Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Naidu Hospital in Kottar (Nagercoil, TN), stands as a symbol of the forgotten heroes of the freedom movement, spearheaded by Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu, and their enduring impact on social justice
Who was Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu (1880-1958)?
- Introduction to Naidu Hospital: Naidu Hospital, located in Kottar is a significant hospital with historical ties to the freedom movement and the fight for social justice.
- Founder: M. Emperumal Naidu, a freedom fighter and associate of Mahatma Gandhi, established the hospital.
- Contribution to Vaikom Movement: Naidu actively participated in the Vaikom temple street entry movement, following the footsteps of Periyar E.V. Ramasamy and his wife Nagammal.
- Enduring the Struggle: Naidu faced adversity during the movement, including being splattered with limestone powder and standing in waist-deep rainwater with Gandhidas Muthusamy.
His Life and Achievements
- Family and Education: Naidu’s ancestors hailed from Andhra Pradesh, and his father served as an artiste in the court of Travancore. Naidu studied at Scott Christian College in Nagercoil and later attended the Madras Medical College.
- Involvement in Freedom Movement: Naidu became actively involved in the freedom movement while studying in England and declined a medical college offer to pursue a degree in Glasgow, aligning himself with the ideals of Gandhi.
- Contributions to Healthcare: In 1914, Naidu established a hospital in Kottar, one of the first private hospitals providing modern medical treatment. He offered free treatment to Dalits and marked prescriptions with ‘HF’ (Harijan Free).
- Leadership and Connections: Naidu played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and hosted prominent leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, C.F. Andrews, Sarojini Naidu, and Jawaharlal Nehru in Nagercoil.
- Link to Gandhi: Naidu served as a vital link to Gandhi in Travancore and actively participated in various campaigns and Congress meetings alongside him.
Major contribution: Temple Entry Movement
- Vaikom Temple Street Movement: Naidu, along with his wife and other volunteers, actively participated in the Vaikom temple street movement, advocating for equal rights and facing arrests and restrictions.
- Continued Activism: Naidu continued organizing protests and campaigns, leading a protest in Suchindram to open temple streets to all communities in the Kanniyakumari district.
- Achievements: Naidu’s relentless efforts for temple entry and the welfare of Dalits led to the Travancore government issuing a proclamation in 1936, opening temple doors and streets to all communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agni Prime , Other Agni variants
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: India successfully tested the new-generation Agni-Prime ballistic missile with a strike range of 1,000 to 2,000 kilometres.
About Agni Prime Missile
- Stages: Agni-P is a two-stage, surface-to-surface, road-mobile, and solid-fueled missile.
- Canister-Launch System: Agni-P is launched via a canister, providing operational flexibility and ease of transport.
- Advanced Systems: Agni-P incorporates new propulsion systems, composite rocket motor casings, and advanced navigation and guidance systems.
History and Development
- Development Timeline: Beginning in 2016, DRDO has been developing Agni-P as a successor to enhance accuracy and reliability.
- Indo-Pacific Strategy: Agni-P is part of India’s strategy to counter China’s naval capabilities and achieve parity in anti-access/area denial.
- International Implications: Agni-P’s development positions India in the regional power dynamics and could impact arms control treaties.
Missile Capabilities
- Manoeuvrability and Accuracy: Agni-P features a manoeuvrable reentry vehicle (MaRV) for precise delivery of warheads to multiple locations.
- Transportability: The missile is stored in a hermetically sealed tandem twin canister launcher, allowing for swift transportation through road and rail.
- Weight Reduction: Composite materials are utilized in both stages of Agni-P to reduce weight and enhance performance.
Strategic Importance
- Counterforce Capability: Agni-P aims to deter neighbourhood enemy forces, given its limited range.
- Enhanced Deterrence: The missile strengthens India’s deterrence capabilities and contributes to national security.
- Regional Power Dynamics: Agni-P’s development is part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, impacting regional power dynamics.
Back2Basics: Agni Missile Series
- Agni I: It is a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range of 700-800 km.
- Agni II: It is also a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range more than 2000 km.
- Agni III: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range of more than 2,500 Km
- Agni IV: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
- Agni-V: Currently it is the longest of Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
- Agni- VI: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of ICBM 11,000–12,000 km.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atlantic Declaration
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The US and Britain have announced a new strategic pact called, reaffirming their “special relationship” to address challenges posed by Russia, China, and economic instability.
- They signed Atlantic Declaration to develop a new green economy through extensive industrial subsidies instead of pursuing a post-Brexit free-trade agreement.
What is Atlantic Declaration?
- The “Atlantic Declaration” aims to enhance industry collaboration in defense and renewable energy sectors in response to China’s growing competition.
- The declaration recognizes the challenges posed by authoritarian states, disruptive technologies, non-state actors, and transnational issues like climate change.
- Both leaders affirmed the strength of the transatlantic relationship and emphasized the need to adapt to the changing world economy driven by AI and technological advancements.
Key terms of the declaration
- Supply Chain Strengthening: The US and UK will strengthen their supply chains, invest in each other’s industries, and develop future technologies under the Atlantic Declaration.
- Clean Energy Partnership: They agreed to launch a civil nuclear partnership, aiming to promote clean energy cooperation and reduce reliance on Russian fuel.
- Technology and Critical Minerals: The countries will collaborate on the safe development of AI technology, negotiate a critical minerals agreement, and cooperate on telecoms technology and quantum technologies.
- UK-US “Data Bridge”: The declaration includes a commitment in principle to a UK-US “data bridge” that facilitates the transfer of data between British and US businesses without unnecessary bureaucracy.
- Critical Minerals Agreement: Negotiations on a critical minerals agreement will allow certain UK firms to access tax credits available under the US Inflation Reduction Act.
- Business Collaboration: Cooperation will extend to telecoms technology, including 5G and 6G, as well as quantum technologies, fostering collaboration and innovation between the US and UK.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NEXT
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The NExT examination, a common qualifying criterion for final-year undergraduate medical students will be introduced in the year 2024.
National Exit Test (NExT)
- Objective: The examination aims to bring uniformity in evaluation across the country, ensuring minimum common standards of education and training for medical graduates.
- Two-Part Examination: The NExT exam will consist of two parts: NExT 1, which will be a theoretical examination, and NExT 2, which will include practical, clinical, and oral examinations covering seven clinical subjects or disciplines.
- Mock Test: A mock test may be conducted to familiarize students with the procedure and alleviate any anxiety before the official examination is rolled out.
National Medical Commission and Application of NExT
- Role of NMC: The NMC is responsible for implementing the NExT examination and ensuring a common standard for medical education in the country.
- Applicability: The NExT examination will also apply to institutes of national importance, including the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), to maintain uniformity in medical education.
Significance
- Quality professionals: The NExT examination is seen as a means to ensure quality and produce well-trained Indian medical graduates.
- Expert Perspectives: Experts in the medical field have welcomed the move, emphasizing the importance of uniform examination standards and the opportunity for interns to focus on their clinical training.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Animal birth control rules
Mains level: Stray dog overpopulations and birth control programs challenges and alternatives
Central Idea
- Dogs have always stirred up a range of emotions in people, making it impossible to ignore their presence in our lives. However, the growing population of street dogs in recent decades has presented numerous challenges for cities and municipalities across the country. Unfortunately, some critics have dismissed animal birth control initiatives as failures, demonstrating cynicism that is both mischievous and misguided.
Stray Dog Attacks in India
- Cities have witnessed a sharp increase in the stray dog population, which as per the official 2019 livestock census stood at 1.5 crore.
- However, independent estimates peg the number to be around 6.2 crore.
- The number of dog bites has simultaneously doubled between 2012 and 2020.
- Experts agree there may be a correlation between urbanisation and solid waste production, made visible due to the mismanagement of waste disposal.
- Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Reasons behind
- Poor waste management: Inadequate waste disposal facilities and the mismanagement of solid waste often lead to the congregation of stray dogs around garbage dumps and landfills, where they scavenge for food.
- Unplanned urbanization: The population boom in Indian cities has led to a sharp increase in the stray dog population. Rapid urbanization has led to the creation of slums and unmanaged solid waste, which attract dogs.
- Lack of food and shelter: The availability of food and shelter determines the carrying capacity of a city. In the absence of these facilities, free-ranging dogs become scavengers that forage around for food, eventually gravitating towards exposed garbage dumping sites.
- Territoriality: Stray dogs often become territorial and aggressive about public spaces where they are fed, leading to increased attacks on humans.
- Improper sterilization and rescue centres: Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Shortcomings of animal birth control
- Inconsistent Implementation: One of the main challenges is the inconsistent implementation of animal birth control programs across different regions. The effectiveness of these programs can vary depending on the commitment and resources allocated by local authorities.
- Limited Coverage: Animal birth control programs may not cover all areas affected by street dog overpopulation. Some regions may have inadequate resources or insufficient awareness about the benefits of sterilization programs.
- Funding Constraints: Insufficient funding can hinder the implementation and sustainability of animal birth control programs. Limited financial resources may result in a shortage of trained personnel, inadequate infrastructure, and reduced outreach efforts.
- Resistance from Communities: Some communities may resist animal birth control initiatives due to misconceptions, cultural beliefs, or lack of awareness. Overcoming these barriers requires targeted community engagement, education, and dispelling myths surrounding sterilization programs.
- Behavioral Challenges: Animal birth control programs often face challenges related to capturing street dogs, performing surgeries, and post-operative care. Behavioral issues, such as fear or aggression, can make the process more challenging.
- Long-term Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of animal birth control programs is crucial. These programs require continued investment, monitoring, and evaluation to maintain their effectiveness.
Facts for prelims
Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023
- The Central Government has introduced the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023, superseding the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001.
- These rules have been implemented to address the guidelines set by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the Writ Petition No. 691 of 2009.
- The Rules emphasize the responsibility of local bodies, such as municipalities, Municipal Corporations, and Panchayats, in conducting Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs for sterilization and immunization of stray dogs.
- The rules aim to reduce the population of stray dogs and address animal welfare concerns.
- The guidelines provide a framework for dealing with conflicts between humans and stray dogs without resorting to relocating the dogs from an area.
- ABC programs must be conducted by organizations recognized by the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) for their expertise in ABC programs
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Misconceptions surrounding Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs
- Ineffectiveness of Sterilization: Some people believe that sterilization does not effectively control street dog populations. They may argue that sterilized dogs can still reproduce or that the impact of sterilization is minimal. However, numerous studies and successful implementation of ABC programs worldwide have shown that sterilization is a proven method.
- Cruelty or Harm to Animals: There is a misconception that sterilization surgeries are cruel and cause unnecessary harm to animals. However, ABC programs prioritize the health and welfare of animals, and sterilization is a safe and humane procedure performed under anesthesia by trained veterinarians.
- Abandonment of Dogs: Some people believe that sterilized dogs are more likely to be abandoned by their owners or that sterilization leads to behavioral changes that make dogs less desirable as pets. However, sterilization has no negative impact on a dog’s behavior or loyalty.
- Cost Inefficiency: It is sometimes claimed that sterilization programs are expensive and not cost-effective. However, the long-term benefits of ABC programs, such as reduced costs associated with managing stray dogs, decreased risks of dog bites, and improved public health, outweigh the initial investment.
- Neglect of Other Issues: Some individuals argue that focusing on animal birth control diverts attention and resources from other pressing issues, such as poverty or healthcare. However, addressing street dog overpopulation through ABC programs is not mutually exclusive with addressing societal challenges.
Way ahead: A call for change
- Strengthen Implementation: Efforts should be made to strengthen the implementation of Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs across all regions. This includes standardizing processes, improving infrastructure, and ensuring uniformity in the application of ABC rules and guidelines.
- Increase Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate communities about responsible pet ownership, the benefits of sterilization, and how to coexist peacefully with street dogs.
- Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities is vital to garner support and address concerns surrounding street dogs. Building trust, involving community leaders, and working collaboratively to develop solutions can help foster positive relationships and encourage responsible pet ownership practices.
- Research and Data Collection: Continued research and data collection are essential to evaluate the impact of ABC programs, track population trends, and understand the dynamics of street dog issues. This data can inform evidence-based decision-making, facilitate targeted interventions, and support the refinement of strategies.
- Strengthen Legislation and Policies: Reviewing and updating existing legislation related to animal welfare and responsible pet ownership can help create a more conducive environment for effective street dog management.
- Strengthen Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration among government bodies, animal welfare organizations, veterinary professionals, and community stakeholders is crucial. Partnerships can help pool resources, expertise, and funding, leading to more impactful interventions and sustainable outcomes.
- Long-Term Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of street dog management programs requires continued funding, monitoring, and evaluation. Governments, philanthropic organizations, and individuals should allocate resources and support initiatives that prioritize the welfare of both humans and animals.
- International Best Practices: Learning from successful street dog management programs implemented in other countries can provide valuable insights and guidance. Adopting international best practices, adapting them to local contexts, and sharing knowledge and experiences can contribute to more effective strategies.
Conclusion
- Addressing street dog overpopulation requires a comprehensive approach that includes animal birth control as a key component. Instead of dismissing it as ineffective, we should embrace continuous policy reforms and resource investments. Let us work together to eliminate the suffering and public health risks associated with outdated methods, and strive to achieve our noble goal through the implementation of the new rules.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Nigeria's global significance and recent transfer of power, challenges, India's stakes
Central Idea
- On May 29 Bola Ahmed Tinubu sworn in as Africa’s most populous nation Nigeria’s 16th Executive President, solidifying a quarter-century of unbroken constitutional democracy. Despite this achievement, Nigeria faces persistent challenges hindering the realization of its socio-economic potential. Insecurity, high unemployment, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure continue to impede progress.
What is mean by Yin-and-Yang Moment?
- The Yin-and-Yang Moment is a term used to describe a situation in which two opposing forces are in balance.
- The concept of Yin and Yang is a central one in Chinese philosophy, and it is often used to explain the natural world. In the context of the Yin-and-Yang Moment, the two opposing forces could be anything from economic growth and security challenges to social progress and political instability.
- In the context of Nigeria, this could refer to the country’s growing economy and its ongoing security challenges.
What are the persistent Challenges for Nigeria?
- Insecurity: Nigeria has long grappled with various security challenges, including Boko Haram insurgency, mass kidnappings, ethnic conflicts, and petty robberies. These security issues undermine social stability, economic growth, and investor confidence.
- High Unemployment: Nigeria faces a significant unemployment crisis, particularly among its youth population. The lack of job opportunities and underemployment contribute to social unrest, poverty, and hinder overall economic development.
- Corruption: Corruption remains a pervasive problem in Nigeria, affecting various sectors, including politics, business, and public services. Rampant corruption erodes public trust, hampers development efforts, and undermines effective governance.
- Poverty and Education Gap: Nigeria has the largest number of people living below the poverty line globally, with a significant portion being children. Access to quality education remains limited, resulting in a high number of out-of-school children, hindering their future prospects and perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
- Energy and Infrastructure Deficit: Nigeria struggles with inadequate infrastructure, particularly in the power sector. Despite efforts, the country’s power generation capacity remains insufficient to meet the demands of its growing population and economy. Insufficient infrastructure in transportation, healthcare, and other sectors further limits development opportunities.
- Oil Sector Challenges: Nigeria heavily relies on oil exports for revenue, but the sector faces numerous challenges. Oil theft, bunkering, and operational inefficiencies in refineries contribute to revenue loss and hinder the development of a sustainable and diversified economy.
- Governance and Political Instability: Nigeria has experienced political instability and governance challenges in the past. Effective governance, transparency, and accountability are crucial for addressing socio-economic issues and fostering sustainable development.
Proposed Solutions to address these challenges
- Enhancing Security: Implement comprehensive security measures to address the various security challenges Nigeria faces. This includes strengthening law enforcement agencies, improving intelligence gathering and sharing, enhancing border control, and investing in counter-terrorism efforts.
- Job Creation and Economic Growth: Promote an enabling business environment to stimulate economic growth and job creation. This involves reducing bureaucratic hurdles, providing incentives for entrepreneurship, and fostering a conducive environment for local and foreign investments.
- Anti-Corruption Measures: Implement robust anti-corruption initiatives to tackle corruption at all levels of society. Whistleblower protection mechanisms can encourage reporting of corruption and help in its prevention.
- Education and Poverty Alleviation: Prioritize investments in education and skills development, ensuring access to quality education for all children. Addressing the education gap and reducing the number of out-of-school children will improve human capital development and empower individuals to break the cycle of poverty.
- Infrastructure Development: Invest in critical infrastructure, including power generation, transportation networks, healthcare facilities, and water and sanitation systems. Public-private partnerships can mobilize resources and expertise to bridge infrastructure gaps.
- Diversification of the Economy: Reduce dependence on oil exports by promoting economic diversification. Encourage sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, and information technology to contribute significantly to the economy.
- Governance Reforms: Strengthen governance institutions, promote transparency, and ensure accountability at all levels of government. Enhance public service delivery, streamline bureaucratic processes, and foster citizen participation in decision-making. Strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law will contribute to stability, effective governance, and socio-economic development.
Key aspects of India’s stake in Nigeria
- Economic Partnership: India and Nigeria have a strong economic partnership. Nigeria has traditionally been one of India’s largest trading partners in Africa. Strengthening economic ties with Nigeria provides India access to natural resources, including oil and gas, as well as opportunities for trade and investment.
- Indian Diaspora: Nigeria is home to a large Indian diaspora, with over 50,000 people of Indian origin residing in the country. The Indian community in Nigeria contributes to trade, entrepreneurship, and cultural exchanges, fostering people-to-people ties between the two nations.
- Trade and Investment: India has significant investments in Nigeria across various sectors, including telecommunications, manufacturing, agriculture, and banking. Strengthening trade relations and diversifying the bilateral trade basket can benefit both economies and create new avenues for economic cooperation.
- Technology and Expertise: Nigeria values India’s appropriate technology solutions, which are often seen as well-suited to local conditions. Indian expertise in sectors such as information technology, healthcare, agriculture, and education can contribute to Nigeria’s development efforts and capacity building.
- Defense Cooperation: Defense cooperation between India and Nigeria has a rich history. Nigeria has had several past presidents who were trained in India’s defense institutions. Reviving and enhancing defense ties can promote bilateral defense industry cooperation, training programs, and exchange of expertise in areas of mutual interest.
- Regional Influence: Nigeria’s influence extends beyond its borders, particularly within the West African region. Strengthening relations with Nigeria allows India to engage more effectively in regional initiatives, enhance trade partnerships with neighboring countries, and contribute to regional stability and development.
- Energy Security: Nigeria’s role as a major oil producer and exporter is of significance to India’s energy security. Cooperation in the energy sector, including oil exploration, refining, and renewable energy, can help diversify India’s energy sources and ensure a stable supply of energy resources.
- Multilateral Engagement: Nigeria’s active participation in regional and international organizations provides an opportunity for India and Nigeria to collaborate on issues of mutual concern, including climate change, counterterrorism, peacekeeping, and global governance reforms.
Nigeria’s global significance
- Population and Demographics: Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and is projected to have a population of over 400 million by 2050, becoming the world’s fourth most populous country. This demographic trend has significant implications for global population dynamics, labor markets, and consumption patterns.
- Economic Powerhouse: Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and has substantial natural resources, including oil and gas reserves. As an important player in the global energy market, fluctuations in Nigeria’s oil production and exports can impact global oil prices and energy security.
- Regional Influence: Nigeria’s size, population, and economic clout give it considerable influence within the West Africa region and across the broader African continent. Nigeria has played a pivotal role in regional peacekeeping efforts and has been involved in conflict resolution initiatives in neighboring countries.
- Counterterrorism and Security: Nigeria’s battle against Boko Haram insurgency has regional and global implications for counterterrorism efforts. Collaborative measures to address security challenges in Nigeria can contribute to regional stability and counter the spread of extremist ideologies.
- Diplomatic Relations: Nigeria is an active participant in international organizations, including the United Nations, African Union, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Its diplomatic engagements and foreign policies impact regional and global dynamics, particularly within Africa.
- Migration and Diaspora: Nigeria has a large diaspora spread across the globe, contributing to diverse societies and economies in various countries. Nigerian migrants play a role in trade, cultural exchanges, and remittances, which have significant global implications.
- Trade and Investment: Nigeria’s vast consumer market and emerging middle class make it an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. The country’s trade relations and economic policies impact global trade flows, particularly within Africa and with major economies like India, China, and the European Union.
- Cultural Influence: Nigeria’s vibrant and diverse cultural heritage, including its music, literature, film industry (Nollywood), and fashion, have gained international recognition and influence, contributing to global cultural exchanges and soft power.
Conclusion
- Nigeria’s recent transfer of power showcases its commitment to democracy amidst a continent known for political instability. India, with its historical ties and economic partnership, has a crucial role to play in Nigeria’s journey. By fostering enhanced engagement, India can contribute to Nigeria’s progress and strengthen bilateral relations for mutual benefits.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 124A IPC, Freedom of Speech
Mains level: Ambiguity around the Sedition law, concerns and recommendations
Central Idea
- In its 279th Report, the Law Commission of India has recommended the retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, commonly known as the Law of Sedition, along with enhanced punishment for the offense in the name of national security.
What is Sedition?
The Section 124A defines sedition as:
- An offence committed when “any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India”.
- Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.
- However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offense.
- Sedition is a non-bailable offense.
- Punishment under Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term with/without a fine
Historical Perspective
- Section 124A of the IPC was introduced during the British Raj in 1870 to suppress dissent and protest against the colonial government.
- The then British government in India feared that religious preachers on the Indian subcontinent would wage a war against the government.
- Particularly after the successful suppression of the Wahabi/Waliullah Movement by the British, the need was felt for such law.
- Throughout the Raj, this section was used to suppress activists in favor of national independence, including Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, both of whom were found guilty and imprisoned.
Two notable interpretations which added to the ambiguity surrounding the sedition law
- Queen Empress vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1897)
- In this case, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent freedom fighter, was charged with sedition for writing articles in a Marathi weekly called Kesari that invoked Shivaji and were seen as inciting disaffection towards the British government.
- The court held that sedition encompassed the act of exciting disaffection towards the government, even if it did not incite rebellion or violence.
- This interpretation broadened the scope of the offense to include political hatred of the government.
- Niharendu Dutt Majumdar And Ors. vs Emperor (1942): Federal Court.
- The court acquitted the accused, and Chief Justice Sir Maurice Gwyer explained that the essence of sedition lies in public disorder or the reasonable anticipation thereof.
- According to this interpretation, sedition would be committed only when there is incitement to violence or disorder.
Constitutionality of Sedition
- Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression: The sedition law, as defined in Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, infringes upon the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. It criminalizes acts that bring hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the government, which curtails the citizens’ ability to express their political dissent and discontent.
- Democratic Principles: Disaffection towards a government, which is subject to change through the electoral process, cannot be treated as a criminal offense. The sedition law restricts the democratic principles of public debate, dissent, and accountability.
- Omission from the Constitution: During the drafting of the Indian Constitution, the Constituent Assembly deliberately excluded sedition as a reasonable restriction on the freedom of speech and expression. This omission signifies the Assembly’s intent to safeguard the citizens’ right to express their opinions, including dissenting views on the government.
- Ambiguity and Misuse: The broad wording and lack of precise definition allow for arbitrary interpretations, leading to the stifling of legitimate dissent and the targeting of individuals or groups critical of the government. This misuse undermines the rule of law and constitutional protections.
- Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The existence of a sedition law creates a chilling effect on free speech and expression. The fear of potential sedition charges discourages individuals from openly expressing their opinions and engaging in robust public discourse, inhibiting the free flow of ideas and opinions necessary for a healthy democracy.
- Conflict with International Standards: International bodies such as the United Nations Human Rights Committee have consistently expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and called for their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights standards.
Inconsistencies regarding the sedition law in India
- Interpretational Inconsistencies: The Tilak case (1897) interpreted sedition as exciting disaffection towards the government, even without inciting violence or rebellion. However, the Majumdar case (1942) acquitted the accused by emphasizing that sedition requires a tendency to incite violence or disorder.
- Varying Judicial Approaches: The Supreme Court’s approach in the Kedarnath case (1962) further adds to the inconsistencies. While the Court upheld the constitutionality of the sedition law, it narrowed its application to only acts that incite violence. The Court’s attempt to retain sedition despite acknowledging its exclusion from the draft Constitution and concerns over its severity creates a contradictory stance.
- Lack of Clarity in Statutory Language: The language of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which defines sedition, lacks precision and clarity. The vague terms such as hatred, contempt, and disaffection make it susceptible to subjective interpretations and misuse by law enforcement authorities. This lack of clarity contributes to the inconsistent application of the sedition law.
- Conflict with Constitutional Principles: The sedition law, as it stands, conflicts with constitutional principles, particularly the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. The broad interpretation of sedition and its criminalization of political dissent and disaffection towards the government infringe upon citizens’ constitutional rights.
- Disparity with International Standards: International bodies, including the United Nations Human Rights Committee, have expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and recommended their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights norms. This disparity highlights the inconsistencies between the sedition law in India and global standards.
Way ahead: Recommendations to strike a balance
- Repeal or Substantial Reform: Given the inconsistencies, ambiguity, and potential for misuse, there is a strong case for the repeal or substantial reform of the sedition law. This could involve narrowing the scope of the offense, clarifying the language, and aligning it with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
- Precise Definition: The sedition law should be defined more precisely to avoid ambiguity and subjective interpretations. A clear and specific definition would help establish the boundaries of the offense, ensuring that it is not misused to suppress legitimate dissent or criticism.
- Balancing National Security and Freedom of Expression: Any reform or amendment to the sedition law should strike a balance between protecting national security and safeguarding freedom of expression. This can be achieved by focusing on acts that pose a genuine threat to public order, incite violence, or endanger the integrity of the state while ensuring that peaceful dissent and criticism are not stifled.
- Judicial Clarity: The judiciary should provide consistent and well-defined guidelines for the interpretation and application of the sedition law. Clear guidelines would help prevent arbitrary enforcement and provide greater clarity on the limits of the offense.
- Safeguards and Procedural Reforms: Implementing safeguards and procedural reforms can help prevent the misuse of the sedition law. This may include requiring higher standards of evidence, ensuring transparency and accountability in investigations and prosecutions, and providing avenues for redress in cases of wrongful or frivolous charges.
- Public Awareness and Sensitization: There is a need for public awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate citizens, law enforcement authorities, and the judiciary about the nuances of freedom of expression and the potential pitfalls of the sedition law.
- International Dialogue and Learning: Engaging in international dialogue and learning from best practices can provide valuable insights for reforming the sedition law. Studying the experiences of other democratic countries and considering international human rights standards can help shape more effective and rights-respecting legislation.
Conclusion
- The interpretation and application of Section 124A have been inconsistent, leading to misuses and abuses by law enforcement authorities. The Law Commission’s recent recommendations for enhancing punishment and incorporating the tendency to incite disorder fail to address the core issue of the law’s unconstitutionality. It is imperative to reevaluate and repeal the sedition law to protect and uphold the democratic values of free speech and expression in India.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSP system
Mains level: Issues with MSP
The Centre has set the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 17 kharif crops and variants.
What is MSP?
- The MSP assures the farmers of a fixed price for their crops, well above their production costs.
- MSP, by contrast, is devoid of any legal backing. Access to it, unlike subsidized grains through the PDS, isn’t an entitlement for farmers.
- They cannot demand it as a matter of right. It is only a government policy that is part of administrative decision-making.
- The Centre currently fixes MSPs for 23 farm commodities based on the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommendations.
Fixing of MSPs
- The CACP considered various factors while recommending the MSP for a commodity, including the cost of cultivation.
- It also takes into account the supply and demand situation for the commodity; market price trends (domestic and global) and parity vis-à-vis other crops; and implications for consumers (inflation), environment (soil and water use) and terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors.
What changed with the 2018 budget?
- The Budget for 2018-19 announced that MSPs would henceforth be fixed at 1.5 times of the production costs for crops as a “pre-determined principle”.
- Simply put, the CACP’s job now was only to estimate production costs for a season and recommend the MSPs by applying the 1.5-times formula.
How was this production cost arrived at?
- The CACP projects three kinds of production cost for every crop, both at the state and all-India average levels.
- ‘A2’ covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, hired labor, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc.
- ‘A2+FL’ includes A2 plus an imputed value of unpaid family labor.
- ‘C2’ is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL.
How much produce can the government procure at MSP?
- The MSP value of the total production of the 23 crops worked out to around Rs 10.78 lakh crore in 2019-20.
- Not all this produce, however, is marketed. Farmers retain part of it for self-consumption, the seed for the next season’s sowing, and also for feeding their animals.
- The marketed surplus ratio for different crops is estimated to range differently for various crops.
- It ranges from below 50% for ragi and 65-70% for bajra (pearl millet) and jawar (sorghum) to 75% for wheat, 80% for paddy, 85% for sugarcane, 90% for most pulses, and 95%-plus for cotton, soybean, etc.
- Taking an average of 75% would yield a number of just over Rs 8 lakh crore.
- This is the MSP value of production that is the marketable surplus — which farmers actually sell.
Nature of MSP
- There is currently no statutory backing for these prices, nor any law mandating their enforcement.
Farmers demand over legalization
- Legal entitlement: There is a demand that MSP based on a C2+50% formula should be made a legal entitlement for all agricultural produce.
- Private traders’ responsibility: Some says that most of the cost should be borne by private traders, noting that both middlemen and corporate giants are buying commodities at low rates from farmers.
- Mandatory purchase at MSP: A left-affiliated farm union has suggested a law that simply stipulates that no one — neither the Government nor private players — will be allowed to buy at a rate lower than MSP.
- Surplus payment by the govt.: Other unions have said that if private buyers fail to purchase their crops, the Government must be prepared to buy out the entire surplus at MSP rates.
- Expansion of C2: Farm unions are demanding that C2 must also include capital assets and the rentals and interest forgone on owned land as recommended by the National Commission for Farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demographic Dividend
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: Pew Survey Report
- The current median age in India is 28, compared to China’s 39, indicating India’s demographic advantage will persist until the end of the century.
- China’s youth population is declining, and the aging population is rising, leading to concerns about employment and stability.
Demographic Dividend
|
| Definition |
Economic growth potential results from a favourable demographic structure, particularly a large working-age population relative to the dependent population (children and elderly). |
| Age structure |
“Bulge” in the working-age population due to declining fertility rates and improved life expectancy. |
| Economic benefits |
Increased productivity, higher savings, and greater economic output. |
| Increased consumption |
Rise in disposable income, stimulating consumer spending and demand. |
| Savings and investments |
Opportunity for higher savings and productive investments. |
| Window of opportunity |
Time-limited period to harness the potential of the young workforce. |
| Challenges and prerequisites |
Effective policies and investments in education, skill development, healthcare, job creation, and infrastructure. |
Demographic Advantage for India
The current median age of 28 in India signifies a young population, which brings several advantages:
- Demographic advantage: A young population contributes to economic growth and development.
- Productive workforce: With a large working-age population, India has the potential for a productive workforce.
- Long-term economic growth: The young population offers a demographic dividend for sustained economic growth with investments in education, skills, and job creation.
- Market potential: The young population represents a significant consumer market, stimulating economic activity.
- Addressing societal challenges: Opportunities arise to address education, healthcare, and social welfare needs among the youth.
India’s Edge over China
(1) Job Market
- Graduates facing difficulty finding employment: A large number of college and university graduates in China struggle to secure jobs, facing job market challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Impact of the pandemic on employment: COVID-19 lockdowns and layoffs in key sectors have negatively affected China’s job market, particularly for the “post-’00s” generation who grew up during rapid economic growth.
(2) Urban Joblessness
- Rising joblessness among young urbanites: One out of every five young urbanites in China is without work, leading to a growing problem of joblessness.
- Official jobless rate for urban youth: China’s National Bureau of Statistics reported a 19.9% jobless rate for urban youth aged 16 to 24 in July, the highest since the release of youth employment data in 2018.
Factors Contributing to China’s job market challenges
- Supply-demand contradiction: China’s economic growth decline and the impact of COVID-19 have created a supply-demand contradiction in the job market.
- Issues with the education sector: Some argue that the problem lies within China’s education sector, and finding jobs for educated youth has become a perennial crisis.
- Shifting focus to qualitative growth: Despite China’s focus shifting from quantitative to qualitative growth, the challenge of employment for educated youth persists.
Where does India stand?
- Challenges for school leavers and graduates: India faces challenges with school leavers, liberal arts graduates, and engineers from low-grade colleges who struggle to find employment.
- Shortage of specific skilled personnel: While facing a surplus of certain graduates, India experiences a shortage of skilled workers in various fields, such as plumbing, electrical work, and artisanal crafts.
Issues in India’s Skilling Efforts
- Inadequacies in skill development initiatives: Entities like the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) have not delivered effective skilling programs, focusing on short courses rather than comprehensive skill acquisition.
- Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): The potential of ITIs to address the skill gap has been hampered by resistance from state governments and the failure of partnerships with industrial enterprises.
- Private Skilling institutes: Private Skilling institutes, often in the informal sector, have emerged to fill some of the gaps left by government initiatives.
NEP and Vocational Training in India
- Vocational segmentation in NEP 2020: NEP 2020 introduces vocational training from 6th to 8th grade to improve students’ skills in specific fields.
- Need for continued vocational training: To be effective, vocational segmentation should continue at the secondary level, with dedicated schools focused on producing skilled artisans and specialists.
- Challenges in vocational education: Similar to China, vocational education in India faces challenges in attracting students compared to traditional academic paths.
Way forward
- Emulating Germany’s model: Germany’s emphasis on respecting and valuing vocational specializations can serve as a model for India.
- Success of vocational education in other countries: Several countries, including Singapore and to some extent, China, have successfully implemented vocational education systems.
- Addressing inequalities in education: In China, challenges remain in providing quality education for rural students, which can limit their access to better job opportunities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A Delhi State Minister has moved the court seeking directions for the government to decide on granting her political clearance before it is too late.
- Earlier, Delhi CM’s participation to attend the World Cities Summit in 2022 was due to delayed political clearance by the Centre.
Understanding Political Clearance
- Political clearance is issued by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and is required for public servants and government officials traveling abroad.
- Applications for political clearance can be made through the epolclearance.gov.in portal since 2016.
- The decision on political clearance considers various factors, including the nature of the event, level of participation, invitation, and India’s relations with the host country.
(1) Process for CMs and State Ministers to Travel Abroad
- Informing the cabinet: The Cabinet Secretariat’s circular of May 6, 2015, mandates informing the Cabinet Secretariat and Ministry of External Affairs about proposed foreign visits by CMs and State Ministers.
- Mandatory nature: Prior political clearance and FCRA clearance are mandatory for such visits.
- Application process: The application for clearance must be sent to the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA).
(2) For other Ministers and Parliamentarians
- Union ministers require clearance from the Prime Minister’s Office in addition to political clearance from the MEA for official and personal trips abroad.
- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha members need clearance from the Speaker and Chairperson respectively, only for official trips.
- Government employees, depending on their rank and delegation type, require approval from the Minister concerned or a screening committee of secretaries.
(3) Application to Judges
- Judges of the Supreme Court and state High Courts must send their proposals to the Department of Justice after obtaining clearance from the Chief Justice of India.
- Approval from the MEA and, in certain cases, the Home Ministry is required.
- Delhi High Court has struck down guidelines on judges’ personal travel in the past.
Debates surrounding political clearance
- In his early term, PM Modi held meetings with Union department secretaries to discuss the issue.
- Calls have been made to change the “dilatory system” of MEA clearing travel proposals by officials.
- The MEA has asserted its prerogative in deciding the suitability, desirability, and level of participation of Indian officials in engagements abroad.
Reasons for Political Clearance Denials
- The inappropriateness of direct correspondence: The MEA may consider direct correspondence between a diplomatic mission and a state government as inappropriate, leading to denial of clearance for a visit.
- Substantive and protocol considerations: Concerns may arise regarding the substantive and protocol aspects of a CM’s visit, which could influence the decision to deny political clearance.
- Unsuitability or undesirability: The nature of the event or the level of participation from other countries might be deemed unsuitable or undesirable for a CM’s visit, resulting in denial of clearance.
- Special consideration challenges: Concerned agencies may face challenges in providing special consideration to a Chief Minister’s visit, considering substantive and protocol angles.
- Prevailing circumstances: The prevailing circumstances, including diplomatic relations with the host country or other relevant factors, can play a role in the decision to deny political clearance.
- National security concerns: In certain cases, national security considerations may lead to the denial of political clearance for an official visit.
- Lack of sufficient justification: If the purpose or justification provided for the visit is not deemed sufficient, the political clearance request may be denied.
Importance of Political Clearance
- Ensures effective representation and protection of India’s interests abroad.
- Maintains diplomatic relations and adheres to established protocols.
- Balances security concerns with the need for international engagements.
Implications for diplomacy
- Denial of political clearance can impact bilateral and multilateral relationships.
- Strengthens cooperation and dialogue between countries.
- Builds trust and goodwill through smooth facilitation of visits and engagements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI), DICGC
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recommendation for DICGC cover extension: A committee suggests extending Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) cover to Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI) holders to protect against fraud and unauthorized transactions.
- Relief for PPI holders: Acceptance of the recommendation would provide significant relief to PPI holders.
Understanding Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI)
- Definition: PPIs are instruments facilitating various financial transactions and the purchase of goods and services.
- Types: PPIs can be categorized as small PPIs and full-KYC PPIs, issued as cards or wallets.
- Loading/reloading options: PPIs can be loaded/reloaded with cash, debit/credit cards, or bank transfers.
Issuers of PPI Instruments
- Authorized issuers: Banks and non-banks authorized by the RBI can issue PPIs.
- Examples of authorized issuers: Airtel Payments Bank, Axis Bank, Union Bank, and others are permitted to issue and operate PPIs.
- Non-bank PPI issuers: Amazon Pay (India), Bajaj Finance, Ola Financial Services, and others also offer PPI services.
RBI Committee’s Recommendations
- Call for DICGC cover examination: The committee recommends examining the extension of DICGC cover to bank and non-bank PPIs.
- Purpose of examination: Considering PPIs as deposits held with regulated PPI issuers requires further examination.
Understanding DICGC
- Role of DICGC: DICGC, a subsidiary of the RBI, provides deposit insurance.
- Protection for depositors: DICGC ensures the stability of the financial system by protecting small depositors in the event of a bank failure.
- Coverage scope: DICGC covers commercial banks, payments banks, small finance banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks licensed by the RBI.
DICGC Coverage and Limits
- Types of deposits covered: DICGC insures savings, fixed, current, recurring, and accrued interest deposits.
- Maximum insurance limit: Each depositor is insured up to a maximum of Rs 5 lakh for both principal and interest amounts.
- Increase in insurance cover: The insurance cover was raised to Rs 5 lakh in 2020 from the previous limit of Rs 1 lakh.
Total Number of PPIs
- PPI quantity as of March 31, 2023: The system comprised 16,185.26 lakh PPIs, including 13,384.68 lakh wallets and 2,800.58 lakh cards.
- Transaction volume in FY2023: The total volume transacted through PPIs in FY2023 reached 74,667.44 lakh.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Price Support Scheme (PSS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Procurement Ceilings for Pulses: The government has removed the procurement ceilings of 40% for tur, urad, and masur under the Price Support Scheme (PSS) operations for 2023-24.
What is Price Support Scheme (PSS)?
- Physical procurement: The Price Support Scheme (PSS) involves the physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra by Central Nodal Agencies.
- Nodal Agencies: The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) and the Food Corporation of India (FCI) are the designated agencies responsible for procuring crops under the PSS.
- Implementation: The scheme is implemented in collaboration with state governments, who exempt the procured commodities from mandi tax and provide logistical support, including gunny bags and working capital.
Need for such scheme
- Balancing farmer and consumer interests: The PSS strikes a balance between the welfare of farmers and consumers, ensuring fair returns for farmers and affordable prices for consumers.
- Remunerative prices: The primary objectives of the PSS are to provide remunerative prices to farmers, encouraging increased investment and production, while ensuring affordable prices and availability for consumers.
- Encouraging production: By offering a guaranteed price, the PSS incentivizes farmers to invest in agricultural production, leading to increased output and self-sufficiency.
- Consumer welfare: The scheme aims to protect the interests of consumers by ensuring a stable supply of essential commodities at reasonable prices, reducing intermediation costs.
- Market intervention: The PSS acts as a market intervention measure, stabilizing prices, and mitigating the risks faced by farmers due to market fluctuations and unforeseen circumstances.
- Support for agricultural growth: The scheme is part of the government’s broader efforts to support agricultural growth, enhance farmer income, and promote food security in the country.
Why in news?
- Notified Essential commodities: On June 2, 2023, the government imposed stock limits on tur and urad by invoking the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
- Prevent hoarding: The imposition aims to prevent hoarding and unscrupulous speculation, as well as improve affordability for consumers.
- Applicability and declaration: Stock limits are applicable to wholesalers, retailers, big chain retailers, millers, and importers, who are required to declare their stock position on the portal of the Department of Consumer Affairs.
Enforcement of Stock Limits by State Governments:
- Directives to state governments: The Department of Consumer Affairs has directed state governments to ensure strict enforcement of the stock limits in their respective states.
- Monitoring and verification: States have been asked to monitor prices and verify the stock position by coordinating with various warehouse operators.
- Cooperation from warehousing corporations: Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) and State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs) have been requested to provide details of tur and urad stocks held in their warehouses.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nyaya Vikas Program
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Nyaya Vikas Portal has been created for monitoring the implementation of the Centrally Sponsored, Nyaya Vikas Scheme.
What is Nyaya Vikas Program?
- Initiated by the Department of Justice in 1993-94.
- Aims to develop infrastructure facilities for districts and subordinate judiciary.
- Provides central assistance to state governments and UT administrations for constructing court halls and residential units.
- Extended beyond March 31, 2021, with additional features for convenience, such as lawyers’ halls, toilet complexes, and digital computer rooms.
- Funding sharing pattern: 60:40 between the central government and state governments (excluding North Eastern and Himalayan States), 90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States, and 100% for Union Territories.
About Nyaya Vikas Portal
- The Nyaya Vikas Portal has been created to monitor the implementation of the CSS for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Districts and Subordinate Judiciary.
- It allows stakeholders to log in through four efficient ways, providing seamless access to information related to funding, documentation, project monitoring, and approval.
- The portal ensures transparency and accessibility by providing stakeholders with a centralized platform to access information about funding, documentation, project monitoring, and approval processes.
Impact of the Scheme
- Improved infrastructure: The portal’s monitoring capabilities contribute to the effective utilization of funds for constructing court halls, residential units, lawyers’ halls, toilet complexes, and digital computer rooms.
- Enhanced judicial services: By providing better infrastructure and facilities, the portal enhances the delivery of judicial services to lawyers, litigants, and judicial officers.
- Strengthened rule of law: The efficient implementation of the scheme through the portal strengthens the rule of law by ensuring access to justice and adequate infrastructure for the judiciary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Varunastra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Test-firing achievement: The indigenously designed and developed heavy weight torpedo (HWT) Varunastra was successfully test-fired by the Indian Navy, targeting an undersea target with a live warhead.
Varunastra: Feature Details
- Advanced features: Varunastra is a ship-launched anti-submarine torpedo equipped with low drift navigational systems, acoustic homing, advanced acoustic countermeasures, autonomous guidance algorithms, an insensitive munitions warhead, and a GPS-based recovery aid for practice torpedoes.
- Designed and developed by NSTL: Varunastra was designed and developed by the Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL) based in Vizag under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
- Manufacturing by BDL: Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) is responsible for the manufacturing of Varunastra.
Technical Specifications and Capabilities
- Speed, depth, and range: Varunastra boasts a maximum speed of 40 knots and a maximum operating depth of 600 meters. It has long-range and multi-manoeuvering capabilities.
- Acoustic homing and tracking: The torpedo features acoustic homing with a wide look angle, allowing it to track silent targets effectively.
- Advanced guidance and navigational systems: Varunastra incorporates autonomous advanced guidance algorithms and drift navigational systems, enabling precise targeting and long-endurance operations.
Significance of the test fire
- Mainstay of anti-submarine warfare: Varunastra is set to become the primary anti-submarine torpedo for all naval warships, replacing older torpedoes capable of firing HWT.
- Enhanced anti-submarine warfare: The induction of Varunastra as the mainstay anti-submarine torpedo strengthens the Indian Navy’s capabilities in countering underwater threats.
- Self-reliance and indigenous development: The successful development and deployment of Varunastra highlight India’s progress in indigenous defence technologies and reduce dependence on imports.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major breakthroughs is Indian Railways
Mains level: Railways accidents and Safety and Congestion challenges
Central Idea
- The recent tragic collision in Balasore, Odisha, resulting in a substantial loss of lives and injuries, highlights the urgent need for improving rail safety in India. To compete with advancements in air and road transport, India must invest in expanding and modernizing its rail network.
Safety Concerns in India’s Railway System
- Train Accidents: India has witnessed train accidents, including derailments and collisions, which pose a significant safety risk. These accidents can result from various factors such as track defects, signalling failures, human error, and equipment malfunction.
- Overcrowding: Overcrowded trains, especially during peak travel times, raise safety concerns. Passengers boarding overcrowded coaches may face difficulties in movement, increasing the risk of falls, accidents, and potential stampedes in emergency situations.
- Level Crossings: Unmanned level crossings and inadequate safety measures at crossings pose a significant safety challenge. Accidents occur when vehicles or pedestrians cross railway tracks without proper warning systems, leading to collisions with trains.
- Inadequate Safety Infrastructure: The absence of modern safety infrastructure, such as advanced signalling systems, Automatic Train Protection (ATP) systems, and train control mechanisms, can compromise safety standards. Outdated equipment and infrastructure increase the risk of accidents.
- Maintenance and Inspections: Insufficient maintenance practices and inadequate inspection protocols can result in safety hazards. Timely inspection of tracks, bridges, signals, rolling stock, and electrical systems is crucial to identify and rectify potential risks.
- Encroachment on Tracks: Unauthorized encroachments near railway tracks, including slums, settlements, and informal markets, pose safety risks. These encroachments increase the likelihood of accidents and hinder effective track maintenance and monitoring.
- Human Factors: Human error, including negligence, fatigue, and inadequate training, can contribute to safety incidents. Ensuring well-rested and properly trained staff, including drivers, guards, and maintenance personnel, is essential to mitigate human-related safety risks.
- Security Concerns: Security threats, including theft, sabotage, and acts of terrorism, pose safety risks for passengers and railway operations. Ensuring robust security measures and coordination with law enforcement agencies are crucial to maintain a safe railway environment.
International Comparison of Railway Safety
- Developed Countries: Countries with well-developed railway systems such as Japan, China, Turkey, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have significantly better railway safety records compared to India. Stringent safety regulations, advanced infrastructure, modern signalling systems, and effective maintenance practices contribute to their superior safety standards.
- Passenger Train Speeds: In developed railway systems, most passenger trains operate at much higher speeds compared to India. For instance, Japan’s Shinkansen, China’s high-speed trains, and European high-speed rail services commonly achieve speeds of 200-350 kmph, ensuring efficient and safe travel. This stands in contrast to India’s average train speeds of approximately 50 kmph.
- Safety Performance Ranking: If a ranking of major railways based on safety performance were to be made, India would likely place slightly higher than countries such as Egypt, Mexico, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This suggests the need for improvement to match the safety standards of leading railway systems.
- Infrastructure and Network Length: China, with its similar geographic size and population, provides a relevant comparison for India. China has made significant strides in expanding and modernizing its railway network. By surpassing India’s total route length and investing in infrastructure upgrades, China has been able to enhance safety and accommodate growing passenger and freight demands effectively.
- Technological Advancements: Developed countries have embraced advanced technologies and innovations to enhance railway safety. These include state-of-the-art signaling systems, automated train control mechanisms, and advanced maintenance practices. India can draw lessons from their successful adoption of these technologies to improve safety standards.
Facts for prelims
Mission Raftaar
- Mission Raftar is a strategic plan announced by the Indian Railway Board in 2017-18 with the objective of significantly increasing the speed of both freight and passenger trains in India.
- The plan aimed to double the average speed of freight trains from 25 kmph to 50 kmph and achieve a 50 percent increase in passenger train speeds from 50 kmph to 75 kmph within a span of five years
|
Lessons from China’s Success
- Phased Development: China’s phased approach to railway development, focusing on speed enhancements on existing lines, allows for a smooth transition towards faster rail travel. India can learn from this approach and prioritize upgrades on existing routes before venturing into new high-speed projects.
- Dedicated Passenger Lines: China’s emphasis on dedicated passenger lines played a crucial role in achieving optimal speed and efficiency. India should prioritize the development of dedicated passenger lines, especially on major trunk routes, to enhance safety and improve service quality.
- Expansion of Route Length: China’s ambitious expansion of its rail network demonstrates the importance of extending routes and connecting major cities and regions. India can benefit from infrastructure expansion to accommodate growing demands, reduce congestion, and improve connectivity.
- Technological Advancements: China’s investment in advanced technologies, such as signaling systems, train control, and maintenance practices, significantly improved its railway system. India can learn from this and prioritize technological innovation to enhance safety, efficiency, and maintenance protocols.
- Balancing Cost and Affordability: While China’s high-speed rail network is impressive, India must find a balance between cost and affordability. Investing in 200-250 kmph high-speed lines on the existing broad-gauge network offers a cost-effective solution that leverages India’s terrain and existing infrastructure.
- Public-Private Partnerships and International Collaboration: China’s railway success was built on strong collaborations and partnerships. India can learn from this approach by fostering public-private partnerships and collaborating with countries known for their advanced railway systems. This enables knowledge transfer, technology sharing, and financial support.
Conclusion
- For India to transform its railways into a lifeline of transportation, urgent attention must be given to enhancing rail safety and speed. Drawing inspiration from successful models like China, India should invest in modernizing its infrastructure and building high-speed lines on the existing network. By doing so, India can overcome safety concerns, compete with other modes of transport, and ensure a brighter future for rail travel.
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's energy transition targets
Mains level: India's Energy Transition and the role os states
Central Idea
- In the forthcoming G20 forum, India intends to propose a diversified approach to energy pathways that considers the distinct contexts and development trajectories of countries. By bridging the gap between national ambitions and State-level implementation, India can effectively achieve its climate pledges and drive actions at the regional level.
Why States Matter in India’s energy transition?
- Implementation and Realization of National Targets: While the central government sets goals and provides support, the actual realization of these targets depends on how they align with State priorities and capabilities. States serve as the spheres of implementation, and their active participation is essential for achieving national energy goals.
- Addressing Legacy Issues: The electricity sector in India faces challenges such as high losses, unreliable supply, and poor service quality. These issues are deeply rooted in the State-level political economy and must be addressed at the regional level. States are responsible for tackling these legacy issues, which can be exacerbated during the energy transition if left unaddressed.
- Laboratories of Policy Innovations: States in India have been instrumental in driving policy innovations, particularly in the renewable energy sector. Early initiatives taken by States like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu have significantly contributed to the uptake of renewable energy at the national level.
- Roadblocks or Support for National Goals: States can either facilitate or hinder the achievement of national energy goals, depending on their perception of alignment with State priorities. If the national goals are perceived as misaligned or imposing undue burdens on certain States, they may become roadblocks to progress.
- Regional Diversities and Opportunities: India is a vast and diverse country with significant regional variations in resources, economic development, and social priorities. States have unique contexts, capabilities, and opportunities that need to be taken into account during the energy transition. Recognizing and engaging with State-level diversities is essential for developing targeted and effective policies that consider regional nuances.
Insights from Achievements and Challenges of India’s energy transition
- Partial Achievement of Targets: While India made significant progress towards its 2022 target of 175 GW renewable energy capacity, it was not fully achieved. This highlights the importance of understanding the factors that contribute to successful implementation at the State level.
- Regional Disparities: Only a few States, such as Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan, were able to meet their individual renewable energy targets. The concentration of renewable energy capacity in certain regions, particularly in the west and south of India, highlights the need for a more balanced and inclusive distribution across States.
- Implementation Challenges: The energy transition faces implementation challenges related to various factors such as land availability, infrastructure development, policy framework, and financial viability. These challenges vary from State to State and require tailored solutions to overcome barriers and ensure smooth implementation.
- Importance of State-Level Support: State governments play a crucial role in driving the energy transition. States with supportive policies, favorable regulatory frameworks, and proactive engagement have demonstrated higher success rates in achieving renewable energy targets.
- Learnings from State-Level Experiments: Successful State-level initiatives in renewable energy, such as Gujarat and Rajasthan’s early adoption of solar energy and Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu’s focus on wind energy, provide valuable lessons for scaling up renewable energy adoption at the national level.
- Addressing Legacy Issues: Legacy issues in the electricity sector, such as high losses and unreliable supply, pose challenges to the energy transition. These issues are deeply ingrained in the State-level political economy and require targeted interventions and reforms to ensure a smooth transition to clean and sustainable energy sources.
- Balancing National Goals and State Priorities: State priorities and goals may sometimes differ from national objectives, creating potential roadblocks. It is crucial to align national goals with State priorities and consider regional contexts to build consensus and ensure that the energy transition is inclusive and equitable.
Importance of State-Level Framework in the context of India’s energy transition
- Understanding State Plans and Actions: A state-level framework helps in comprehending the specific plans, actions, and governance processes undertaken by individual states regarding the energy transition.
- Broadening the Transition Discourse: By applying a state-level framework, the focus of the transition discourse expands beyond mere outcome-oriented discussions. It includes an analysis of the processes that shape the outcomes, such as transparency, accountability, affordability, and reliability of services.
- Enhancing Transparency and Legitimacy: A state-level framework ensures that stakeholders are engaged and have the opportunity to participate, contribute, and provide inputs. This transparency fosters public legitimacy and buy-in for complex decisions related to the energy transition, enhancing public acceptance and support for sustainable energy initiatives.
- Addressing State-Level Diversities: A state-level framework allows for a more nuanced understanding of these diversities and tailors energy transition strategies accordingly. It recognizes that what works in one state may not be directly applicable or effective in another state, leading to more context-specific and targeted policies and interventions.
- Evidence-Based Policy Choices: A state-level framework facilitates evidence-based policy choices by providing a structured approach to assess state-level preparedness and requirements for the energy transition. It enables comprehensive analyses of factors such as targets, resources, cross-sectoral inter-linkages, and implications of policy decisions
- Sensitizing National Policy Discourse: Viewing the energy transition through the lens of state-level preparedness brings greater sensitivity to state-level diversities, priorities, capacities, and opportunities.
Way ahead: A Multi-Scale Planning and Execution Strategy
- National-Level Planning: National-level planning involves defining renewable energy goals, establishing regulatory frameworks, and providing financial incentives to promote renewable energy adoption. It also includes creating an enabling environment through supportive policies, such as feed-in tariffs, subsidies, and tax incentives.
- State-Level Engagement: Engaging with States is vital as they have diverse contexts, priorities, and capabilities. State-level planning involves aligning national goals with State priorities and developing tailored strategies to address regional challenges and opportunities.
- Regional and Local Implementation: Energy transition planning should extend to regional and local levels. This involves working closely with local communities, stakeholders, and authorities to ensure effective implementation of renewable energy projects.
- Integration of Inter-Linkages: A multi-scale planning approach should consider inter-linkages between various sectors and dimensions of the energy transition. Identifying and leveraging these inter-linkages can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy transition.
- Capacity Building and Knowledge Exchange: A multi-scale strategy should prioritize capacity building and knowledge exchange across all levels. This includes providing training and support to State-level policymakers, energy officials, and local communities to enhance their understanding of renewable energy technologies, financing mechanisms, and implementation best practices.
Facts for prelims
THE PANCHAMRIT (The five-nectar-element commitments)
- Indian Will take its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
- Indian will meet 50 % of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
- India will reduce the total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now till 2030.
- By 2030, India will reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by less than 45 percent.
- By the year 2070, India will achieve the target of net zero
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Conclusion
- Engaging with States is crucial for India’s energy transition as they act as key stakeholders in the implementation of national goals. A multi-scale approach that considers State-level contexts, priorities, and capabilities will pave the way for a successful transition. By establishing a State-level framework, analyzing inter-linkages, and understanding regional preparedness, India can expedite its energy transition, achieve its climate pledges, and create a more sustainable future
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20 cooperation and global governance
Mains level: Nation-states and potential risks and implications of emerging technologies.
Central idea
- The rapid development of technology since the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000 has significantly transformed our societies and daily lives. While the convenience brought by technology is undeniable, it has also presented complex challenges that demand a re-evaluation of fundamental concepts in polity and governance. This article explores the challenges to the notion of the nation-state and emphasizes the need for a principle-based global order to govern technology.
Notion of nation state
- The notion of a nation-state refers to the concept of a territorially-bound and politically sovereign entity that represents a distinct nation.
- It combines the idea of a nation, which represents a group of people sharing common characteristics and a sense of collective identity, with the idea of a state, which encompasses a defined territory and has the authority to govern its population
The key characteristics of a nation-state
- Sovereignty: The nation-state possesses full political authority and independence within its defined territory. It has the right to govern itself and make decisions without external interference.
- Territoriality: The nation-state has defined borders that delineate its territory. The borders are intended to protect the nation’s interests and provide a sense of belonging and identity for its citizens.
- Nationhood: The nation-state represents a distinct nation or a group of people sharing common characteristics, including language, culture, history, and often a sense of shared destiny or common identity.
- Governance: The nation-state has its own political institutions, including a government, legal system, and administrative apparatus, through which it exercises authority and makes decisions on behalf of its citizens.
Challenges to the Notion of Nation-States in the age of technology
- Shifting Boundaries: The rise of cyber-attacks and other externalities that transcend borders, such as data flows and digital interactions, have a profound impact on the socio-economic and political existence of nation-states. This blurring of physical boundaries challenges the traditional understanding of nation-states as confined to a specific geographical space.
- Enforceability of Laws: The enforceability of geography-based rules has become increasingly complex due to the declining significance of conventional geographical borders. In the digital era, virtual activities are not confined to the borders of a country but travel across the world through the internet. When these activities violate the laws of a particular nation-state, enforcing those laws becomes challenging without a globally-accepted norm or framework.
- Incapacity to Regulate Technology: Nation-states are no longer the sole conduits through which various actors, including multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and supranational organizations, operate. The growing role of private non-state actors in areas such as mapping technology illustrates the shifting dynamics of governance and regulation.
Facts for prelims
What is SAI20?
- SAI20 stands for Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of G20 countries.
- It is a forum where SAIs from G20 countries can engage with each other to share their experiences and expertise in auditing public policies and governance practices.
- The group meets annually to discuss important issues related to public auditing and to develop joint initiatives to promote good governance and accountability in their respective countries.
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Incapacity of Nation-States to Effectively Administer Technology
- Proliferation of Non-State Actors: Technology has enabled the rise of non-state actors, such as multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and supranational organizations, that operate beyond the traditional jurisdiction of nation-states. As a result, nation-states often lack the authority and mechanisms to effectively govern and regulate the activities of these non-state actors.
- Technological Expertise Gap: Nation-states may face challenges in keeping up with the pace of technological advancements and maintaining a skilled workforce capable of effectively administering and regulating technology. This expertise gap hampers their ability to understand and address the intricate issues arising from the use and impact of technology.
- Regulatory Lag: Nation-states may struggle to keep up with the innovative applications of technology and may find it difficult to create and implement comprehensive regulations that address the potential risks and implications of emerging technologies.
- Lack of Cross-Border Enforcement Mechanisms: When activities occurring beyond physical boundaries violate the laws of a particular nation-state, enforcing those laws becomes complicated without internationally accepted norms and cooperation from other jurisdictions. This lack of cross-border enforcement mechanisms undermines the capacity of nation-states to administer technology effectively.
- Resource Limitations: Nation-states may face resource limitations in terms of funding, infrastructure, and technological capabilities necessary to effectively administer and regulate technology. The fast-paced and resource-intensive nature of technology requires significant investments and infrastructure development, which may be challenging for some nations to prioritize or achieve.
Way Forward
- International Cooperation and Coordination: Collaborative efforts should focus on sharing best practices, harmonizing regulations, and establishing common principles and norms for governing technology. Platforms such as the United Nations, G-20, and other international organizations should facilitate dialogues and promote consensus-building among nations.
- Principle-Based Global Order: A principle-based global order for technology should be developed to guide governance frameworks and ensure fair, transparent, and accountable practices. This order should encompass principles such as privacy protection, data sovereignty, ethical use of technology, and universal access.
- Inclusive Decision-Making: Decision-making processes regarding technology governance should be inclusive, ensuring the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including governments, civil society, academia, and the private sector.
- Strengthening Regulatory Capacities: Nation-states need to enhance their regulatory capacities to keep pace with technological advancements. This involves investing in research and development, fostering collaboration between public and private sectors, and promoting technological literacy among policymakers and regulators.
- Bridging the Digital Divide: To ensure equitable benefits from technology, efforts should be made to bridge the digital divide, both within and between nations. This includes promoting universal access to affordable and reliable internet connectivity, investing in digital infrastructure, and fostering digital skills development.
- Ethical Use of Technology: Ethical considerations should underpin the development and deployment of technology. This includes promoting responsible innovation, ensuring the ethical use of data, and addressing potential biases and discriminatory impacts of technological systems. Nation-states should encourage the adoption of ethical frameworks, codes of conduct, and standards to guide the development and application of emerging technologies.
Conclusion
- The advent of technology has disrupted conventional notions of nation-states, leading to the need for reimagining governance structures. The challenges posed by technology require a principle-based global order to effectively govern its use and impact. India, with its current leadership role in the G-20, has the opportunity to spearhead the development of this global order, just as it has done in other global initiatives. By embracing this approach, we can navigate the complexities of technology and ensure that its benefits are harnessed while minimizing the risks and maintaining a balance between sovereignty, regulation, and privacy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- HC orders strict compliance: The High Court of Karnataka emphasized the need for strict compliance with Section 19 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, particularly by doctors, to prevent offenders from escaping legal consequences.
- Responsibility of Stakeholders: The court highlighted that all stakeholders, including doctors, have a responsibility to report offences under the POCSO Act.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act
|
| History |
Enacted in 2012 |
| Purpose and Scope |
Legal protection to children from sexual offences, exploitation, and abuse. |
| Safeguarding Children’s Rights |
Addresses various sexual offences including assault, child pornography, and harassment to safeguard children’s well-being. |
| Age of Consent |
Any sexual activity with person under 18 is deemed an offence, regardless of minor’s consent. |
| Child-Friendly Approach |
Implements child-friendly procedures for investigations, minimizing trauma and ensuring safety and welfare. |
| Reporting Obligations |
Requires stakeholders, including doctors, to promptly report suspected cases of child sexual offences. |
| Enhanced Punishments |
Prescribes stringent punishments and fast-track courts for expediting legal proceedings and delivering justice. |
| Support for Victims |
Emphasizes support, rehabilitation, and counseling services for victims, along with child-friendly courtrooms. |
| Awareness and Prevention |
Focuses on creating awareness, preventive measures, and educating children, parents, and communities on child protection. |
| Continuous Amendments and Enhancements |
Undergoes periodic amendments to strengthen the legal framework and adapt to evolving challenges in protecting children. |
Why in the news?
- Chargesheet against Medical Practitioner: The chargesheet filed against a doctor was not quashed by the court. He was charged for failing to report an offence under the POCSO Act.
- Treatment of a Minor: The case involved the medical treatment of a girl who was admitted to the hospital following an abortion caused by the consumption of a termination of pregnancy tablet.
- Addressing Consensual Sexual Activity and Abuse: Strict compliance with reporting obligations is crucial to ensure that offences arising from consensual sexual activity, rape, or sexual abuse against children are properly addressed under the law.
Age Discrepancy and Offence Details
- Age Discrepancy: The girl’s age, initially recorded as 18 years and three months in hospital documents, was later revealed to be around 12 years and 11 months in the complaint under the POCSO Act.
- Sexual Intercourse and Abortion: The complaint alleged that the girl was forced to have sexual intercourse by her 21-year-old boyfriend, who administered a tablet to terminate the pregnancy, leading to heavy bleeding.
- Complaint Timing: The POCSO Act complaint was filed approximately two months after the girl’s treatment at the petitioner’s hospital.
Court’s Analysis and Trial Testing
- Doctor’s Disbelief Claim: The court rejected the doctor’s contention that he had no reason to disbelieve the individuals who brought the girl to the hospital and claimed she was 18 years and three months old.
- Observations on Doctor’s Experience: The court found it highly improbable that the doctor, with 35 years of experience as a gynaecologist, did not recognize that the victim was of tender age.
- Testing in Trial: The court emphasized that the doctor’s claim of ignorance regarding the victim’s age would be examined during the trial proceedings.
Importance of Reporting by Doctors
- Ensuring Accountability: Strict compliance with reporting obligations by doctors is essential to hold offenders accountable for their actions under the POCSO Act.
- Preventing Offenders from Escaping Justice: Failure to report offences, especially by medical practitioners, can allow offenders to evade legal consequences and perpetuate harm against children.
- Safeguarding Child Welfare: Timely reporting of offences by doctors is crucial to protect the welfare and rights of children who may be victims of sexual abuse or exploitation.
Need for State Intervention and Direction
- State’s Role in Enforcement: The court highlighted the necessity for the state to intervene and direct strict compliance with Section 19 of the POCSO Act, specifically by doctors involved in medical termination of pregnancy for minors in extenuating circumstances.
- Preventing Offences in Extenuating Circumstances: By ensuring strict compliance, the state can prevent offenders from exploiting extenuating circumstances, such as medical termination of pregnancy, to escape the legal repercussions of their actions.
Way Forward
- Training and Sensitization: Specialized training programs should be conducted to sensitize doctors about identifying signs of child abuse and reporting suspicious cases promptly.
- Streamlined Reporting Mechanisms: Establishing streamlined and confidential reporting mechanisms within the healthcare system can facilitate the reporting process and encourage doctors to fulfill their reporting obligations.
- Collaboration and Coordination: Effective collaboration between healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, and child protection authorities is crucial to ensure a coordinated response in cases involving child sexual offences.
- Stringency against non-Compliance: Implementing stringent consequences for doctors who fail to report offences can serve as a deterrent and reinforce the importance of fulfilling reporting obligations.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the reporting system can identify gaps, challenges, and areas for improvement to strengthen the reporting process and enhance child protection measures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Environment Day
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Plastics have become an integral part of human life, despite their adverse environmental impact.
- World Environment Day (5th June) serves as a reminder of our responsibility to address plastic pollution.
Why in news?
- 50th Anniversary of World Environment Day: The day, led by UNEP since 1973, marks its 50th anniversary this year.
- Global Platform for Environmental Outreach: World Environment Day has grown into the largest global platform for environmental outreach.
- Theme- #BeatPlasticPollution: This year’s World Environment Day focuses on the urgent need to combat plastic pollution.
World Environment Day 2023
|
| Date |
June 5th |
| Theme (2023) |
Ecosystem Restoration |
| Host Country (2023) |
Pakistan |
| Established |
World Environment Day was established in 1972 by the United Nations at the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment |
| Purpose |
To raise awareness and promote action for environmental protection |
| Importance |
Platform for global environmental campaigns and initiatives |
| Activities |
Various activities are organized worldwide, such as tree planting, clean-up drives, and educational programs |
| Previous Themes |
Previous themes have focused on topics like biodiversity, air pollution, plastic pollution, and more |
| Organized by |
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) |
Plastic pollution and the need for Solutions
- Plastic pollution is a pressing global issue that requires immediate attention.
- Over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, with less than 10% being recycled.
- Plastic pollution negatively affects ecosystems and poses risks to human health.
Understanding Plastic Pollution
- Versatile Nature of Plastics: Plastics are synthetic materials capable of being shaped and molded according to requirements.
- Types of Plastics: Commodity plastics, such as PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS, dominate global production.
- Identification Codes and Different Properties: Plastics can be identified by their resin identification codes (RIC) and possess distinct properties.
Environmental impact of plastics
- Plastics have revolutionized various industries but raise significant environmental concerns.
- Plastics have a slow decomposition rate, leading to the persistence of plastic waste.
- Microplastics, including primary and secondary types, accumulate in various environments.
Health risks and toxic chemicals
- Microplastics contain toxic chemicals that pose risks to human health.
- Bisphenol A (BPA) in microplastics can have detrimental effects on human health.
Worst examples of Plastic Pollution
- The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a vast collection of plastic and microplastic waste.
- It was formed due to converging ocean currents and is situated in the North Pacific Ocean.
- It covers a surface area of 1.6 million sq km, with smaller patches in other oceans.
Actions against Plastic Pollution
- Urgency for Collective Action: Plastic pollution necessitates collective efforts and immediate action.
- World Environment Day’s Reminder of Responsibility: World Environment Day serves as a reminder of our responsibility to address plastic pollution.
Way forward
- Plastic Recycling: Advanced recycling technologies offer new ways to efficiently recycle plastic waste.
- Promoting Circular Economy Models: Embracing circular economy principles can reduce plastic waste and promote sustainable resource usage.
- Education and Awareness Campaigns: Spreading awareness and educating the public about the impact of plastic pollution can drive behavioral change.
- Collaboration between Industries and Governments: Cooperation between industries and governments is essential to develop comprehensive strategies for tackling plastic pollution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) conducts investigations into train accidents, including the recent tragic train crash in Odisha.
About Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS)
- Role of CRS: CRS is a government body responsible for railway safety oversight and carries out inspectorial, investigatory, and advisory functions as mandated by the Railways Act, 1989.
- Headquarters: The CRS is headquartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA).
Evolution of CRS and Safety Oversight
- Early Railways in India: Private companies constructed and operated the first railways in India in the 1800s, with the British Indian government appointing consulting engineers for control and oversight.
- Establishment of Government Inspectors: The consulting engineers were later designated as government inspectors, and in 1883, their position was recognized statutorily.
- Inclusion in the Railway Board: In the early 1900s, the Railway Inspectorate came under the Railway Board, established in 1905, making the board the safety controlling authority for Indian railways.
Separation of Safety Oversight and Railway Board
- Government of India Act, 1935: The act stated that an independent authority, separate from the Railway Board, should be responsible for ensuring the safety of railway operations.
- Delayed Implementation: The outbreak of World War II in 1939 delayed the separation, and the Railway Inspectorate continued to function under the control of the Railway Board.
- Mount Panel Report: In 1939, the Mount Panel recommended the separation of the Railway Inspectorate from the Railway Board, acknowledging the board’s agreement with the proposal.
Transfer of Railway Inspectorate’s Control
- Central Legislature’s Endorsement: In 1940, the Central Legislature endorsed the separation of the Railway Inspectorate from the Railway Board.
- Administrative Control Shift: In May 1941, the Railway Inspectorate was transferred from the Railway Board’s control to the Department of Posts and Air.
- Renaming as CRS: The Inspectorate was renamed as the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) in 1961 and placed under the administrative control of the ministry overseeing civil aviation.
Functions and Responsibilities of CRS
- Railway Safety Oversight: CRS is responsible for ensuring the safety of rail travel and operations in India.
- Inspectorial Functions: CRS conducts inspections of railway infrastructure, equipment, and operations to ensure compliance with safety standards.
- Investigatory Functions: CRS conducts thorough investigations into serious train accidents to determine the causes and make recommendations for improvements.
- Advisory Functions: CRS provides expert advice and recommendations to the Ministry of Civil Aviation and other stakeholders on matters related to railway safety.
- Collaboration with Railway Authorities: CRS works closely with the Ministry of Railways and the Railway Board to address safety concerns and implement safety measures.
- Cooperation with Other Agencies: CRS collaborates with other agencies and organizations involved in railway safety, such as the National Safety Council and the Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering.
Why does it function under MCA?
- Insulation from Railway Establishment: CRS operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation to maintain independence and prevent conflicts of interest.
- Objective Decision-Making: Independence from the railway establishment ensures impartiality in accident investigations and safety oversight.
- Enhanced Credibility: The separation of CRS from the Railway Board enhances the credibility of safety oversight and investigations.
Future Challenges and Priorities
- Modernization and Technology Integration: CRS focuses on integrating advanced technologies and modernizing railway infrastructure to enhance safety.
- Safety Culture and Behavioral Change: Promoting a strong safety culture and fostering behavioral change among railway staff and passengers are key priorities.
- Addressing Emerging Risks: CRS continuously assesses and addresses emerging safety risks, such as cybersecurity threats and climate change impacts, in railway operations.
International Collaboration and Best Practices
- Knowledge Sharing: CRS actively participates in international forums and collaborates with global railway safety organizations to exchange best practices and enhance safety standards.
- Benchmarking and Learning: CRS benchmarks its safety practices against international standards and adopts relevant best practices to improve railway safety in India.
- Harmonization of Safety Regulations: CRS contributes to the harmonization of safety regulations and standards with international frameworks to ensure interoperability and seamless rail connectivity.
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