Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 370
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- There are ongoing Supreme Court deliberations regarding the abrogation of Article 370.
- This article delves into the historical context, legal intricacies, and broader socio-political implications of this pivotal constitutional provision.
Historical Context of Accession
- Geo-Political Situation: Jammu and Kashmir’s unique special status originated from the tumultuous geo-political circumstances following India’s Independence and Partition.
- Standstill Agreements: Maharaja Hari Singh’s decision to enter into “Standstill Agreements” with both India and Pakistan highlighted the State’s strategic positioning and economic interests.
- Instrument of Accession: Faced with internal turmoil and external aggression, Maharaja Hari Singh’s Instrument of Accession sought India’s military assistance while retaining significant autonomy in internal matters.
Evolution of Article 370
- Instrument of Accession’s Reflection: Article 370 was crafted in line with the Instrument of Accession’s principles, preserving the unique terms of Jammu and Kashmir’s association with India.
- Autonomy Preserved: This provision aimed to strike a balance between safeguarding the State’s autonomy and integrating it into the larger Indian Union.
- Limited Legislative Authority: Article 370 outlined a limited scope for Parliament to legislate on certain subjects, primarily defense, foreign affairs, and communications, with consultation and concurrence requirements.
- Special Relationship: This provision established Jammu and Kashmir’s distinct relationship with India, emphasizing that its integration would be contingent on mutual consent.
Abrogation of Article 370
- Long-Standing Opposition: The abrogation of Article 370 was a persistent demand of the mainstream political party and its precursor.
- Multistage Process: The process of abrogation involved presidential orders, amendments, and parliamentary resolutions, culminating in its nullification.
Petitioners’ Arguments against Revocation
- Lack of Consultation: Senior litigant accused the Union government of ignoring the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir during the Article 370 abrogation process.
- Series of Executive Acts: He highlighted that the abrogation was executed through a series of executive acts, starting from the dissolution of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and state government.
- Changing Provisions: He pointed out that the proviso to Article 370 (3) was altered to sidestep the need for the recommendation of the now-defunct Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly before rendering Article 370 inoperative.
Nature of Relationship
- Federal vs. Quasi-Federal: Litigant underscored that the relationship between the Union government and Jammu and Kashmir was purely federal, distinct from other states’ quasi-federal relationships.
- Consent of the State: He argued that such significant decisions should have required the consent of the state and its people, considering the unique federal structure.
CJI’s Inquiries
- Permanent Character of Article 370: The CJI raised a significant question about the permanence of Article 370 in the Constitution. He inquired whether a constitutional amendment was required to transform its temporary nature into permanence.
- Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly: He asked whether the absence of abrogation by the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly before its dissolution in 1957 should be considered as deeming Article 370 permanent.
Supreme Court’s Interpretation
Ans. No Comparison with Brexit-Type Referendum
- Brexit Referendum: The CJI referenced the Brexit referendum as a political decision taken in the U.K. which does not align with India’s constitutional framework.
- Uniqueness of Constitutional Democracy: India’s democracy is grounded in the Constitution, and thus decisions like Article 370’s abrogation involve adherence to established legal procedures.
Conclusion
- The ongoing courtroom exchange underlines the essence of constitutional democracy in India, wherein the expression of public opinion occurs through established democratic mechanisms.
- The Chief Justice’s observations and the petitioners’ arguments shed light on the intricate balance between executive actions, parliamentary representation, and the preservation of constitutional principles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bakhshali Manuscript
Mains level: National Manuscripts Bill
Central Idea
- India’s rich heritage of ancient manuscripts, ranging from mathematical texts to religious scriptures, holds invaluable historical and cultural significance.
- The proposed National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, aims to safeguard and document this wealth, ensuring accurate records, accessibility, and conservation.
Unveiling the National Manuscripts Bill
- Bill Objectives: The forthcoming National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, plans to document, catalog, and preserve Indian heritage texts. It is set to be introduced in the Winter Session of Parliament.
- NMA Composition: The bill proposes the formation of a 10-member National Manuscripts Authority (NMA) with representatives from Culture, Finance, and Education ministries, Central Sanskrit University, State representatives, and private agencies.
- Apex Policy Making Body: NMA will oversee digitization, conservation, preservation, editing, and publication of manuscripts. It will function as the apex policy-making body in these areas.
India’s Manuscript Treasure
- Historic Significance: The Bakhshali manuscript, with its early use of zero, symbolizes the intellectual and mathematical achievements of ancient India. Numerous such manuscripts in various scripts exist in libraries worldwide.
- Vast Manuscript Collection: India boasts around 10 million manuscripts in 80 ancient scripts, encompassing themes like history, religion, literature, and more.
- Cultural Diversity: Manuscripts are written on diverse materials and span themes in Sanskrit as well as regional languages.
- Preservation Challenge: The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is tasked with preserving this treasure, an essential endeavor to safeguard cultural and historical identity.
Empowering the National Manuscripts Authority
- Regulation and Investigation: NMA will possess the powers of a civil court to manage manuscript access. It will also have an investigative arm to probe theft and desecration incidents.
- Collaboration: NMA can partner with educational institutions for scholarships and fellowships related to manuscript studies.
- Digital Portal: The NMA will establish a dedicated digital portal for indexing, cataloguing, and sharing manuscript copies.
- Private Ownership: The authority can acquire manuscripts from private owners if their uniqueness and content’s significance warrants it. Compensation would be determined by experts.
Revitalizing Manuscript Studies
- Linking Manuscripts with Livelihood: There is a need to intertwine manuscript studies with livelihood, fostering renewed cultural engagement.
- Global Interest: The proposed survey and documentation of Indian manuscripts abroad are expected to elevate global interest in these texts.
Digital Endeavors by NMM
- Digitization Efforts: The National Mission for Manuscripts has digitized a substantial number of manuscripts, totaling around 3.3 lakh manuscripts and 3.1 crore folios.
- Online Access: While over 1.18 lakh manuscripts have been uploaded, approximately 70,000 are accessible to the public online.
- Other Cultural Institutions: Manuscripts are housed in esteemed institutions like the Sarasvati Mahal Library in Thanjavur, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi, and the Oriental Research Institute in Jammu and Kashmir.
Conclusion
- The proposed National Manuscripts Bill seeks to bridge the past with the present, ensuring the preservation and accessibility of India’s diverse manuscript legacy.
- By establishing the National Manuscripts Authority and promoting digital initiatives, India aims to share its invaluable cultural wealth with the world, fostering a deeper understanding of its historical and intellectual heritage.
Back2Basics: Bakhshali Manuscript
- The Bakhshali Manuscript is an ancient mathematical document. It was discovered in 1881, buried in a field in Bakhshali village near Peshawar (Pakistan).
- It is written in Sharda Script.
- It predates the work of Brahmagupta, a 7th-century mathematician, and an inscription in the 9th-century Gwalior’s Chaturbhuj Temple.
- The manuscript is composed of 70 fragile leaves made of birch bark.
- It contains hundreds of mathematical notations, including the use of zero as a placeholder.
- Zeros in the manuscript are represented by dots that serve as placeholders for different place values.
- In 1902, the manuscript was presented to the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Library, where it has been preserved since.
- The manuscript is a compilation of mathematical material from multiple periods. Some pages date as far back as the 3rd to 4th century, while others are from the 8th and 10th centuries.
Influence on Modern Mathematics
- The manuscript is a compendium of rules and illustrative examples.
- Each example is stated as a problem, the solution is described, and it is verified that the problem has been solved.
- The sample problems are in verse and the commentary is in prose associated with calculations.
- The topics covered include fractions, square roots, arithmetic and geometric progressions, solutions of simple equations, simultaneous linear equations, quadratic equations and indeterminate equations of the second degree.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: President’s Assent
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The President of India granted approval to four significant legislations, encompassing the Digital Personal Data Protection Act and a law related to controlling services in Delhi.
- These Bills, recently endorsed during the Monsoon Session of Parliament, signify the nation’s resolve to adapt its legal framework to contemporary challenges.
Legislations receiving President’s Assent
- The Digital Personal Data Protection Act: This law aims to establish a framework to prevent the misuse of individuals’ data by online platforms. It addresses issues related to data privacy and protection in the digital realm. Tap here to read more.
- The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act: This act provides for the establishment of a three-member authority responsible for handling the transfer and postings of Group A officers under the Delhi government. It pertains to the administration of services in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Tap here to read more.
- The Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Act: This act designates digital birth certificates as the exclusive conclusive proof of age, which can be used for various purposes. It introduces the concept of digital certificates for births and deaths. Tap here to read more.
- The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act: This act focuses on promoting ease of business by decriminalizing minor offenses. It introduces amendments to 183 provisions of 42 Acts to reduce legal complexities and facilitate business operations. Tap here to read more.
What is President’s Assent?
- Article 111 of the Indian Constitution governs the President’s assent to bills, which marks the final step in the legislative process.
- The President possesses the power of veto, giving them three options under Article 111 when presented with a bill passed by Parliament:
- Assent: The President can give their approval to the bill, leading to its enactment as a law.
- Withhold Assent: The President can refuse to sign the bill, preventing it from becoming a law.
- Return for Reconsideration: If the bill is not a Money Bill, the President can send it back to Parliament for reconsideration. If Parliament passes the bill again, with or without amendments, the President must give their assent.
Types of Veto
- Absolute Veto: The President exercises this veto when refusing to sign a bill, causing it to be rejected and not turned into law. It is typically used when a Private Member’s Bill is used to pass a law or in the event of a change in the cabinet before the President’s signature, where the incoming government advises against signing the legislation.
- Suspensive Veto: This allows the President to send a bill back to Parliament for further examination or deliberation. If Parliament reapproves the bill with or without amendments, it is adopted as law without the President’s veto.
- Pocket Veto: In this form of veto, the President neither signs the bill nor sends it back to the legislature. The bill remains pending, and its outcome is uncertain. Unlike the U.S. President, the Indian President is not required to return the bill within a specific timeframe.
- Qualified Veto: Unlike other types, this veto can be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority. However, this type of veto is not vested with the Indian President.
[A] Assent to Ordinary Bill:
For an ordinary bill, the President has three options:
- Assent: The President can sign the bill, transforming it into an act.
- Withhold Assent: The President can withhold their approval, resulting in the bill not becoming law.
- Return for Reconsideration: The President can send the bill back to the Houses for reconsideration. The Houses may amend the bill or not before returning it to the President for assent.
[B] Assent to Money Bill:
- The President can give or withhold assent to a Money Bill. However, a Money Bill cannot be returned by the President to the House for reconsideration under the Indian Constitution.
[C] Assent to Constitutional Amendment Bill:
- In the case of Constitutional Amendment Bills, the President’s assent is mandatory.
- The President cannot withhold or return such bills; they become Constitutional Amendment Acts, modifying the Constitution in accordance with their provisions.
Making a Law Operational
- After receiving the President’s assent, a law becomes effective.
- The government drafts guidelines and standards to operationalize the law.
- Implementation requires the issuance of these guidelines.
- Rules should be issued within 6 months of law passage, as recommended by the parliament.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2022:
Q. Consider the following statements:
- A bill amending the Constitution requires a prior recommendation of the President of India.
- When a Constitution Amendment Bill is presented to the President of India, it is obligatory for the President of India to give his/her assent.
- A Constitution Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha by a special majority and there is no provision for joint sitting.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three key bills
Mains level: Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, IPC, CrPC, Macaulay's role in shaping India's legal landscape, Rationale behind the new bills
What’s the news?
- On the final day of the Monsoon Session, Home Minister Amit Shah unleashed a surprising and profound transformation of India’s criminal justice system.
Central idea
- The introduction of three key Bills in the Lok Sabha signals a pivotal departure from the colonial-era approach to criminal laws. The intent to supplant the archaic Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, the Evidence Act of 1872, and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of 1973 aims to usher in relevance, simplicity, and expedited justice.
Three Key Bills
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill:
- This bill aims to replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860.
- The IPC defines crimes, sets out their elements, and prescribes corresponding penalties.
- The proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill seeks to revamp the existing penal code to ensure it aligns with contemporary values and caters to the needs of modern society.
- Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill:
- This bill is presented alongside the others and intends to replace the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of 1973.
- The CrPC outlines procedures related to the administration of criminal justice, including aspects like investigation, arrest, bail, trial, and sentencing.
- The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill’s primary objective is to streamline these procedures, enhance efficiency, and ensure the equitable treatment of all citizens under the law.
- Bharatiya Sakshya Bill:
- The third bill aims to replace the Indian Evidence Act of 1872.
- The Indian Evidence Act governs the rules of evidence in legal proceedings, including what can be presented as admissible evidence and how it should be evaluated.
- The proposed Bharatiya Sakshya Bill seeks to modernize and adapt the rules of evidence to current legal requirements, making the legal process more effective and transparent.
The need for codification
- Complex Legal Landscape: The intricate mix of legal sources—parliamentary charters, Acts, Regulations, customary laws, and religious laws—led to confusion, contradictions, and inconsistencies.
- Administrative Challenges: The need for effective governance under expanding British colonial control was hindered by fragmented legal systems, causing disorder and unequal justice.
- Clarity and Predictability: The absence of a unified legal framework caused uncertainty for citizens and administrators, lacking clear guidelines for legal matters.
- Efficiency in Governance: Codification streamlined administration, enabling efficient enforcement, and consistent application of laws.
- Enhancing the Rule of Law: Codified laws ensured fairness, transparency, and accessibility, upholding the rule of law more effectively.
- Eliminating Contradictions: A uniform code resolved inconsistencies and conflicts among different legal systems, ensuring equitable treatment.
Rationale behind the new bills
- Eliminating Colonial Influence: The current laws, such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, carry a British colonial stamp. The new bills aim to discard this colonial legacy and establish laws that are truly representative of the needs and aspirations of the Indian population.
- Relevance to Modern Society: The colonial-era laws were formulated in a different historical context and might not effectively address the complexities of contemporary Indian society. The new bills intend to update and adapt the legal framework to align with present-day realities.
- Enhancing Justice for Citizens: The colonial laws were primarily designed to protect British interests. The new bills seek to prioritize the interests of common Indian citizens, ensuring that the justice system serves their needs and rights.
- Simplification and Speedy Justice: The new bills aim to simplify legal procedures, making them more accessible and understandable. This simplification is expected to expedite legal processes, ensuring a quicker delivery of justice.
- Adapting to Technological Advancements: Rapid technological progress has introduced new dimensions to crime and evidence. The new bills are likely to address cybercrime, digital evidence, and other technological challenges in the modern context.
- Aligning with Contemporary Values: The bills aim to incorporate modern values, human rights principles, and global legal standards into the legal framework. This ensures that the laws are relevant, progressive, and in harmony with present-day societal values.
- Removing Outdated Provisions: Over time, some provisions of the colonial laws might have become obsolete or irrelevant. The new bills aim to remove or modify such provisions to ensure a more coherent and effective legal framework.
How did the rebellion of 1857 influence the fate of the IPC?
- Initial Delays and Resistance: Despite Macaulay’s efforts to draft the IPC, its enactment faced hurdles. The project encountered governmental inertia, resistance from European residents who opposed having the same legal status as indigenous populations, and a loss of momentum for reform.
- Governors-General’s Opposition: Governors-General like Auckland and Ellenborough opposed reforms, considering them unnecessary. This opposition reflected a reluctance to change the existing legal framework and resisted codifying the legal system.
- East India Company Rule: The governance of India was under the control of the East India Company rather than the British Crown. This administrative structure affected the decision-making process and the pace of legal reforms.
- Impact of the Rebellion of 1857: The Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny) was a widespread uprising against the East India Company’s rule. It challenged the authority of the Company and led to significant consequences.
- Change in Ruling Authority: The Rebellion marked the decline of the East India Company’s control. In 1858, the British Crown assumed direct control over India, ending the Company’s rule. This transition from Company rule to direct Crown rule was a significant historical shift.
- Crisis of Legitimacy: The Rebellion and its aftermath raised a crisis of legitimacy for colonial rule. The British claim to enlightened and just governance was seriously undermined by the harsh reprisals and brutal actions taken in response to the Rebellion.
- Impact on British Perception: The British political classes became aware of the damage caused to the legitimacy of British rule due to the repressive responses to the Rebellion. The principles of constitutionalism and the rule of law, which formed the basis of British governance claims, were called into question.
- Enactment of the IPC: In this context, the enactment of the IPC was seen as a means to address legitimacy concerns. The codification of laws was considered a step towards presenting a more just and orderly legal system, aiming to restore confidence in British rule’s claims of legality and fairness.
Macaulay’s complex role in shaping India’s legal landscape
- Macaulay’s Role in Charter Act Debates: During the deliberations of the 1833 Charter Act in the UK Parliament, Macaulay played a significant role in advocating for a uniform legal code for India.
- Advocating Uniformity and Certainty: Macaulay passionately argued that India needed a legal system characterized by uniformity where possible; diversity where necessary, and certainty in all cases. This approach would provide clarity and consistency in legal matters.
- Advantage of Absolute Governments: Macaulay believed that the ability to establish a comprehensive legal code was a distinct advantage of absolute governments over popular ones. This viewpoint underscored his belief in the efficacy of centralized legal reforms.
- Desire for a Role in India: While advocating for the uniform code, Macaulay subtly indicated his interest in securing a role as a law member in India. He recognized the potential financial benefits that such a position could bring.
- Financial Motivations: Macaulay’s interest in the law member role was driven by financial considerations. He anticipated a substantial salary and the prospect of accumulating wealth during his tenure in India, which would significantly improve his financial situation.
- Impactful Arrival in India: Macaulay’s arrival in India in 1834 marked the beginning of his active involvement in the legal and legislative affairs of the country. His subsequent contributions and initiatives left a lasting impact on India’s legal landscape.
Conclusion
- While Macaulay’s legacy carries both praise and censure, his codification journey serves as a foundation for the ongoing transformation. As the new Bills navigate legislative processes, India must remain committed to justice that transcends punitive measures and embodies equity, accessibility, and modern relevance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Innovations and collaboration between Swiss-Indian Partnership
Mains level: The Treaty of Friendship and Establishment between Switzerland and India, diverse achievements and future trajectory
What’s the news?
- On the 75th anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship, Switzerland and India commemorate a historic alliance that has fostered achievements in diverse sectors and look forward to deepening collaboration in areas like innovation, sustainable development, and healthcare.
Central idea
- In the annals of diplomatic history, the Treaty of Friendship and Establishment signed between Switzerland and India in 1948 stands as a testament to the enduring bond that has flourished for 75 years. As we commemorate this significant milestone, it is both opportune and prudent to reflect on the accomplishments achieved and envision the promising avenues that lie ahead.
What is The Treaty of Friendship and Establishment?
- The Treaty of Friendship and Establishment between Switzerland and India, signed in 1948, holds historical significance as one of India’s earliest diplomatic agreements after gaining independence.
- It marked the establishment of formal diplomatic ties between the two nations and set the tone for their subsequent bilateral relationship.
- This treaty emphasized mutual respect and cooperation, laying the groundwork for collaborations across various sectors such as vocational training, economic investments, technological exchange, and sustainable development.
Historical Significance and Diverse Achievements
- India’s Earliest Diplomatic Endeavors: The 1948 Treaty marked one of India’s earliest diplomatic endeavors and established a foundation of mutual respect. The ensuing decades witnessed fruitful cooperation in various sectors.
- Investments in Skill Development: Switzerland’s investment in vocational training institutes and rail wagon factories aided India’s workforce development.
- Milk Cooperatives: The establishment of milk farmer cooperatives in Kerala contributed to the dairy industry’s growth.
- Technological Synergy: India’s IT expertise supported global undertakings, including Y2K bug resolution.
- Climate-Friendly Innovation: Swiss-Indian collaboration led to Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), a low-carbon cement alternative.
- Economic Partnership: Switzerland’s position as India’s 12th largest foreign investor fostered economic growth.
Future Trajectory in the Swiss-Indian Partnership
- Swiss-Indian Innovation Platform:
- An upcoming milestone, the Swiss-Indian Innovation Platform, is a testament to the commitment of both nations towards fostering innovation.
- By harnessing the strengths of India’s technological advancements and Switzerland’s innovation prowess, this platform aims to address pressing global challenges.
- Notably, the focus on combating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) showcases the partnership’s practical relevance in tackling contemporary healthcare concerns.
- Sustainable Development:
- Both nations share a steadfast commitment to sustainable development.
- Building on their historical collaboration, they are likely to channel their efforts towards joint initiatives that promote eco-friendly practices, address climate change, and ensure responsible resource utilization.
- Healthcare Cooperation:
- The partnership’s trajectory is expected to be marked by deeper collaboration in healthcare.
- Drawing upon India’s technological prowess and Switzerland’s pharmaceutical innovations, joint ventures can pave the way for groundbreaking medical solutions, contributing to global health and well-being.
- Investment and Trade:
- Switzerland’s position as India’s 12th largest foreign investor underscores the depth of economic engagement.
- With over 330 Swiss companies actively operating in India, this partnership has facilitated investment, job creation, and technology transfer, contributing to India’s economic growth.\
- Free Trade Agreement:
- Anticipating the horizon, discussions surrounding a Free Trade Agreement between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and India hold immense promise.
- This agreement not only deepens trade ties but also catalyzes increased investments and innovation in both regions, boosting economic vitality.
- Shared Values, Shared Growth:
- Built upon the foundation of shared values, the economic relationship is characterized by mutual respect and common interests.
- The economic collaborations not only boost trade figures but also underscore the friendship’s ability to drive prosperity for both nations.
Conclusion
- As we celebrate this milestone, the trajectory ahead appears promising, anchored in sustainable development, innovative solutions, and cooperative endeavors. It is a tryst with destiny that not only celebrates past achievements but anticipates an even brighter future for the intertwined destinies of Switzerland and India.
Also read:
India Switzerland Relations
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: youth well-being and sustainable development goals, challenges and holistic approach
What’s the news?
- A recent study, as depicted in the Youth Well-being Framework, underscores the multifaceted nature of well-being among the younger population. This framework serves as a guiding principle for policymakers and societies alike to holistically address the needs of adolescents.
Central idea
- Investing in youth is recognized as a cornerstone for human capital advancement. This investment goes beyond economic implications, integral to intrinsic well-being. Modern youth development covers various factors—physical health, nutrition, skills, employability. While physical and mental health are vital, well-being extends to personal experiences, life quality assessments.
What is youth well-being framework?
- The Youth Well-being Framework is a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to assessing and promoting the well-being of young individuals.
- It goes beyond traditional measures of well-being that focus solely on economic indicators and instead considers a wide range of factors that contribute to the overall quality of life and life satisfaction of young people.
- Key domains:
- Physical Health: This domain includes factors such as access to healthcare, nutrition, physical activity, and overall health status. It recognizes the importance of physical well-being as a foundational element for a good quality of life.
- Mental and Emotional Well-being: Mental health, emotional resilience, and psychological well-being are essential components of this domain. It addresses issues like stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges that young individuals may face.
- Social Connections: This domain focuses on the importance of social relationships, friendships, family support, and a sense of belonging. Positive social connections are vital for emotional well-being and overall life satisfaction.
- Education and Skills Development: Access to quality education, skills training, and the ability to acquire knowledge and competencies for personal and professional growth are central to this domain.
- Economic Empowerment: This domain emphasizes the importance of economic opportunities, employment prospects, and financial stability for young people as they transition into adulthood.
- Human Rights and Empowerment: Recognizing the rights of young individuals and empowering them to participate in decision-making processes, engage in civic activities, and contribute to their communities are key aspects of this domain.
- Subjective Well-being: Beyond objective measures, this domain considers young people’s subjective experiences and perceptions of their own well-being and life satisfaction.
- Social and Cultural Context: The broader social and cultural environment in which young people live influences their well-being. This domain takes into account factors like cultural norms, social inequalities, and policy frameworks.
Linking youth well-being with Sustainable Development Goals
- SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-being: Investing in the well-being of young individuals during the critical transition to adulthood establishes lifelong health habits.
- SDG 4 – Quality Education: Access to quality education equips youth with essential skills, enabling informed decisions about their lives and contributing to overall well-being.
- SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth: Empowering youth with meaningful employment opportunities enhances financial well-being, purpose, and self-esteem.
- SDG 10 – Reduced Inequality: Addressing structural inequalities supports the well-being of marginalized youth, promoting equality and inclusivity.
- SDG 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Creating safe environments for youth by addressing issues like violence and discrimination contributes to overall well-being.
- SDG 17 – Partnerships for the Goals: Engaging youth in decision-making and policy processes amplifies the impact of sustainable development efforts.
What are the challenges?
- Health Disparities: Ensuring good health and well-being for all youth is hindered by disparities in access to healthcare and nutritious food, especially among marginalized groups.
- Education Inequities: Quality education remains elusive for many young individuals, particularly those in disadvantaged regions, due to inadequate infrastructure, resources, and skilled educators.
- Youth Employment: Providing decent work and economic opportunities for youth is a challenge, exacerbated by global economic fluctuations and the changing nature of work.
- Marginalization: Vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities and those with disabilities, face discrimination, limiting their access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
- Mental Health: The prevalence of mental health issues among youth, exacerbated by factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, poses a significant challenge to overall well-being.
- Inclusive Governance: Involving youth in decision-making processes is often hindered by institutional barriers and lack of platforms for meaningful participation.
- Inadequate Resources: Insufficient financial investment in youth-related programs, education, and healthcare limits progress in enhancing well-being.
- Data Gaps: Lack of comprehensive data on youth well-being and its intersections with SDGs hampers evidence-based policymaking
A human rights approach to youth well-being
- Empowerment: Empowering marginalized groups by advocating for their rights and providing opportunities for personal growth and societal progress.
- Inclusion: Mainstreaming youth perspectives into government departments, policymaking, and budget allocation for youth development.
- Equity: Addressing power imbalances and discrimination to ensure equal access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
- Progress Monitoring: Monitoring youth progress and well-being to ensure that policies and initiatives effectively cater to their needs.
- Youth Participation: Engaging youth in policymaking and community development projects, fostering their sense of purpose and contributing to positive change.
Way forward
- Empowering Youth Voices: Actively involve young individuals in decision-making processes, policy formulation, and community initiatives. Their unique perspectives and insights are essential for effective solutions.
- Creating Safe Spaces: Establish platforms where youth can express themselves without fear of discrimination. Safe spaces encourage open dialogue and the sharing of diverse viewpoints.
- Youth-Led Projects: Support and fund projects initiated by young people that address local challenges. These initiatives empower youth to drive positive change within their communities.
- Education for Empowerment: Design education programs that equip young individuals with critical thinking skills, empowering them to engage constructively in society and effect meaningful change.
- Diverse Representation: Ensure diverse representation of youth, including those from marginalized backgrounds and ethnic minorities, in decision-making bodies and leadership roles.
- Equal Access to Opportunities: Remove barriers that hinder marginalized youth from accessing education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Promote equitable access to resources.
- Collaborative Networks: Build networks that connect youth with mentors, professionals, and organizations. Such networks provide guidance, exposure, and pathways for personal and professional growth.
- Data-Driven Strategies: Gather data on the challenges faced by different youth groups. Utilize this data to tailor policies and programs that address specific needs and enhance overall well-being
Conclusion
- Investing in youth well-being extends beyond economic growth, encompassing physical health, mental resilience, education, and empowerment. The alignment with SDGs, adoption of human rights principles, and inclusive policies are pivotal for fostering holistic youth development. Empowering youth to shape their future ensures a brighter and more prosperous society for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Takakia
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Takakia, a unique moss genus that has thrived at high altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau for millions of years, has captured the attention of international scientists.
- Astonishingly, the same habitat that nurtured Takakia for eons is now rapidly transforming due to climate change, highlighting the urgency of conservation efforts.
Takakia and its Evolution
- Adaptive Traits: Takakia is slender turf with finger-like leaves and resilience to harsh weather conditions. Genetic traits protecting it from frost and high UV radiation have evolved over 65 million years.
- Living Fossil: Despite its rapidly evolving genome, Takakia’s physical appearance has remained unchanged for over 165 million years, making it a remarkable example of a living fossil.
- Evolutionary Paradox: The juxtaposition of constant appearance and evolving genome poses an intriguing challenge for evolutionary biologists, shedding light on the species’ unique adaptation.
Its scientific significance
- Hybrid Characteristics: Takakia blends features from mosses, liverworts, and green algae, intriguing researchers for its evolutionary diversity.
- Ancient Separation: Research confirms that Takakia’s divergence from other mosses occurred around 390 million years ago, soon after the emergence of the first land plants.
Climate Change Impacts on Takakia
- Changing Habitat: Takakia’s habitat, which sheltered it for millions of years, is now experiencing rapid climate change within decades.
- Temperature and Glacier Shifts: Recorded measurements since 2010 indicate a temperature increase of nearly half a degree Celsius per year on the Tibetan Plateau, accompanied by a glacier’s retreat of almost 50 meters per year.
- Species Resilience: Unlike some other plants that benefit from warming, Takakia’s populations have diminished over the study period. Its struggle to cope with rising temperatures raises concerns about its survival.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earendel
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The remarkable discovery of the star Earendel by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2022 has been further illuminated by the James Webb Space Telescope.
About Earendel
- Earendel is the farthest star ever detected, observed within the first billion years after the big bang.
- It’s a massive B-type star, more than twice as hot as the Sun, and a million times more luminous.
- The star is part of the Sunrise Arc galaxy, detectable due to the gravitational lensing
- Gravitational lensing is a natural phenomenon where the mass of a massive object bends and magnifies light from a background object.
- The massive galaxy cluster WHL0137-08 acts as a “magnifying glass,” allowing telescopes to observe Earendel even though it’s distant.
How was it discovered?
- JSWT discovery: The James Webb Space Telescope employed its Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to build upon Hubble’s observations of Earendel.
- Star’s Characteristics: The revelations from NIRCam showcase Earendel as a massive B-type star, surpassing our Sun’s heat by over twofold and radiating luminosity a million times greater.
- 9 Billion Light-Years Away: Situated approximately 12.9 billion light-years from Earth, Earendel holds insights into the early universe’s cosmic evolution.
- Gravitational Lensing: Both Webb and Hubble harnessed gravitational lensing—a phenomenon where foreground galaxies magnify distant objects—to detect Earendel, with galaxy cluster WHL0137-08 acting as a cosmic magnifying lens.
Glimpse into it’s Past
- Single Point of Light: Due to its immense distance, Earendel appears as a solitary point of light even on Webb’s high-resolution infrared imagery.
- Snapshot from 1 Billion Years Post-Big Bang: Although Earendel remains a faint pinpoint, the telescope’s data indicates that we are witnessing the star as it appeared 1 billion years after the Big Bang.
- Historic Perspective: This revelation pushes the boundaries of our knowledge, as the previous farthest observed star had been documented around 4 billion years post-Big Bang.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PushP Portal
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The National Power Committee (NPC) has urged States to contribute their insights towards shaping incentives for both buyers and sellers on the Power High Price Day Ahead Market (HP-DAM) and Surplus Power Portal (PUShP).
- This innovative platform, introduced by the Ministry of Power, aims to enhance power availability, optimize utilization, and facilitate efficient power trading.
PUSHp Portal
- Concept Launch: The Ministry of Power unveiled the HP-DAM and PUShP to address power scarcity during peak demand periods and to encourage surplus power trading.
- Price Flexibility: The platform allows certain sellers to offer power at prices exceeding the ceiling of Rs 12 per unit during peak demand, promoting higher availability.
- Surplus Power Indication: Power distribution companies (DISCOMs) can display their surplus power availability on the portal, indicating the block times, days, or months.
- Requisition Mechanism: DISCOMs in need of power can requisition the surplus power from the portal, promoting efficient allocation.
Operational Mechanism
- Cost Determination: New buyers will pay both variable charges (VC) and fixed costs (FC) as regulated by authorities.
- Reassignment Implications: Once power is reassigned, the original beneficiary relinquishes the right to recall power, including the entire FC liability.
- Reducing Fixed Costs: This approach alleviates the fixed cost burden on DISCOMs, making power distribution more efficient.
- Optimal Capacity Utilization: The platform ensures that all available generation capacity is effectively utilized, mitigating wastage.
Back2Basics: Day Ahead Market
- A Day Ahead Market is a platform for trading electricity where delivery occurs within 24 hours from the following day’s midnight.
- Electricity is traded in 15-minute time blocks, and prices are determined through auction bidding.
- The auction process establishes prices and the quantum of electricity traded, ensuring transparency.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Delimitation Commission
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Delimitation, the process of redrawing electoral boundaries to reflect population changes, is a crucial exercise that ensures fair representation and equal distribution of constituencies.
- In Assam, the recent delimitation process has garnered attention due to its impact on political dynamics.
Delimitation in Assam
- Historical Basis: The last delimitation in Assam was based on 1971 census data by the Delimitation Commission in 1976. Over time, population shifts necessitate boundary adjustments.
- Equitable Representation: Delimitation aims to ensure that the population of constituencies is relatively equal, promoting fair representation.
- Legal Authority: Delimitation orders have the force of law and are beyond judicial review.
Process of Delimitation
- Delimitation Commission: An independent Delimitation Commission is formed, consisting of retired Supreme Court judges, the Chief Election Commissioner, and State Election Commissioners.
- Objectives: The Commission determines boundaries and numbers of constituencies, striving for uniform population distribution.
- Reserved Seats: The Commission identifies seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes based on their population concentrations.
Implementation of Delimitation
- Draft Proposals: The Commission publishes draft proposals in official gazettes and newspapers, seeking public feedback.
- Public Sittings: Public hearings are held to gather opinions and objections.
- Final Order: After considering objections and suggestions, the Commission issues a final order published in official gazettes, coming into effect as specified.
Frequency of Delimitation
- Early Delimitation: The first delimitation in 1950-51 was temporary, carried out by the President after India’s first general elections.
- Need for Independence: Subsequent delimitation was mandated to be carried out by independent commissions following the dissatisfaction with the first exercise.
- Past Instances: Delimitation occurred in 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002, under Acts of respective years.
Postponement and Justification
- Frozen Seats: Delimitation was postponed after the 1981 and 1991 Censuses.
- Uniform Growth Rate: Post the 2001 Census, an amendment delayed delimitation until 2026, justified by achieving uniform population growth throughout India.
- Last Exercise: The most recent delimitation in Assam (2002-2008) adjusted boundaries based on 2001 Census data and reserved seat allocations.
Conclusion
- Delimitation plays a vital role in democratic governance, maintaining equitable representation by accounting for population shifts.
- The recent delimitation in Assam, governed by a structured process and legal framework, exemplifies India’s commitment to fair and inclusive electoral practices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Katchatheevu Island
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The island of Katchatheevu has emerged as a symbol of historical disputes, political contention, and a reminder of complex geopolitical decisions.
- PM’s reference to Katchatheevu during a parliamentary debate added fuel to the ongoing discussions surrounding this small island, nestled between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
Katchatheevu Island: Historical Background
- Colonial Influence: Katchatheevu, a 285-acre island, has its origins in a 14-century volcanic eruption. It was historically under the control of the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka and later the Ramnad Zamindari in India.
- British-Era Claims: Both India and Sri Lanka claimed Katchatheevu in the early 20th century to establish fishing boundaries. The ownership dispute continued even during the British Raj.
1974 Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement
- Landmark Decision: Indira Gandhi’s government decided to cede Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka as part of the 1974 agreement, aiming to establish maritime borders.
- Political Implications: The decision raised concerns in Tamil Nadu, where voices protested the lack of state assembly consultation and the impact on traditional fishing rights.
- Fishing Ambiguity: The agreement allowed Indian fishermen access to Katchatheevu “hitherto,” but fishing rights remained ambiguous, leading to disputes.
Sri Lankan Civil War and Beyond
- Civil War Dynamics: The Sri Lankan civil war (1983-2009) shifted focus from the Katchatheevu issue as Sri Lanka’s naval forces grappled with internal strife.
- Post-War Reality: Post the civil war, Sri Lanka reinforced maritime defense, leading to the arrest of Indian fishermen venturing into their waters, reigniting demands for Katchatheevu’s retrieval.
Tamil Nadu’s Persistent Concerns
- Political Backlash: Tamil Nadu politicians across parties raised objections against ceding Katchatheevu without state assembly consent, citing historical ties and livelihood impacts.
- Legal Battles: Late J Jayalalitha’s AIADMK filed petitions challenging the 1974 agreement, arguing it affected traditional fishing rights. However, the Union government’s stance remained unaltered.
- Modi Government’s Position: Despite vocal demands from Tamil politicians, the Modi government maintained that the island’s status was finalized in 1974 and reclaiming it would require drastic measures.
Contemporary Implications
- Symbol of Sovereignty: Katchatheevu symbolizes regional and sovereignty concerns, reflecting tensions between Tamil Nadu’s interests and central government decisions.
- Geopolitical Dilemma: The case highlights the delicate balance between historical claims, political sentiments, and international agreements in the context of bilateral relations.
Conclusion
- The island of Katchatheevu continues to serve as a reminder of India’s historical intricacies, reflecting the delicate balancing act between state interests, national decisions, and regional aspirations.
- While Tamil Nadu’s calls for retrieval echo in the political corridors, the longstanding 1974 agreement and subsequent geopolitical realities create a complex landscape.
- As the island’s fate intertwines with broader diplomatic relations, Katchatheevu remains a testament to the complexities of national sovereignty and regional sentiment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The inclusion of the Sanskrit term “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The world is one family) in the G-20 logo has sparked diplomatic discussions between India and China.
- Reports surfaced suggesting that China objected to the use of non-UN languages like Sanskrit in G-20 texts being negotiated.
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
- The ancient Sanskrit phrase “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” encapsulates the idea of the world as one interconnected family.
- Rooted in religious texts, this concept reverberates through history and has found resonance in modern times, impacting diplomatic exchanges and global events.
अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम्।
उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्॥
Meaning: Considerations like “he is mine or he is another’s” occur only to the narrow minded person. To the broad-minded person the whole world is a family.
Origin and Meaning:
- Sanskrit Phrase: “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” is composed of three words: Vasudha (Earth), Eva (Thus), and Kutumbakam (Family).
- Moral Value: It is considered a profound moral value, reflecting interconnectedness and universal harmony.
Historical Context:
- Maha Upanishad Verse: The original verse appears in Maha Upanishad stressing unity among all beings and the world.
- Engraved Symbolism: The verse is inscribed in the entrance hall of the Parliament of India, reflecting its importance in Indian society.
- Embrace of Unity: The verse advocates embracing the world as a family, urging magnanimity and detachment.
Interpretations and Influences
- Spiritual Progress: Subsequent shlokas expand on the idea, stating that detachment leads to attaining the Brahman (Universal Spirit).
- Influence in Hindu Literature: The Bhagavad Gita refers to “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” as the “Loftiest Vedantic Thought,” demonstrating its influence in Hindu philosophy.
- Gandhian Connection: Dr. N. Radhakrishnan relates the concept to Gandhi’s holistic development vision and nonviolent conflict resolution.
Modern Relevance
- PM’s Reference: Prime Minister Modi invoked the phrase, highlighting its values of unity and cultural richness.
- International Earth Science Olympiad: The phrase was used in the logo of the 7th International Earth Science Olympiad, emphasizing Earth’s interconnected systems.
- India’s G20 Presidency: The theme and logo of India’s G20 Presidency included “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,” representing global unity.
Diplomatic Controversy
- China’s Opposition: China objected to the use of Sanskrit in G20 documents, asserting that it’s not an official UN language.
- Logo Exclusion: Despite its significance, the phrase did not appear in official G20 documents due to China’s objections.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change
Mains level: Climate Change and Shifting Business Paradigms for Environmental Sustainability
What’s the news?
- The 2023 IPCC Report highlights that human-induced global warming of 1.1 degrees Celsius has led to unprecedented shifts in the Earth’s climate.
Central idea
- In recent decades, human activities have substantially contributed to the acceleration of climate change. The economic toll of climate change has been immense. The anticipated intensification of climate impacts underscores the urgent need for both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate Change and Shifting Business Paradigms for Environmental Sustainability
- Climate Change Impact: Human activities have led to a significant increase in global warming, resulting in unprecedented climate changes. The 2023 IPCC Report highlights the Earth’s warming by 1.1 degrees Celsius due to human influence.
- Economic Consequences: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates substantial economic losses of around US$1.3 trillion annually during 2011–2020, constituting 0.2 percent of global GDP. These losses stem from climate change-related damages, affecting both the economy and the environment.
- Businesses and Sustainability: There’s a noticeable shift in business attitudes, moving away from pure profit-centric approaches to considering their social and environmental impacts. Many companies are now striving to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects—also known as the triple bottom line.
- ESG and CSR Frameworks: Enterprises are adopting Environmental, Social, and governance (ESG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) frameworks to integrate sustainable practices into their operations. This includes using renewable energy sources, improving stakeholder relationships, and engaging in environmentally responsible actions.
- IBM Survey on Business Leaders’ Views: The IBM survey revealed that 51 percent of top business leaders and CEOs recognize the importance of environmental sustainability. This suggests growing awareness and concern among influential business figures.
- Consumer Behavior: Consumers’ preferences are also changing. About 49 percent of consumers are willing to pay more for products labeled as sustainable or socially responsible. This indicates a shift in consumer behavior towards supporting eco-friendly products and companies.
How are companies responding?
- IKEA’s Environmental Priorities:
- IKEA, a global furniture leader, has embraced climate finance for sustainable practices. They reduced their climate footprint by 5 percent in 2022, from 27.2 to 25.8 million tonnes.
- IKEA’s transparency extends to disclosing outdoor air pollution across their supply chain. Their food section now offers 50 percent plant-based meals, aligning with reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
- NIKE’s Sustainable Business Approach:
- NIKE, a renowned sportswear brand, echoes this trend by incorporating sustainable practices.
- Their ESG Risk Rating of 19.6 reflects effective management of industry-specific ESG risks.
- India’s Regulatory Push:
- India’s Ministry of Corporate Affairs is propelling sustainability within the corporate sphere through the National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct.
- These guidelines emphasize resource-efficient, low-carbon technologies and accountability for environmental impact and stakeholder considerations.
- Ather Energy’s Holistic EV Strategy:
- Ather Energy, a Bengaluru-based EV startup, showcases a comprehensive strategy. Their approach involves building an entire charging infrastructure network and fostering a local, sustainable supply chain.
- This strategy encompasses high-quality product creation and reusing/recycling outdated items.
Sustainability Challenges Faced by Companies
- Climate change impacts supply chains, leading to transition risks and event-driven physical risks.
- Environmental factors like water shortages and changing demand affect business operations.
- Vendor credibility issues and logistical challenges disrupt supply chain stability.
- Social factors, including communal disturbances and employee strikes, introduce uncertainties.
- Ensuring profitability while investing in sustainable practices poses financial challenges.
Strategies to Overcome Sustainability Challenges
- Financing Green Transitions: To address the increased investments required, companies can allocate separate budgets for CSR and ESG activities, as evidenced by the IBM survey. Regulatory compliance would ensure dedicated budget allocations, fostering a commitment to sustainable practices over the long term.
- Justifying Price Increases: As per the IBM survey, consumers are increasingly willing to pay more for sustainable products, even in developing countries. By emphasizing ethical marketing practices and leveraging social media, businesses can tap into this growing consumer trend.
- Overcoming Technological Limitations: While traditional methods like paper backups remain useful, the evolution of technology can help in avoiding fraud and malpractice, as mentioned in the article. Embracing technology, with proper safeguards in place is essential for comprehensive sustainability.
- Addressing Greenwashing Concerns: Organizations can counter doubts about the credibility of their sustainable practices by prioritizing brand awareness and emotional marketing. Through multi-stakeholder involvement and coordinated efforts, companies can establish themselves as genuine advocates of sustainability.
Conclusion
- Promoting sustainable business practices in the context of traditional profit-oriented models requires a multi-stakeholder approach, regulatory compliance, and governmental support. As the world moves toward universal business sustainability, businesses need to prioritize environmentally conscious practices, with stringent penalties for non-compliance and incentives for positive contributions to society and the environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hela Cells
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- HeLa cells, an extraordinary line of human cells recovered from a woman suffering from cancer has helped various realms of scientific discovery and medical progress.
What are HeLa Cells?
- Unveiling the Unknown: In 1951, Henrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent a tissue biopsy at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
- Pioneering Phenomenon: A fraction of Lacks’ tumor cells, later termed HeLa cells, displayed an exceptional trait – the ability to perpetually divide and multiply in laboratory conditions.
Distinctive Attributes of HeLa Cells
- Endless Proliferation: Unlike typical human cells that have finite lifespans, HeLa cells displayed continuous division, enabling their perpetual growth.
- Scientific Marvel: This property revolutionized research by offering a consistent and adaptable medium for experiments.
Utility for Scientific Progress
- Polio Vaccine: HeLa cells played a pivotal role in cultivating the poliovirus, facilitating the development of the polio vaccine.
- Cancer Research: HeLa cells fueled insights into cancer biology, aiding in testing treatments and understanding disease mechanisms.
- Genetic Insights: These cells were the first human cells to be cloned, deepening our grasp of genetics and cellular biology.
- Drug Testing: HeLa cells revolutionized drug testing, aiding in drug development and assessing safety profiles.
- Space Exploration: Their journey extended to space, contributing to the understanding of cellular behavior in microgravity.
Ethical Dilemmas and Controversies
- Informed Consent Absence: HeLa cells’ use without Henrietta Lacks’ consent raised ethical concerns, especially in the context of medical experimentation on African American patients.
- Patient Rights and Acknowledgment: Discussions emerged about patient rights, equitable compensation, and the acknowledgement of individuals whose contributions fuel scientific progress.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EC appointments
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A new Bill has been proposed in the Rajya Sabha aimed at reversing the impact of a Supreme Court ruling on the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- The proposed legislation suggests a revamped selection process, featuring a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a nominated Cabinet Minister.
- This initiative comes after a Supreme Court verdict that demanded the participation of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and ‘CJI’ in the selection of these crucial electoral positions.
Supreme Court’s Ruling and Legislative Vacuum
- March 2 Verdict: A unanimous verdict by a SC bench this year mandated the involvement of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and CJI in the appointment of CEC and ECs.
- Constitutional Vacuum: The Court intervened due to the absence of a parliamentary law as prescribed by Article 324 of the Constitution for the appointment process.
New Legislative Approach
- Aim of the Bill: The proposed Bill aims to address the constitutional vacuum and establish a structured legislative process for the appointment of members to the Election Commission of India (ECI).
- Search Committee: The Bill establishes a Search Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary and composed of two other government officials knowledgeable about election matters. The Committee is tasked with preparing a panel of five potential candidates for appointment.
- Selection Committee: The core of the proposed process is the Selection Committee, composed of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. This committee would finalize the appointment of CEC and ECs.
Supreme Court’s Concerns
- Parliament’s Authority: The Parliament holds the power to address the issues highlighted by the Supreme Court ruling and nullify its impact through legislative action that aligns with the judgment’s intent.
- Preserving Independence: The Supreme Court’s ruling emphasized the need for an independent body overseeing elections, aligning with the Constitution’s original intent.
Concerns raised
- Composition of Selection Committee: The new Bill raises concerns about the independence of the selection process due to its composition.
- Absence of LoP: With the PM and a nominated Cabinet Minister holding the majority in the three-member panel, the Leader of Opposition’s voice is marginalized even before the process begins.
- Omits CJI: The Bill omits CJI from the panel counterviewing the 2nd March Judgment which prompted this legislation.
Conclusion
- The proposed Bill’s attempt to address the legislative vacuum created by the Supreme Court ruling is a significant step towards streamlining the appointment process for the Election Commission.
- While the Parliament has the authority to shape the process, ensuring the true independence and integrity of the selection process remains a critical concern.
- The balance between various stakeholders must be maintained to uphold the sanctity of India’s democratic electoral processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NAVIC
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), India’s indigenous satellite navigation system, is set to be integrated into Aadhaar enrolment devices.
- This strategic move, as revealed by the Department of Space (DoS) showcases the seamless amalgamation of advanced technologies to enhance the functionality and reach of essential services.
What is NAVIC?
- History: Originally conceptualized as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), the project sought to establish an autonomous navigation infrastructure to fulfill both civilian and strategic requirements.
- Reducing Foreign Dependency: The core motivation behind NAVIC was to lessen dependence on foreign navigation systems like GPS and cultivate a self-reliant platform.
- Comprehensive Constellation: The NAVIC constellation encompasses a total of 7** satellites.
- Deployment Chronology: Launches of satellites such as IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F, and IRNSS-1I commenced in July 2013, continuing the phased deployment.
Key Features and Technical Excellence
- Standard Position Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS): NavIC offers two services – SPS for civilian users and RS for strategic users. These services are available in both L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2498.028 MHz).
- Coverage Area: NavIC covers India and extends up to 1,500 km beyond its borders. Upcoming satellites will include the L1 band compatible with civilian applications.
NavIC and Aadhaar Enrolment Devices
- Field Trials and Technical Expertise: The DoS has successfully conducted field trials and provided technical expertise to finalize the procurement specifications for integrating NavIC into Aadhaar enrolment devices.
- Current Setup: The Aadhaar enrolment kits presently use GPS for location-based services, which gather and authenticate personal information during enrolment.
Utilization in other areas
- Disaster Management: NavIC plays a pivotal role in the National Disaster Management Agency’s alert dissemination system for natural calamities like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and avalanches.
- Ocean Information Broadcast: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information System employs NavIC to broadcast alerts regarding cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis to fishermen operating in deep-sea regions.
- Standardization Efforts: Various organizations, including the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Telecom Standards Development Society of India (TSDSI), Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC), and international bodies like the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC), are actively working on setting interoperability standards for NavIC.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deflation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- China’s recent bout of deflation, marked by a decline in consumer prices for the first time in over two years, has sparked debates about its implications and causes.
- This article delves into the intricacies of deflation, its potential impact on economic growth, and the unique circumstances driving deflation in China.
Understanding Deflation
- Deflation Defined: Deflation refers to a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services within an economy.
- Historical Context: Historically, the terms “inflation” and “deflation” were linked to changes in the money supply, with “inflation” representing a rise and “deflation” a fall in money supply.
Concerns Associated with Deflation
- Economic Slowdown: Many economists view deflation as an indicator of dwindling demand for goods and services, potentially leading to an economic slowdown.
- Demand-Supply Dynamics: Falling prices may prompt consumers to delay purchases, hampering demand and triggering a ripple effect throughout the economy.
- Resource Utilization: A certain level of inflation is deemed necessary for optimal resource utilization, ensuring full economic potential is realized.
Varied Perspectives on Deflation
- Positive Instances: Some economies have experienced deflation during periods of robust growth. Japan witnessed increased real income levels despite persistent deflation.
- Economic Crises: Deflation can arise during economic crises when cautious spending and resource reallocation occur.
- Consumer Demand and Prices: Some economists argue that consumer demand dictates prices, rather than the other way around.
China’s Deflation Scenario
- Policy Measures: China’s central bank maintained low interest rates to stimulate demand amid the post-pandemic recovery.
- Property Sector Turmoil: China’s pre-pandemic property sector challenges, affecting GDP contribution, may be a root cause of the current deflationary trend.
- Complex Factors: While liquidity may not be the core issue, comprehensive analysis of money supply and monetary transmission is necessary to determine the underlying cause.
Deflation and India
| Period |
Causes |
Impact on India |
| Great Depression (1930s) |
Global economic downturn, reduced demand |
Agricultural and industrial contraction, falling prices |
| Post-Independence (1950s-1960s) |
Supply-side constraints, monetary policy |
Agricultural fluctuations, efforts to control inflation |
| Global Oil Crisis (1970s) |
Surge in oil prices, cost-push inflation |
Economic slowdown, increased costs, reduced demand |
| Economic Reforms Era (1990s) |
Transition to market-oriented economy, policy measures |
Sectoral slowdown, reduced demand, short-term deflation |
| Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009) |
Global financial crisis, economic slowdown |
Reduced consumer spending, limited deflationary impact |
Repercussions of Chinese Deflation
[A] Positive Impacts:
- Cheaper Imports: If Chinese goods become cheaper due to deflation, it could lead to lower import costs for India, benefiting consumers and businesses that rely on Chinese imports.
- Lower Input Costs: Reduced prices for raw materials and intermediate goods from China could lower production costs for Indian industries that depend on these inputs.
- Global Supply Chains: If Chinese deflation reduces the cost of production within global supply chains, Indian businesses integrated into these chains might experience cost savings.
- Improved Trade Balance: Cheaper Chinese imports can contribute to a more favorable trade balance for India, especially if it leads to reduced import bills.
[B] Negative Impacts:
- Export Competition: Cheaper Chinese exports due to deflation could increase competition for Indian exports in international markets, potentially affecting certain Indian industries.
- Import Dumping: A flood of cheap Chinese goods into the Indian market could harm domestic producers, leading to job losses and economic strain.
- Investment Flows: A slowdown in China’s economy caused by deflation might lead to reduced investor confidence and affect foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to India.
- Currency Effects: If China’s central bank devalues its currency to boost exports in response to deflation, it could lead to a stronger Indian rupee, impacting India’s export competitiveness.
- Commodity Prices: Reduced demand for commodities from China due to deflation could lead to lower global commodity prices, affecting Indian exporters of raw materials.
Conclusion
- China’s encounter with deflation amidst efforts to boost demand and stabilize its economy presents a multi-faceted challenge.
- Understanding the nuances of deflation, its interaction with demand dynamics, and China’s unique economic landscape are vital.
- As China navigates its path forward, policymakers must consider the interplay of factors, including the property sector’s impact and broader economic goals.
Back2Basics:
Terminologies related to PRICE RISE
|
| Inflation |
Sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time, leading to reduced purchasing power of money. |
| Deflation |
Sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services, often resulting in reduced consumer spending and economic stagnation. |
| Hyperinflation |
Extremely rapid and uncontrollable increase in prices, eroding the value of money and disrupting economic stability. |
| Stagflation |
Simultaneous occurrence of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation, contrary to traditional economic theories. |
| Creeping Inflation |
Gradual increase in the general price level at a rate of 1-3% annually, considered normal and manageable. |
| Galloping Inflation |
High inflation ranging from 10% to several hundred percent per year, eroding savings and economic planning. |
| Demand-Pull Inflation |
Rise in prices due to demand exceeding supply, often occurring during periods of strong economic growth. |
| Cost-Push Inflation |
Increase in prices caused by higher production costs, such as rising wages or raw material expenses. |
| Built-In Inflation |
Cycle of rising prices and wages as workers demand higher wages to match inflation, contributing to a continuous cycle. |
| Structural Inflation |
Inflation resulting from supply and demand imbalances due to structural factors like technology changes or market conditions. |
| Open Inflation |
When rising prices are publicly acknowledged and factored into economic decisions, including wage negotiations. |
| Suppressed Inflation |
Prices rise but are officially reported at a lower rate due to government intervention, subsidies, or price controls. |
| Repressed Inflation |
Artificially keeping prices low through government controls despite demand exceeding supply, leading to potential future price spikes. |
| Disinflation |
Decrease in the rate of inflation, indicating the general price level is still rising but at a slower rate, often a transition to more stable inflation levels. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's digital transformation, schemes and policies
Mains level: India's digital transformation, ban on smartphones in Indian schools analysis
What’s the news?
- UNESCO’s call for a ban on smartphones in Indian schools sparks nationwide debate on their impact, with educators and experts divided over whether to implement a blanket ban or nuanced regulations.
Central idea
- With 1.2 billion mobile and 600 million smartphone users, India’s digital transformation is reshaping society. Predicted to reach over a billion by 2026, smartphone use in education is being debated after UNESCO’s call for a school ban, raising questions about classroom dynamics and student well-being.
UNESCO’s Stance on Smartphone Ban
- With 1.2 billion mobile phone users and 600 million smartphone users in India, the country is experiencing a technology boom.
- UNESCO recommends a global ban on smartphones in schools due to concerns about disruptions, cyberbullying, and compromised learning.
- Research suggests that the mere presence of mobile devices can distract students and hinder their academic engagement.
- The London School of Economics’ research highlights the positive impact of not allowing mobile phones in schools on academic performance.
Delhi’s Directorate of Education’s Approach
- The Directorate of Education, Private School Branch, Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, issued an advisory on restricting mobile phone use in schools.
- The advisory emphasizes the importance of reaching a consensus among stakeholders like students, parents, teachers, and school heads regarding mobile phone use in educational environments.
- Delhi’s response demonstrates a proactive approach to maintaining a conducive learning atmosphere and prioritizing student well-being.
- The Directorate’s concern centers around smartphone distractions such as notifications, games, and social media engagement during class hours.
- The Delhi Government’s response showcases a commitment to addressing the potential negative impact of smartphone usage on education.
Impact of Mobile Phones on Students
- Positive Impacts:
- Access to Information: Smartphones offer students instant access to a vast pool of information and educational resources. Over 80% of students in developed countries use smartphones to access educational content.
- Digital Literacy: Smartphone use fosters digital literacy, a crucial skill in today’s technology-driven world. The NEP (National Education Policy) in India emphasizes digital education and the use of technology.
- Interactive Learning: Mobile apps and online platforms enhance interactive learning experiences. The use of QR codes in the state curriculum and additional resources showcases the integration of technology for learning.
- Flexibility and Convenience: Smartphones enable learning beyond traditional classroom hours and locations. In countries like Finland, students are allowed to bring phones to class around age 12, promoting flexible learning.
- Educational Apps: Educational apps cater to diverse learning styles and subjects. Language learning apps, mathematics tutorials, and science simulations provide engaging learning opportunities.
- Negative Impacts:
- Distractions and Reduced Focus: Mere proximity to smartphones can lead to distraction and reduced focus during classes. Research by the London School of Economics suggests that mobile phones can deter academic performance.
- Addiction and Sleep Deprivation: Excessive smartphone usage contributes to addiction and sleep deprivation among students. Teenagers’ addiction to smartphones has been linked to increased anxiety and behavioral problems.
- Cyberbullying and Mental Health: Smartphone-enabled access to social media platforms exposes students to cyberbullying and mental health issues. Students’ exposure to unrealistic standards on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and depression.
- Decline in Face-to-Face Interaction: Increased smartphone use can lead to reduced face-to-face interactions among students. UNESCO’s recommendation to ban smartphones in schools aims to promote more meaningful face-to-face interactions.
- Academic Decline due to Distracted Learning: Checking notifications, playing games, and engaging in social media during class hours negatively impact academic performance. Studies show a correlation between excessive smartphone use and lower grades.
Perspectives in Favor of a Smartphone Ban in Schools
- Enhanced Academic Focus: Banning smartphones can lead to improved academic focus among students. Research indicates that the presence of mobile devices distracts students and hampers their learning engagement.
- Mitigation of Cyberbullying and Mental Health Concerns: A smartphone ban would protect students from cyberbullying and associated mental health issues. Students exposed to social media platforms can experience emotional distress due to online interactions.
- Encouragement of Face-to-Face Interaction: Banning smartphones would encourage more meaningful face-to-face interactions, fostering interpersonal skills. UNESCO’s recommendation emphasizes maintaining academic integrity through human interactions.
- Positive Impact on Academic Performance: Limiting smartphone use during school hours can lead to improved academic performance. Research from the London School of Economics suggests that mobile phone restrictions can positively influence student achievement.
- Development of Healthy Learning Habits: Implementing a smartphone ban promotes healthy learning habits by reducing distractions. Excessive smartphone use has been linked to addiction and sleep deprivation, which hinder effective learning.
Perspectives Against a Smartphone Ban in Schools
- Access to Information and Resources: Smartphones provide quick access to a wealth of educational information and resources. Educational apps and online resources cater to diverse learning styles and offer supplementary materials.
- Preparation for Real-World Technology Use: Allowing controlled smartphone use prepares students for a technology-driven future. National Education Policies and state curricula emphasize the importance of digital literacy and technology integration.
- Customized Learning and Engagement: Smartphone apps and interactive platforms offer personalized and engaging learning experiences. Many students in developed countries use smartphones to access tailored educational content.
- Parental Responsibility and Education: Educating students about responsible smartphone use is the responsibility of parents. Some developed countries allow controlled smartphone use, teaching students about balanced usage.
- Bridge the Gap for Economically Disadvantaged Students: Smartphones bridge technology gaps for economically disadvantaged students, providing access to digital resources. An outright ban could worsen disparities among students based on their socioeconomic backgrounds.
Way Forward
- Holistic Stakeholder Engagement: Engage all stakeholders, including students, parents, teachers, and school administrators, in open discussions and decision-making processes regarding smartphone usage in schools.
- Incorporate Age-Based Guidelines: Develop age-specific guidelines for smartphone use in classrooms, taking into account developmental stages and potential distractions.
- Digital Literacy Curriculum: Integrate digital literacy education within the curriculum to educate students about responsible smartphone usage, privacy, and online etiquette.
- Educate Educators: Provide teachers with training on managing smartphone use effectively in classrooms and incorporating them as tools for learning.
- Parental Awareness Campaigns: Launch campaigns to educate parents about the implications of excessive smartphone use, emphasizing responsible parenting in the digital age.
- Digital Divide Solutions: Consider alternative solutions, like providing laptops, tablets, or internet facilities alongside smartphones, to bridge the digital divide effectively.
- Research on New Learning Paradigms: Invest in research to explore innovative approaches that harness the benefits of smartphones while mitigating potential distractions and drawbacks.
Conclusion
- As India strides toward an increasingly digital future, the education system faces the challenge of embracing innovation while mitigating distractions. Balancing student welfare, academic integrity, and equitable access will be vital in shaping policies that harness technology’s potential while preserving the sanctity of the classroom.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tb eradication goal and initiatives
Mains level: India's TB burden, initiatives, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- A recent study published in the medical journal Lancet reveals a significant link between nutrition and tuberculosis (TB) survival.
Central idea
- Undernutrition has, for a long time, been recognized as the leading risk factor for tuberculosis. In India, modeling studies have suggested that addressing undernutrition could reduce cases by over 70 percent in vulnerable states. A study in the Lancet shows that a good diet not only reduces the incidence of the disease among vulnerable people living with infected people, but it also reduces mortality in TB patients.
A Jharkhand Case Study
- A study observed a striking 60% reduction in mortality risk among TB patients who gained weight early in the disease.
- Early weight gain is directly linked to improved survival rates.
- The data underscores the immediate positive impact of proper nutrition on TB outcomes.
- Early weight gain correlates with lower mortality rates, highlighting the significance of a well-balanced diet.
- The study’s results carry crucial implications for policymakers and healthcare practitioners.
- A study addresses a vital knowledge gap by emphasizing the direct influence of nutrition on TB patients.
Impact of TB on Nutrition
- Diminished Appetite and Caloric Intake:
- 75% of TB patients experience significant appetite reduction during treatment.
- Reduced food intake leads to an inadequate caloric supply, worsening nutritional deficiencies for those already combating TB.
- Fever-Driven Caloric Expenditure:
- Fever amplifies caloric expenditure by 10–15% in TB patients.
- Increased calorie loss due to fever exacerbates the nutritional imbalance in individuals with TB.
- Wasting and Weight-for-Height Ratio:
- Over 40% of severe TB cases result in wasting, causing low weight-for-height ratios.
- Wasting intensifies nutritional strain, necessitating comprehensive strategies to address this challenge.
- Nutritional Recovery and Relapse Risk:
- Patients with poor diets during recovery face nearly 30% higher relapse rates.
- Inadequate nutritional recovery raises the risk of TB relapse, highlighting the importance of post-TB dietary care.
Government Initiatives to Eliminate Tuberculosis
- Nikshay Poshan Yojana: A government scheme providing financial aid to TB patients Aims to alleviate nutritional challenges during treatment and recovery.
- Policy Guidelines on Nutrition: The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) recommends a daily caloric intake of 2,800 calories for TB patients. It enhances patients’ nutritional status, which is vital for effective recovery.
- Challenges in Implementation: The 2020 study highlights healthcare providers’ difficulties in executing nutritional support. It Sheds light on potential hindrances to ensuring effective aid distribution.
- Nutritional Education Integration: The government introduces awareness campaigns on the importance of proper nutrition during and after TB treatment. Empowers patients to make informed dietary choices, aiding recovery and reducing relapse risks.
- Path to Elimination: The government‘s aim is to eliminate TB by 2025. The government seeks to reduce the disease burden, including its nutritional implications for the affected population.
Challenges in Addressing TB’s Nutritional Impact
- Awareness and Education Gap: Limited awareness among TB patients and healthcare providers regarding the importance of proper nutrition during treatment. This hinders the adoption of adequate dietary practices that can positively influence recovery.
- Nutritional Support Integration: Difficulty in seamlessly integrating nutritional support within the broader TB treatment framework. Patients may not receive the required dietary assistance, potentially hampering their overall health outcomes.
- Resource Constraints: Limited resources to provide consistent and effective nutritional aid to all TB patients Inadequate support might lead to unequal access to nutritional assistance, affecting recovery rates.
- Complexity of Implementation: The implementation of nutritional programs, such as Nikshay Poshan Yojana, might be hampered by administrative complexities. Delays in aid distribution could compromise timely nutritional support for TB patients.
- Socio-Economic Factors: Socio-economic disparities affect patients’ ability to access nutritious foods. Underprivileged individuals might face difficulties maintaining a balanced diet, negatively influencing their recovery.
- Fragmented Approach: Lack of coordination among different government departments and stakeholders involved in TB care and nutritional support Fragmented efforts could lead to inefficiencies and gaps in providing holistic care to TB patients.
- Cultural and Dietary Diversity: Designing nutritional interventions that accommodate the diverse dietary preferences and cultural practices of TB patients, One-size-fits-all approaches might not be effective across various cultural contexts.
Way forward
- Enhanced Nutritional Counseling: Strengthen healthcare providers’ training to offer comprehensive nutritional counseling to TB patients. Empowered patients make informed dietary choices, aiding recovery and reducing relapse risks.
- Holistic Nutritional Assessment: Integrate nutritional assessments as a standard procedure in TB patient care. Customized dietary plans can counteract malnutrition, promoting faster recovery.
- Collaboration with NGOs: Partner with non-governmental organizations to extend nutritional aid and support. A wider reach ensures that nutritional assistance reaches vulnerable populations effectively.
- Strengthening Nikshay Poshan Yojana: Evaluate and refine the scheme based on challenges highlighted in the 2020 study. An optimized scheme ensures the efficient distribution of financial support for nutritional needs.
- Leveraging Digital Platforms: Utilize technology for nutritional awareness campaigns and real-time monitoring of patients’ dietary adherence. Technology enhances outreach and aids in tracking patients’ progress.
Conclusion
- For India, a nation grappling with a high TB burden, the Lancet study emphasizes the urgency of integrating robust nutritional strategies into TB elimination programs. By addressing implementation challenges and promoting patient awareness, India can navigate closer to its ambitious TB eradication goal by 2025.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maya OS
Mains level: Secured cyber infrastructure
Central Idea
- The Defence Ministry is taking a significant stride towards bolstering its cybersecurity by introducing an indigenous operating system named Maya OS.
- This move aims to replace Microsoft’s Windows OS on all ministry computers, ensuring enhanced protection against cyberattacks.
Understanding Maya OS
- Origin and Purpose: Maya OS is a homegrown operating system developed by the Union Ministry of Defence.
- Name’s Significance: Maya OS draws its name from the ancient Indian concept of illusion, signifying the deceptive appearance of reality.
- Open-Source Framework: Maya OS leverages the Ubuntu platform, embracing open-source principles by utilizing free and publicly available software. This approach enhances transparency, community collaboration, and customization possibilities.
- Chakravyuh Feature: Maya OS introduces the Chakravyuh feature, an end-point anti-malware and antivirus software. It acts as a protective layer between users and the internet, thwarting unauthorized access attempts and safeguarding sensitive data.
User Interface and Features
- Familiar Interface: Maya OS offers a user-friendly interface, mirroring the familiar look and feel of Windows, thereby ensuring a comfortable user experience.
- Application Compatibility: The OS supports commonly used software like Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, AutoCAD, and more, enabling a seamless transition for users.
- Enhanced Security: Maya OS incorporates features such as cloud storage, encryption, digital signatures, and biometric authentication to fortify security measures.
Development Journey
- Initiation in Response to Threats: The development of this OS commenced in 2021, prompted by the rise in cyberattacks targeting India’s critical infrastructure and defence systems.
- Collaborative Efforts: A collaborative effort involving experts from various government agencies like DRDO, C-DAC, and NIC, along with Indian software companies and academic institutions, contributed to the development of Maya OS.
- Swift Progress: The development of Maya OS was accomplished within 6 months, reflecting the dedication and expertise of the collaborative teams.
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