Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hematene
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of nanoflakes of a material known as hematene, extracted from iron ore.
- These nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities.
What is Hematene?
- Hematene is a novel 2D material that has been derived from hematite (common iron ore).
- It is a thin, single-layer material with unique properties that make it promising for various applications, especially in the field of optics.
- Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities, making them valuable for optical limiting applications.
- The material’s stability and potential for futuristic technologies have garnered significant interest from researchers and scientists.
How is it made?
- Hematene is derived from naturally occurring hematite, the mineral form of iron oxide, through a process involving sonication, centrifugation, and vacuum-assisted filtration.
- With a thickness of just 3 atoms, it exhibits improved photocatalysis efficiency.
- Being ferromagnetic, like common magnets, it possesses magnetic properties.
- Notably, it has the exceptional ability to withstand and provide shielding against high laser intensities.
Applications of Hematene Nanoflakes
- Optical Limiting: Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional optical limiting capabilities, making them valuable in protecting sensitive optical equipment, such as sensors, detectors, and other optical devices, from high laser intensities.
- Photodetectors: Hematene’s properties make it suitable for developing high-performance photodetectors, which are used to detect and convert light signals into electrical signals. This application has potential in telecommunications, imaging, and optical communications.
- Energy Storage: Hematene can be explored for applications in energy storage devices, such as batteries and super-capacitors, due to its unique electronic and electrochemical properties.
- Optoelectronics: The material’s properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, which involve the interaction of light and electricity, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic cells.
- Photothermal Therapy: Hematene’s ability to withstand and shield against high laser intensities may find applications in photothermal therapy, a medical technique that uses light to treat diseases like cancer.
- Environmental Applications: Hematene’s stability and potential for use in various environments may make it valuable in environmental applications, such as water purification and pollution control.
- Sensors: The material’s unique properties may be utilized in developing high-performance sensors for various applications, including gas sensing and environmental monitoring.
- Catalysts: Hematene’s surface characteristics and electronic properties could be explored for catalytic applications, promoting chemical reactions in various industrial processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Silvopasture
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Amidst the global decline of natural resources and forests, silvopasture systems emerge as a relevant solution to counter deforestation trends.
What is Silvopasture?
- Silvopasture is a sustainable land management practice that integrates trees, forage crops, and livestock grazing on the same parcel of land.
- The term “silvopasture” is derived from the Latin words “silva” (forest) and “pastura” (pasture), emphasizing the combination of forestry and pasture practices.
- In this system, carefully selected trees or tree species are planted or retained on grazing lands or pastures.
- The trees can be scattered throughout the pasture, arranged in rows, or established as windbreaks and hedgerows.
- Livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, graze freely within the area, utilizing the available forage while benefiting from the shade and other advantages provided by the trees.
Advantages offered
| Enhanced Climate Resilience |
- Silvopasture systems regulate local climate conditions, buffering against temperature and wind extremes.
- Trees provides shade and reduces heat stress for livestock and other animals, promoting a more favorable living environment.
|
| Carbon Sequestration |
- Trees act as natural carbon sinks, sequestering significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
- Such systems can store 5-10 times more carbon than pastures without trees, contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation and combating climate change.
|
| Soil Enrichment |
- Extensive root systems of trees within silvopasture plots contribute to nutrient cycling, improved soil stability, and enhanced soil quality.
- Effectively combats erosion, making the soil more resilient and fertile.
|
| Improved Microclimatic Conditions |
- Foster milder microclimatic conditions compared to open pastures.
- Livestock experience reduced heat stress due to the shading provided by trees, leading to improved animal welfare.
|
| Biodiversity Conservation |
- Promotes habitat diversity, creating a suitable environment for a variety of plant and animal species.
- Provides a sustainable habitat for native wildlife, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
|
| Sustainable Land Use |
- By integrating trees with livestock grazing, silvopasture supports sustainable land management.
- Allows for livestock farming while preserving and restoring forested areas, offering a practical solution to deforestation trends.
|
| Water Storage and Infiltration |
- Enhance water storage potential by improving soil infiltration rates.
- Presence of trees helps retain water, reducing runoff and contributing to water conservation.
|
| Economic Benefits |
- Improved farm income through increased productivity and reduced input costs.
- Integration of multiple elements on the same land optimizes resource use and enhances overall farm profitability.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's economic growth
Central Idea
- India is set to become the world’s third-largest economy by FY28, two years earlier than projected, according to economists at SBI Research.
- Prime Minister highlighted India’s remarkable economic progress during his tenure.
India’s Economic Growth Trajectory
- Actual progress: India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by an impressive 83% between 2014 and 2023, a close second to China’s growth rate of 84% during the same period.
- Financial Crisis Impact: While India’s economy was affected by the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis its resilience was significantly better than that of European countries, contributing to its growth advantage over them.
- Stagnation of Competing Countries: Many other top 10 economies have struggled to maintain significant growth rates, allowing India to overtake them. Ex. the UK’s total GDP grew by only 3%, France’s by 2%, Russia’s by 1%, while Italy’s GDP stagnated, and Brazil’s GDP even contracted by 15% during the same nine-year period.
India’s Projected Growth
- India’s Prospective Rank: According to forecasts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), India is expected to become the third-largest economy globally by 2027, overtaking both Germany and Japan.
- India’s Growth Advantage: Even with a more moderate growth rate of 6% per annum, India’s GDP in 2027 will be approximately 38% higher than its 2023 level.
- Recessing countries: Japan and Germany are projected to achieve only a 15% increase over the same period, enabling India’s ascendancy to the third rank.
- Challenges of Catching up: The gap between China and the US (the top two economies) and India’s GDP remains substantial.
- Digitalization and Global Sentiment: Positive aspects include increased digitalization of the economy and the opportunity to attract investments due to negative global sentiment towards China.
Issues with such growth: Per Capita GDP Disparity
- Aggregate vs. Per Capita Numbers: While India’s aggregate GDP growth has been impressive, it is essential to consider per capita GDP figures to understand the actual prosperity of the country’s citizens.
- Low Per Capita GDP: India’s per capita GDP, at $2,600 per annum, remains the lowest among the top 10 economies and lags considerably behind the countries it has overtaken, such as the UK, Brazil, and Italy.
Reasons for such disparity
- Pandemic Devastation: MSMEs, contributing 30% to India’s GDP and employing 110 million people, have been hit hard by the pandemic. Government surveys suggest that around 9% of these enterprises have shut down due to COVID-19.
- Inflation: The decimation of MSMEs has resulted in core inflation, giving pricing power to a few large companies and burdening consumers with increased costs.
- Unemployment Woes: The struggles of MSMEs are a significant reason behind India’s failure to reduce unemployment rates, leading many towards the rural job guarantee scheme for paid work.
- Manufacturing-Led Economy: India’s inability to build a manufacturing-led economy remains a challenge, affecting job creation.
- Factor Market Reforms: Successive governments have struggled to implement meaningful factor market reforms in land and labor laws.
Conclusion
- Addressing the hidden crisis will require sustained efforts from the government, focused on supporting MSMEs and implementing crucial reforms.
- Taking timely and decisive action is essential to propel India towards a more stable and inclusive economic future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semiconductors and application's and ISM
Mains level: India's progress in the semiconductor industry and a global hub of semiconductor manufacturing and its significance
What’s the news?
- The second edition of Semicon India, hosted by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), comes at a pivotal moment for the global semiconductor industry.
Central idea
- As technology advances rapidly and geopolitical landscapes shift, India is determined to foster a thriving domestic ecosystem to achieve self-sufficiency and emerge as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
What is Semicon India?
- Semicon India is the annual conference organized by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).
- The primary objective of Semicon India is to promote the growth and development of the semiconductor industry in India.
- It provides an opportunity for the country to demonstrate its capabilities in semiconductor design and manufacturing while fostering networking and knowledge exchange among participants.
What are Semiconductors?
- Semiconductors are a class of materials that have unique electrical properties, making them intermediate in conductivity between conductors and insulators. They are a vital component in the manufacturing of various electronic devices and play a crucial role in modern technology.
India’s journey in the semiconductor industry
- Early Efforts: India’s initial forays into the semiconductor sector began with public sector undertakings like Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) and some other labs and institutions attempting to establish a presence in the industry. However, despite promising starts, India faced difficulties in achieving the volume and technology needed for competitiveness.
- Missed Opportunities: Over the years, India encountered several missed opportunities that hindered its progress in the semiconductor field. One notable example is missing out on the Fairchild Semiconductor fab in the 1960s. Additionally, regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles prevented global semiconductor companies from showing interest in investing in India’s semiconductor manufacturing.
- Setbacks and Challenges: India’s major VLSI fabrication plant at the Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL) in Chandigarh began production before Taiwan’s entry into semiconductor manufacturing. Unfortunately, a massive fire in 1989 led to the closure of the plant for many years, hampering India’s progress in the industry.
- Government Recognition: The Indian government came to recognize the economic and geopolitical significance of the semiconductor industry. Realizing the importance of achieving semiconductor self-sufficiency, the government launched the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) to bolster the domestic ecosystem and position India as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
The birth of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)
- The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) was launched as a significant initiative by the Indian government to bolster the semiconductor industry in the country.
- It came into existence with a clear vision of nurturing a thriving domestic semiconductor ecosystem to achieve self-sufficiency and elevate India’s position as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
- The mission’s proactive approach, combined with concrete policy interventions and political will, marks a new chapter in India’s journey in the semiconductor sector.
The significance of domestic semiconductor manufacturing for India
- Economic Growth: By manufacturing semiconductors domestically, India can reduce its dependence on imports, save foreign exchange, and contribute to economic growth by generating revenue and employment opportunities.
- Technological Advancement: Domestic semiconductor manufacturing enhances India’s capabilities in cutting-edge technologies, research, and development. It fosters innovation and facilitates the growth of other technology-driven sectors, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and advanced electronics. This, in turn, can boost India’s competitiveness on the global technology stage.
- Self-Reliance and Security: Developing a self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem ensures continuity in critical industries and safeguards against global disruptions. It also enhances India’s national security, as semiconductors play a vital role in defense and communication infrastructure.
- Attracting Investment: A strong semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem attracts both domestic and foreign investments. This leads to the establishment of semiconductor fabrication plants, research centers, and collaborations with global technology companies.
- Fostering Innovation: A thriving semiconductor industry encourages local innovation and entrepreneurship. It provides opportunities for startups and research institutions to develop innovative semiconductor technologies and solutions, positioning India as a global innovation hub.
- Digital Sovereignty: In an increasingly interconnected and digitally driven world, possessing domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities is vital for digital sovereignty. It allows India to control its critical technology infrastructure and data security, reducing its reliance on foreign technology providers.
Overwhelming global interest in India as a destination for semiconductor manufacturing
- Growing Market Potential: India’s large and rapidly growing economy presents a significant market for semiconductor products, attracting global semiconductor companies to establish a presence in the country.
- Government Support and Vision: The Indian government’s clear vision and commitment to nurturing a thriving domestic semiconductor ecosystem through initiatives like the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) have instilled confidence among global players.
- Strategic Importance: Policymakers in India recognize the strategic significance of a robust domestic semiconductor industry for economic growth, safeguarding domestic industries, and ensuring national security.
- Urgency of Semiconductor Self-Reliance: The global semiconductor shortage and disruptions in supply chains have highlighted the urgency of achieving semiconductor self-reliance, making India an attractive location for semiconductor manufacturing.
- Fiscal Incentives and Regulatory Support: The Indian government’s unprecedented commitment to fiscal incentives and regulatory support has drawn significant interest from semiconductor companies globally.
- Skilled Workforce: India’s large pool of skilled engineers and technical talent offers an advantageous workforce for semiconductor companies looking to establish operations in the country.
- Collaboration with Global Partners: Collaborative agreements with countries like the US and Japan in semiconductor development, research, design, and talent development have enhanced India’s appeal as a semiconductor manufacturing hub.
- Focus on Sustainability: India’s emphasis on sustainable semiconductor manufacturing through green technologies and resource-efficient practices aligns with the global push for environmentally responsible production.
- Long-term Support and Progress under ISM: The Indian government’s commitment to long-term support for the semiconductor industry, as demonstrated through initiatives like the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme and modernization of facilities, has garnered attention.
- Potential for Innovation: India’s thriving innovation ecosystem, including startups and research institutions, presents opportunities for collaborative innovation and technological advancements in the semiconductor industry.
Conclusion
- From missed opportunities to a thriving domestic ecosystem, India’s progress in the semiconductor industry is a global case study in building sectors from scratch through appropriate policy interventions and political will. India is now on track to lead the global race in the semiconductor value chain. The ISM reflects India’s determination to achieve semiconductor self-sufficiency and emerge as a major player in the global semiconductor industry.
Also read:
Semiconductor Fabrication in India: Learning from Past Attempts and Embracing Alternate Approaches
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill
Mains level: Film piracy issues, Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023 and its significance
What’s the news
- The Rajya Sabha on July 27 passed the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, that introduces stringent anti-piracy provisions, expanding the scope of the law from censorship to also cover copyright.
Central idea
- The Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, seeks to amend the Cinematograph Act, 1952, which authorises the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to require cuts in films and clear them for exhibition in cinemas and on television. It also empowers the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to give separate certificates for a film’s exhibition on television or other media.
What is meant by film piracy?
- Film piracy refers to the unauthorized copying, distribution, exhibition, or downloading of films without the consent of the copyright owner or the film’s creators. It involves the illegal duplication and dissemination of copyrighted movies through various means.
- Film piracy is a significant concern for the film industry, as it undermines the economic viability of films and negatively impacts the revenue generated from legitimate sources.
What is the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC)?
- The CBFC, commonly known as the Censor Board, is a statutory body in India responsible for certifying films for public exhibition.
- It operates under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- The CBFC’s primary role is to review and rate films based on their content and to ensure that films adhere to the guidelines and principles laid down in the Cinematograph Act, 1952, and the rules framed thereunder.
Key provisions of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023
- Crackdown on Film Piracy: The bill aims to address the issue of film piracy by imposing strict penalties on those involved in making pirated copies of movies. It prescribes a three-year jail term and a fine of up to 5% of a movie’s production cost for offenders.
- Introduction of New Certifications: The bill proposes three new certifications under the ‘UA’ (Parental Guidance) category: UA 7+, UA 13+, and UA 16+. These certifications indicate that children younger than the specified age limits can watch such movies with parental guidance.
- Empowerment of the CBFC: The bill grants enhanced powers to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to issue separate certificates for films to be exhibited on television or other media platforms. It also clarifies that the CBFC certificates will be valid perpetually and that the Centre will not have any revisional powers over them.
- Harmonization with Existing Laws: The bill aims to harmonize the Cinematograph Act, 1952 with other laws that tangentially address piracy, such as the Copyright Act, 1957, and the Information Technology Act, 2000.
The journey of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill
- Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2019: The first version of the bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2019. It was primarily focused on addressing film piracy. The bill aimed to introduce measures to tackle the unauthorized recording and exhibition of films, which had been causing significant financial losses to the film industry.
- Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2021: In response to the recommendations made by the Standing Committee on Information Technology and the feedback received from stakeholders and the public, a revised version of the bill was released.
- Public Feedback and Consultations: The Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2021, was made available for public comments and feedback. This step allowed individuals and organizations to provide their views on the proposed amendments, ensuring a more inclusive and participatory legislative process.
- Industry Stakeholder Consultations: In 2022, consultations were held with industry stakeholders, including representatives from the film industry and related sectors. The input and concerns raised during these consultations were taken into account to further refine and finalize the provisions of the bill.
- Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023: Based on the inputs gathered from public feedback and industry stakeholders, the final version of the bill, now known as the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, was prepared. This version included all the proposed changes and updates aimed at addressing film piracy, enhancing film certification, and aligning the Cinematograph Act with other relevant laws.
Significance of the Bill
- Curbing Film Piracy: The bill introduces stringent penalties to deter film piracy, addressing a significant concern for the film industry and protecting intellectual property rights.
- Age-Appropriate Film Viewing: The introduction of new age-based certifications ensures that films are categorized appropriately, allowing parents to make informed decisions about their children’s film choices.
- Modernizing Film Certification: The bill empowers the CBFC to issue separate certificates for films shown on various media platforms and provides perpetual validity to CBFC certificates, streamlining the film certification process.
- Aligning with Existing Laws: The amendment harmonizes the Cinematograph Act, 1952, with other relevant laws, ensuring consistency and coherence in the legal framework governing the film industry.
- Addressing Industry Demands: The bill responds to the film industry’s demand to combat unauthorized film exhibition and recording, protecting the industry’s interests and fostering a thriving creative environment.
- Strengthening the Film Industry: By curbing piracy and protecting intellectual property, the bill aims to strengthen the film industry, attract investments, and contribute to India’s cultural and economic landscape.
Conclusion
- The passage of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, is a significant step towards protecting the film industry from piracy and streamlining the film certification process. By embracing the necessary amendments, India reaffirms its commitment to nurturing a vibrant and thriving film industry while safeguarding creative content from piracy-related challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PMJAY and schemes
Mains level: Government sponsored schemes, challenges, concerns and solutions
What’s the news?
- A recent report has revealed disturbing incidents of deception against poor patients at Safdarjung Hospital (‘Bypassing Ayushman Bharat, doctor at a top government hospital duped patients and made killings on implants).
Central Idea
- Designing a government-sponsored health insurance scheme for the poor presents significant challenges, including the issue of information asymmetry between doctors and patients, which may lead to the denial of benefits for the disadvantaged.
What is Ayushman Bharat?
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PMJAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat or the National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS), is a flagship government-sponsored health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in September 2018. The primary aim of PMJAY is to provide financial protection and access to quality healthcare to economically vulnerable sections of society.
Key features
- Health Insurance Coverage: PMJAY provides health insurance coverage to eligible beneficiaries, especially those belonging to economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income families. It aims to cover around 10 crore (100 million) families across India.
- Cashless and Paperless Treatment: Under PMJAY, eligible beneficiaries can avail of cashless and paperless treatment in empaneled public and private hospitals across the country. The scheme ensures that beneficiaries are not required to pay for the treatment at the time of hospitalization.
- Pre-Defined Medical Packages: The scheme offers a comprehensive set of pre-defined medical packages covering various medical and surgical treatments. These packages are designed to provide essential healthcare services, including diagnostics, medicines, and other treatments.
- Coverage for Pre-Existing Conditions: PMJAY provides coverage for pre-existing illnesses and health conditions from the date of enrollment. This ensures that beneficiaries with existing health conditions can also access healthcare services under the scheme.
- No Cap on Family Size: There is no restriction on the family size covered under PMJAY. All eligible family members can avail of the benefits of the scheme.
- Portability: PMJAY is portable across the country, meaning beneficiaries can avail of treatment in any empaneled hospital in any state or Union Territory, irrespective of their place of origin
- Identification of Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries under PMJAY are identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data and are issued the Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY Golden Card, which serves as proof of eligibility.
- Online Verification: The scheme employs an online verification process to ensure seamless and efficient identification and validation of beneficiaries.
- Collaborative Effort: PMJAY is a joint collaboration between the central and state governments, and each state has the flexibility to implement the scheme based on its specific requirements.
The Incident of deceptive practices at Safdarjung Hospital
- Misleading Patients: The report reveals that certain doctors deceive patients by providing false information about delays in Ayushman Bharat Clearance. This deceptive tactic aims to divert patients towards private alternatives rather than enrolling them in the PMJAY scheme.
- Influence of Treating Doctors: The incident highlights the significant role of treating doctors in determining the medical package for patients and whether they are enrolled under the PMJAY scheme.
Concerns raised over the implementation of government-sponsored health insurance schemes
- Deceptive Practices: Misinformation about Ayushman Bharat Clearance delays is used as a tactic to divert patients towards private alternatives instead of enrolling them in the PMJAY. Such practices can deprive eligible patients of government-sponsored health insurance benefits and lead to potential financial exploitation.
- Doctor’s Influence: The treating doctors wield significant influence in determining the medical package for patients and their enrollment in the PMJAY scheme. This discretionary power can create an environment where some doctors prioritize their personal interests, such as financial gains from private channels, over the best interests of their patients.
- Lack of Active Interest: Although the time taken to settle claims was reasonable, the proportion of settled claims in public facilities was lower compared to private facilities. This points to potential issues in operational dynamics that may hinder the effective implementation of the scheme and limit its benefits for the poor.
- Inadequate Incentives: The financial incentives provided to doctors in public facilities under PMJAY may not be sufficiently attractive to encourage them to actively participate in the scheme. Some doctors may find greater financial gains through rent-seeking practices with private players, leading to a preference for private alternatives over the government-sponsored scheme.
- Limited Supporting Staff: The presence of limited supporting staff, such as Arogyamitras, responsible for registering patients under PMJAY, may impact the smooth implementation of the scheme. The Arogyamitras’ remuneration being linked to pre-authorizations rather than claim settlement may result in less emphasis on claim follow-up and documentation.
Way forward: Steps to improve operational dynamics
- Enhancing Doctor Incentives: Reviewing and revising the financial incentives provided to treating doctors could make the PMJAY scheme more attractive and encourage greater participation.
- Strengthening Arogyamitras’ Role: Linking the remuneration of Arogyamitras to the successful claim settlement and providing necessary support staff can incentivize them to be more proactive in claim documentation and follow-up.
- Streamlining the Claim Settlement Process: Simplifying and expediting the claim settlement process can encourage public facilities to actively participate in PMJAY, ensuring timely reimbursements and improving their financial viability.
- Increased Oversight: Implementing regular audits and stringent penalties for fraudulent practices can help curb deceptive activities and enhance transparency and accountability within public facilities.
Conclusion
- While the potential of PMJAY has been extensively discussed in the context of private hospitals, the operational dynamics within public facilities have received less attention. A collaborative effort involving doctors, Arogyamitras, and state governments can unleash the true potential of these schemes, contributing to improved health outcomes and greater inclusivity in healthcare services.
ALso read:
Digital Birth Certificates to streamline Official Documentation
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India has tabled Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Amendment Bill, 2023 to introduce digital birth certificates that will serve as comprehensive documents for various essential purposes.
About RBD Bill, 2023
- It amends the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969.
- The Act provides for the regulation of registration of births and deaths.
Key Points from the Bill
- National Database: The Bill mandates the appointment of a Registrar General of India to maintain a national database of registered births and deaths. State-level databases will also be maintained by Chief Registrars, connected to the national database.
- Aadhaar Integration: Specified persons reporting births must provide Aadhaar details of parents and informants, expanding to include adoptive parents, biological parents in surrogacy cases, and single parents or unwed mothers.
- Digital Registration: The proposed Bill aims to introduce digital registration and electronic delivery of birth and death certificates, streamlining services for the public.
- Mandatory Death Certificates: Medical institutions must provide certificates regarding the cause of death for deaths occurring within their premises.
- Quick disbursal of Certificates: The Registrar must provide birth and death certificates to the person who registered the event within 7 days of registration.
- Appeal Process: Individuals dissatisfied with the actions or orders of the Registrar or District Registrar may appeal to the District Registrar or Chief Registrar, respectively, within 30 days of receipt. The decision on the appeal must be given within 90 days.
- Child adoption ease: The Bill seeks to collect Aadhaar details to facilitate registration for adopted, orphaned, abandoned, surrendered, surrogate, and children of single parents or unwed mothers.
- Integration with National Population Register (NPR): The database generated through the CRS will also be used to update the NPR, ration cards, and property registration records, enhancing the effectiveness of the NPR and laying the groundwork for the National Register of Citizens (NRC).
Conclusion
- India’s move towards digital birth certificates marks a significant milestone in streamlining administrative processes and public services.
- By adopting a centralized system for registration and digital delivery of certificates, the country aims to improve efficiency and transparency in accessing various essential services.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GEM Report
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The UNESCO has released Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2023.
- The report warned against the negative impacts of excessive screen time on children’s well-being and academic performance.
What is UNESCO?
|
| Full Name |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| Established |
November 16, 1945 |
| Headquarters |
Paris, France |
| Director-General |
Audrey Azoulay |
| Purpose |
To promote peace and security through international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication. |
| Functions |
– Promoting education for all
– Supporting scientific research
– Safeguarding cultural heritage
– Fostering freedom of expression
– Promoting media development |
| Membership |
Over 190 member states |
| World Heritage Sites |
Over 1,100 designated sites worldwide |
| Languages |
Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Working languages: English, French |
About Global Education Monitoring Report 2023
- Established in 2002, the GEM Report is an editorially independent report, hosted and published by UNESCO.
- At the 2015 World Education Forum, it received a mandate from 160 governments to monitor and report on progress on education SDG 4.0.
- The report provides in-depth analysis and assessment of key education issues and challenges worldwide.
- It also offers evidence-based insights and policy recommendations to improve education systems and outcomes.
Concerns raised in the report
- Ills of digital learning: The report highlights that learning benefits diminish if technology is used excessively or without qualified teachers’ involvement.
- Equitable Learning: The report reveals that inequities in learning emerge when instruction becomes exclusively remote, affecting vulnerable students, especially in rural areas.
- Evidence-based Approach: The report urges for sound, impartial evidence on technology’s impact in education, as most available evidence originates from technology companies and may be biased.
- Long-term Costs and Sustainability: Countries need to consider the long-term costs of digital learning and connectivity. The expansion of the Edtech market should not overshadow unmet basic education needs.
- Threats posed by AI: The growth of generative AI and technology necessitates digital literacy and critical thinking skills.
- Protecting Children’s Rights: During the pandemic, many online education initiatives risked infringing on children’s rights.
Key endorsements: Banning smartphones in schools
- The report endorses banning smartphones in schools if technology integration does not improve learning or negatively affects student well-being.
- Research indicates that banning mobile phones from schools can lead to better academic performance, especially among low-performing students.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forex reserves, BoP
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India’s forex reserves were at $578.4 billion as of March 2023—a fall of over $28 billion since March 2022, $19.7 billion of which was due to valuation changes, as per RBI.
- The depreciation of the US dollar and increased capital flows contributed to a surge in reserves this year.
What is Foreign Exchange (Forex) Reserve?
- Foreign exchange reserves are important assets held by the central bank in foreign currencies as reserves.
- They are commonly used to support the exchange rate and set monetary policy.
- In India’s case, foreign reserves include Gold, Dollars, and the IMF’s quota for Special Drawing Rights.
- Most of the reserves are usually held in US dollars, given the currency’s importance in the international financial and trading system.
- Some central banks keep reserves in Euros, British pounds, Japanese yen, or Chinese yuan, in addition to their US dollar reserves.
India’s forex reserves cover:
- Foreign Currency Assets (FCAs)
- Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
- Gold Reserves
- Reserve position with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Current Scenario: Impact of US Rate Hikes and Capital Inflows
- US Rate Hikes and Capital Flows: The US Federal Reserve’s rate hikes have triggered a flow of foreign investments into the US treasury, leading to capital outflows from India.
- Potential Capital Inflows: So far this year, the US Fed has raised rates by 75 basis points. This could potentially increase capital inflows into emerging markets like India.
- Improved Balance of Payment (BoP): India’s Balance of Payment has improved significantly, with the current account deficit projected to be less than 2% of GDP.
- Resumption of Equity Capital Flows: There is a resumption in equity capital flows, and India continues to attract substantial investments compared to other emerging market peers.
Global Standing of India’s Forex Reserves
- Rank among Nations: India ranks fourth among countries with the highest forex reserves, following China, Japan, and Switzerland.
- Differences in Reserve Accumulation: Most countries maintain large and persistent current account surpluses, owing to a competitive exports market. However, India, Brazil, and the US have accumulated reserves primarily through capital flows rather than a significant current account surplus.
RBI’s Strategy for Diversifying Forex Reserves
- Internationalizing the Rupee: The RBI aims to reduce reliance on foreign currencies by internationalizing the Indian rupee.
- Exploring Use of Asian Clearing Union Currencies: The RBI is exploring the use of currencies from member states of the Asian Clearing Union, including the rupee, for payment and settlement among themselves.
- Agreement with Sri Lanka: An agreement with the Central Bank of Sri Lanka enables the use of the rupee as a designated foreign currency, promoting trade between the two countries and facilitating rupee transactions for Indian tourists in Sri Lanka.
Conclusion
- While India’s forex reserves have seen fluctuations due to various factors, the country’s sustained efforts to diversify and strengthen its reserves position indicate a proactive approach by the RBI.
- The ongoing focus on attracting foreign investments, coupled with measures to internationalize the rupee, may contribute to a more stable and resilient forex reserve management system in the future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Manual Scavenging in India
Central Idea
- The Social Justice Ministry revealed that while 530 districts have reported themselves as manual scavenging-free, a significant number of districts are yet to do so.
- Despite the government’s assertion that manual scavenging-related deaths have not occurred in the last five years, fatalities during sewer and septic tank cleaning persist.
Manual Scavenging in India
- Manual scavenging is the practice of removing human excreta by hand from sewers or septic tanks.
- India banned the practice under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 (PEMSR).
- The Act bans the use of any individual for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of or otherwise handling in any manner, human excreta till its disposal.
- In 2013, the definition of manual scavengers was also broadened to include people employed to clean septic tanks, ditches, or railway tracks.
- The Act recognizes manual scavenging as a “dehumanizing practice,” and cites a need to “correct the historical injustice and indignity suffered by the manual scavengers.”
Reasons for its persistence
- Low Awareness and Marginalization: Manual scavenging is often carried out by marginalized sections of society who are unaware of their rights, making them vulnerable to exploitation.
- Enforcement Issues: Weak enforcement of the Act and the exploitation of unskilled laborers contribute to the persistence of manual scavenging.
- High Cost of Automation: The high cost of adopting automated cleaning methods in sewers is a deterrent for municipal authorities.
- Cheaper Availability of Unskilled Labor: Contractors resort to illegal employment of unskilled labourers who are willing to work at lower wages, perpetuating the practice.
- Caste Dynamics: The practice is reinforced by the existing caste hierarchy, with a majority of manual scavengers belonging to lower castes.
Various Policy Initiatives
- Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020: The proposed amendment seeks to mechanize sewer cleaning, provide on-site protection, and offer compensation in case of sewer-related deaths.
- Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013: This Act goes beyond dry latrine prohibitions and outlaws all forms of manual excrement cleaning in insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits.
- Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan: The “Maila Mukti Yatra,” initiated in 2012, aims to eradicate manual scavenging nationwide, starting from Bhopal.
- Prevention of Atrocities Act: This Act serves as protection for sanitation workers, as a significant number of manual scavengers belong to the Scheduled Caste.
- Compensation: The PEMSR Act and the Supreme Court’s decision in the Safai Karamchari Andolan vs. Union of India case mandate compensation of Rs 10 lakh for victims’ families.
- National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK): Investigating the conditions of waste collectors in India, the NCSK provides recommendations to the government.
- Proper Distinction: The Ministry now recognizes the difference between sanitation work and manual scavenging.
- Enumeration of Sanitization Workers: The enumeration of sanitation workers will be conducted in 500 AMRUT cities as part of the National Action Plan for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE).
- NAMASTE Scheme: The NAMASTE scheme aims to eliminate unsafe sewer and septic tank cleaning practices, enhancing the safety and dignity of sanitation workers.
States and UTs with Pending Declaration of Manual Scavenging-Free Districts
- Concerning Data: Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Jharkhand are among the States and UTs with the highest number of districts yet to declare themselves as manual scavenging-free.
- Disparity among States: While States like Bihar, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu have achieved 100% declaration of manual scavenging-free districts, several other States and UTs have reported only 15% to 20% of districts as free from the practice.
Way forward
- Regular surveys and social audits must be conducted against the involvement of manual scavengers by public and local authorities.
- There must be proper identification and capacity building of manual scavengers for alternate sources of livelihood.
- Creating awareness about the legal protection of manual scavengers is necessary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biodiversity Acts
Mains level: Biological Diversity Acts and Amendment Bill, significance
What’s the news?
- On July 25, the Lok Sabha gave its approval to a Bill to amend some provisions of the Biological Diversity Act of 2002.
Central Idea
- The Lok Sabha’s recent approval of the bill marks a significant step in preserving India’s biological diversity and promoting sustainable utilization. The bill aims to address concerns raised by central ministries, state governments, researchers, industries, and other stakeholders regarding the implementation of the 2002 Biological Diversity Act.
What is the Biodiversity Law?
- The Biodiversity Law, also known as the Biological Diversity Act of 2002, is a significant piece of legislation in India.
- Its main objective is to conserve the country’s biological diversity, which includes animals, plants, microorganisms, gene pools, and the ecosystems they inhabit.
- The law was enacted in response to the global need to protect and preserve biological resources, which were under threat due to human activities.
Key amendments proposed in the Biodiversity Law
- Exemption for Indian Systems of Medicine: Certain users of biological resources, like practitioners of Indian systems of medicine, are exempt from making payments to the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanism.
- Treatment of Indian Companies with Foreign Equity: Companies registered in India and controlled by Indians are treated as Indian companies, even with foreign equity or partnership, reducing restrictions on their activities related to biological resources.
- Streamlining the Approval Process: Provisions have been included to expedite approval for research using biological resources and filing patent applications.
- Rationalization of Penalty Provisions: Penalties for wrongdoing by user agencies have been rationalized.
Significance of the Biodiversity Law
- Conservation of Biological Diversity: The Biodiversity Law is crucial for preserving the diverse range of animals, plants, microorganisms, and ecosystems found in India.
- Addressing Global Concerns: The law is a response to the global need to protect and conserve biological resources, which are under threat due to human activities. It aligns India with international efforts to safeguard biodiversity.
- Implementation of CBD Commitments: India agreed to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Law helps fulfill India’s commitments under this international framework agreement, promoting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
- Sustainable Resource Utilization: The law emphasizes the sustainable use of biological resources, ensuring that they are utilized in a manner that does not deplete them or harm the environment. This approach promotes responsible resource management.
- Supporting Traditional Systems of Medicine: The law recognizes the significance of traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, which rely on medicinal plants and biological resources. It supports the conservation of these resources and traditional knowledge.
- Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Mechanism: The Biodiversity Law incorporates an Access and Benefit Sharing mechanism in alignment with the Nagoya Protocol. It ensures the equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources with local communities.
Factors behind the need for amendments
- Addressing Stakeholder Concerns: Over the years, various stakeholders, including practitioners of traditional medicine, the seed sector, pharmaceutical companies, and the research community, raised concerns about certain provisions in the original law.
- Supporting Traditional Systems of Medicine: One of the key reasons for the amendments was to encourage Indian systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda. The amendments sought to provide exemptions or favorable conditions for practitioners of traditional medicine to access and use these resources.
- Attracting Foreign Investment: By simplifying and streamlining processes, the government intended to make it easier for foreign entities to engage in research and business activities related to biodiversity in India.
- Promoting Research and Innovation: The amendments aimed to expedite the approval process for research involving biological resources and simplify procedures for filing patent applications.
- Rationalizing Penalty Provisions: The amendments likely involved rationalizing the penalty provisions for wrongdoing by user agencies. This was done to ensure that the penalties imposed for non-compliance with the law were fair and appropriate.
Way forward
- Integrated Policies: Develop and implement integrated policies that prioritize both biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization. Ensure that economic development initiatives are aligned with environmental protection goals.
- Stakeholder Collaboration: Foster collaboration among government bodies, NGOs, industries, local communities, and researchers to jointly address biodiversity challenges and promote sustainable practices.
- Empower Local Communities: Empower local communities, especially indigenous groups, in biodiversity management and decision-making processes. Recognize their traditional knowledge and incentivize their involvement in conservation efforts.
- Conservation Reserves and Protected Areas: Strengthen and expand the network of conservation reserves and protected areas to safeguard critical ecosystems and habitats.
- Sustainable Resource Use: Promote sustainable practices in industries relying on biological resources, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. Encourage eco-friendly and resource-efficient approaches.
- Green Business Practices: Encourage businesses to adopt green practices and environmental certifications, recognizing their commitment to sustainability.
- Education and Awareness: Raise public awareness about the importance of biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable resource utilization. Educate citizens about the benefits of preserving natural resources.
Conclusion
- The passage of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill by the Lok Sabha reflects India’s commitment to preserving its rich biological diversity and promoting its sustainable use. As the bill advances to further stages of approval, it is essential to strike a balance between conservation and utilization, ensuring that future generations can benefit from the wealth of biological resources the country possesses.
Also read:
Monsoon session of Parliament to decide fate of Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key concepts
Mains level: Fiscal deficit, public debt its impact and Fiscal consolidation measures
What’s the news?
- The Indian economy grapples with a soaring fiscal deficit and public debt, posing a critical challenge to its financial stability. With impending state and general elections in 2023 and 2024, the electoral budget cycle could worsen the debt situation, raising questions about its sustainability.
Central idea
- The escalating levels of fiscal deficit and public debt in India have been a persistent concern, even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Although there has been some recovery in the post-pandemic period, projections indicate that returning to pre-pandemic debt levels in the medium term seems unlikely.
What is meant by fiscal deficit?
- A fiscal deficit refers to the difference between a government’s total expenditures and its total revenues (excluding borrowings) during a specific period, usually a fiscal year.
- It is a crucial component of a country’s fiscal policy and represents the amount of money the government needs to borrow to meet its expenditure commitments when its total expenses exceed its total revenue.
What is meant by public debt?
- Public debt represents the total amount of money that a country’s central government owes to various creditors, whether individuals, financial institutions, or foreign governments, at a specific point in time.
- It is the cumulative result of past fiscal deficits and surpluses. Public debt includes all outstanding government borrowings, including both short-term and long-term debt.
What is meant by financial repression?
- Financial repression is an economic term used to describe government policies and regulations that manipulate interest rates, capital flows, and other financial instruments to channel funds towards the government’s debt obligations and other strategic priorities.
- It typically involves measures aimed at reducing the cost of government borrowing and raising funds for public spending, often at the expense of savers and investors.
India’s fiscal deficit and public debt
- One of the Highest Debt Levels: Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, debt levels were among the highest in the developing world and emerging market economies.
- Fiscal Deficit: The fiscal deficit in 2020–21 increased to 13.3% of GDP and has receded to 8.9% in the post-pandemic period.
- Public Debt: The aggregate public debt relative to GDP was 89.6% in 2020–21 and decreased to 85.7% after the economy started recovering from the pandemic.
- Debt-to-GSDP Ratios in Specific States: The debt-to-GSDP ratios in specific states: Punjab (48.9%), West Bengal (37.6%), Rajasthan (35.4%), and Kerala (close to 33%)
Impact of financial repression
- High Debt and Interest Payments:
- Financial repression may lead to higher government debt levels as it facilitates borrowing at low-interest rates. As a result, interest payments on the accumulated debt can become a significant burden on the government’s finances.
- On average, interest payments constitute over 5% of GDP and 25% of revenue receipts in India. This surpasses government expenditures on critical sectors like education and healthcare, hindering investments in essential infrastructure and human development.
- State-Specific Concerns: Certain states in India, such as Punjab, Kerala, Rajasthan, and West Bengal, are particularly affected by high Debt-to-GSDP ratios. The debt burden in these states poses challenges for managing finances and implementing developmental initiatives.
- Constraints on Fiscal Policy: Elevated debt levels resulting from financial repression can limit the government’s ability to implement counter-cyclical fiscal policies during economic downturns. This constraint can hinder the government’s capacity to respond effectively to shocks and economic challenges.
- Distorted Financial Market: Government interventions, such as the SLR requirement, can create imbalances in the allocation of funds, affecting the availability of credit for productive sectors like manufacturing.
- Impact on Sovereign Rating and External Borrowing: Persistently high deficits and debt levels can lead to lower sovereign ratings by rating agencies. A low sovereign rating can increase the cost of external commercial borrowing, making it more expensive for the government to raise funds from international markets.
- Burden on Future Generations: Excessive debt accumulation can lead to intergenerational equity issues, with future citizens having to repay the debt and interest accrued during the period of financial repression.
Way forward: Financial Consolidation
- Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Rules: Enforce and strengthen the existing FRBM rules to ensure prudent fiscal management. Adhering to these rules can help control deficits and prevent excessive debt accumulation.
- Targeted Interventions: Implement targeted interventions to reduce the debt burden while addressing critical needs such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development. For instance, the government can allocate funds specifically to boost primary education and healthcare access in states with high debt burdens, such as Punjab, Kerala, Rajasthan, and West Bengal.
- Infrastructure Investments: Prioritize investments in physical infrastructure, human capital, and green initiatives to enhance economic productivity and foster sustainable development. For example, investing in renewable energy projects can support the green transition while creating employment opportunities.
- Enhance Tax Collection and Compliance: Improve tax administration and compliance to increase government revenue. Utilizing technology for cross-matching of GST and income-tax returns can enhance tax collection efficiency and curb tax evasion.
- Fiscal Reforms at the State Level: Encourage states to adopt responsible fiscal policies and avoid excessive borrowing. For example, the central government can provide incentives to states that adhere to fiscal discipline and implement reforms to improve fiscal health.
- Disinvestment and Efficient Asset Management: Pursue disinvestment and strategic asset management to optimize government resources and reduce the need for excessive borrowing. For instance, the government can consider divesting non-essential government assets and utilizing funds from asset sales efficiently. Instead of pouring money into BSNL, which may be better served by private sector expertise, the government can explore disinvestment options.
- Market-Based Interest Rates: Gradually transition towards market-driven interest rates on government borrowing to ensure a more efficient allocation of capital in the financial market. This can help improve credit availability for the private sector.
- Encourage Private Sector Participation: Promote private sector participation in critical sectors, allowing the government to focus on its core functions. For instance, the government can encourage private investment in infrastructure projects through public-private partnerships (PPPs).
- Focus on Cash Transfers: Consider providing targeted cash transfers instead of subsidies for specific commodities and services. Cash transfers can be more efficient at redistributing resources without causing unintended distortions in relative prices.
- Medium-Term Fiscal Consolidation: Develop and implement a medium-term fiscal consolidation plan to gradually reduce the fiscal deficit and public debt levels sustainably. This plan can include specific targets for debt reduction and deficit control.
Conclusion
- Financial repression’s adverse effects, along with the heavy costs of high deficits and debt, necessitate responsible policy interventions and fiscal consolidation. Emphasizing technological advancements and prudent economic policies will be vital in tackling the debt burden and ensuring long-term fiscal sustainability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Full-Reserve Banking
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Full-reserve banking, also known as 100% reserve banking, and fractional-reserve banking are two different systems of banking that determine how banks handle customer deposits and lending practices.
- This article discusses the key differences between these two banking systems and the arguments put forth by proponents of each approach.
What is Full-Reserve Banking?
- Custodian Role: In a full-reserve banking system, banks hold all money received as demand deposits from customers in their vaults, acting as safekeepers of depositors’ funds.
- Limited Lending: Banks can only lend money from time deposits, which customers can withdraw after an agreed-upon period.
- Preventing Bank Runs: The full reserve ensures banks can meet depositor demands even if all customers seek to withdraw their money simultaneously, reducing the risk of a bank run.
- Restricted Money Supply: Banks cannot create money through loans, limiting their influence on the economy’s money supply and potentially preventing artificial booms and busts.
Contrary Idea: Fractional-Reserve Banking
- Lending with Electronic Money: Banks in a fractional-reserve system predominantly lend in the form of electronic money, allowing them to lend more than the physical cash they have in vaults.
- Risk of Bank Runs: Although electronic money minimizes cash withdrawals, excessive loans can lead to a bank run if depositors demand cash that exceeds the actual cash reserves.
- Supporting Economic Growth: Proponents argue that fractional-reserve banking fuels investment and economic growth by allowing banks to create loans without relying solely on customer savings.
Arguments for both systems
- Fractional-Reserve Banking: Supporters believe fractional-reserve banking frees the economy from the constraints of real savings, stimulating investment and growth.
- Full-Reserve Banking: Supporters argue that full-reserve banking is more natural, prevents bank runs, and limits banks’ ability to create money, which could prevent economic instability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: No-Confidence Motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Opposition parties belonging to the new Alliance INDIA plan to move a no-confidence motion against the government to force the PM to speak on Manipur unrest.
Motion of No-Confidence
- In the Indian parliamentary system, a motion of no-confidence plays a crucial role in assessing the government’s strength and accountability.
- This motion allows opposition parties or any member to express their lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers, leading to a significant political event.
Procedure for No-Confidence Motion:
- Rule 198: The procedure for a no-confidence motion is laid down under Rule 198 of the rules of procedure and conduct of the Lok Sabha.
- Absence of Grounds: Such does not require specific grounds to be mentioned in the motion, and even if mentioned, these grounds do not form part of the motion.
- Lok Sabha Exclusive: It can only be moved in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha.
- Written Notice: Any member of the Lok Sabha can move a no-confidence motion by providing a written notice before 10 am.
- Acceptance and Discussion: For the motion to be accepted, a minimum of 50 members must support it. Once accepted, the Speaker announces the date for the motion’s discussion within 10 days.
- Voting: Voting can be conducted through a voice vote, division vote (using electronic gadgets, slips, or a ballot box), or a secret ballot vote.
Implications of Voting
- Majority Decision: Following the vote, the side with the majority determines the motion’s outcome.
- Speaker’s Role: In the event of a tie, the Speaker casts the deciding vote to resolve the impasse.
Outcomes
- Government Resignation: If the government fails to prove its majority in the House, it is obligated to resign from power.
- Political Impact: A successful no-confidence motion can lead to significant political changes and reshuffling of the government.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Consider the following statements regarding a No-Confidence Motion in India:
- There is no mention of a No-Confidence Motion in the Constitution of India.
- A Motion of No-Confidence can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Madhav Gadgil Report , Kasturirangan Report
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A devastating landslide in Maharashtra’s Raigad district recently resulted in the loss of 27 lives and the destruction of an entire village.
- This tragic incident has reignited discussions about the 2011 Dr Madhav Gadgil report on the conservation of the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats.
Dr Madhav Gadgil Report
- Formation: In 2010, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), chaired by ecologist Dr Madhav Gadgil, was appointed by Union Environment Ministry.
Key recommendations:
(1) Proposition of ESZs: The report proposed classifying 64 percent of the Western Ghats, spanning six states, into Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) – ESZ 1, ESZ 2, and ESZ 3, and designating the entire region as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA).
(2) Development Restrictions: The report recommended stopping almost all developmental activities, including mining, construction of thermal power plants, and dams, in ESZ 1. It also called for the phasing out of mining in ESZ 1 in Goa, banning new polluting industries in ESZ 1 and ESZ 2 in Maharashtra’s Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts, and implementing zero pollution norms for existing industries.
(3) Sustainable Farming: The report advocated a ban on growing single commercial crops, such as tea, coffee, cardamom, rubber, banana, and pineapple, to promote sustainable farming practices in the Western Ghats.
(4) Establishing a dedicated Authority: It recommended decentralization and granting more powers to local authorities in the governance of the environment. The establishment of a Western Ghats Ecology Authority was proposed to manage the region’s ecology and ensure sustainable development.
(5) Certain prohibitions: The report urged the prohibition of genetically modified crops, plastic bags, Special Economic Zones, and new hill stations, along with the protection of river ecosystems and public lands.
Challenges in Implementation:
- Stakeholder Resistance: The recommendations faced opposition from stakeholder states, fearing negative impacts on development and livelihoods.
- Formation of Kasturirangan Panel: In response to the resistance, a High-Level Working Group on Western Ghats, led by Dr K Kasturirangan, was constituted. This panel’s report, released in 2014, designated only 37 percent of the region as ecologically sensitive, significantly less than Gadgil’s proposal.
- Revision and Splitting of ESZ: The Kasturirangan report divided the Western Ghats into cultural (human settlements) and natural (non-human settlements) regions. It suggested designating cultural lands as ESAs and introduced red, orange, and green categories for activities based on regulation levels.
Controversy and Criticism
- Dr Madhav Gadgil criticized the Kasturirangan report, stating that it distorted and perverted the essence of his panel’s original recommendations.
- He highlighted the importance of including local communities in economic decisions and the need for a more pro-nature approach.
Current Status
- High-Powered Committee: By 2022, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) announced the formation of a high-powered committee to conduct physical landscaping and submit a detailed report within a year.
Conclusion
- The Raigad landslide tragedy and the discussions about the Dr Madhav Gadgil report underscore the significance of preserving the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats.
- The delicate balance between conservation efforts and developmental requirements remains a complex issue.
- It is essential for stakeholders, governments, and experts to collaborate and find sustainable solutions to protect this vital ecosystem and its biodiversity for future generations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RTI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Chief Justice of India acknowledged the concerns raised by political parties regarding the potential disclosure of internal decisions under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
- The case before the three-judge Bench seeks to determine whether national and regional political parties should be considered “public authorities” under the RTI Act.
- The court will delve into the matter further to strike a balance between transparency and the confidentiality of parties’ internal functions.
Facts for Prelims: Right to Information (RTI) Act
| Enactment |
June 15, 2005 |
| Objective |
Promote transparency and accountability |
| Applicability |
All public authorities at central, state, local levels |
| Scope |
Access to information on matters of public interest, government policies, budgets, etc. |
| RTI Application |
Filed in writing with the concerned public authority |
| Response Time |
Within 30 days (48 hours for life or liberty issues) |
| Exemptions |
Some information exempted to protect national security, privacy, etc.
Judiciary |
| Fees |
Nominal fee varies based on state and information requested |
| First Appellate Authority |
Filed if dissatisfied with the response |
| Second Appeal |
Filed with the relevant Information Commission |
| Whistleblower Protection |
Safeguards against victimization for exposing corruption |
| Impact |
Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance |
RTI Act and Political Parties
- Petitions Seeking Declaration: A batch of petitions has been filed, urging that political parties should be classified as “public authorities” under the RTI Act. The Congress, BJP, and other parties are respondents in this case.
- Concerns Raised: The Communist Party supports financial transparency but objects to revealing confidential information, such as candidate selection processes and internal discussions.
- Judicial Observation: CJI acknowledged the concerns, indicating that parties may have a point in not disclosing internal candidate selection processes.
Arguments Presented
- Benefits and Governance Role: Petitioners argue that political parties receive considerable benefits from the government, including bungalows, and play a role in governance through legislator control.
- CIC’s Ruling: The Central Information Commission (CIC) had previously declared political parties as public authorities in 2013 and 2015.
- Parties’ Response: Political parties have expressed reservations, stating that RTI disclosure may intrude on confidential discussions, affect their stance towards the government, and hinder their ability to organize protests against government policies.
- Union Government’s Stand: The government opposes the petitions, contending that parties’ internal functioning and financial information should not be compelled under the RTI Act, as this could be misused by political rivals.
CIC’s Interpretation
- Liberal Interpretation of RTI Act: The CIC’s interpretation of Section 2(h) of the RTI Act, classifying political parties as public authorities, has been disputed.
- Political Parties Not Government Bodies: The Centre argues that political parties are not government bodies established by the Constitution or any parliamentary law.
- Existing Transparency Provisions: The Income Tax Act and the Representation of the People Act already require necessary transparency regarding financial aspects of political parties.
Conclusion
- The case raises essential questions about transparency versus confidentiality in their internal operations of a political party.
- Striking a balance between citizens’ right to information and parties’ right to maintain confidentiality will be crucial in the court’s deliberation.
- The judgment could set a precedent for how political parties are held accountable to the public while safeguarding their internal processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Himachal Flood
Central Idea
- Himachal Pradesh has experienced devastating flash floods during the recent monsoon season, resulting in a significant loss of lives and assets.
- This article explores the factors contributing to the floods, including climate change and anthropogenic actions, and raises questions about the current development model’s sustainability.
Reasons for amplified Flood Impacts
[A] Climate Change and Floods
- IPCC’s Warning: The IPCC VI report predicts that the Himalayas and coastal regions of India will be the hardest hit by climate change. Increased precipitation in shorter periods is evident in the Himalayas, leading to heavy rains and floods.
- Abnormal Rainfall: Normal rainfall is expected to be between 720mm and 750mm, but instances of exceeding 888mm in 2010 and 926.9mm in 2018 have been observed. The current precipitation has been a result of the combined effect of the southwest monsoon and western disturbances.
[B] Impact of Development Model
- Dr. Parmar Model: Himachal Pradesh’s development model, initiated in 1971, transformed the state into a model of development for mountain regions. It focused on land reforms, social welfare investments, and human resource development.
- Shift in Development: Liberalization brought demands for fiscal reforms, forcing the state to generate its own resources. Exploitation of natural resources such as forests, water, tourism, and cement production became the focus of development efforts.
- Hydropower Projects: Dominant focus on hydropower projects led to uncontrolled construction, transforming mountain rivers into streams, and causing ecological damage.
- Tourism Expansion: Road expansion for tourism promotion resulted in bypassing geological studies, leading to landslides and destruction during rainfall.
- Cement Plants: Establishment of massive cement plants altered the landscape, reducing the land’s water absorption capacity and contributing to flash floods.
- Changing Crop Patterns: Shift from traditional cereal farming to cash crops increased the demand for hastily constructed roads without proper drainage, leading to rapid swelling of rivers during rainfall.
Way Forward
- Commission of Inquiry: Instituting a Commission of Inquiry involving major stakeholders can address policy framework failures and project aspects.
- Empowering Local Communities: A new architecture is needed to empower local communities over their assets. Insuring assets and involving local communities as custodians can expedite rebuilding efforts.
- Sustainable Infrastructure: With climate change as a reality, infrastructure planning should adapt to avert disasters and mitigate the impacts of heavy rainfall.
Conclusion
- The flash floods in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate the consequences of both climate change and human-induced development.
- It calls for a comprehensive approach that considers sustainable development practices, empowers local communities, and prioritizes environmental conservation to protect lives and assets in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Researchers from the University of Colorado conducted an experiment to study the electric dipole moment (EDM) of an electron.
- This EDM measurement could help solve the mystery of why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe, which goes against the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Understanding Electron’s EDM
- Electric Dipole Moment (EDM): The EDM of an electron is a measure of how its positive and negative electrical charges are distributed. Imagine it like a bar magnet: it shows how asymmetric the charge distribution is within the electron, as if the negative charge (electron) is not perfectly centered with respect to the positive charge (proton) within the particle.
- Elementary Particles: Electrons are the smallest, fundamental building blocks of matter. Their EDM is an important concept in particle physics because it helps scientists study violations of certain fundamental symmetries, such as time-reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry.
Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem
- Matter and Antimatter: Matter and antimatter are particles with opposite charges but similar properties. According to the Standard Model, equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been created during the Big Bang, but this is not what we observe in the Universe.
- Annihilation: When matter and antimatter come into contact, they annihilate each other, releasing energy. This raises the question of why there is still matter around us, as both should have completely annihilated each other after the Big Bang.
Measuring the EDM:
- EDM Measurement: By measuring the EDM of an electron, scientists can determine if the electron’s charge is perfectly centered or slightly off to one side, indicating a separation of charge.
- Time Symmetry Violation (TSV): If an electron’s EDM is non-zero, it suggests a violation of time symmetry, meaning the behavior of particles is different when time is reversed. This violation could be a clue to explaining the matter-antimatter asymmetry.
Thesis to this dichotomy: Sakharov’s Conditions
These are three conditions proposed by physicist Andrei Sakharov to explain why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe:
- Baryon Number Violation: Some processes violate the conservation of baryon number, leading to the creation of more matter than antimatter. Baryons are particles like protons and neutrons.
- C-Symmetry and CP-Symmetry Violation: Certain processes treat matter and antimatter differently due to violations of charge conjugation (C-symmetry) and combined charge conjugation with parity (CP-symmetry).
- Out-of-Equilibrium Processes: Certain processes happen out of thermal equilibrium, preventing the complete annihilation of particles and resulting in an excess of matter.
Experiment carried out
- Complex Experimental Setup: The researchers used advanced techniques involving magnetic fields, lasers, microwaves, and radiofrequency fields to control and measure the EDM of electrons confined inside molecular ions.
- EDM Bound: The experiment set a limit on the electron’s EDM, indicating that it is about 2.4 times higher than previously measured and roughly 1 billion times larger than predicted by the Standard Model.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Searching for New Physics: The measurement of the electron’s EDM opens up the possibility of discovering new physics beyond the Standard Model.
- Role in Explaining Asymmetry: The knowledge gained from EDM measurements could guide future high-energy particle colliders to produce particles that violate time symmetry, helping us understand why there is more matter than antimatter in the early Universe.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNESCO
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The US first lady held a flag-raising ceremony at UNESCO in Paris, marking Washington’s official re-entry.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
|
| Established |
November 16, 1945 |
| Headquarters |
Paris, France |
| Membership |
195 member states and 10 associate members |
| Mandate |
Promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication |
| Objectives |
- Ensuring an inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- Safeguarding cultural heritage
- Advancing scientific research and collaboration
- Promoting freedom of expression
- Fostering intercultural dialogue
|
| Notable Programs and Activities |
- World Heritage Program: Designates and preserves sites of outstanding universal value
- Education for All Program: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- International Hydrological Program: Promoting sustainable water management and cooperation
- Man and the Biosphere Program: Promoting sustainable development and Conservation of natural resources
- Intangible Cultural Heritage Program: Safeguarding and promoting intangible cultural heritage
|
A quick recap
- US and Israel’s withdrawal: Last December, the United States and Israel decided to leave UNESCO.
- Historical trajectory of engagement: The decisions should be viewed within a longer historical context.
Reasons for Withdrawal
- Anti-Semitic resolutions: The US and Israel cited several resolutions that they perceived as biased against Israel.
- Disdain for multilateralism and ‘America First’ policy: The US demonstrated a lack of interest in multilateral organizations and prioritized its own interests.
- Mounting arrears: The decision was based on mounting arrears, the need for reform, and perceived anti-Israel bias.
- Lack of interest in paying UNESCO debts: The Trump administration had little incentive to pay off debts accumulated since the Obama administration froze contributions.
Implications of the withdrawal
- Impact on UNESCO’s daily workings: The departure of the US and Israel impaired the organization’s operations.
- Limited consequence for Palestinians: The diplomatic victory for the Palestinian Authority was of little political or economic significance for Palestinians living under occupation.
Why is the US now joining back?
- Counterbalance China’s influence: The US aims to counterbalance China’s growing influence in shaping global policies on artificial intelligence and technology education.
- Protect and promote US interests: Rejoining allows the US to protect and advance its interests in cultural heritage preservation, climate change initiatives, and girls’ education.
- Reforms and diplomatic efforts: UNESCO’s management reforms and efforts to address concerns have contributed to the US decision to rejoin.
- Bipartisan support for engagement: The decision to rejoin UNESCO has received bipartisan support within the US, ensuring long-term engagement regardless of future political changes.
- Financial considerations and commitment: The US plans to fulfill financial obligations to UNESCO, including paying dues and arrears, demonstrating a commitment to supporting key initiatives within the organization.
Conclusion
- The decision of the United States to rejoin UNESCO reflects a strategic effort to counterbalance China’s influence, protect and promote American interests, and engage in international efforts for cultural preservation, climate change, and education.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tax reforms in news
Mains level: Tax on online gaming, advantages and impact on industry, Need for balanced approach
What’s the news?
- The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council recently decided to impose the top 28% slab on online gaming, horse racing, and casinos.
- The government anticipates earning an additional Rs 20,000 crore per annum.
“Nothing in this world is certain but death and taxes.” -Benjamin Franklin
Central Idea
- The recent decision of the 50th GST Council to impose a staggering 28% tax on the total amount involved in online games has sparked concerns over the survival of an entire industry that employs a substantial workforce.
The Distinction between Games of Skill and Games of Chance
- For more than 150 years, the legal system has distinguished between games of skill and games of chance.
- While games of chance rely solely on luck and are akin to gambling, games of skill involve a level of competence, where the outcome is determined by the players’ abilities.
- The Public Gambling Act of 1867 recognizes games of skill as distinct from gambling, offering a legal shield to the former.
What is the Rationale Behind Levying a 28% Tax on Online Gaming?
- Revenue Generation: The primary objective is to generate additional revenue for the exchequer by taxing the booming online gaming industry, which has witnessed significant growth and popularity.
- Consistency in the Tax System: Applying a 28% GST on online gaming activities is aimed at ensuring equal treatment of various forms of entertainment and recreational activities in the tax system.
- Regulatory Control: The imposition of a higher tax rate may serve as a means of regulatory control over the online gaming industry, potentially influencing consumer behavior and promoting responsible gaming practices.
- Foreign Investment Considerations: Setting a tax rate comparable to global standards may attract foreign investments in the online gaming sector while ensuring tax compliance within the industry.
- Addressing Social Concerns: The government aims to address concerns related to excessive gaming and potential social issues by imposing a higher tax rate.
- Boosting Government Revenues: The estimated annual revenue boost of Rs 20,000 crore highlights the government’s view of the online gaming industry as a lucrative source of tax collection.
Impact of 28% GST on the Online Gaming Industry?
- Financial Burden on Players: The 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games may result in a higher financial burden on players, especially for those who do not win or participate frequently. This could discourage some players from engaging in online gaming activities.
- Viability of the Industry: The higher tax rate may impact the industry’s viability, particularly for gaming companies and startups. It could lead to reduced revenues for the companies, affecting their ability to invest in game development and innovation.
- Competitiveness: The increased tax rate may make Indian gaming platforms less competitive compared to international counterparts that might not be subject to such high taxation. This could lead to players shifting to offshore gaming platforms, impacting the domestic industry.
- Employment in the Sector: The online gaming industry in India is a significant employer, providing direct and indirect employment to thousands of people. The higher tax rate may put financial strain on companies, leading to potential job losses and reduced opportunities for growth in the sector.
- Impact on Foreign Investments: The higher tax rate could deter foreign investments in the Indian gaming industry, as investors may consider the tax burden and its potential effects on returns.
- Consumer Behavior: The higher GST rate might alter consumer behavior, with some players reducing their spending on online games or looking for alternative sources of entertainment.
- Potential Black Market: A high tax rate might incentivize some players to resort to black market or unregulated platforms to avoid the tax burden, leading to potential illegal activities and revenue losses for the government.
- Regulatory Challenges: The implementation of a 28% GST on online gaming might pose regulatory challenges for both gaming companies and the government, especially in ensuring compliance and proper tax collection.
- Innovation and Investment in the Sector: The higher tax rate may impact investments in research and development, innovation, and new game development within the industry.
- Growth of E-sports: The higher tax burden on gaming companies may affect the growth of e-sports and competitive gaming in India, as organizers and sponsors may face increased financial pressures
Way Forward: The Need for Balanced Taxation
- Engage Stakeholders: The government should engage in meaningful discussions with industry stakeholders, including gaming companies, players, and experts, to understand the unique challenges and opportunities in the sector.
- Review Taxation Structure: Consider revisiting the current tax structure and exploring alternatives such as focusing on service fees rather than taxing the entire pooled amount. Aligning with global practices can lead to more sustainable and equitable taxation.
- Promote Responsible Gaming: Allocate a portion of tax revenue to promote responsible gaming practices, player protection, and awareness programs to address potential social concerns.
- Encourage Domestic Investment: Provide incentives and tax breaks to encourage domestic gaming companies to invest in research, development, and innovation, fostering the growth of the industry.
- Support E-sports: Recognize the potential of e-sports and competitive gaming, and offer tax incentives to organizers and sponsors of e-sports’ events to stimulate the growth of the e-sport’s ecosystem.
- Continuous Monitoring: Regularly monitor the impact of taxation policies on the industry, employment, and overall revenue collection. Adjust the policies as necessary to maintain a balanced approach.
- International Collaboration: Collaborate with other countries and learn from their experiences in gaming taxation to refine and implement effective policies.
Conclusion
- The decision to impose a 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games could be catastrophic for the industry. A more balanced approach, considering the industry’s employment potential and overall economic impact, is essential. By focusing on reasonable taxation and fostering growth, policymakers can ensure the survival and prosperity of the online gaming industry while still collecting revenue for the government’s coffers.
Also read:
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
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