Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Full-Reserve Banking
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Full-reserve banking, also known as 100% reserve banking, and fractional-reserve banking are two different systems of banking that determine how banks handle customer deposits and lending practices.
- This article discusses the key differences between these two banking systems and the arguments put forth by proponents of each approach.
What is Full-Reserve Banking?
- Custodian Role: In a full-reserve banking system, banks hold all money received as demand deposits from customers in their vaults, acting as safekeepers of depositors’ funds.
- Limited Lending: Banks can only lend money from time deposits, which customers can withdraw after an agreed-upon period.
- Preventing Bank Runs: The full reserve ensures banks can meet depositor demands even if all customers seek to withdraw their money simultaneously, reducing the risk of a bank run.
- Restricted Money Supply: Banks cannot create money through loans, limiting their influence on the economy’s money supply and potentially preventing artificial booms and busts.
Contrary Idea: Fractional-Reserve Banking
- Lending with Electronic Money: Banks in a fractional-reserve system predominantly lend in the form of electronic money, allowing them to lend more than the physical cash they have in vaults.
- Risk of Bank Runs: Although electronic money minimizes cash withdrawals, excessive loans can lead to a bank run if depositors demand cash that exceeds the actual cash reserves.
- Supporting Economic Growth: Proponents argue that fractional-reserve banking fuels investment and economic growth by allowing banks to create loans without relying solely on customer savings.
Arguments for both systems
- Fractional-Reserve Banking: Supporters believe fractional-reserve banking frees the economy from the constraints of real savings, stimulating investment and growth.
- Full-Reserve Banking: Supporters argue that full-reserve banking is more natural, prevents bank runs, and limits banks’ ability to create money, which could prevent economic instability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: No-Confidence Motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Opposition parties belonging to the new Alliance INDIA plan to move a no-confidence motion against the government to force the PM to speak on Manipur unrest.
Motion of No-Confidence
- In the Indian parliamentary system, a motion of no-confidence plays a crucial role in assessing the government’s strength and accountability.
- This motion allows opposition parties or any member to express their lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers, leading to a significant political event.
Procedure for No-Confidence Motion:
- Rule 198: The procedure for a no-confidence motion is laid down under Rule 198 of the rules of procedure and conduct of the Lok Sabha.
- Absence of Grounds: Such does not require specific grounds to be mentioned in the motion, and even if mentioned, these grounds do not form part of the motion.
- Lok Sabha Exclusive: It can only be moved in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha.
- Written Notice: Any member of the Lok Sabha can move a no-confidence motion by providing a written notice before 10 am.
- Acceptance and Discussion: For the motion to be accepted, a minimum of 50 members must support it. Once accepted, the Speaker announces the date for the motion’s discussion within 10 days.
- Voting: Voting can be conducted through a voice vote, division vote (using electronic gadgets, slips, or a ballot box), or a secret ballot vote.
Implications of Voting
- Majority Decision: Following the vote, the side with the majority determines the motion’s outcome.
- Speaker’s Role: In the event of a tie, the Speaker casts the deciding vote to resolve the impasse.
Outcomes
- Government Resignation: If the government fails to prove its majority in the House, it is obligated to resign from power.
- Political Impact: A successful no-confidence motion can lead to significant political changes and reshuffling of the government.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Consider the following statements regarding a No-Confidence Motion in India:
- There is no mention of a No-Confidence Motion in the Constitution of India.
- A Motion of No-Confidence can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Madhav Gadgil Report , Kasturirangan Report
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A devastating landslide in Maharashtra’s Raigad district recently resulted in the loss of 27 lives and the destruction of an entire village.
- This tragic incident has reignited discussions about the 2011 Dr Madhav Gadgil report on the conservation of the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats.
Dr Madhav Gadgil Report
- Formation: In 2010, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), chaired by ecologist Dr Madhav Gadgil, was appointed by Union Environment Ministry.
Key recommendations:
(1) Proposition of ESZs: The report proposed classifying 64 percent of the Western Ghats, spanning six states, into Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) – ESZ 1, ESZ 2, and ESZ 3, and designating the entire region as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA).
(2) Development Restrictions: The report recommended stopping almost all developmental activities, including mining, construction of thermal power plants, and dams, in ESZ 1. It also called for the phasing out of mining in ESZ 1 in Goa, banning new polluting industries in ESZ 1 and ESZ 2 in Maharashtra’s Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts, and implementing zero pollution norms for existing industries.
(3) Sustainable Farming: The report advocated a ban on growing single commercial crops, such as tea, coffee, cardamom, rubber, banana, and pineapple, to promote sustainable farming practices in the Western Ghats.
(4) Establishing a dedicated Authority: It recommended decentralization and granting more powers to local authorities in the governance of the environment. The establishment of a Western Ghats Ecology Authority was proposed to manage the region’s ecology and ensure sustainable development.
(5) Certain prohibitions: The report urged the prohibition of genetically modified crops, plastic bags, Special Economic Zones, and new hill stations, along with the protection of river ecosystems and public lands.
Challenges in Implementation:
- Stakeholder Resistance: The recommendations faced opposition from stakeholder states, fearing negative impacts on development and livelihoods.
- Formation of Kasturirangan Panel: In response to the resistance, a High-Level Working Group on Western Ghats, led by Dr K Kasturirangan, was constituted. This panel’s report, released in 2014, designated only 37 percent of the region as ecologically sensitive, significantly less than Gadgil’s proposal.
- Revision and Splitting of ESZ: The Kasturirangan report divided the Western Ghats into cultural (human settlements) and natural (non-human settlements) regions. It suggested designating cultural lands as ESAs and introduced red, orange, and green categories for activities based on regulation levels.
Controversy and Criticism
- Dr Madhav Gadgil criticized the Kasturirangan report, stating that it distorted and perverted the essence of his panel’s original recommendations.
- He highlighted the importance of including local communities in economic decisions and the need for a more pro-nature approach.
Current Status
- High-Powered Committee: By 2022, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) announced the formation of a high-powered committee to conduct physical landscaping and submit a detailed report within a year.
Conclusion
- The Raigad landslide tragedy and the discussions about the Dr Madhav Gadgil report underscore the significance of preserving the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats.
- The delicate balance between conservation efforts and developmental requirements remains a complex issue.
- It is essential for stakeholders, governments, and experts to collaborate and find sustainable solutions to protect this vital ecosystem and its biodiversity for future generations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RTI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Chief Justice of India acknowledged the concerns raised by political parties regarding the potential disclosure of internal decisions under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
- The case before the three-judge Bench seeks to determine whether national and regional political parties should be considered “public authorities” under the RTI Act.
- The court will delve into the matter further to strike a balance between transparency and the confidentiality of parties’ internal functions.
Facts for Prelims: Right to Information (RTI) Act
| Enactment |
June 15, 2005 |
| Objective |
Promote transparency and accountability |
| Applicability |
All public authorities at central, state, local levels |
| Scope |
Access to information on matters of public interest, government policies, budgets, etc. |
| RTI Application |
Filed in writing with the concerned public authority |
| Response Time |
Within 30 days (48 hours for life or liberty issues) |
| Exemptions |
Some information exempted to protect national security, privacy, etc.
Judiciary |
| Fees |
Nominal fee varies based on state and information requested |
| First Appellate Authority |
Filed if dissatisfied with the response |
| Second Appeal |
Filed with the relevant Information Commission |
| Whistleblower Protection |
Safeguards against victimization for exposing corruption |
| Impact |
Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance |
RTI Act and Political Parties
- Petitions Seeking Declaration: A batch of petitions has been filed, urging that political parties should be classified as “public authorities” under the RTI Act. The Congress, BJP, and other parties are respondents in this case.
- Concerns Raised: The Communist Party supports financial transparency but objects to revealing confidential information, such as candidate selection processes and internal discussions.
- Judicial Observation: CJI acknowledged the concerns, indicating that parties may have a point in not disclosing internal candidate selection processes.
Arguments Presented
- Benefits and Governance Role: Petitioners argue that political parties receive considerable benefits from the government, including bungalows, and play a role in governance through legislator control.
- CIC’s Ruling: The Central Information Commission (CIC) had previously declared political parties as public authorities in 2013 and 2015.
- Parties’ Response: Political parties have expressed reservations, stating that RTI disclosure may intrude on confidential discussions, affect their stance towards the government, and hinder their ability to organize protests against government policies.
- Union Government’s Stand: The government opposes the petitions, contending that parties’ internal functioning and financial information should not be compelled under the RTI Act, as this could be misused by political rivals.
CIC’s Interpretation
- Liberal Interpretation of RTI Act: The CIC’s interpretation of Section 2(h) of the RTI Act, classifying political parties as public authorities, has been disputed.
- Political Parties Not Government Bodies: The Centre argues that political parties are not government bodies established by the Constitution or any parliamentary law.
- Existing Transparency Provisions: The Income Tax Act and the Representation of the People Act already require necessary transparency regarding financial aspects of political parties.
Conclusion
- The case raises essential questions about transparency versus confidentiality in their internal operations of a political party.
- Striking a balance between citizens’ right to information and parties’ right to maintain confidentiality will be crucial in the court’s deliberation.
- The judgment could set a precedent for how political parties are held accountable to the public while safeguarding their internal processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Himachal Flood
Central Idea
- Himachal Pradesh has experienced devastating flash floods during the recent monsoon season, resulting in a significant loss of lives and assets.
- This article explores the factors contributing to the floods, including climate change and anthropogenic actions, and raises questions about the current development model’s sustainability.
Reasons for amplified Flood Impacts
[A] Climate Change and Floods
- IPCC’s Warning: The IPCC VI report predicts that the Himalayas and coastal regions of India will be the hardest hit by climate change. Increased precipitation in shorter periods is evident in the Himalayas, leading to heavy rains and floods.
- Abnormal Rainfall: Normal rainfall is expected to be between 720mm and 750mm, but instances of exceeding 888mm in 2010 and 926.9mm in 2018 have been observed. The current precipitation has been a result of the combined effect of the southwest monsoon and western disturbances.
[B] Impact of Development Model
- Dr. Parmar Model: Himachal Pradesh’s development model, initiated in 1971, transformed the state into a model of development for mountain regions. It focused on land reforms, social welfare investments, and human resource development.
- Shift in Development: Liberalization brought demands for fiscal reforms, forcing the state to generate its own resources. Exploitation of natural resources such as forests, water, tourism, and cement production became the focus of development efforts.
- Hydropower Projects: Dominant focus on hydropower projects led to uncontrolled construction, transforming mountain rivers into streams, and causing ecological damage.
- Tourism Expansion: Road expansion for tourism promotion resulted in bypassing geological studies, leading to landslides and destruction during rainfall.
- Cement Plants: Establishment of massive cement plants altered the landscape, reducing the land’s water absorption capacity and contributing to flash floods.
- Changing Crop Patterns: Shift from traditional cereal farming to cash crops increased the demand for hastily constructed roads without proper drainage, leading to rapid swelling of rivers during rainfall.
Way Forward
- Commission of Inquiry: Instituting a Commission of Inquiry involving major stakeholders can address policy framework failures and project aspects.
- Empowering Local Communities: A new architecture is needed to empower local communities over their assets. Insuring assets and involving local communities as custodians can expedite rebuilding efforts.
- Sustainable Infrastructure: With climate change as a reality, infrastructure planning should adapt to avert disasters and mitigate the impacts of heavy rainfall.
Conclusion
- The flash floods in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate the consequences of both climate change and human-induced development.
- It calls for a comprehensive approach that considers sustainable development practices, empowers local communities, and prioritizes environmental conservation to protect lives and assets in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Researchers from the University of Colorado conducted an experiment to study the electric dipole moment (EDM) of an electron.
- This EDM measurement could help solve the mystery of why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe, which goes against the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Understanding Electron’s EDM
- Electric Dipole Moment (EDM): The EDM of an electron is a measure of how its positive and negative electrical charges are distributed. Imagine it like a bar magnet: it shows how asymmetric the charge distribution is within the electron, as if the negative charge (electron) is not perfectly centered with respect to the positive charge (proton) within the particle.
- Elementary Particles: Electrons are the smallest, fundamental building blocks of matter. Their EDM is an important concept in particle physics because it helps scientists study violations of certain fundamental symmetries, such as time-reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry.
Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem
- Matter and Antimatter: Matter and antimatter are particles with opposite charges but similar properties. According to the Standard Model, equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been created during the Big Bang, but this is not what we observe in the Universe.
- Annihilation: When matter and antimatter come into contact, they annihilate each other, releasing energy. This raises the question of why there is still matter around us, as both should have completely annihilated each other after the Big Bang.
Measuring the EDM:
- EDM Measurement: By measuring the EDM of an electron, scientists can determine if the electron’s charge is perfectly centered or slightly off to one side, indicating a separation of charge.
- Time Symmetry Violation (TSV): If an electron’s EDM is non-zero, it suggests a violation of time symmetry, meaning the behavior of particles is different when time is reversed. This violation could be a clue to explaining the matter-antimatter asymmetry.
Thesis to this dichotomy: Sakharov’s Conditions
These are three conditions proposed by physicist Andrei Sakharov to explain why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe:
- Baryon Number Violation: Some processes violate the conservation of baryon number, leading to the creation of more matter than antimatter. Baryons are particles like protons and neutrons.
- C-Symmetry and CP-Symmetry Violation: Certain processes treat matter and antimatter differently due to violations of charge conjugation (C-symmetry) and combined charge conjugation with parity (CP-symmetry).
- Out-of-Equilibrium Processes: Certain processes happen out of thermal equilibrium, preventing the complete annihilation of particles and resulting in an excess of matter.
Experiment carried out
- Complex Experimental Setup: The researchers used advanced techniques involving magnetic fields, lasers, microwaves, and radiofrequency fields to control and measure the EDM of electrons confined inside molecular ions.
- EDM Bound: The experiment set a limit on the electron’s EDM, indicating that it is about 2.4 times higher than previously measured and roughly 1 billion times larger than predicted by the Standard Model.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Searching for New Physics: The measurement of the electron’s EDM opens up the possibility of discovering new physics beyond the Standard Model.
- Role in Explaining Asymmetry: The knowledge gained from EDM measurements could guide future high-energy particle colliders to produce particles that violate time symmetry, helping us understand why there is more matter than antimatter in the early Universe.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNESCO
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The US first lady held a flag-raising ceremony at UNESCO in Paris, marking Washington’s official re-entry.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
|
| Established |
November 16, 1945 |
| Headquarters |
Paris, France |
| Membership |
195 member states and 10 associate members |
| Mandate |
Promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication |
| Objectives |
- Ensuring an inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- Safeguarding cultural heritage
- Advancing scientific research and collaboration
- Promoting freedom of expression
- Fostering intercultural dialogue
|
| Notable Programs and Activities |
- World Heritage Program: Designates and preserves sites of outstanding universal value
- Education for All Program: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- International Hydrological Program: Promoting sustainable water management and cooperation
- Man and the Biosphere Program: Promoting sustainable development and Conservation of natural resources
- Intangible Cultural Heritage Program: Safeguarding and promoting intangible cultural heritage
|
A quick recap
- US and Israel’s withdrawal: Last December, the United States and Israel decided to leave UNESCO.
- Historical trajectory of engagement: The decisions should be viewed within a longer historical context.
Reasons for Withdrawal
- Anti-Semitic resolutions: The US and Israel cited several resolutions that they perceived as biased against Israel.
- Disdain for multilateralism and ‘America First’ policy: The US demonstrated a lack of interest in multilateral organizations and prioritized its own interests.
- Mounting arrears: The decision was based on mounting arrears, the need for reform, and perceived anti-Israel bias.
- Lack of interest in paying UNESCO debts: The Trump administration had little incentive to pay off debts accumulated since the Obama administration froze contributions.
Implications of the withdrawal
- Impact on UNESCO’s daily workings: The departure of the US and Israel impaired the organization’s operations.
- Limited consequence for Palestinians: The diplomatic victory for the Palestinian Authority was of little political or economic significance for Palestinians living under occupation.
Why is the US now joining back?
- Counterbalance China’s influence: The US aims to counterbalance China’s growing influence in shaping global policies on artificial intelligence and technology education.
- Protect and promote US interests: Rejoining allows the US to protect and advance its interests in cultural heritage preservation, climate change initiatives, and girls’ education.
- Reforms and diplomatic efforts: UNESCO’s management reforms and efforts to address concerns have contributed to the US decision to rejoin.
- Bipartisan support for engagement: The decision to rejoin UNESCO has received bipartisan support within the US, ensuring long-term engagement regardless of future political changes.
- Financial considerations and commitment: The US plans to fulfill financial obligations to UNESCO, including paying dues and arrears, demonstrating a commitment to supporting key initiatives within the organization.
Conclusion
- The decision of the United States to rejoin UNESCO reflects a strategic effort to counterbalance China’s influence, protect and promote American interests, and engage in international efforts for cultural preservation, climate change, and education.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tax reforms in news
Mains level: Tax on online gaming, advantages and impact on industry, Need for balanced approach
What’s the news?
- The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council recently decided to impose the top 28% slab on online gaming, horse racing, and casinos.
- The government anticipates earning an additional Rs 20,000 crore per annum.
“Nothing in this world is certain but death and taxes.” -Benjamin Franklin
Central Idea
- The recent decision of the 50th GST Council to impose a staggering 28% tax on the total amount involved in online games has sparked concerns over the survival of an entire industry that employs a substantial workforce.
The Distinction between Games of Skill and Games of Chance
- For more than 150 years, the legal system has distinguished between games of skill and games of chance.
- While games of chance rely solely on luck and are akin to gambling, games of skill involve a level of competence, where the outcome is determined by the players’ abilities.
- The Public Gambling Act of 1867 recognizes games of skill as distinct from gambling, offering a legal shield to the former.
What is the Rationale Behind Levying a 28% Tax on Online Gaming?
- Revenue Generation: The primary objective is to generate additional revenue for the exchequer by taxing the booming online gaming industry, which has witnessed significant growth and popularity.
- Consistency in the Tax System: Applying a 28% GST on online gaming activities is aimed at ensuring equal treatment of various forms of entertainment and recreational activities in the tax system.
- Regulatory Control: The imposition of a higher tax rate may serve as a means of regulatory control over the online gaming industry, potentially influencing consumer behavior and promoting responsible gaming practices.
- Foreign Investment Considerations: Setting a tax rate comparable to global standards may attract foreign investments in the online gaming sector while ensuring tax compliance within the industry.
- Addressing Social Concerns: The government aims to address concerns related to excessive gaming and potential social issues by imposing a higher tax rate.
- Boosting Government Revenues: The estimated annual revenue boost of Rs 20,000 crore highlights the government’s view of the online gaming industry as a lucrative source of tax collection.
Impact of 28% GST on the Online Gaming Industry?
- Financial Burden on Players: The 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games may result in a higher financial burden on players, especially for those who do not win or participate frequently. This could discourage some players from engaging in online gaming activities.
- Viability of the Industry: The higher tax rate may impact the industry’s viability, particularly for gaming companies and startups. It could lead to reduced revenues for the companies, affecting their ability to invest in game development and innovation.
- Competitiveness: The increased tax rate may make Indian gaming platforms less competitive compared to international counterparts that might not be subject to such high taxation. This could lead to players shifting to offshore gaming platforms, impacting the domestic industry.
- Employment in the Sector: The online gaming industry in India is a significant employer, providing direct and indirect employment to thousands of people. The higher tax rate may put financial strain on companies, leading to potential job losses and reduced opportunities for growth in the sector.
- Impact on Foreign Investments: The higher tax rate could deter foreign investments in the Indian gaming industry, as investors may consider the tax burden and its potential effects on returns.
- Consumer Behavior: The higher GST rate might alter consumer behavior, with some players reducing their spending on online games or looking for alternative sources of entertainment.
- Potential Black Market: A high tax rate might incentivize some players to resort to black market or unregulated platforms to avoid the tax burden, leading to potential illegal activities and revenue losses for the government.
- Regulatory Challenges: The implementation of a 28% GST on online gaming might pose regulatory challenges for both gaming companies and the government, especially in ensuring compliance and proper tax collection.
- Innovation and Investment in the Sector: The higher tax rate may impact investments in research and development, innovation, and new game development within the industry.
- Growth of E-sports: The higher tax burden on gaming companies may affect the growth of e-sports and competitive gaming in India, as organizers and sponsors may face increased financial pressures
Way Forward: The Need for Balanced Taxation
- Engage Stakeholders: The government should engage in meaningful discussions with industry stakeholders, including gaming companies, players, and experts, to understand the unique challenges and opportunities in the sector.
- Review Taxation Structure: Consider revisiting the current tax structure and exploring alternatives such as focusing on service fees rather than taxing the entire pooled amount. Aligning with global practices can lead to more sustainable and equitable taxation.
- Promote Responsible Gaming: Allocate a portion of tax revenue to promote responsible gaming practices, player protection, and awareness programs to address potential social concerns.
- Encourage Domestic Investment: Provide incentives and tax breaks to encourage domestic gaming companies to invest in research, development, and innovation, fostering the growth of the industry.
- Support E-sports: Recognize the potential of e-sports and competitive gaming, and offer tax incentives to organizers and sponsors of e-sports’ events to stimulate the growth of the e-sport’s ecosystem.
- Continuous Monitoring: Regularly monitor the impact of taxation policies on the industry, employment, and overall revenue collection. Adjust the policies as necessary to maintain a balanced approach.
- International Collaboration: Collaborate with other countries and learn from their experiences in gaming taxation to refine and implement effective policies.
Conclusion
- The decision to impose a 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games could be catastrophic for the industry. A more balanced approach, considering the industry’s employment potential and overall economic impact, is essential. By focusing on reasonable taxation and fostering growth, policymakers can ensure the survival and prosperity of the online gaming industry while still collecting revenue for the government’s coffers.
Also read:
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key concepts such as EPR, circular bioeconomy and various government schemes
Mains level: Circular bioeconomy significance and India's efforts
What’s the news?
- India has prioritized Resource Efficiency and the Circular Economy as one of its core themes during its G-20 presidency.
Central idea
- In the pursuit of sustainable development and the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, decoupling resource utilization from economic growth is crucial. Recognizing the urgency to transition from the take-make-dispose model to the reduce-reuse-recycle approach.
What is the take-make-dispose model?
- The take-make-dispose model, also known as the linear economy model, refers to the traditional and linear approach to resource consumption and production in our economic system.
- In this model, resources are extracted from nature (take), processed into products (make), used by consumers, and then discarded as waste (dispose) after their useful life.
- It follows a one-way flow of resources from extraction to disposal without considering the long-term environmental and social impacts
What is the reduce-reuse-recycle approach?
- The reduce-reuse-recycle approach is a sustainable waste management strategy that aims to minimize the environmental impact of resource consumption and waste generation.
- It promotes a circular economy model by encouraging responsible resource use, extending the lifespan of products, and maximizing the recovery of materials to be used in new products.
What is meant by circular economy?
- A Circular economy is an economic model that aims to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste by promoting the reuse, recycling, and regeneration of materials and products. It is a departure from the traditional linear economy, where resources are extracted, processed, used, and disposed of as waste.
What is meant by circular bioeconomy?
- Circular bioeconomy is an approach that seeks to combine the principles of circular economy with the use of renewable biological resources.
- The Circular bioeconomy adopts a closed-loop system, where biological resources, such as organic waste and agricultural by-products, are managed in a way that maximizes their value and minimizes their impact on the environment.
What is Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)?
- EPR is a policy approach that holds producers accountable for the entire life cycle of their products, including their post-consumer stage.
- The concept of EPR shifts the responsibility for the management of products, especially waste and recycling, from the end-user or consumer to the manufacturer or producer.
India’s exemplary approach to EPR
- Centralized EPR Portal: India has established a centralized EPR portal, where over 20,000 registered Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs) are actively participating in EPR initiatives. This centralization streamlines waste collection efforts and facilitates better coordination in managing waste materials.
- Robust Framework: With over 1,900 plastic waste processors registered on the EPR portal, India boasts one of the largest frameworks for EPR implementation. This extensive network of processors contributes to efficient plastic waste management and recycling.
- Significant EPR Obligation: The combined EPR obligation of registered PIBOs amounts to a substantial 3.07 million tons. This indicates a substantial commitment by producers to manage and recycle the waste generated from their products, contributing to sustainable waste management practices.
- Comprehensive Rules for E-Waste and Battery Waste: In addition to plastic waste, India has also notified comprehensive rules for e-waste and battery waste management. This indicates a comprehensive approach to addressing various waste streams and promoting responsible waste management across different sectors.
Why is moving towards a circular Steel sector crucial?
- Commitment to Net Zero Ambitions: Most G-20 member countries have pledged to achieve net-zero emissions, indicating a collective determination to address climate change and promote sustainability.
- Improving Recycling Rates: To ensure environmentally responsible resource consumption, there is a need to raise the current recycling rates of steel, which currently range from 15% to 25%. Increased recycling can reduce the demand for new raw materials and lower the industry’s environmental impact.
- Vital Role of Steel in Infrastructure: Given its crucial role in infrastructure development, the efficient utilization of steel is of utmost importance. A circular steel sector can optimize resource use and minimize waste generation.
- Growing Steel Demand: With the global economy growing, the demand for steel, especially in developing economies like India, is expected to rise. Transitioning to a circular model becomes even more significant in managing this increased demand sustainably.
- Tackling Steel Sector Emissions: About 7% of energy sector emissions globally are attributed to iron and steel production. A circular steel sector is a key strategy to address these emissions and reduce the industry’s overall carbon footprint.
- Blueprint for a Net Zero Pathway: The presidential document on the Circular Economy in the Steel Sector serves as a potential blueprint to achieve a net-zero pathway for the steel industry.
- Sharing Best Practices: As different countries have implemented various EPR models, sharing best practices among G-20 member countries becomes crucial to accelerate the transition to a circular economy in the steel sector.
India’s efforts towards a circular bioeconomy and Biofuels
- Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana:
- This initiative provides financial support to integrated bioethanol projects that aim to set up Second Generation (2G) ethanol projects.
- 2G bioethanol technology allows for the production of bioethanol from waste feedstock, including crop residues and municipal solid waste, which would otherwise have no value.
- Enhancing Value from Waste:
- With 2G bioethanol technology, India maximizes the value derived from agricultural and urban waste, contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy.
- By converting waste materials into bioethanol, the country promotes efficient resource utilization and minimizes waste disposal challenges.
- Biomass Blending in Thermal Power Plants:
- India has taken significant steps to promote the use of biomass in the energy sector.
- It has made it mandatory for coal-burning thermal power plants to blend 5% of biomass pellets with coal.
- This measure reduces carbon emissions and encourages the adoption of cleaner and renewable energy sources.
- Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources (GOBAR) Dhan Scheme:
- The GOBAR Dhan scheme plays a vital role in promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing pollution.
- It involves the conversion of cattle dung and other organic waste into compost, biogas, and biofuels.
- The scheme has led to the establishment of over 500 functional biogas plants, creating rural livelihood opportunities and ensuring improved sanitation.
- Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) Scheme:
- Launched in 2018, the SATAT Scheme is a crucial step towards promoting greener transportation.
- It aims to popularize Compressed BioGas (CBG) as an alternative green transportation fuel.
- The scheme accelerates the development of infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of CBG, further supporting the bioenergy sector’s growth
- Industry-Led Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Coalition:
- Industries play a pivotal role in advancing resource efficiency and circular economy practices.
- India’s vision of an industry-led coalition aims to foster technological collaboration, build advanced capabilities across sectors, mobilize de-risked finance, and encourage proactive private sector engagement.
The role of the G-20 in promoting a circular bioeconomy
- Policy Coherence and Harmonization: By aligning policies related to bio-based products, waste management, and sustainable agriculture, the G-20 can promote consistent practices globally.
- Knowledge Sharing and Best Practices: Members can learn from successful initiatives in other countries, accelerating the adoption of sustainable practices and technologies.
- Technology Transfer: The G-20 can facilitate technology transfer between advanced and developing economies, enabling the adoption of advanced bio-based technologies in countries with fewer resources.
- Collaboration with International Organizations: The G-20 can collaborate with international organizations like the UN and OECD to align circular bioeconomy strategies with broader global development goals, such as the SDGs.
- Circular Agriculture and Food Systems: The G-20 can promote sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroecology and regenerative agriculture, to enhance food security, preserve biodiversity, and reduce agricultural waste
Conclusion
- Global platforms like the G-20 are instrumental in addressing critical challenges and finding sustainable solutions through collaborative efforts. By prioritizing circularity in the steel sector, implementing effective EPR policies, fostering a circular bioeconomy, and forming industry-led coalitions, India sets a commendable example for other nations to follow in the journey towards a greener and more sustainable world.
Also read:
E-waste sector and Gender Justice
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Recent high court orders related to consent and the age of consent, issues, impact and measures
What’s the news?
- The recent High Court decisions have brought to the forefront the complexities surrounding consent and the age of consent under POCSO.
Central Idea
- In recent months, several High Courts have either quashed FIRs or acquitted accused persons under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, citing consensual sex as the reason. These decisions raise critical questions about the interpretation of consent and the age of consent, necessitating a thorough examination to ensure the best interests of the child.
Defining consent and the age of consent
- Consent:
- In the context of sexual relationships, consent is an explicit and voluntary agreement between individuals to engage in sexual activity. It must be given without any form of coercion, manipulation, or pressure.
- The concept of consent is crucial in promoting healthy and respectful relationships and preventing sexual misconduct.
- Age of Consent:
- The age of consent is a legal designation that specifies the minimum age at which an individual is considered capable of providing informed and lawful consent to engage in sexual activities.
- In the case of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, a child is defined as any person below the age of 18 years.
- Acts of penetrative sexual assault committed on children are considered criminal offenses under this act, regardless of their consent.
Recent High Court decisions regarding cases related to the POCSO Act
- Delhi High Court (July 12): The court granted bail to a 25-year-old accused, reasoning that the 15-year-old girl had eloped with him on her own and did not support the prosecution’s claim of sexual assault.
- Bombay High Court (July 10): The court quashed the conviction of a 25-year-old man under POCSO, stating that he had engaged in consensual sex with a 17-year-old girl. The girl had terminated her pregnancy after the accused was arrested.
- Madras High Court (July 7): The court quashed an FIR registered under POCSO and all related criminal proceedings. Furthermore, it directed the Director General of Police to produce reports of all such pending cases before the Court.
- Madhya Pradesh High Court (June 27): The court quashed an FIR registered under POCSO and all criminal proceedings, stating that the sexual relationship was consensual. The judgment did not mention the age of the accused, who happened to be the coach of the victim. Additionally, the Court recommended that the Indian government consider reducing the age of consent of the prosecutrix from 18 to 16 years.
Challenges and concerns over the recent High Court decisions
- Interpretation of Consent: One of the significant challenges lies in the interpretation of consent in cases involving minors. While the age of consent is legally defined as 18 years in India under POCSO, some High Courts acquitted accused individuals based on the premise of consensual sex, even when the victims were below the age of 18.
- Age Disparity: In some of the cases, there was a considerable age difference between the prosecutrix (the victim) and the accused. Despite this age disparity, the courts did not take it into account while delivering their judgments.
- Deterrence Factor: The harsh minimum imprisonment terms under POCSO for sexual offenses against minors, such as 10 years and 20 years for penetrative sexual assault and aggravated penetrative sexual assault, respectively, may have influenced the reluctance of courts to convict accused individuals in consensual sex cases.
- Legal Presumption: POCSO includes a mandatory legal presumption in favor of the victims. However, in some of the recent judgments, the High Courts did not consider this presumption, leading to questions about the application of the law in protecting the interests of the child victims.
- Child Welfare: The primary objective of POCSO is to safeguard children from sexual offenses, irrespective of consent. The recent decisions have sparked debates about whether these judgments truly serve the best interests of the child, or if they may unintentionally undermine the protective intent of the law.
- Need for Judicial Consistency: Inconsistencies in judgments by different High Courts create uncertainty in the legal system. Ensuring consistency in interpreting the law is essential for upholding the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ and maintaining public trust in the justice system.
Role of the Supreme Court in resolving the discrepancies
- As reducing the age of consent falls under the jurisdiction of Parliament, the Supreme Court must play a crucial role in resolving the discrepancies between the laid-down law and the various interpretations by different High Courts.
- This is particularly relevant given the Supreme Court’s previous judgment in Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) wherein it held that even sexual intercourse with a minor wife is rape
Steps to address these gaps quickly
- Analyze Cases: The Bureau of Police Research and Development should analyze cases of consensual sex, age-wise, across different states. This analysis can help the Central government make informed decisions regarding the age of consent and its potential reduction.
- Reduce Harsh Minimum Imprisonment: The minimum imprisonment terms for sexual offenses under POCSO should be re-evaluated. Instead of acting as a benefit to the accused, the punishment should act as a deterrent and ensure justice for child victims.
- Judicial Leeway in Age of Consent: Consider granting some leeway to the judiciary in interpreting consent in cases where the victim is of lower age based on the child’s understanding of consequences. This would allow for a more nuanced approach to cases involving minors.
- Uphold the Best Interest of the Child: The ‘Best Interests of the Child’ principle should be a guiding factor in all decisions related to POCSO cases. The welfare and well-being of the child victims should be the paramount consideration.
- Supreme Court Intervention: The Supreme Court must intervene promptly to address the gap between the laid down law and the different interpretations by the High Courts. Its role is crucial in ensuring consistency and uniformity in the application of the law.
- Legislative Review: The Parliament should consider reviewing the age of consent in light of the recent High Court decisions and expert analyses. Any potential reduction in the age of consent should be done thoughtfully, with the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ as the primary concern.
- Public Awareness: Launch public awareness campaigns to educate the public about the importance of protecting children from sexual offenses and the legal rights of child victims.
- Specialized Training: Provide specialized training to judges, prosecutors, and lawyers on child protection laws and the Best Interests of the Child principle to enhance their understanding of the unique needs and vulnerabilities of child victims
Conclusion
- Striking a balance between protecting children from sexual assault and considering their understanding of consent is essential. It is imperative for the Supreme Court and the legislature to address this issue promptly to ensure the welfare and safety of children across the country.
Also read:
Reviewing the Age of Consent Under POCSO Act
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