics show improvement, they remain below the 100 mark, indicating prevailing pessimism among the public.
Headwinds and potentially economic challenges: Various factors, including weak global demand, volatility in global financial markets, geopolitical tensions, and the potential impact of El Nino on the monsoon, pose potential risks to India’s economy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cyclone Biparjoy
Mains level: Naming of cyclone
PC: windy.com
Central Idea: A cyclonic storm, named Biparjoy, has developed in the Arabian Sea.
Cyclone Biparjoy
It was stationed about 850 km west of Goa and 900 km southwest of Mumbai.
The cyclone is predicted to gain in strength over the next three days and develop into a very severe cyclonic storm by June 13.
It would result in squally weather with wind speeds reaching 35-45 kmph along the coastline of Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra
The IMD has not yet predicted any major impact on countries adjoining the Arabian Sea, including India, Oman, Iran, and Pakistan.
How it was named?
Origin of Cyclone Biparjoy’s Name: ‘Biparjoy’ was suggested by Bangladesh and the word means ‘disaster’ or ‘calamity’ in Bengali. The next cyclone after Biparjoy will be named ‘Tej’ based on India’s suggestion.
Rotational Basis for Naming: The naming of cyclones is done by countries on a rotational basis, following certain existing guidelines.
Responsibilities of RSMCs and TCWCs: Worldwide, there are six regional specialized meteorological centers (RSMCs) and five regional Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) mandated for issuing advisories and naming of tropical cyclones.
IMD’s Role: IMD is one of the six RSMCs providing tropical cyclone and storm surge advisories to 13 member countries under the WMO/Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (ESCAP) Panel.
Naming Authority of IMD: RSMC, New Delhi, is also mandated to name the tropical cyclones developing over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
Guidelines for Naming: Some rules are to be followed while naming cyclones, such as being neutral to politics, religious beliefs, cultures, and gender, avoiding offensive or cruel names, and keeping the name short and easy to pronounce.
Next Cyclone Name: After Bangladesh, the next cyclone will be named ‘Tej’ based on India’s suggestion.
Cyclones in the Arabian Sea: A quick recap
Frequency of Cyclones: It is not rare for cyclones to develop in the Arabian Sea. There are fewer cyclones compared to the Bay of Bengal, but it is not uncommon.
Favorable Months: June is one of the favorable months for the formation of cyclones in the Arabian Sea.
Factors Influencing Cyclone Formation: Cyclones form due to low-pressure systems over warm waters. The Bay of Bengal is slightly warmer, but the Arabian Sea is also getting warmer due to climate change, leading to an increase in cyclones.
Coriolis Effect and Weather Systems: In a depression or low-pressure situation, the air blows in an anticlockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, influenced by the Coriolis Effect.
Role of Climate Change
Historical data indicates that the frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms has increased over the Arabian Sea since 1990, while it has remained the same over the Bay of Bengal.
A 2021 study highlighted the increasing intensity, frequency, and duration of cyclonic storms in the Arabian Sea.
The warming is indicated by the nearly tripled accumulated cyclone energy, reflecting the extent of warming in recent years.
Back2Basics:
Tropical Cyclones
Definition
Intense circular storm over warm oceans with low pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
