Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Etymology of India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India, with its rich heritage, has borne various names throughout its history, each encapsulating a distinct facet of its identity.
- The process of naming this diverse land has sparked debates, controversies, and reflections on its collective consciousness.
Historical Evolution of Names
- Meluha (Third Millennium BCE):
- The ancient Mesopotamian texts referenced ‘Meluha’ to denote the Indus Valley Civilization, highlighting India’s antiquity and interactions with ancient civilizations.
- ‘Meluha’ is believed to have been used to describe the Indus Valley Civilization in texts from the third millennium BCE.
- Bharata (Ancient Times to Modern Era):
- Rooted in Puranic literature and the Mahabharata, ‘Bharata’ resonates with religious and socio-cultural connotations.
- Associated with a supraregional and subcontinental territory where Brahmanical society prevailed.
- Evident during the freedom struggle through slogans like ‘Bharat Mata ki Jai’.
- ‘Bharata’ was derived from the mythological founders of the race, and its popularity during modern times is also due to its usage during the freedom movement.
- Aryavarta, Jambudvipa, Nabhivarsa (Ancient Vedic Period):
- ‘Aryavarta’ referred to the land between the Himalayas and Vindhya ranges, where the Indo-Aryans resided.
- ‘Jambudvipa’ and ‘Nabhivarsa’ were also used in Vedic texts and Jain literature to signify the subcontinent, emphasizing different cultural contexts.
- Hindustan (7th Century BCE):
- Originated during Persian occupation, ‘Hindustan’ referred to the lower Indus basin.
- ‘Hind’ in Persian meant ‘Sindhu’ (Indus river), leading to its application to the region beyond Indus.
- The Persian suffix ‘stan’ (land) was added to form ‘Hindustan’.
- India (Ancient to Colonial Era):
- The Greeks transliterated ‘Hind’ as ‘Indus’, establishing ‘India’ as a name for the region.
- Colonial usage solidified ‘India’ as a political and geographical term, signifying the subcontinent under British rule.
- ‘India’ was adopted due to its Graeco-Roman associations, history of use in Europe, and bureaucratic usage such as the Survey of India.
Constitutional Deliberations (1947-1949)
- The Constituent Assembly engaged in heated debates over the nation’s official name.
- Jawaharlal Nehru noted the significance of ‘Hindustan’, ‘Bharat’, and ‘India’.
- Nehru’s book “The Discovery of India” captured the coexistence of these names in the collective consciousness.
- The Constitution retained ‘India’ and ‘Bharat’, reflecting diverse visions of the nation.
- The first Article of the Constitution reads, “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of states.”
Fact for Prelims
- In the ancient Indian text, Vishnu Purana, the name ‘Bharat’ finds mention as the landmass that lies north of the ocean and south of snow mountains. It states:
Uttaraṃ yatsamudrasya himādreścaiva dakṣiṇam
varṣaṃ tadbhārataṃ nāma bhāratī yatra santatiḥ
- This shloka means: “The country (Varsam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bharatam; there live the descendants of Bharata.
|
Contemporary Reflections
- Identity and Pride (2023):
- Recent developments suggest a potential change in India’s official name to ‘Republic of Bharat’.
- Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma hinted at the change, signaling a reset in India’s central identification.
- Political leaders and citizens expressed opinions on the potential change, invoking sentiments of national pride.
- Symbolism and Debate:
- The change of name is interpreted as a move to reflect India’s ancient identity and cultural heritage.
- Congress leader Jairam Ramesh discussed the implications of the change on national identity and opposition alliances.
- Shashi Tharoor, a former Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, highlighted the significance of both ‘India’ and ‘Bharat’.
- Constitutional and Historical Context:
- Article 1 of the Indian Constitution declares ‘India, that is Bharat’ as a ‘Union of States’.
- Some leaders emphasized the importance of preserving the brand value associated with the name ‘India’.
- The historical roots of ‘Bharat’ as described in ancient texts and its constitutional adoption were highlighted.
- ‘Bharat’ and ‘India’ Coexistence:
- Both ‘Bharat’ and ‘India’ have been used interchangeably, signifying the country’s diverse identity.
- The official names ‘Bharat Ganarajya’ (in Hindi) and ‘Republic of India’ (in English) are present on Indian passports.
- The names reflect the continuity of historical legacy and modern nation-building.
Conclusion
- The journey of India’s names mirrors its complex identity, blending history, culture, and politics.
- As India continues to evolve, its names continue to encapsulate its essence, fostering a deep connection with its past and an ever-evolving future.
- Each name is a testament to India’s rich tapestry of history, culture, and collective consciousness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UPI, QR Code-CBDC and applications
Mains level: UPI QR Code-CBDC interoperability, significance and benefits
What’s the news?
- The fusion of UPI and CBDC is an essential component of the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) ongoing pilot project aimed at propelling the retail digital rupee.
Central idea
- Banks are boosting digital rupee (e₹-R) adoption by integrating UPI QR codes with CBDC or e₹ apps. Users can now scan any UPI QR code for transactions, while merchants can accept digital rupee payments using their existing UPI QR codes.
Definition- Interoperability
- Interoperability, as defined by the RBI, is the technical compatibility that enables a payment system to operate harmoniously with other payment systems.
- This fosters the seamless execution, clearance, and settlement of payment transactions across diverse systems.
- The synergy between payment systems contributes to fostering adoption, coexistence, innovation, and efficiency for end-users.
Understanding QR Codes
- A Quick Response (QR) code is a pattern of black squares arranged in a grid on a white background, interpretable by imaging devices like cameras. It carries information about the attached item.
- This versatile tool provides an alternative contactless payment channel, allowing merchants to directly receive payments into their bank accounts.
What is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)?
- CBDC is a legal tender issued by the central bank in digital form. Like rupee notes or coins, which are in physical form.
- Simply put, it’s just like rupee (₹) notes but in digital form (e₹). You can also exchange e₹ for physical currency notes.
- However, unlike fiat currency that’s usually stored in banks and hence their liability, CBDC is a liability on the RBI’s balance sheet. That’s why you don’t necessarily need to have a bank account to own a digital rupee.
- UPI is India’s mobile-based fast payment system, which enables customers to make round-the-clock payments instantly using a virtual payment address (VPA) created by the customer.
- It eliminates the risk of the remitter sharing bank account details with the remitter.
- UPI supports both Person-to-Person (P2P) and Person-to-Merchant (P2M) payments, and it also enables a user to send or receive money.
The interoperability between UPI and CBDC
- The interoperability between UPI and CBDC introduces the concept of UPI QR code-CBDC interoperability. This entails the compatibility of all UPI QR codes with CBDC applications.
- In the pilot phase of the retail digital rupee, e₹-R users had to scan a specific QR code for transactions. However, with UPI-CBDC interoperability, transactions can now be initiated using a single QR code.
- The digital rupee, a tokenized digital variant of the rupee, is issued by the RBI as CBDC. The e₹ is stored within a digital wallet linked to a customer’s existing savings bank account, while the UPI directly connects to the customer’s account.
Significance of Interoperability
- Enhanced User Experience: Interoperability simplifies the payment process, allowing users to seamlessly make transactions using any UPI QR code. This eliminates the inconvenience of switching between multiple payment apps or systems, enhancing user satisfaction.
- Accelerated Adoption of the Digital Rupee: Leveraging the popularity of UPI, interoperability promotes the adoption of the retail digital rupee. This aligns with the government’s objectives to drive digital currency usage and reduce reliance on physical cash.
- Merchant-Friendly: Merchants benefit from this interoperability as it eliminates the need for them to manage a separate QR code for digital rupee payments. This lowers the entry barrier for merchants to accept digital currency, making it more accessible to a wider range of businesses.
- Expanding Financial Inclusion: Interoperability has the potential to extend financial inclusion efforts, particularly in underserved regions. Users and merchants with limited exposure to digital payments can now participate more easily in the digital economy.
- Efficiency and Cost Savings: For both users and merchants, interoperability reduces the operational costs associated with maintaining multiple payment platforms. It simplifies accounting and transaction management for businesses.
How will it drive CBDC adoption?
- Presently, UPI is a widely used payment method. The interoperability between UPI and CBDC is poised to accelerate the adoption of the digital rupee.
- With over 70 mobile apps and 50 million merchants accepting UPI payments, the existing UPI ecosystem sets the stage for the retail digital rupee’s growth.
- The RBI reported 1.3 million customers and 0.3 million merchants using e₹-R in July, with daily transactions ranging from 5,000 to 10,000.
- Prominent banks, including State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Yes Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC Bank, and IDFC First Bank, have introduced UPI interoperability on their digital rupee applications.
Benefits for Users
- Seamless Transactions: Users can effortlessly execute digital rupee transactions by scanning any UPI QR code, eliminating the need for multiple apps or QR codes for different transactions.
- Wider Acceptance: Users are no longer restricted to specific QR codes; they can utilize their digital wallets linked to UPI for transactions at various merchants, increasing flexibility.
- Financial Inclusion: Interoperability ensures that users, including those in remote areas, can easily access and use the digital rupee without specialized infrastructure or additional QR codes, promoting financial inclusion.
- Reduced Transaction Costs: Users can avoid extra fees associated with using multiple payment platforms. Interoperability makes digital rupee transactions more cost-effective.
- Streamlined Wallet Management: Users can consolidate their digital transactions within a single digital wallet, simplifying financial management.
Benefits for Merchants
- Ease of Adoption: Merchants can accept digital rupee payments without the complexity of creating and maintaining a separate QR code for CBDC, simplifying onboarding for businesses, including small retailers.
- Expanded Customer Base: With interoperability, merchants can cater to a broader range of customers using digital rupees, regardless of whether customers possess a specific QR code.
- Reduced Infrastructure Costs: Merchants save on expenses related to setting up and maintaining additional payment infrastructure, such as separate QR codes or payment terminals.
- Efficient Settlement: The integration allows for efficient settlement of digital rupee payments, whether or not the merchant has a CBDC account. This ensures prompt and secure payment receipts for merchants.
- Increased Sales: Simplified payment options often lead to smoother and quicker checkouts, potentially boosting customer satisfaction and increasing sales for merchants.
Conclusion
- The convergence of UPI and CBDC through interoperability marks a transformative phase in the realm of digital payments. With the fusion of two powerful platforms, the retail digital rupee is poised to gain widespread adoption, revolutionizing the landscape of digital transactions in India.
Also read:
India’s Central bank digital currency (CBDC) in detail
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change
Mains level: Climate Change and its Impact on Women, gender equality and environmental sustainability
What’s the news?
- In the current era, the fusion of gender equality and environmental sustainability presents a dynamic duo that holds the key to accelerating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Central Idea
- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) aptly points out that gender equality and environmental goals are not isolated endeavors; they forge a symbiotic relationship that can amplify progress towards a sustainable future.
Vulnerability in a Changing Climate
- Climate change, a pressing global concern, has repercussions that reverberate across demographics, with women bearing a disproportionate brunt of its impact.
- The International Labour Organization (ILO, 2019) forecasts that by 2030, scorching temperatures will result in a 2.2% loss of global working hours—equivalent to 80 million full-time jobs.
- The United Nations (2009) highlighted that across genders, women are considered to be more vulnerable and disproportionately affected by climate change than men.
- Estimates project that by 2050, climate change risks, coupled with natural disasters and food inflation, could push 130 million people into poverty, disproportionately affecting women’s inequality.
Climate Change and its Impact on Women, Particularly in Low-Income Countries
- Gendered Vulnerability in Low-Income Countries:
- Women across the globe face heightened risks to their health, safety, and quality of life. Yet, the vulnerability is notably more pronounced in developing and less developed countries, especially those grappling with low-income realities.
- This vulnerability is rooted in their reliance on natural resources and labor-intensive work, making them more susceptible to climate change impacts.
- A crucial aspect of this vulnerability lies in the interconnectedness of poverty and climate change.
- Climate Crisis Intensifying Basic Needs Struggles:
- Rural women, in particular, are burdened with the responsibility of ensuring access to essentials like clean water, cooking fuel, and nutritious food for their families.
- This often involves arduous journeys and exposes them to health and safety risks.
- Underpaid and Overworked:
- Despite their pivotal role in food production systems, women engaged in agriculture face persistent challenges.
- Data from the International Labour Organization (ILO) highlights that over 60% of working women in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are in agriculture. Unfortunately, they often receive inadequate pay and work under challenging conditions.
- Owning Land: A Gender Disparity:
- A significant gender disparity exists in land ownership, with women owning only a small fraction of cultivated land.
- Despite being the backbone of the food production system, women own only about 10% of the land used for farming.
- This discrepancy further diminishes their resilience against the impacts of climate change.
- Projected Displacement and Urgent Action:
- As a grim outlook, studies like McAllister’s 2023 research forecast a potentially staggering 1.2 billion climate refugees by 2050.
- This underscores the urgency of addressing these intertwined challenges.
Gender-specific issues
- Displacement and Vulnerability: A UN study reveals a stark reality – a substantial 80% of those displaced by climate-related disasters are women and girls.
- Challenges for Vulnerable Women: Women, especially from marginalized communities, grapple with distinct challenges in the aftermath of natural disasters. Their displacement increases their susceptibility to prejudice and exploitation, exacerbating the hardships they already face.
- Exploitation Post-Disasters: The disruption caused by disasters creates an environment ripe for exploitation, with women as primary targets. Notably, the aftermath of the 2015 Nepal earthquake exposed women to trafficking and exploitation, further highlighting the risks they face.
- Gender-Based Violence Intensifies: The upheaval following disasters leads to an alarming escalation of gender-based violence against women. Disrupted communities and increased vulnerability create an environment where women are at greater risk.
- Limited Access to Essential Services: Essential services like employment, education, healthcare, and psychosocial support become scarcer post-disaster. For women, this translates into further limitations and challenges, exacerbating their already marginalized status.
- Resource and Knowledge Disparities: Women in agriculture face barriers in accessing quality resources, education, and technical knowledge. As climate change compounds these challenges, their vulnerability is magnified.
Way Forward: Empowering Women for Climate Resilience and Action
- Women’s Role in Climate Adaptation: Acknowledging the potential women possess to contribute to climate adaptation is crucial. Women bring unique perspectives and knowledge to the table, making their engagement indispensable in finding effective solutions.
- Empowerment Through Education and Training: Investing in women’s education and training is paramount for building resilience to the impact of climate change. Equipping women with the knowledge and skills needed for sustainable practices, such as agriculture, water management, and energy generation, fosters their capacity to adapt to changing conditions.
- Supporting Women Farmers: Initiatives like the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in India exemplify the importance of imparting knowledge to women farmers on how to navigate shifting climate patterns.
- Women in Climate Policy Decision-Making: Acknowledging the disparities women face in climate change impacts, the need for their active involvement in decision-making becomes evident.
- Programs to Amplify Women’s Voices: Initiatives like the Gender and Climate Change Development Programme in South Asia seek to elevate women’s influence in policymaking, granting them a stronger voice in shaping climate strategies that directly impact their lives.
- Global Imperative for Women-Led Climate Action: The call for women-led climate action is not confined to specific regions; it’s a global imperative. Developing and emerging countries, where women often bear the brunt of climate impacts, necessitate collective efforts to empower women as agents of change.
Conclusion
- The convergence of gender equality and environmental sustainability is no longer an abstract concept; it is a tangible pathway towards a more equitable and resilient world. In a future marred by climate uncertainty, investments in women’s education, training, and participation stand as beacons of hope.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana (ABRY) by the Central Government has outperformed its initial employment targets, proving its effectiveness in fostering job creation during the COVID-19 crisis.
About Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana (ABRY)
| Launch |
Introduced in November 2020 |
| Purpose |
As part of Atmanirbhar Bharat Package 3.0 to boost post-Covid-19 employment |
| Government’s Contribution |
Subsidy for provident fund contributions in EPFO-registered organizations |
| Coverage |
Up to 1000 employees: Both employee (12%) and employer (12%) contributions for two years
Over 1000 employees: Employee (12%) contribution for two years |
| Subsidy Disbursement |
Subsidy credited upfront to Aadhaar-linked EPFO accounts (UAN) of new employees |
| Eligibility Criteria |
Establishments adding new employees compared to September 2020 reference base |
| Target Beneficiaries |
Employees with monthly wages under Rs. 15,000 joining EPFO-registered establishments
Individuals reemployed on or after October 1, 2020, who left jobs between March 1 and September 30, 2020 |
Achievements and Numbers
- The scheme, open for registrations until March 31, 2022, targeted around 7.18 million employees across India.
- By July 31, 2023, ABRY had already exceeded its target, enrolling over 7.58 million new employees.
- Benefiting 1,52,380 establishments with 60,44,155 new employees, the scheme disbursed benefits totaling Rs. 9,669.87 Crore.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Disksha 2.0
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The National eGovernance Division (NeGD) plans to incorporate Personalised Adaptive Learning (PAL) into its existing Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform.
- PAL offers individualized learning experiences based on students’ unique needs and abilities.
DIKSHA 2.0 Portal
- Diksha Portal was launched in 2017 to provide a digital platform to teachers giving them an opportunity to learn and train themselves and connect with the teacher community.
- It serves as the National Digital Infrastructure for Teachers.
- It aids teachers to learn and train themselves for which assessment resources will be available.
- It houses digitized National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks, teaching videos, and practice questions.
- It also has assistive technologies for learners with disabilities, but it’s a static content repository.
Integration of PAL
- NCERT seeks MeitY’s expertise in implementing PAL within DIKSHA.
- PAL provides customized learning paths for each student based on their learning progress.
- PAL can loop back students to basic concepts if they make mistakes, enhancing learning efficiency.
Challenges and Implementations in States
- PAL development involves categorizing and tagging content, potentially creating new material.
- Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics for Classes 9 to 12 are prioritized for PAL development.
- Several states like Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Haryana experimented with PAL, facing budget constraints.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stem Cells, Autism
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Delhi High Court granted permission for two children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to undergo Stem Cell Therapy for their condition.
- The court’s decision followed a challenge against the Ethics and Medical Registration Board’s (EMRB) recommendation against stem cell treatment for ASD.
Understanding Stem Cells
- Stem cells are the foundational cells that can differentiate into specialized cells with distinct functions.
- Two main categories: pluripotent stem cells (can differentiate into various adult cells) and adult stem cells (tissue/organ-specific).
- Pluripotent stem cells are found in embryos; reprogramming of adult cells leads to induced pluripotent stem cells.
Stem Cells in Medicine
- Stem cells’ regenerative properties make them valuable in regenerative medicine.
- Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treats conditions like leukaemia.
- Challenges: Limited adult stem cells post-removal, focus on making them pluripotent.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
- ASD is a neurological and developmental disorder affecting communication, behaviour, and interactions.
- Conventional therapies focus on symptom management, social skills training, behaviour analysis, and speech and occupational therapy.
Potential of Stem Cell Therapy for ASD
- Some experts suggest stem cells could enhance immune system regulation and neural connectivity in the brain.
- Current clinical trials show mixed results; treatment is experimental, lacks sufficient data.
- EMRB recommendations against stem cell therapy due to limited evidence, risks, side effects, and absence of established protocol.
EMRB’s Concerns
- EMRB’s recommendation stemmed from “predatory marketing” of stem cell therapy, giving false hope to parents about “curing” ASD.
- The Delhi HC ruling doesn’t assess the general validity of stem cell therapy but permits ongoing treatment for specific cases.
Conclusion
- The court’s verdict allows continued stem cell therapy for ASD, acknowledging the ongoing uncertainty and potential of the treatment.
- The decision underlines the need for further research and data to establish stem cell therapy’s efficacy and safety for treating autism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pulikkali Celebrations, Onam
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The culmination of Onam festivities witnessed the Pulikkali celebration, a traditional folk art form from Kerala, where humans dressed as tigers and leopards paraded through the streets.
About Pulikkali
- Pulikkali, also known as Tiger Dance, is a unique folk art of Kerala.
- Celebrated on the fourth day of Onam, artists adorn themselves as tigers with distinctive yellow, red, and black stripes, accompanied by the rhythmic beats of traditional percussion instruments like thakil, udukku, and chenda.
- The central theme revolves around tiger hunting, with individuals playing the roles of both the tiger and the hunter.
- It was introduced by Maharaja Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran, the former ruler of Cochin, Pulikkali reflects a rich cultural heritage.
Onam Festival: Key Highlights
- Onam, the most significant celebration in Kerala, holds great cultural importance.
- Occurring at the onset of Chingam, the first month of the Malayalam Calendar, it’s a harvest festival celebrating prosperity.
- The Onam Carnival extends for four to ten days, with Atham (first day) and Thiruonam (tenth day) as the most pivotal.
- A popular belief holds that Onam welcomes King Mahabali’s spirit, who is believed to visit Kerala during this period.
- The festival includes Vallamkali, a thrilling snake boat race ‘Vallamkali’ conducted on the Pampa River.
- Onam showcases Kaikotti kali and Thumbi Thullal, graceful dances performed by women, adding elegance to the celebrations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandrayan-3
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Chandrayaan-3 accomplished India’s historic achievement of soft landing on the Lunar South Pole.
- Its mission success marked by several noteworthy observations since touchdown on August 23.
Chandrayaan-3’s: Key Achievements
- Pragyan rover’s Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument identified elements like aluminium, sulphur, calcium, iron, and more.
- Vikram lander recorded a ‘moonquake’ and detected an ultra-thin layer of plasma in the lunar atmosphere.
- These findings hint at distinct characteristics of the moon’s atmosphere compared to Earth.
Significance of Observations
- Sulphur discovery carries paramount importance in comprehending the moon’s origin and past surface (explosiveness) conditions.
- The presence of significant sulphur amounts can provide insights into lunar volcanic activity, potentially indicating the presence of subterranean water.
- Sulphur’s presence could offer clues about past lunar life support and constructing structures for human habitation.
Exploring Lunar Water
- Chandrayaan-3’s findings, particularly sulphur and oxygen on the moon’s surface, play a crucial role in narrowing down possible water sources.
- The presence of sulphur and oxygen enhances the prospects of water detection.
- ISRO was actively pursuing information about lunar hydrogen, another potential indicator of water.
Other mission Lunar Discoveries
- China’s Chang’e 5 mission unveiled a new lunar mineral, Changesite-(Y), and identified water in glass beads.
- Chandrayaan-3’s sulphur detection aligns with the quest for similar glass beads.
- NASA previously confirmed lunar water presence in shadowed craters and sunlit regions.
Present status of Ch-3 Mission
- Chandrayaan-3’s core objectives attained; Pragyan rover placed in ‘sleep’ mode.
- The rover’s solar panels will recharge during the next lunar sunrise.
- Plans to reactivate the rover for further observations remain underway.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RTI
Mains level: Excusions to RTI queries and issues
Central Idea
- Activists worry about the diminishing effectiveness Right to Information Act, 2005 in holding officials accountable.
- The Act has exemptions for political parties, the judiciary, and intelligence agencies.
- Recent amendments have sparked concerns, such as personal data protection provisions.
The DPDP Act and RTI
- The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, of 2023 prohibits personal data disclosure, even for social audits, reducing transparency.
- Critics fear this blanket ban may hinder accountability and transparency efforts.
About the Right to Information (RTI)
| Enactment |
June 15, 2005 |
| Objective |
Promote transparency and accountability |
| Applicability |
All public authorities at central, state, local levels |
| Scope |
Access to information on matters of public interest, government policies, budgets, etc. |
| RTI Application |
Filed in writing with the concerned public authority |
| Response Time |
Within 30 days (48 hours for life or liberty issues) |
| Exemptions |
Some information exempted to protect national security, privacy, etc.
Judiciary |
| Fees |
Nominal fee varies based on state and information requested |
| First Appellate Authority |
Filed if dissatisfied with the response |
| Second Appeal |
Filed with the relevant Information Commission |
| Whistleblower Protection |
Safeguards against victimization for exposing corruption |
| Impact |
Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance |
Challenges in Implementation
- Implementation issues undermine the transparency that the Act aims to achieve.
- The Act’s effectiveness depends on subordinate rules set by the Union and State Governments.
- Slow appointments to information commissions delay appeals and erode trust in the system.
Barriers and Online Solutions
- Payment methods for RTI applications vary among States, causing complications.
- Online RTI portals remove barriers but are not widespread, hindering access.
- The Union Government’s RTI portal has usability issues, impacting data retrieval.
Growing Dissatisfaction
- Rising first appeals indicate growing dissatisfaction with the information provided.
- Structural problems in institutions and websites hinder RTI effectiveness.
- Activists emphasize the importance of addressing broader institutional issues.
Conclusion
- The RTI Act’s efficacy is hampered by implementation challenges, amendments, and online barriers.
- A holistic approach is needed to restore and enhance the Act’s effectiveness.
- Addressing these issues will strengthen transparency, accountability, and citizens’ access to information.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adiitya L1 Mission
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s maiden solar observatory mission, Aditya-L1, was successfully launched by ISRO on September 2.
- Carried by the PSLV in its 59th flight, the spacecraft’s mission aims to study the sun’s behaviour and phenomena.
- Aditya-L1 will spend 16 days orbiting Earth, undergoing five manoeuvres for required velocity.
- Subsequent Trans-Lagrangian insertion will begin a 110-day journey towards L1 Lagrange point.
- Aditya-L1 will orbit around L1, a balanced position between Earth and the sun, 1.5 million km away from Earth.
Aditya-L1 Mission
- ISRO introduces the Aditya-L1 mission, a novel space-based observatory designated for studying the Sun.
- The spacecraft will be positioned in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) in the Sun-Earth system, approximately 1.5 million km from Earth.
- The L1 point’s strategic location enables continuous solar observation devoid of eclipses, furnishing invaluable insights into solar activities and their real-time effects on space weather.
- Once Aditya exits Earth’s sphere of influence, it will head towards the Lagrange point L1, a distance of 1.5 million km.
Significance of Lagrange Point 1
- Lagrange points are equilibrium positions where gravitational forces counteract centripetal forces, offering a stable environment for satellites.
- The spacecraft will be positioned around L1, affording an unobstructed view of the Sun for unhindered observation.
- Different Lagrange points offer unique advantages, such as L1’s consistent view of the Sun, as demonstrated by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite (SOHO).
Aditya-L1’s Scientific Endeavors
- Aditya-L1 carries seven payloads to investigate the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona using a range of detectors.
- The payloads encompass instruments like Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT), Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS), and more.
- Payloads examining solar dynamics in the interplanetary medium contribute to a better understanding of phenomena like coronal heating, mass ejections, and space weather.
Significance of Solar Study
- Solar Influence on the System: The Sun significantly shapes planetary evolution and weather, extending its impact to satellites, electronics, power systems, and even Earth’s climate.
- Predicting Solar Storms: Continuous solar observations are essential for tracking Earth-bound solar storms and predicting their potential impacts.
- Gateway through L1: All solar storms heading towards Earth pass through L1, making it a crucial point for monitoring.
Key Feature: Mighty LAM Engine
- The Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) engine, developed by ISRO’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), is vital to the Aditya-L1 mission’s success.
- LAM has played pivotal roles in missions like Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and Chandrayaan-3.
- LAM engines facilitate satellite and spacecraft orbital adjustments, conserving fuel and ensuring optimal positioning.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election- Constitutional provisions
Mains level: One nation, one election plan, advantages and concerns and challenges and federalism
What’s the news?
- The government forms a committee to explore the possibility of One Nation, One Election.
Central idea
- On September 1st, the Central government established a committee chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind to assess the viability of the ‘one nation, one election’ (ONOE) proposal. This concept revolves around synchronizing the timing of Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections across all states to reduce the frequency of electoral processes across the country.
What is the ONOE plan?
- Concept: The ONOE plan aims to synchronize the timing of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections across all states in India to reduce the frequency of election cycles nationwide.
- Historical Context:
- After the enforcement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950, the first-ever general elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies occurred simultaneously in 1951-1952.
- This practice continued for the following three Lok Sabha elections until 1967, streamlining the election process.
- Disruption:
- In 1959, the cycle was disrupted as the Central government invoked Article 356 of the Constitution, leading to the dismissal of the Kerala government, due to a perceived failure of constitutional machinery.
- Subsequent to 1960, defections and counter-defections among political parties led to the dissolution of several State Legislative Assemblies.
- This fragmentation resulted in separate election cycles for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
- Current Scenario: Presently, only specific States such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha conduct their assembly polls concurrently with the Lok Sabha elections.
Reports and Perspectives on ONOE
- Law Commission of India (LCI) Report – 2018:
- The LCI, led by Justice B. S. Chauhan, issued a draft report in August 2018 that scrutinized simultaneous elections.
- The report acknowledged the constitutional and legal complexities surrounding this proposal.
- It emphasized that the current constitutional framework necessitates amendments for the plan to be realized.
- The LCI also recommended seeking approval from at least 50% of the States for such an overhaul.
- Despite feasibility challenges, the report recognized potential benefits, including cost savings, reduced administrative burden, timely policy execution, and focused governance.
- Historical Context – LCI Report 1999:
- Notably, the LCI, headed by Justice B. P. Jeevan Reddy, supported the concept of simultaneous elections as early as 1999.
- This historical context underscores that the idea has been debated over time.
- Balancing Perspectives:
- The reports and perspectives reveal a dualistic landscape: ONOE offers advantages like efficient governance and reduced election strain, but it’s hampered by practical and constitutional complexities.
- In assessing ONOE’s viability, the focus is on a well-rounded understanding that considers both the potential benefits and the intricate challenges.
Concerns Regarding the One Nation, One Election Plan
- Feasibility and Constitutional Implications:
- The Constitution outlines fixed tenures (Article 83(2) and 172) for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, raising doubts about the feasibility of simultaneous elections.
- The possibility of mid-term government collapse necessitates a clear mechanism for holding fresh elections or imposing the President’s rule.
- Federalism and Conceptual Incompatibility:
- ONOE seems to conflict with the federal structure, contradicting the idea of India as a Union of States (Article 1).
- Altering this balance might affect the autonomy and authority of state governments.
- Frequency, Accountability, and Blending of Issues:
- Frequent elections allow citizens to address national and state issues separately, enhancing accountability.
- ONOE’s merging of issues might dilute accountability mechanisms and lead to a less-focused governance approach.
- Cost Misconceptions:
- While the Central government highlights the substantial costs of frequent elections, critics argue that the actual expenses are not as massive.
- The analysis questions whether the Election Commission’s expenditure of ₹8,000 crore over five years, amounting to ₹1,500 crore annually or ₹27 per voter per year, is a significant expense for maintaining India’s democratic pride.
Way forward
- Comprehensive Constitutional Review:
- Engage legal experts to meticulously assess necessary constitutional amendments for ONOE.
- Develop a contingency plan to handle midterm government collapses, ensuring stability and smooth transitions.
- Balancing Federalism and Centralization:
- Initiate dialogues with state governments to understand and address their concerns about centralization.
- Craft a balanced framework that respects both federal principles and national electoral efficiency.
- Hybrid Accountability Model:
- Explore a hybrid approach that retains staggered elections for select states while implementing ONOE for others.
- Maintain distinct accountability mechanisms for national and state issues, promoting effective governance.
- Transparent Cost-Benefit Analysis:
- Conduct an independent and transparent assessment of the costs and savings associated with ONOE.
- Present factual data to address misconceptions and inform stakeholders about the financial implications.
- Pilots and Gradual Implementation:
- Begin ONOE implementation through pilot projects in a limited number of states.
- Assess challenges, gather insights, and refine the approach before nationwide adoption.
Conclusion
- The proposal for one nation, one election envisions synchronizing Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections to curtail the frequency of polls. The Indian democracy’s complex dynamics and diverse contexts warrant a comprehensive assessment before implementing such a transformative change.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Hunger Index,
Mains level: GHI, Subnational Analysis, India's Calorie Undernourishment challenge, efforts and way forward
What’s the news?
- Despite boasting the world’s largest public distribution system and comprehensive food security schemes, India’s standing on the Global Hunger Index (GHI) remains alarming.
Central idea
- The 2022 GHI ranked India a staggering 107 out of 121 nations, trailing behind Nigeria (103) and Pakistan (99). The GHI, encompassing calorie undernourishment, child malnutrition, and under-five mortality dimensions, highlights India’s ongoing battle against these challenges.
Extent of the Issue
- The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report for 2022 reveals a staggering statistic – India is home to approximately 224.3 million undernourished individuals.
- Alarming disparities surface among various states, prompting the utilization of subnational data to develop a more nuanced and localized hunger index.
- By harnessing such data, India can assess the extent of undernourishment at the state and union territory level, a crucial step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals aimed at eradicating hunger and malnutrition.
The State Hunger Index (SHI)
- Indicators: The SHI is derived from the Global Hunger Index (GHI) framework, utilizing four main indicators:
- Prevalence of stunting, wasting, and under-five mortality among children below five years of age.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) undernourishment among the working-age population.
- Calorie Undernourishment Replacement: Calorie undernourishment, a GHI indicator, is replaced by BMI undernourishment due to data unavailability post-2012.
- Data Sources: SHI calculations involve data from various sources, including:
- National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5)
- Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)
- Calculation: Normalized values of the indicators are combined using techniques recommended by the GHI.
- Score Range and Categories:
- SHI scores range from 0 to 100.
- Higher scores indicate higher hunger levels.
- The categories of SHI scores are as follows:
- Below 10: Low hunger
- 10-20: Moderate hunger
- 20-30: Serious hunger
- 30-40: Alarming hunger
- 50 or above: Extremely alarming hunger
Findings of the State Hunger Index (SHI)
- Alarming Hunger Levels: States like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have alarmingly high SHI scores of 35, indicating significant hunger levels.
- Moderate Hunger Levels: States such as Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, Maharashtra, and West Bengal score above the national average (29), indicating moderate hunger levels.
- Lower Hunger Levels: Chandigarh stands out with a notably low SHI score of 12, suggesting relatively lower hunger levels.
- Moderate Hunger Category: States like Sikkim, Puducherry, and Kerala have SHI scores below 16, placing them in the ‘moderate hunger’ category.
- Serious Hunger Concerns: Several states score below the national average but above 20, pointing to serious hunger challenges in these regions.
Calorie Undernourishment: A Critical Challenge
- Deteriorating GHI Score: Over the past few years, India’s Global Hunger Index (GHI) score has worsened primarily due to the increasing prevalence of calorie undernourishment. This underscores the urgent need to address this challenge effectively.
- Escalating Proportions: Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization reveals that the proportion of calorie undernourishment has been on the rise since 2017, reaching a concerning 16.3% in 2020. This trend mirrors statistics from over a decade ago, such as those from 2009.
- Government Disputes and Data Concerns: Despite these alarming figures, the Indian government has raised doubts about the accuracy of the data and methodologies employed in calculating the GHI. However, the absence of empirical evidence to support these disputes leaves room for further clarity.
- Data Limitations: Notably, a challenge in understanding the scale of calorie undernourishment stems from the lack of recent National Sample Survey (NSS) rounds on nutritional intake since 2011-12. This survey previously offered insights into the prevalence of undernourishment at both national and subnational levels.
- Impact on Health and Development: Calorie undernourishment directly affects health and development, leading to weakened immune systems, stunted growth, impaired cognitive development, and increased susceptibility to diseases.
- Economic and Social Implications: The persistence of calorie undernourishment has far-reaching socio-economic consequences, hindering productivity, reducing human capital potential, and perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Way forward
- Urgent Focus on Calorie Undernourishment: Recognize the urgent need to address calorie undernourishment, which has contributed to India’s declining GHI score.
- Reviving NSS Rounds: Prioritize conducting new National Sample Survey (NSS) rounds on nutritional intake to obtain updated and accurate data on undernourishment levels.
- Evidence-Based Approach: Encourage the Indian government to substantiate their concerns about GHI data accuracy with empirical evidence.
- Collaborative Efforts: Collaborate between government agencies, NGOs, researchers, and communities to formulate and implement targeted strategies.
- Alignment with SDGs: Align efforts with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 2 focused on eradicating hunger and malnutrition.
Conclusion
- While the GHI is not immune to criticism regarding its methodology and aggregation techniques, it remains a critical tool for gauging undernourishment and child nutrition. Despite strides in reducing extreme poverty, disparities persist in addressing food insecurity, hunger, and child malnutrition. India must prioritize targeted interventions to overcome these challenges and fulfill its commitment to sustainable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: China’s economic slowdown, its ripple effect, Economic Growth Comparison with India
Central Idea
- The recent news of China’s economic slowdown has sparked a range of responses. China’s concerns about stagnation and the middle-income trap have shifted to fears of deflation, raising global implications. To comprehend the root causes and gravity of China’s current economic dilemmas, it is crucial.
Background: Unstable Growth and Strategic Choices
- Premier Wen Jiabao’s Concerns (2007): Premier Wen Jiabao raised alarms in 2007, highlighting instability, imbalances, a lack of coordination, and unsustainability as China’s economic challenges.
- 2008 Global Financial Crisis Strategy: China responded to the 2008 crisis by investing heavily in infrastructure (railways, highways, energy, and construction) to maintain double-digit growth and stabilize the economy.
- Deferred Structural Issues: While this strategy spurred growth, it deferred addressing issues like low consumption, regional disparities, and inadequate social security measures.
- Leadership Imperative for Growth: The need to sustain prosperity for domestic legitimacy drove China’s focus on high growth rates, even if it meant overlooking structural concerns.
Current Realities
- Transition to the New Normal: President Xi Jinping’s 2017 shift focused on quality-of-life issues, acknowledging the limitations of export-driven, investment-heavy growth.
- Acceptance of Slower Growth: China entered the new normal, accepting slower growth rates and requiring adjustments in economic expectations.
- Challenges in Transition: Slower export growth due to rising labor costs from increased wages and social security investments led to unemployment challenges.
- Balancing Priorities in the New Normal: Adapting to the “new normal” entails managing the delicate balance between sustainable growth, addressing structural issues, and maintaining social stability.
Escalating Challenges and the Evergrande Crisis
- Trade War and De-risking Impact: The escalation of challenges was fueled by the impact of the US-China trade war and the implementation of de-risking strategies. These factors introduced complexities to China’s economic landscape.
- Evergrande Crisis Unveiled: The Evergrande crisis, spanning from 2020 to 2023, emerged as a significant event exposing vulnerabilities within China’s housing sector. The crisis highlighted potential issues of misregulation and systemic risk.
- Path-Dependency Concerns: The Evergrande crisis exacerbated concerns about China’s economic dependence. The fear of a crash landing became more pronounced, underscoring the importance of addressing structural challenges.
- Complexity of Structural Problems: The challenges faced by Evergrande shed light on broader structural issues present within China’s economy. The crisis revealed the intricate interplay of development challenges and regulatory oversights.
- Policy Implications and Regulatory Oversight: The Evergrande crisis triggered discussions about the need for stronger regulatory oversight and effective policy responses. Stabilizing the housing market has emerged as a critical concern for the government.
China’s economic slowdown and its ripple effect
- Global Trade Impact: China’s economic slowdown has implications for global trade. As one of the world’s largest economies and trading partners, China’s reduced economic activity affects international trade flows, impacting both suppliers and consumers worldwide.
- Commodity Markets: The slowdown has led to decreased demand for commodities such as crude oil, cement, and steel. China’s status as a major consumer in these markets has caused a cooling of prices, impacting countries that rely on exporting these commodities.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: China plays a critical role in global supply chains. Its economic slowdown and disruptions in production have affected supply chain dynamics, causing delays and disruptions for companies worldwide.
- Investor Sentiments: China’s economic challenges have led to cautious investor sentiments. Uncertainties about the Chinese economy have influenced global financial markets and investment decisions.
- Global Economic Growth: China’s slowdown contributes to lower global economic growth rates. The country’s reduced demand for goods and services affects other economies, particularly those that heavily depend on exports to China.
- Regional Trade Partners: Neighboring countries that have strong economic ties with China, such as those in Asia, are directly impacted by China’s slowdown. Reduced demand for their exports to China affects their economies as well.
- Currency Exchange Rates: China’s economic slowdown can impact currency exchange rates. Fluctuations in China’s economic performance can influence the value of its currency, affecting exchange rates globally.
Future Outlook
- State-Owned Enterprises (SoEs) Challenges: State-owned enterprises, due to preferential treatment and political networks, pose ongoing challenges. Their resistance to change and reliance on political influence can hinder necessary reforms for economic growth.
- Evergrande Crisis and Systemic Issues: The Evergrande crisis exposed vulnerabilities within China’s housing sector and revealed potential systemic issues. Addressing these challenges is crucial to preventing further disruptions in the economy.
- Middle-Income Trap and Value Chain Advancement: The looming middle-income trap poses a dilemma for China’s economic trajectory. To avoid stagnation, China must navigate this challenge and advance its position in the global value chain, which requires innovation and upgrading industries.
- Economic Growth Comparison with India: Despite the challenges, China’s projected 5% growth rate still surpasses India’s anticipated 6.1% growth rate. China’s size and economic influence make this growth rate significant and impactful on global markets.
Conclusion
- China’s economic challenges underscore the need for strategic decisions in a shifting landscape. Achieving growth while addressing internal imbalances and global uncertainties remains a formidable task. As China’s economy evolves, its choices will resonate on the international stage, reshaping the perception of its rise and risk appetite.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) aims to clean the Ganga River by treating sewage generated in five major states through sewage treatment plants (STPs) and sewerage networks.
- Over seven years, NMCG has achieved 20% sewage treatment capacity, with a target of 60% by December 2026.
About National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
| Objective |
Restore and rejuvenate the Ganga River and its tributaries, ensuring their ecological and geological health |
| Formation Year |
2014 |
| Nodal Agency |
Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India |
| Coverage |
Encompasses Ganga and its major tributaries |
| Key Areas |
Pollution control, riverfront development, biodiversity conservation, afforestation, and public awareness |
| Projects |
Ghat and crematoria development, sewage treatment plants, river surface cleaning, and more |
| Holistic Approach |
Integrates various government initiatives, stakeholders, and public participation |
| Collaborations |
Partnerships with state governments, NGOs, international agencies, and private sector |
| Legal Measures |
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) established for river protection |
| Significance |
Addresses ecological, social, and cultural aspects while ensuring sustainable water quality |
Current and Future Sewage Treatment Capacity
- As of now, NMCG treats about 20% of sewage generated in the Ganga river basin.
- The treatment capacity is projected to reach 33% by 2024 and 60% by December 2026.
- Sewage generation is estimated at 11,765 million litres per day (MLD) across five states: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
Role of NMCG
- NMCG aims to prevent untreated sewage from flowing into the Ganga River.
- The 11,765 MLD projection includes sewage generated within the states but not necessarily flowing into the river.
- NMCG’s plan includes setting up 7,000 MLD sewage treatment capacity by 2026.
Projects and Progress
- STPs and sewerage networks constitute about 80% of the NMCG project.
- By July 2023, functional STPs treat 2,665 MLD, with 1,455 MLD added in the last financial year.
- Delayed projects resulted from land acquisition issues and revisions in Detailed Project Reports.
State-wise Distribution
- Most STPs are in Uttarakhand (36), followed by Uttar Pradesh (35) and West Bengal (11).
- Despite NMCG’s ₹20,000 crore budget, in-principle approval has been given for projects worth ₹37,396 crore, with ₹14,745 crore released for infrastructure work by June 2023.
Conclusion
- NMCG’s progress signifies a positive trajectory in Ganga River restoration, reflected in improved water quality and enhanced aquatic life.
- The mission’s efforts continue to tackle sewage treatment challenges and promote cleaner water resources.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-Greece Relations
Central Idea
- PM Modi recently visited Greece to elevate bilateral ties to the level of strategic partnership.
- No Indian PM has visited Greece since 1983.
- Greece awarded the Indian PM with “The Grand Cross of the Order of Honour” (its second highest civilian award).
India and Greece Ties: A Historic Backgrounder
- India’s engagement with Greece spans over 2500 years, marked by trade, literature, and art interactions.
- Trade links and cultural exchanges existed between Mauryan Kings and Greece, evidenced by coinage and writings.
- Alexander the Great’s invasion in 326 BC led to interactions with Indian rulers, including battles with Raja Porus and Ambhi.
- Chanakya’s writings mention Megasthenes, an ambassador, in Chandragupta’s court.
- The fusion of Greek and Indian influences is visible in Gandhara Art.
Establishment of Modern Diplomatic Ties
- Diplomatic relations established in 1950.
- Embassies set up in Athens and Delhi, reflecting mutual cooperation.
- Greece respected India’s decisions on various internal matters and the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM).
- Collaboration on nuclear issues and international platforms showcased strong ties.
- Greece’s support for India on geopolitical and global matters.
Key Areas of Collaboration
(1) Defence and Security
- Enhancing collaboration in maritime security, counter-terrorism, cyber security, and defence industry.
- Establishment of an India-Greece dialogue framework at the level of National Security Advisors (NSAs) for comprehensive discussions.
(2) Maritime Security and International Law
- A shared vision for a free, open, and rules-based Mediterranean Sea and Indo-Pacific.
- Pledged adherence to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and freedom of navigation.
(3) Culture and Tourism
- Commitment to promoting art exchanges and cooperation.
- Joint efforts to preserve and safeguard ancient sites are bolstered through collaboration within UNESCO.
(4) Trade and Investment
- The ambitious goal of doubling bilateral trade by 2030.
- Exploration of opportunities in sectors including renewable energy, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and innovation.
(5) Mobility and Migration Partnership Agreement (MMPA)
- Recognition of the mutual benefits of an early finalization of the MMPA.
- Aims to facilitate the free movement of the workforce between the two nations.
Recent Visit: An In-depth Analysis
- PM Modi’s visit marked the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 40 years.
- Collaborative efforts focused on military cooperation, counter-terrorism, and cybersecurity.
- National Security Advisor-level dialogue was held to facilitate comprehensive discussions on mutual concerns.
- Both nations committed to maritime security, promoting free and open seas in the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific.
- Adherence to UNCLOS, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and navigation freedom are emphasized.
- Strengthening cooperation across defence, science, culture, tourism, and agriculture sectors.
- Greek membership in the International Solar Alliance and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.
Future Outlook
- Both leaders stressed cultural exchanges and people-to-people connections.
- PM Modi invited PM Mitsotakis to India, highlighting further deepening of relations.
- India-Greece ties play a significant role in the broader India-Europe commercial corridor plans.
- Shared vision for progress and commitment to diplomatic resolutions.
- Strengthening civilizational bonds through cultural interactions.
Conclusion
- The historical and modern India-Greece relations exhibit a strong foundation and evolving collaboration.
- Recent joint efforts underscore a robust partnership across various domains and a positive outlook for the future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mercy Petitions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 seeks to replace the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and introduces significant changes to the mercy petition process for death sentence cases.
- These changes impact core aspects like justiciability, time limits, and the execution process.
Background on Mercy Petitions
- The Constitution granted the President (Article 72) and Governor (Article 161) the power to grant pardons or commute sentences.
- In the Supreme Court’s ruling in Maru Ram vs. Union of India (1981), it was established that the President must act based on the Council of Ministers’ advice in mercy petitions.
New Mercy Petition Provision in BNSS
- Under BNSS Section 473(1), convicts can file mercy petitions within 30 days after specific events.
- Convicts can petition the President or Governor based on dismissal of appeals or confirmation of sentences.
- For cases with multiple convicts, they all must file petitions within 60 days.
Centre’s Role in Mercy Petitions
- The Centre seeks the state government’s comments, reviews the case, and makes recommendations to the President within 60 days.
- No time limit is specified for the President’s decision.
Exclusion of Appeals against President’s Decision
- BNSS Section 473(7) states that the President’s decisions on mercy petitions are final.
- Courts cannot question or review the grounds for President’s pardons or commutations.
- Unlike the Shatrughan Chauhan vs. Union of India (2014) ruling that mandated a 14-day gap between the rejection of mercy petitions and execution, BNSS doesn’t mention such a provision.
Delay in Mercy Petition Disposal
- The Shatrughan Chauhan case highlighted the need to avoid undue delay in mercy petition disposal.
- BNSS lacks a time limit for the President to decide mercy pleas.
Conclusion
- The proposed BNSS’s alterations to mercy petitions raise concerns about transparency, judicial review, and the protection of prisoners’ rights.
- Balancing constitutional powers with timely justice remains a challenge in these proposed changes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mitakshara School of Law
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court clarified that children born from void or voidable marriages can inherit the parent’s share in a joint Hindu family property governed by Mitakshara law.
- However, the inheritance rights are limited to the parent’s share and do not extend to other family members’ properties.
Mitakshara School of Law
| History |
Originated in ancient India; attributed to Vijnaneshvara, a 12th-century scholar |
| Focus |
Interpretation of Yajnavalkya Smriti in matters of family, property, and inheritance law |
| Ancestral Property |
Emphasis on joint family property and ancestral property rights |
| Inheritance |
Defines rules for succession and inheritance within Hindu families |
| Variations |
Different regional interpretations, including the “Dayabhaga” School |
| Regional Influence |
Widespread influence on Hindu legal practices, especially in property law |
| Development |
Evolved over time and influenced by legal reforms and societal changes |
| Modern Context |
Coexists with contemporary legal frameworks and personal laws |
| Significance |
Played a significant role in shaping Hindu family and property law |
Nature of Marriages and Law
- A voidable marriage is made invalid by the husband or wife through a decree.
- A void marriage is invalid from the beginning.
- Mitakshara Law of Succession applies to Hindu Undivided Families across India, except West Bengal and Assam.
Ruling Details
- The Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, clarified that the child from a void or voidable marriage cannot claim rights to other family members’ properties.
- The child’s inheritance rights pertain only to the parent’s share in the ancestral property.
- A “notional partition” is conducted to ascertain the parent’s share immediately before their death.
Inheritance Calculation
- The law assumes a partition of the ancestral property between the deceased parent and other family members before the parent’s death.
- The child’s inheritance is based on the share the parent would have received through this notional partition.
Legal Basis
- Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act grants legitimacy to children born from void or voidable marriages.
- The court held that these children have the right to their parents’ property.
- The intent of granting legitimacy to such children in the Hindu Marriage Act is reflected in the Hindu Succession Act.
Impact of Amendment
- The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, allows a deceased person’s share in a joint Hindu family property to devolve to heirs by testamentary or intestate succession.
- Before the amendment, devolution occurred only through survivorship.
- Equal rights of succession are now granted to women as well as men.
Background and Precedents
- The case was centered on Section 16(3) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
- In 2011, a Division Bench of the Supreme Court championed the rights of children born from illegitimate marriages to inherit their parents’ properties.
- The Division Bench emphasized that these children deserve the same rights as those born from valid marriages.
Conclusion
- The concept of legitimacy evolves with changing social norms.
- The court observed that what was considered illegitimate in the past may be legitimate today.
- Children born from void or voidable marriages should not be denied inheritance rights based on evolving social consensus.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tibetan Democracy Day
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Tibetan Democracy Day on September 2 marks the founding of the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamshala.
- It signifies the establishment of Tibetan democracy after forced displacement.
Tibetan Govt in Exile: Historical Genesis
- In 1960, a year after Tibetans were displaced, the first elected representatives of the Tibetan Parliament-in-exile were sworn in.
- His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama’s influence led to the enactment of the Tibetan constitution in 1963, emphasizing democracy.
Role of Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)
- The CTA, based in Dharamshala, manages over 100,000 Tibetan refugees globally.
- It is the heart of Tibetan self-governance and resilience.
- CTA’s Evolution:
- The first women representatives were elected in 1963 under the Tibetan constitution.
- In 1975, the CTA declared September 2 as the founding day of Tibetan democracy.
- The Charter of the Tibetans in exile was adopted in 1991, followed by the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission in 1992.
CTA’s Functioning
- The CTA, led by the President (Sikyong), operates through departments: Religion and Culture, Home, Finance, Education, Security, Information and International Relations, and Health.
- The Tibetan Parliament-in-exile has 45 members representing various aspects of the Tibetan community.
Leadership Transition
- The Dalai Lama’s shift to semi-retirement led to direct elections of the executive head, Kalön Tripa.
- In 2011, His Holiness delegated political authority to Sikyong, the President of the CTA.
Bodh Gaya’s Role
- In 1960, the first elected Tibetan representatives took their oaths in Bodh Gaya, marking the inception of the democratic system.
- Bodh Gaya played a pivotal role in the early days of Tibetan democracy.
India’s perception of Tibet
- India respects the Dalai Lama as a spiritual leader but does not officially recognize the CTA as a government.
- It balances diplomatic considerations while supporting Tibetan refugees.
Global Recognition
- The US stands as a vocal supporter, with bipartisan backing and specialized coordinators for Tibet.
- While global recognition is limited, Tibetans value India’s consistent support.
Back2Basics: Tibetan Buddhism
|
Description |
| Origin and Development |
Form of Vajrayana Buddhism; emerged in Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan regions |
| Tantric Practices |
Emphasizes rapid spiritual awakening through rituals, visualizations, and energy transformation |
| Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama |
Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) is spiritual leader; Panchen Lama is also significant |
| Monastic Traditions |
Strong monastic presence; monks and nuns preserve teachings and meditate |
| Deity Pantheon |
Diverse deities representing enlightenment qualities; depicted in mandalas and thangkas |
| Prayer Flags and Wheels |
Flags convey prayers; wheels accumulate merit and blessings |
| Reincarnation and Tulku System |
Belief in reincarnation; system to identify tulkus (reincarnated lamas) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nagorno-Karabakh region
Mains level: Usual crisis in the middle east and caucasus region
Central Idea
- Three Armenian soldiers have been killed in firing from Azerbaijan as tensions between the two countries persist.
Consider this PYQ:
Q.The area is known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events related to: (CSP 2015)
a) Central Asia
b) Middle East
c) South-East Asia
d) Central Africa
Post your answers here.
What is the dispute?
- Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, a breakaway region that is inside Azerbaijan but is run by ethnic Armenians, declared martial law and mobilized their male populations.
- Armenia said Azerbaijan had carried out an air and artillery attack on Nagorno-Karabakh.
Epicentre: The Nagorno-Karabakh region
- Nagorno-Karabakh broke away from Azerbaijan in a conflict that broke out as the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
- A ceasefire was agreed in 1994 after thousands of people were killed and many more displaced.
- Azerbaijan and Armenia frequently accuse each other of attacks around Nagorno-Karabakh and along the separate Azeri-Armenian frontier.
Economics behind the clashes
- The clashes prompted a flurry of diplomacy to prevent a new flare-up of a decades-old conflict between majority Christian Armenia and mainly Muslim Azerbaijan.
- Pipelines shipping Caspian oil and natural gas from Azerbaijan to the world pass close to Nagorno-Karabakh.
- The clashes have raised concerns about instability in the South Caucasus, a corridor for pipelines transporting oil and gas to world markets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parivar Pehchan Patra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Parivar Pehchan Patra (PPP), introduced in 2020 and rolled out in September 2021 in Haryana, has evoked both attention and criticism.
Parivar Pehchan Patra
- The PPP assigns a unique 8-digit identity number to each family unit residing in Haryana.
- Enrolment in the PPP is obligatory for accessing government services and social security schemes.
- Families can register through Common Service Centers, SARAL Kendras, or registered PPP operators, with verified data collected based on self-declarations and strict procedures.
Key Functions and Linkages
- The PPP streamlines access to various public welfare programs, including subsidized rations, Old Age Samman Allowance, Divyang Pension, educational admissions, government exams, and more.
- It gathers extensive data, encompassing family members’ details, Aadhaar numbers, demographics, educational and occupational information, immovable property ownership, and social status.
Comparing PPP with Aadhaar
- The scheme’s proponents note that PPP leverages Aadhaar’s digital framework but offers a more intricate delivery.
- While Aadhaar focuses on unique identity information, PPP encompasses socio-economic data, validated through specific procedures.
Opposition’s Concerns and Criticisms
- A former CM highlighted data collection errors leading to people being denied subsidies and benefits.
- A legislator raised multiple objections, alleging misuse of data for voter profiling, and criticized the depth of personal information required.
- Concerns were raised about the need for Aadhaar details, caste, PAN card, bank account, and property information. It was asserted that social security doesn’t necessitate caste identification.
- The criticism extended to the potential exploitation of caste-based and socio-economic data for electoral advantages.
Conclusion
- The Parivar Pehchan Patra scheme in Haryana aims to streamline government services and welfare delivery.
- While the initiative offers benefits, concerns about data accuracy, privacy, and potential political manipulation necessitate careful scrutiny and public discourse.
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