Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hela Cells
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- HeLa cells, an extraordinary line of human cells recovered from a woman suffering from cancer has helped various realms of scientific discovery and medical progress.
What are HeLa Cells?
- Unveiling the Unknown: In 1951, Henrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent a tissue biopsy at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
- Pioneering Phenomenon: A fraction of Lacks’ tumor cells, later termed HeLa cells, displayed an exceptional trait – the ability to perpetually divide and multiply in laboratory conditions.
Distinctive Attributes of HeLa Cells
- Endless Proliferation: Unlike typical human cells that have finite lifespans, HeLa cells displayed continuous division, enabling their perpetual growth.
- Scientific Marvel: This property revolutionized research by offering a consistent and adaptable medium for experiments.
Utility for Scientific Progress
- Polio Vaccine: HeLa cells played a pivotal role in cultivating the poliovirus, facilitating the development of the polio vaccine.
- Cancer Research: HeLa cells fueled insights into cancer biology, aiding in testing treatments and understanding disease mechanisms.
- Genetic Insights: These cells were the first human cells to be cloned, deepening our grasp of genetics and cellular biology.
- Drug Testing: HeLa cells revolutionized drug testing, aiding in drug development and assessing safety profiles.
- Space Exploration: Their journey extended to space, contributing to the understanding of cellular behavior in microgravity.
Ethical Dilemmas and Controversies
- Informed Consent Absence: HeLa cells’ use without Henrietta Lacks’ consent raised ethical concerns, especially in the context of medical experimentation on African American patients.
- Patient Rights and Acknowledgment: Discussions emerged about patient rights, equitable compensation, and the acknowledgement of individuals whose contributions fuel scientific progress.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EC appointments
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A new Bill has been proposed in the Rajya Sabha aimed at reversing the impact of a Supreme Court ruling on the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- The proposed legislation suggests a revamped selection process, featuring a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a nominated Cabinet Minister.
- This initiative comes after a Supreme Court verdict that demanded the participation of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and ‘CJI’ in the selection of these crucial electoral positions.
Supreme Court’s Ruling and Legislative Vacuum
- March 2 Verdict: A unanimous verdict by a SC bench this year mandated the involvement of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and CJI in the appointment of CEC and ECs.
- Constitutional Vacuum: The Court intervened due to the absence of a parliamentary law as prescribed by Article 324 of the Constitution for the appointment process.
New Legislative Approach
- Aim of the Bill: The proposed Bill aims to address the constitutional vacuum and establish a structured legislative process for the appointment of members to the Election Commission of India (ECI).
- Search Committee: The Bill establishes a Search Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary and composed of two other government officials knowledgeable about election matters. The Committee is tasked with preparing a panel of five potential candidates for appointment.
- Selection Committee: The core of the proposed process is the Selection Committee, composed of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. This committee would finalize the appointment of CEC and ECs.
Supreme Court’s Concerns
- Parliament’s Authority: The Parliament holds the power to address the issues highlighted by the Supreme Court ruling and nullify its impact through legislative action that aligns with the judgment’s intent.
- Preserving Independence: The Supreme Court’s ruling emphasized the need for an independent body overseeing elections, aligning with the Constitution’s original intent.
Concerns raised
- Composition of Selection Committee: The new Bill raises concerns about the independence of the selection process due to its composition.
- Absence of LoP: With the PM and a nominated Cabinet Minister holding the majority in the three-member panel, the Leader of Opposition’s voice is marginalized even before the process begins.
- Omits CJI: The Bill omits CJI from the panel counterviewing the 2nd March Judgment which prompted this legislation.
Conclusion
- The proposed Bill’s attempt to address the legislative vacuum created by the Supreme Court ruling is a significant step towards streamlining the appointment process for the Election Commission.
- While the Parliament has the authority to shape the process, ensuring the true independence and integrity of the selection process remains a critical concern.
- The balance between various stakeholders must be maintained to uphold the sanctity of India’s democratic electoral processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NAVIC
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), India’s indigenous satellite navigation system, is set to be integrated into Aadhaar enrolment devices.
- This strategic move, as revealed by the Department of Space (DoS) showcases the seamless amalgamation of advanced technologies to enhance the functionality and reach of essential services.
What is NAVIC?
- History: Originally conceptualized as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), the project sought to establish an autonomous navigation infrastructure to fulfill both civilian and strategic requirements.
- Reducing Foreign Dependency: The core motivation behind NAVIC was to lessen dependence on foreign navigation systems like GPS and cultivate a self-reliant platform.
- Comprehensive Constellation: The NAVIC constellation encompasses a total of 7** satellites.
- Deployment Chronology: Launches of satellites such as IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F, and IRNSS-1I commenced in July 2013, continuing the phased deployment.
Key Features and Technical Excellence
- Standard Position Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS): NavIC offers two services – SPS for civilian users and RS for strategic users. These services are available in both L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2498.028 MHz).
- Coverage Area: NavIC covers India and extends up to 1,500 km beyond its borders. Upcoming satellites will include the L1 band compatible with civilian applications.
NavIC and Aadhaar Enrolment Devices
- Field Trials and Technical Expertise: The DoS has successfully conducted field trials and provided technical expertise to finalize the procurement specifications for integrating NavIC into Aadhaar enrolment devices.
- Current Setup: The Aadhaar enrolment kits presently use GPS for location-based services, which gather and authenticate personal information during enrolment.
Utilization in other areas
- Disaster Management: NavIC plays a pivotal role in the National Disaster Management Agency’s alert dissemination system for natural calamities like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and avalanches.
- Ocean Information Broadcast: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information System employs NavIC to broadcast alerts regarding cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis to fishermen operating in deep-sea regions.
- Standardization Efforts: Various organizations, including the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Telecom Standards Development Society of India (TSDSI), Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC), and international bodies like the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC), are actively working on setting interoperability standards for NavIC.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deflation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- China’s recent bout of deflation, marked by a decline in consumer prices for the first time in over two years, has sparked debates about its implications and causes.
- This article delves into the intricacies of deflation, its potential impact on economic growth, and the unique circumstances driving deflation in China.
Understanding Deflation
- Deflation Defined: Deflation refers to a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services within an economy.
- Historical Context: Historically, the terms “inflation” and “deflation” were linked to changes in the money supply, with “inflation” representing a rise and “deflation” a fall in money supply.
Concerns Associated with Deflation
- Economic Slowdown: Many economists view deflation as an indicator of dwindling demand for goods and services, potentially leading to an economic slowdown.
- Demand-Supply Dynamics: Falling prices may prompt consumers to delay purchases, hampering demand and triggering a ripple effect throughout the economy.
- Resource Utilization: A certain level of inflation is deemed necessary for optimal resource utilization, ensuring full economic potential is realized.
Varied Perspectives on Deflation
- Positive Instances: Some economies have experienced deflation during periods of robust growth. Japan witnessed increased real income levels despite persistent deflation.
- Economic Crises: Deflation can arise during economic crises when cautious spending and resource reallocation occur.
- Consumer Demand and Prices: Some economists argue that consumer demand dictates prices, rather than the other way around.
China’s Deflation Scenario
- Policy Measures: China’s central bank maintained low interest rates to stimulate demand amid the post-pandemic recovery.
- Property Sector Turmoil: China’s pre-pandemic property sector challenges, affecting GDP contribution, may be a root cause of the current deflationary trend.
- Complex Factors: While liquidity may not be the core issue, comprehensive analysis of money supply and monetary transmission is necessary to determine the underlying cause.
Deflation and India
| Period |
Causes |
Impact on India |
| Great Depression (1930s) |
Global economic downturn, reduced demand |
Agricultural and industrial contraction, falling prices |
| Post-Independence (1950s-1960s) |
Supply-side constraints, monetary policy |
Agricultural fluctuations, efforts to control inflation |
| Global Oil Crisis (1970s) |
Surge in oil prices, cost-push inflation |
Economic slowdown, increased costs, reduced demand |
| Economic Reforms Era (1990s) |
Transition to market-oriented economy, policy measures |
Sectoral slowdown, reduced demand, short-term deflation |
| Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009) |
Global financial crisis, economic slowdown |
Reduced consumer spending, limited deflationary impact |
Repercussions of Chinese Deflation
[A] Positive Impacts:
- Cheaper Imports: If Chinese goods become cheaper due to deflation, it could lead to lower import costs for India, benefiting consumers and businesses that rely on Chinese imports.
- Lower Input Costs: Reduced prices for raw materials and intermediate goods from China could lower production costs for Indian industries that depend on these inputs.
- Global Supply Chains: If Chinese deflation reduces the cost of production within global supply chains, Indian businesses integrated into these chains might experience cost savings.
- Improved Trade Balance: Cheaper Chinese imports can contribute to a more favorable trade balance for India, especially if it leads to reduced import bills.
[B] Negative Impacts:
- Export Competition: Cheaper Chinese exports due to deflation could increase competition for Indian exports in international markets, potentially affecting certain Indian industries.
- Import Dumping: A flood of cheap Chinese goods into the Indian market could harm domestic producers, leading to job losses and economic strain.
- Investment Flows: A slowdown in China’s economy caused by deflation might lead to reduced investor confidence and affect foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to India.
- Currency Effects: If China’s central bank devalues its currency to boost exports in response to deflation, it could lead to a stronger Indian rupee, impacting India’s export competitiveness.
- Commodity Prices: Reduced demand for commodities from China due to deflation could lead to lower global commodity prices, affecting Indian exporters of raw materials.
Conclusion
- China’s encounter with deflation amidst efforts to boost demand and stabilize its economy presents a multi-faceted challenge.
- Understanding the nuances of deflation, its interaction with demand dynamics, and China’s unique economic landscape are vital.
- As China navigates its path forward, policymakers must consider the interplay of factors, including the property sector’s impact and broader economic goals.
Back2Basics:
Terminologies related to PRICE RISE
|
| Inflation |
Sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time, leading to reduced purchasing power of money. |
| Deflation |
Sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services, often resulting in reduced consumer spending and economic stagnation. |
| Hyperinflation |
Extremely rapid and uncontrollable increase in prices, eroding the value of money and disrupting economic stability. |
| Stagflation |
Simultaneous occurrence of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation, contrary to traditional economic theories. |
| Creeping Inflation |
Gradual increase in the general price level at a rate of 1-3% annually, considered normal and manageable. |
| Galloping Inflation |
High inflation ranging from 10% to several hundred percent per year, eroding savings and economic planning. |
| Demand-Pull Inflation |
Rise in prices due to demand exceeding supply, often occurring during periods of strong economic growth. |
| Cost-Push Inflation |
Increase in prices caused by higher production costs, such as rising wages or raw material expenses. |
| Built-In Inflation |
Cycle of rising prices and wages as workers demand higher wages to match inflation, contributing to a continuous cycle. |
| Structural Inflation |
Inflation resulting from supply and demand imbalances due to structural factors like technology changes or market conditions. |
| Open Inflation |
When rising prices are publicly acknowledged and factored into economic decisions, including wage negotiations. |
| Suppressed Inflation |
Prices rise but are officially reported at a lower rate due to government intervention, subsidies, or price controls. |
| Repressed Inflation |
Artificially keeping prices low through government controls despite demand exceeding supply, leading to potential future price spikes. |
| Disinflation |
Decrease in the rate of inflation, indicating the general price level is still rising but at a slower rate, often a transition to more stable inflation levels. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's digital transformation, schemes and policies
Mains level: India's digital transformation, ban on smartphones in Indian schools analysis
What’s the news?
- UNESCO’s call for a ban on smartphones in Indian schools sparks nationwide debate on their impact, with educators and experts divided over whether to implement a blanket ban or nuanced regulations.
Central idea
- With 1.2 billion mobile and 600 million smartphone users, India’s digital transformation is reshaping society. Predicted to reach over a billion by 2026, smartphone use in education is being debated after UNESCO’s call for a school ban, raising questions about classroom dynamics and student well-being.
UNESCO’s Stance on Smartphone Ban
- With 1.2 billion mobile phone users and 600 million smartphone users in India, the country is experiencing a technology boom.
- UNESCO recommends a global ban on smartphones in schools due to concerns about disruptions, cyberbullying, and compromised learning.
- Research suggests that the mere presence of mobile devices can distract students and hinder their academic engagement.
- The London School of Economics’ research highlights the positive impact of not allowing mobile phones in schools on academic performance.
Delhi’s Directorate of Education’s Approach
- The Directorate of Education, Private School Branch, Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, issued an advisory on restricting mobile phone use in schools.
- The advisory emphasizes the importance of reaching a consensus among stakeholders like students, parents, teachers, and school heads regarding mobile phone use in educational environments.
- Delhi’s response demonstrates a proactive approach to maintaining a conducive learning atmosphere and prioritizing student well-being.
- The Directorate’s concern centers around smartphone distractions such as notifications, games, and social media engagement during class hours.
- The Delhi Government’s response showcases a commitment to addressing the potential negative impact of smartphone usage on education.
Impact of Mobile Phones on Students
- Positive Impacts:
- Access to Information: Smartphones offer students instant access to a vast pool of information and educational resources. Over 80% of students in developed countries use smartphones to access educational content.
- Digital Literacy: Smartphone use fosters digital literacy, a crucial skill in today’s technology-driven world. The NEP (National Education Policy) in India emphasizes digital education and the use of technology.
- Interactive Learning: Mobile apps and online platforms enhance interactive learning experiences. The use of QR codes in the state curriculum and additional resources showcases the integration of technology for learning.
- Flexibility and Convenience: Smartphones enable learning beyond traditional classroom hours and locations. In countries like Finland, students are allowed to bring phones to class around age 12, promoting flexible learning.
- Educational Apps: Educational apps cater to diverse learning styles and subjects. Language learning apps, mathematics tutorials, and science simulations provide engaging learning opportunities.
- Negative Impacts:
- Distractions and Reduced Focus: Mere proximity to smartphones can lead to distraction and reduced focus during classes. Research by the London School of Economics suggests that mobile phones can deter academic performance.
- Addiction and Sleep Deprivation: Excessive smartphone usage contributes to addiction and sleep deprivation among students. Teenagers’ addiction to smartphones has been linked to increased anxiety and behavioral problems.
- Cyberbullying and Mental Health: Smartphone-enabled access to social media platforms exposes students to cyberbullying and mental health issues. Students’ exposure to unrealistic standards on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and depression.
- Decline in Face-to-Face Interaction: Increased smartphone use can lead to reduced face-to-face interactions among students. UNESCO’s recommendation to ban smartphones in schools aims to promote more meaningful face-to-face interactions.
- Academic Decline due to Distracted Learning: Checking notifications, playing games, and engaging in social media during class hours negatively impact academic performance. Studies show a correlation between excessive smartphone use and lower grades.
Perspectives in Favor of a Smartphone Ban in Schools
- Enhanced Academic Focus: Banning smartphones can lead to improved academic focus among students. Research indicates that the presence of mobile devices distracts students and hampers their learning engagement.
- Mitigation of Cyberbullying and Mental Health Concerns: A smartphone ban would protect students from cyberbullying and associated mental health issues. Students exposed to social media platforms can experience emotional distress due to online interactions.
- Encouragement of Face-to-Face Interaction: Banning smartphones would encourage more meaningful face-to-face interactions, fostering interpersonal skills. UNESCO’s recommendation emphasizes maintaining academic integrity through human interactions.
- Positive Impact on Academic Performance: Limiting smartphone use during school hours can lead to improved academic performance. Research from the London School of Economics suggests that mobile phone restrictions can positively influence student achievement.
- Development of Healthy Learning Habits: Implementing a smartphone ban promotes healthy learning habits by reducing distractions. Excessive smartphone use has been linked to addiction and sleep deprivation, which hinder effective learning.
Perspectives Against a Smartphone Ban in Schools
- Access to Information and Resources: Smartphones provide quick access to a wealth of educational information and resources. Educational apps and online resources cater to diverse learning styles and offer supplementary materials.
- Preparation for Real-World Technology Use: Allowing controlled smartphone use prepares students for a technology-driven future. National Education Policies and state curricula emphasize the importance of digital literacy and technology integration.
- Customized Learning and Engagement: Smartphone apps and interactive platforms offer personalized and engaging learning experiences. Many students in developed countries use smartphones to access tailored educational content.
- Parental Responsibility and Education: Educating students about responsible smartphone use is the responsibility of parents. Some developed countries allow controlled smartphone use, teaching students about balanced usage.
- Bridge the Gap for Economically Disadvantaged Students: Smartphones bridge technology gaps for economically disadvantaged students, providing access to digital resources. An outright ban could worsen disparities among students based on their socioeconomic backgrounds.
Way Forward
- Holistic Stakeholder Engagement: Engage all stakeholders, including students, parents, teachers, and school administrators, in open discussions and decision-making processes regarding smartphone usage in schools.
- Incorporate Age-Based Guidelines: Develop age-specific guidelines for smartphone use in classrooms, taking into account developmental stages and potential distractions.
- Digital Literacy Curriculum: Integrate digital literacy education within the curriculum to educate students about responsible smartphone usage, privacy, and online etiquette.
- Educate Educators: Provide teachers with training on managing smartphone use effectively in classrooms and incorporating them as tools for learning.
- Parental Awareness Campaigns: Launch campaigns to educate parents about the implications of excessive smartphone use, emphasizing responsible parenting in the digital age.
- Digital Divide Solutions: Consider alternative solutions, like providing laptops, tablets, or internet facilities alongside smartphones, to bridge the digital divide effectively.
- Research on New Learning Paradigms: Invest in research to explore innovative approaches that harness the benefits of smartphones while mitigating potential distractions and drawbacks.
Conclusion
- As India strides toward an increasingly digital future, the education system faces the challenge of embracing innovation while mitigating distractions. Balancing student welfare, academic integrity, and equitable access will be vital in shaping policies that harness technology’s potential while preserving the sanctity of the classroom.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tb eradication goal and initiatives
Mains level: India's TB burden, initiatives, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- A recent study published in the medical journal Lancet reveals a significant link between nutrition and tuberculosis (TB) survival.
Central idea
- Undernutrition has, for a long time, been recognized as the leading risk factor for tuberculosis. In India, modeling studies have suggested that addressing undernutrition could reduce cases by over 70 percent in vulnerable states. A study in the Lancet shows that a good diet not only reduces the incidence of the disease among vulnerable people living with infected people, but it also reduces mortality in TB patients.
A Jharkhand Case Study
- A study observed a striking 60% reduction in mortality risk among TB patients who gained weight early in the disease.
- Early weight gain is directly linked to improved survival rates.
- The data underscores the immediate positive impact of proper nutrition on TB outcomes.
- Early weight gain correlates with lower mortality rates, highlighting the significance of a well-balanced diet.
- The study’s results carry crucial implications for policymakers and healthcare practitioners.
- A study addresses a vital knowledge gap by emphasizing the direct influence of nutrition on TB patients.
Impact of TB on Nutrition
- Diminished Appetite and Caloric Intake:
- 75% of TB patients experience significant appetite reduction during treatment.
- Reduced food intake leads to an inadequate caloric supply, worsening nutritional deficiencies for those already combating TB.
- Fever-Driven Caloric Expenditure:
- Fever amplifies caloric expenditure by 10–15% in TB patients.
- Increased calorie loss due to fever exacerbates the nutritional imbalance in individuals with TB.
- Wasting and Weight-for-Height Ratio:
- Over 40% of severe TB cases result in wasting, causing low weight-for-height ratios.
- Wasting intensifies nutritional strain, necessitating comprehensive strategies to address this challenge.
- Nutritional Recovery and Relapse Risk:
- Patients with poor diets during recovery face nearly 30% higher relapse rates.
- Inadequate nutritional recovery raises the risk of TB relapse, highlighting the importance of post-TB dietary care.
Government Initiatives to Eliminate Tuberculosis
- Nikshay Poshan Yojana: A government scheme providing financial aid to TB patients Aims to alleviate nutritional challenges during treatment and recovery.
- Policy Guidelines on Nutrition: The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) recommends a daily caloric intake of 2,800 calories for TB patients. It enhances patients’ nutritional status, which is vital for effective recovery.
- Challenges in Implementation: The 2020 study highlights healthcare providers’ difficulties in executing nutritional support. It Sheds light on potential hindrances to ensuring effective aid distribution.
- Nutritional Education Integration: The government introduces awareness campaigns on the importance of proper nutrition during and after TB treatment. Empowers patients to make informed dietary choices, aiding recovery and reducing relapse risks.
- Path to Elimination: The government‘s aim is to eliminate TB by 2025. The government seeks to reduce the disease burden, including its nutritional implications for the affected population.
Challenges in Addressing TB’s Nutritional Impact
- Awareness and Education Gap: Limited awareness among TB patients and healthcare providers regarding the importance of proper nutrition during treatment. This hinders the adoption of adequate dietary practices that can positively influence recovery.
- Nutritional Support Integration: Difficulty in seamlessly integrating nutritional support within the broader TB treatment framework. Patients may not receive the required dietary assistance, potentially hampering their overall health outcomes.
- Resource Constraints: Limited resources to provide consistent and effective nutritional aid to all TB patients Inadequate support might lead to unequal access to nutritional assistance, affecting recovery rates.
- Complexity of Implementation: The implementation of nutritional programs, such as Nikshay Poshan Yojana, might be hampered by administrative complexities. Delays in aid distribution could compromise timely nutritional support for TB patients.
- Socio-Economic Factors: Socio-economic disparities affect patients’ ability to access nutritious foods. Underprivileged individuals might face difficulties maintaining a balanced diet, negatively influencing their recovery.
- Fragmented Approach: Lack of coordination among different government departments and stakeholders involved in TB care and nutritional support Fragmented efforts could lead to inefficiencies and gaps in providing holistic care to TB patients.
- Cultural and Dietary Diversity: Designing nutritional interventions that accommodate the diverse dietary preferences and cultural practices of TB patients, One-size-fits-all approaches might not be effective across various cultural contexts.
Way forward
- Enhanced Nutritional Counseling: Strengthen healthcare providers’ training to offer comprehensive nutritional counseling to TB patients. Empowered patients make informed dietary choices, aiding recovery and reducing relapse risks.
- Holistic Nutritional Assessment: Integrate nutritional assessments as a standard procedure in TB patient care. Customized dietary plans can counteract malnutrition, promoting faster recovery.
- Collaboration with NGOs: Partner with non-governmental organizations to extend nutritional aid and support. A wider reach ensures that nutritional assistance reaches vulnerable populations effectively.
- Strengthening Nikshay Poshan Yojana: Evaluate and refine the scheme based on challenges highlighted in the 2020 study. An optimized scheme ensures the efficient distribution of financial support for nutritional needs.
- Leveraging Digital Platforms: Utilize technology for nutritional awareness campaigns and real-time monitoring of patients’ dietary adherence. Technology enhances outreach and aids in tracking patients’ progress.
Conclusion
- For India, a nation grappling with a high TB burden, the Lancet study emphasizes the urgency of integrating robust nutritional strategies into TB elimination programs. By addressing implementation challenges and promoting patient awareness, India can navigate closer to its ambitious TB eradication goal by 2025.
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