Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AFSPA
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Manipur government has announced the extension of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) for another 6 months across the entire state.
- However, it excludes 19 police stations in seven districts of the Imphal Valley.
Why such move?
- Gradual Withdrawal: Since 2022, AFSPA has been progressively withdrawn from the valley districts, primarily inhabited by the Meitei community.
- Resurgence of Insurgent Groups: There has been a resurgence of insurgent groups, largely operating from Myanmar, advocating for Manipur’s secession from India.
- Ethnic Violence: Ethnic violence between the Meitei and tribal Kuki communities has claimed at least 175 lives since May 3, making it the deadliest conflict in Manipur since 1999.
AFSPA History in Manipur
- Decades of AFSPA: AFSPA has been applicable in Manipur since 1981, impacting both the valley and hill districts.
- Gradual Withdrawal: The Act’s provisions have been gradually withdrawn from the valley districts over the years, signifying evolving security dynamics.
What is Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958?
- Armed Forces Special Powers Act, to put it simply, gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
- AFSPA gives armed forces the authority use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
- The Act further provides that if “reasonable suspicion exists”, the armed forces can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search premises without a warrant; and ban the possession of firearms.
A Backgrounder
- The AFSPA, 1958 came into force in the context of insurgency in the North-eastern States decades ago.
- It provides “special power” to the Armed Forces applies to the Army, the Air Force and the Central Paramilitary forces etc.
- It has been long contested debate whether the “special powers” granted under AFSPA gives total immunity to the armed forces for any action taken by them.
What are the Special Powers?
- Power to use force: including opening fire, even to the extent of causing death if prohibitory orders banning assembly of five or more persons or carrying arms and weapons, etc are in force in the disturbed area;
- Power to destroy structures: used as hide-outs, training camps, or as a place from which attacks are or likely to be launched, etc;
- Power to arrest: without warrant and to use force for the purpose;
- Power to enter and search premises: without a warrant to make arrest or recovery of hostages, arms and ammunition and stolen property etc.
Who can declare/notify such areas?
- The Central Government or the Governor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Government Bonds
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India is set to make history by issuing it’s first-ever 50-year government bonds and 30-year green bonds.
- These offerings have piqued the interest of insurance companies and provident funds seeking avenues to invest their long-term funds.
Why such move?
- Ambitious Target: India aims to mobilize ₹6.55 trillion ($78.73 billion) through bond sales from October to March. This includes a significant ₹300 billion allocation to the 50-year security, marking the central government’s maiden auction of such bonds.
- Natural Demand: Long-term investors, particularly insurers, find the 50-year bonds appealing due to their alignment with asset-liability management requirements.
Government Bonds in India
- Government Bonds in India, fall under the broad category of Government Securities (G-Sec) and are primarily long term investment tools issued for periods ranging from 5 to 40 years.
- It can be issued by both Central and State governments of India. Government bonds issued by State Governments are also called State Development Loans (SDLs).
- The GB interest rates, also called a coupon, can either be fixed or floating and disbursed on a semi-annual basis.
- In most cases, GOI issues bonds at a fixed coupon rate in the market.
Types:
| Fixed-Rate Bonds |
Offer a fixed interest rate throughout the investment tenure, providing clarity with the coupon rate mentioned. |
| Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs) |
Subject to periodic interest rate adjustments, often with a base rate and fixed spread determined through auctions. |
| Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) |
Allow investments in gold without physical possession, with tax-exempt interest and prices linked to gold’s value. |
| Inflation-Indexed Bonds |
Adjust both principal and interest based on inflation, using indices like CPI or WPI, tailored for retail investors. |
| 7.75% GOI Savings Bond |
Features a 7.75% interest rate and available to individuals, minors with legal guardians, and Hindu Undivided Families. |
| Bonds with Call/Put Option |
Permit either issuer or investor to buy back or sell bonds, respectively, on specified dates, after 5 years from issuance. |
| Zero-Coupon Bonds |
Generate earnings from the difference between issuance and redemption prices, as they do not provide interest income. |
Advantages offered
- Sovereign Guarantee: Government bonds are backed by the government’s commitment, offering stability and assured returns.
- Inflation-Adjusted: Inflation-indexed bonds protect investors from rising prices, maintaining the real value of their investments.
- Regular Income: Government bonds provide semi-annual interest disbursements, offering investors a source of regular income.
Limitations
- Lower Income: Apart from 7.75% GOI Savings Bonds, government bonds typically offer lower interest rates.
- Lack of Relevance: With maturity tenures ranging from 5 to 40 years, government bonds may lose relevance over time, particularly in the face of inflation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Aging Population
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Projected Demographic Shift: By 2050, the percentage of elderly individuals in India is expected to double, reaching over 20% of the total population, as per the UN Population Fund, India (UNFPA) in its 2023 India Ageing Report.
- Rapid Expansion: India is experiencing a remarkable decadal growth rate in its elderly population, currently estimated at 41%.
- Changing Dynamics: This demographic shift raises the possibility that by 2046, the elderly population may surpass the number of children (aged 0 to 15 years) in the country.
Economic Disparities among the Elderly
- Poverty Prevalence: More than 40% of India’s elderly population belongs to the poorest wealth quintile, with nearly 18.7% of them living without any source of income.
- Quality of Life Impact: Such high levels of poverty can significantly affect their quality of life and their access to healthcare services.
Understanding the Aging Population
- Rapid Growth in the 80+ Age Group: The report predicts a staggering 279% growth rate in the population of individuals aged 80 and above between 2022 and 2050.
- Gender Disparities: There is a predominance of widowed and highly dependent elderly women in this age group, a trend observed in several nations.
- Regional Variations: Life expectancy at 60 and 80 varies across states and union territories, with women generally having higher life expectancies, raising concerns about their social and economic well-being.
- Regional Disparities: States like Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of J&K have women with life expectancies exceeding 20 years at age 60, highlighting the need for tailored support.
Changing Sex Ratios among the Elderly
- Steady Increase: The sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) among the elderly has been steadily rising since 1991, in contrast to the stagnation in the general population’s sex ratio.
- Regional Variations: The northeast and east show an increased sex ratio among the elderly, but it remains below 1,000, indicating a male predominance. In contrast, central India saw a remarkable shift, with women outperforming men in survival after the age of 60.
Gendered Poverty in Old Age
- Inherent Gender Bias: Poverty in old age is inherently gendered, with older women more likely to be widowed, living alone, lacking personal income, and relying on family support.
- Feminization and Ruralization: The major challenges facing India’s aging population include the feminization and ruralization of the elderly. Policies must address these specific needs.
Inter-State Variations in Elderly Population
- Diverse Demographic Transition: Significant inter-state variation exists in the levels and growth of the elderly population, reflecting differing stages and rates of demographic transition.
- Regional Differences: States in the southern and select northern regions have a higher share of the elderly population, a gap expected to widen by 2036. In contrast, states with higher fertility rates, like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, will see an increase in the elderly population share but will remain below the national average.
- Ageing Index: Central and northeastern regions are characterized by a younger demographic as indicated by the aging index.
Response to Elderly Needs during the Pandemic
- Inadequate State Aid: The report reviews the government and state authorities’ response to the needs of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting that while most received state aid, it was insufficient.
- Only NGOs to rescue: Accessible public healthcare facilities were lacking, with NGOs and CBOs being the primary sources of help.
- Call for Preparedness: The report recommends a special focus on older persons in disaster-preparedness plans moving forward.
Enhancing Data Collection and Support
- Data Deficiency: The report underscores the lack of credible data on various issues related to the elderly in India and calls for the inclusion of questions concerning older persons in upcoming data collection exercises.
- Policy Recommendations: Suggestions include increasing awareness about elderly schemes, regulating Old Age Homes, and promoting in-situ aging.
- Community Engagement: Encouraging the creation of elderly self-help groups and emphasizing multigenerational households as well as short-term care facilities.
Promising Roadmap and Valuable Resource
- Government Acknowledgment: Social Justice Dept. termed the report a “valuable roadmap”. It emphasized its importance as a resource for scholars, policymakers, program managers, and all stakeholders involved in elder care.
- Data Sources: The report draws from various sources, including the 2011 Census, the 2017-18 Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI), population projections, and reports from the Government of India and the World Population Projection 2022.
Way forward
The report advocates for policies that enhance the well-being of India’s aging population-
- Foster community support
- Multigenerational living, and
- In-situ aging
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AFSPA
Mains level: Law and order in NE
Central Idea: Assam CM has stated that the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) is likely to be completely lifted from the state by the end of the year due to a significant improvement in the law and order situation.
What is Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958?
- Armed Forces Special Powers Act, to put it simply, gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
- AFSPA gives armed forces the authority use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
- The Act further provides that if “reasonable suspicion exists”, the armed forces can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search premises without a warrant; and ban the possession of firearms.
A Backgrounder
- The AFSPA, 1958 came into force in the context of insurgency in the North-eastern States decades ago.
- It provides “special power” to the Armed Forces applies to the Army, the Air Force and the Central Paramilitary forces etc.
- It has been long contested debate whether the “special powers” granted under AFSPA gives total immunity to the armed forces for any action taken by them.
What are the Special Powers?
- Power to use force: including opening fire, even to the extent of causing death if prohibitory orders banning assembly of five or more persons or carrying arms and weapons, etc are in force in the disturbed area;
- Power to destroy structures: used as hide-outs, training camps, or as a place from which attacks are or likely to be launched, etc;
- Power to arrest: without warrant and to use force for the purpose;
- Power to enter and search premises: without a warrant to make arrest or recovery of hostages, arms and ammunition and stolen property etc.
Who can declare/notify such areas?
- The Central Government or the Governor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.
Issues with AFSPA
- Power to kill: Section 4 of the Act granted officers the authority to “take any action” even to the extent to cause the death.
- Misconduct by Armed Forces: The issue of violation of human rights by actions of armed forces came under the consideration of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (popularly known as Justice Verma Committee) set up in 2012. It observed that- in conflict zones, legal protection for women was neglected.
- Autocracy: The reality is that there is no evidence of any action being taken against any officer of the armed forces or paramilitary forces for their excesses.
Recommendations to repeal AFSPA
- Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Commission: The 2004 Committee headed by Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy, the content of which has never officially been revealed by the Government, recommended that AFSPA be repealed.
- ARC II: The Administrative Reforms Commission in its 5th Report on ‘Public Order’ had also recommended that AFSPA be repealed.
Voices for repeal
- Human rights violations: The repeal of AFSPA is necessary not just for restoring constitutional sanity, but also as a way of acknowledging the dark history of our conduct in Nagaland.
- Need for ensuring individual dignity: The political incorporation of Nagaland (and all other areas where this law applies) will be set back if the guarantees of the individual dignity of the Indian Constitution are not extended.
- Not state of exception: We often describe AFSPA in terms of a “state of exception”. But this theoretical term is misleading. How can a law that has been in virtually continuous existence since 1958 be described as an “exception”.
- Lack of human empathy: At the heart of AFSPA is a profound mutilation of human empathy.
Conclusion
- To bring in lasting peace in the North East, the government needs to avoid the trap of watered-down peace accords.
- While the move to withdraw AFSPA is welcome, it needs to be gradually erased.
- For that, changes in the ground situation would be crucial. Mere smoke signals or drum-beating can never do the job.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN
Mains level: ASEAN summit, Indonesia's significant role, China challenges , India's concerns
What’s the news?
- In a recent ASEAN meeting, Indonesia, under the leadership of President Joko Widodo, successfully injected fresh perspectives into long-standing ASEAN stances.
Central idea
- The recent ASEAN meet in Jakarta, under Indonesia’s chairmanship, showcased the country’s adept handling of regional dynamics and its diplomatic finesse. With the president set to step down in 2024, this summit marked a high point in his leadership. Notably, eight ASEAN nations convened, with Myanmar excluded at the political level and Thailand undergoing a governmental transition.
Indonesia’s nuanced approach towards the Indo-Pacific
- Expanding the Arc of Prosperity: President Joko Widodo emphasized the need to expand the arc of prosperity within ASEAN. This highlighted Indonesia’s commitment to regional development and recognized the growing economic importance of the Indo-Pacific.
- ASEAN Indo-Pacific Forum (AIPF): Indonesia’s leadership resulted in the creation of the AIPF. This forum brought together government leaders from ASEAN countries, partner nations, and prominent figures from the business sector to discuss peace and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Functional Approach: Indonesia’s approach to the Indo-Pacific was notable for its functional orientation. It emphasized cooperation and collaboration over strategic rivalry, aligning with the Quad’s cooperative outlook.
- Balancing Act with China: While Indonesia’s stance did not explicitly confront China, the absence of China from the AIPF was noticeable. This raises questions about how Indonesia aims to balance its Indo-Pacific approach with its relationship with China.
- Inclusive Dialogue: Indonesia’s strategy sought to position ASEAN as a key player in shaping the Indo-Pacific’s future. It underscored the importance of inclusive dialogue and cooperation for regional stability and prosperity.
- Regional Stability and Prosperity: Indonesia’s approach acknowledges that regional stability and prosperity are best achieved through collaboration and engagement rather than through overt confrontation or rivalry.
Myanmar’s Conundrum
- Exclusion from Political Level: Myanmar’s absence from the political level at the recent ASEAN summit was consistent with the organization’s practice, highlighting the ongoing internal turmoil since the military coup in February 2021.
- Indonesia’s Pragmatic Approach: Indonesia, under its ASEAN Chairmanship, demonstrated a pragmatic stance toward the Myanmar issue, recognizing the limitations of the Five-Point Consensus (5PC) framework intended for dialogue and resolution in Myanmar.
- Office of Special Envoy: Indonesia took a distinctive approach by establishing an office of the special envoy rather than appointing an individual special envoy, allowing for discreet engagement with Myanmar, neighboring nations, India, and ASEAN members.
- Facilitating Dialogue: The 5PC, once seen as a binding decision, is now considered a facilitating initiative, emphasizing Indonesia’s and ASEAN’s acknowledgment of the complexity of the Myanmar situation. This initiative aims to promote dialogue among various segments within Myanmar.
- Hosting of the ASEAN Summit: Myanmar’s exclusion from hosting the 2026 ASEAN summit highlighted the growing disconnect between the nation and the regional bloc. Historically, ASEAN used hosting privileges as leverage to address issues within member states, but their effectiveness in the current context remains uncertain.
China’s Challenge
- Primary Challenge for ASEAN: China poses the foremost challenge to ASEAN, especially concerning the looming big-power rivalry in the region. The call for peace and prosperity in the region is essentially a plea to prevent the United States and China from displaying their rivalry within ASEAN.
- Slow Progress on the Code of Conduct: Progress on the South China Sea (SCS) code of conduct has been sluggish. A significant point of contention is the differing interpretations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which creates obstacles to establishing a binding code of conduct.
- China’s Standard Map: China’s introduction of a new standard map that claims the territories of several countries, including those in the South China Sea, has added complexity to the situation. Notably, countries like India, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia raised their concerns about this map in bilateral discussions with China.
- Indonesia’s Cautious Approach: Indonesia, as the host of the ASEAN and East Asia Summit (EAS), maintained a cautious approach to the issue of China’s standard map during the summit, where the Chinese Premier was in attendance.
- Contradictions in Progress: The emphasis on UNCLOS and disputes over China’s map contradict the progress that ASEAN claims to have made on the code of conduct. The main purpose of the code is to govern the South China Sea as an international waterway, not as China’s domestic sea, as implied by the map.
Challenges to ASEAN Unity
- Myanmar’s Exclusion: A prominent challenge to ASEAN unity is the exclusion of Myanmar from political-level participation in the recent ASEAN summit. This exclusion stems from the ongoing political crisis in Myanmar, triggered by the military coup in February 2021.
- Thailand’s Transition: Thailand, another ASEAN member, is facing challenges due to its transitional government formed after an election. Consequently, it had official-level representation at the summit, raising concerns about the level of representation within ASEAN during crucial meetings.
India in the context of the ASEAN Indo-Pacific Forum (AIPF)
- Participation in AIPF: India, along with the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, conducted side events at the AIPF. This suggests that India is actively engaged in discussions at the forum.
- Concerns Over China’s New Map: Several countries, including India, raised bilateral concerns with China regarding its new standard map. This map claims territories that other countries consider their own, causing diplomatic tensions.
- Interest in the South China Sea: India has a vested interest in the South China Sea due to its trade and strategic considerations. India has been monitoring developments in the region, including China’s territorial claims and their impact on freedom of navigation.
Why India Needs ASEAN?
- Significant Trade & Commercial Relations: ASEAN is a major destination for India’s service sectors and a vital source of foreign investments.
- Development of North East India: ASEAN provides an alternate route for India’s access to North Eastern India, facilitating development and strategic interests.
- Countering Chinese Expansion: Strengthening ties with ASEAN countries helps India counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Maritime Freedom: Collaboration with ASEAN ensures a free and peaceful Indo-Pacific region based on a rules-based order.
- Support for Indian Initiatives: ASEAN’s support is crucial for India’s success in regional policies and initiatives.
- Emerging Market: India benefits from ASEAN’s agricultural and industrial products, while ASEAN relies on India’s demographic dividend.
- Global Reforms: ASEAN’s global influence aligns with India’s vision for reforms in international forums.
- Elevating India’s Global Status: Partnership with ASEAN enhances India’s geopolitical standing.
Strengthening ASEAN’s Position
- ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP): ASEAN is actively working to bolster its position by embracing the ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP). This strategic framework emphasizes ASEAN’s central role in the Indo-Pacific region, aiming to reinforce its influence and relevance.
- Enhanced Coast Guard Coordination: ASEAN is prioritizing improved coordination among its coast guards. This approach signifies a commitment to safeguarding maritime security and effectively managing potential conflicts in the region’s waters.
- Joint Defense Exercises: ASEAN is engaging in joint defense exercises as part of its efforts to strengthen its position. These exercises are viewed as a robust response to the sluggish progress on the South China Sea (SCS) code of conduct, with the goal of enhancing regional security.
- Addressing Code of Conduct Challenges: The slow progress on the South China Sea code of conduct is a significant concern for ASEAN. To tackle this issue, ASEAN is promoting the AOIP and intensifying security cooperation, reflecting its determination to address the challenges related to the code of conduct.
- Continuity through Troika Leadership: In a bid to maintain continuity and unity within ASEAN, Indonesia has formed a troika with the upcoming chairs, Laos and Malaysia. This arrangement aims to provide guidance and ensure ASEAN’s stability and coherence in the face of ongoing challenges and transitions.
Conclusion
- Indonesia’s leadership during the ASEAN summit deserves commendation for maintaining stability amidst the region’s complex challenges. In a rapidly changing world, ASEAN’s stability remains of paramount importance. Indonesia’s collaboration with the upcoming chairs, Laos and Malaysia, signals continuity in charting ASEAN’s course forward.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election- Constitutional provisions
Mains level: One nation, one election plan, advantages and concerns and challenges and federalism
What’s the news?
- The Center has taken a significant step towards implementing the One Nation, One Election concept by forming a committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind.
Central idea
- The recently concluded special session of Parliament has brought into focus the idea of One Nation, One Election as a means to address the challenges posed by frequent elections in India. While this proposal has gained attention, it requires thorough examination and data-driven deliberation before any decisive steps are taken.
What is the ONOE plan?
- Concept: The ONOE plan aims to synchronize the timing of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections across all states in India to reduce the frequency of election cycles nationwide.
- Historical Context:
- After the enforcement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950, the first-ever general elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies occurred simultaneously in 1951–1952.
- This practice continued for the following three Lok Sabha elections until 1967, streamlining the election process.
- Disruption:
- In 1959, the cycle was disrupted as the Central government invoked Article 356 of the Constitution, leading to the dismissal of the Kerala government due to a perceived failure of constitutional machinery.
- Subsequent to 1960, defections and counter-defections among political parties led to the dissolution of several state legislative assemblies.
- This fragmentation resulted in separate election cycles for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.
- Current Scenario: Presently, only specific states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha conduct their assembly polls concurrently with the Lok Sabha elections.
Critical analysis
Excessive Expenditure: A Questionable Concern
- Rising Election Costs: The cost of elections has been steadily increasing. In 2019, the expenditure for the general elections was about Rs 9,000 crore, averaging about Rs 100 per voter.
- Political Party Spending: Political parties spent nearly Rs 3,000 crore during the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, with an estimated Rs 50,000 crore informally spent. Addressing this informal expenditure is a primary concern.
- Data-Driven Decision-Making: The absence of comprehensive data on total public expenditure for separate versus simultaneous elections limits our understanding. To make informed decisions, a meticulous analysis of costs and potential savings is imperative.
Diversion of Duty: A Matter of Debate
- Essential Responsibility: While election duty is considered essential for security forces, it’s also a privilege for civilian officials.
- Lack of Statistical Data: The absence of statistical data showing the exact number of days dedicated to election duties for simultaneous versus separate elections hinders informed decision-making.
Disruption in Development: A Misconception
- Model Code of Conduct (MCC): The MCC primarily restricts certain categories of public expenditure during elections, not all development work.
- Need for Data: The lack of data demonstrating the extent of disruption in development work is a crucial gap in the argument against simultaneous elections.
- Historical Perspective: Flexibility in Democracy
Historical context reveals flexibility in Indian democracy:
- 15 Years of Simultaneous Elections: From 1951–52 to 1967, elections were held simultaneously for 15 years without a specific constitutional provision.
- Preserving Political Freedom: Imposing limits on election timing could curb political parties’ freedom to express a lack of confidence or engage in democratic processes.
Local autonomy vs. centralization
- Local Impact: State-level elections primarily concern local voters and leaders and should not unduly affect voters in other states or the central government.
- Centralization of Politics: Centralized campaigning diminishes the focus on local governance, weakening local democratic institutions and representation.
Urgent Priorities for Reform
- Pressing Issues Abound: India faces a multitude of pressing issues, from natural disasters to public agitations. These challenges can disrupt normal governance and require immediate attention.
- Nature’s Fury: Natural disasters, such as heavy rainfall or hazardous air quality, often paralyze regions and demand swift government response to alleviate suffering and manage the aftermath.
- Educational Disruptions: Factors like heatwaves or international events like the G20 meetings can lead to the closure of educational institutions, affecting students’ routines and demanding educational policy adjustments.
- Protracted Agitations: Protests and agitations, sometimes lasting for months, can bring normal life to a standstill, necessitating government intervention and resolution.
- Meaningful Electoral Reforms: Rather than focusing on the mechanical scheduling of elections, there is an urgent need for more substantial electoral reforms that enhance transparency and accountability.
- Managerial Efficiency: Improving the efficiency of election management can be achieved without the need for onerous constitutional amendments.
Conclusion
- The proposal for ONOE is intriguing but lacks the necessary data and robust debate to support its implementation. India should prioritize addressing more pressing governance issues and electoral reforms that enhance transparency.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Revolution
Mains level: Green Revolution and Contributions and the significant roles played by MS Swaminathan
What’s the news?
- Monkomb Sambasivan Swaminathan, the legendary agricultural scientist widely regarded as the Father of the Green Revolution, passed away at the age of 98 on September 28. His contributions to agriculture in the 1960s and ’70s transformed India’s farming landscape, ushering in an era of food security.
Central idea
- The passing of MS Swaminathan marks the end of an era in Indian agriculture. His unwavering commitment to the welfare of farmers and his pioneering efforts in the Green Revolution have left an indomitable legacy. This op-ed is dedicated to the father of the Green Revolution.
Early life and education
- Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
- Initially, I aimed for a career in the civil services and even cleared the civil services examination.
- He switched to agriculture due to his passion, inspired by the Quit India Movement and the Bengal famine of 1942–43.
- He enrolled in the Agriculture College in Coimbatore to pursue his interest in agriculture.
Diverse Roles in Agriculture
- Swaminathan held various significant positions related to agriculture, both in India and abroad.
- His roles included Independent Chairman of the Food and Agricultural Organization Council (1981–85), President of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1984–90), and President of the World Wide Fund for Nature (India) from 1989–96.
- He also served as the Director General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), among other positions.
The Green Revolution: A Turning Point
- Swaminathan’s mission was to transform Indian agriculture.
- Introduced high-yielding crop varieties, improved irrigation facilities, and promoted fertilizer use.
- Wheat production in India surged from 6 million tonnes in 1947 to 17 million tonnes between 1964 and 1968.
- The Green Revolution bolstered India’s food security and reduced dependence on imports.
Swaminathan’s Contributions to the Green Revolution
- Swaminathan worked on enhancing crop varieties, particularly rice and wheat.
- He pioneered the development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties to reduce lodging and boost yields.
- Collaboration with Norman Borlaug resulted in the introduction of dwarfing genes into wheat varieties, leading to the “Wheat Revolution.”
- Swaminathan recognized the challenges of the Green Revolution, including the displacement of local crop varieties, soil fertility conservation issues, and indiscriminate pesticide use.
- He also noted the risks of overexploiting groundwater.
Advocacy for Farmers
- As the head of the National Commission on Farmers from 2004 to 2006, Swaminathan advocated for the welfare of farmers.
- He recommended that the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for agricultural produce should be at least 50% more than the cost of production, ensuring fair compensation to farmers.
Awards and recognition
- Swaminathan was awarded the first World Food Prize Laureate in 1987 for his contributions to India’s wheat and rice production.
- He received the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan, two of India’s highest civilian honors.
Conclusion
- As we remember the Father of the Green Revolution, we must also reflect on the challenges that persist in Indian agriculture and work towards a sustainable and equitable future. Swaminathan’s vision and dedication will continue to inspire generations of agricultural scientists and policymakers in their pursuit of a food-secure India.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Union Information and Broadcasting Minister announced that veteran actor Waheeda Rehman would be given the Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award for 2021, honouring her stellar contribution to Indian cinema.
About Dadasaheb Phalke Award
| Purpose |
Highest honor in Indian cinema for outstanding contributions to its growth and development. |
| Inception |
Instituted by the Indian government in 1969. |
| Named After |
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, “Father of Indian Cinema.” |
| Components |
‘Swarna Kamal’ (Golden Lotus), INR 10 lakh cash prize, certificate, silk scroll, and shawl. |
| Presentation |
By the President of India in the presence of key film industry representatives and officials. |
| First Recipient |
Devika Rani Roerich (1969). |
Who was Dadasaheb Phalke?
- Early Life: Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, born in 1870 in Trimbak, Maharashtra, had a diverse career. He initially studied engineering and sculpture and later developed a fascination for motion pictures after watching the 1906 silent film ‘The Life of Christ.’
- Varied Pursuits: Before entering the world of cinema, Phalke worked as a photographer, owned a printing press, and even collaborated with the renowned painter Raja Ravi Varma.
- Filmmaking Pioneer: In 1913, Phalke scripted, produced, and directed India’s inaugural feature film, the silent masterpiece ‘Raja Harishchandra.’ This groundbreaking film’s commercial success marked the beginning of Phalke’s prolific career in which he created 95 more films and 26 short films over the next 19 years.
- Father of Indian Cinema: Dhundiraj Govind Phalke is hailed as the “Father of Indian Cinema” for his pioneering contributions to the country’s film industry.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Balsams
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The genus Impatiens, locally known as Kasithumba and Onappovu, is currently enchanting tourists with its vibrant pink blooms in Munnar.
What are Balsams?
- Distinctive Feature: Balsams are commonly referred to as ‘touch-me-not’ due to the unique behavior of their mature seeds bursting open upon touch and distributing seeds.
- Sign of Active Micro-Climate: Botanists suggest that the extensive flowering of balsams in Munnar indicates the continued activity of the microclimate in this hill station.
- Indian Balsam Species: India hosts a total of 220 balsam species, with a significant presence of 135 species in the southern Western Ghats.
- Balsam Paradise: Idukki, particularly the high ranges around Anamudi, is renowned for its rich diversity of wild balsams. Scientists often term the district as a ‘balsam paradise.’
Conservation Efforts
- Balsams in Munnar: Munnar boasts 46 balsam species, extending from Munnar to Chinnar and Bison Valley.
- Protection in National Park: The Eravikulam National Park alone is home to over 40 wild balsam species, with the Forest Department ensuring their protection.
- Unparalleled Diversity: Prasad G, working plan officer, highlights that Munnar’s altitude has unveiled 46 balsam species, a level of diversity unmatched elsewhere in the world.
- Indicator Species: Balsams play a crucial role as indicator species for climate change. Any alterations in the climate of a region are often reflected in the population of these plants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RoDTEP Scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In light of a continuous seven-month decline in goods exports until August, the government has taken action to bolster outbound shipments.
- The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme’s applicability has been extended for nine more months, now in effect until June 30, 2024.
About RoDTEP Scheme
| Objective |
To refund central, state, and local duties or taxes on exported products.
The rebate does not apply to duties and taxes that have already been exempted, remitted, or credited. |
| Launch Date |
Introduced in January 2021.
Replacement for the Merchandise Export Scheme, which was deemed non-compliant with WTO Rules. |
| Rates of Tax Refund |
Tax refund rates under RoDTEP vary from 0.5% to 4.3% across different sectors. |
| Claim Process |
Exporters can claim the rebate as a percentage of the Freight On Board (FOB) value of their exports. |
| Issuance of Rebates |
Rebates are issued in the form of transferable duty credits or electronic scrips (e-scrips). |
| Significance of the Scheme |
Enhances the competitiveness of Indian products in global markets by refunding various taxes.
Expected to have a substantial impact on India’s trade volumes, export figures, and competitiveness.
Enables Indian exporters to meet international export standards and access GST refunds efficiently. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Angel Tax
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The government has introduced revisions to the angel tax provisions that were initially implemented in this year’s Budget, primarily targeting investments by non-resident investors into startups at a premium over their fair market value.
Key changes introduced
- The Central Board of Direct Taxes issued a notification, amending Rule 11UA under the Income Tax Act, incorporating changes to the draft norms released earlier.
- Five distinct valuation methods for shares have been introduced, accompanied by a 10% tolerance allowance for deviations from accepted share valuations.
- These changes aim to provide some relief to prospective foreign investors interested in Indian startups.
Angel Investment
- An angel investor is an individual who provides financial backing to early-stage startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for equity in the company.
- Angel investors are typically high-net-worth individuals who invest their own personal funds, rather than investing on behalf of a firm or institution.
- Features of Angel Investing:
- Early-stage funding
- Equity investment
- High-risk, high-reward
- Active involvement
- Personal investment
- Flexible terms
- Shorter investment horizon
|
What is Angel Tax?
- Referred to as Angel Tax, this rule is described in Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
- Essentially it’s a tax on capital receipts, unique to India in the global context.
- This clause was inserted into the act in 2012 to prevent laundering of black money, round-tripping via investments with a large premium into unlisted companies.
- The tax covers investment in any private business entity, but only in 2016 was it applied to startups.
Why was angel tax introduced?
- The complicated nature of VC fundraising with offshore entities, multiple limited partners and blind pools is contentious.
- There has been some element of money laundering or round-tripping under guise.
Details of its levy
- The Angel Tax is being levied on startups at 9% on net investments in excess of the fair market value.
- For angel investors, the amount of investment that exceeds the fair market value can be claimed for a 100% tax exemption.
- However, the investor must have a net worth of ₹2 crores or an income of more than ₹25 Lakh in the past 3 fiscal years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Security Initiative (GSI)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
About Global Security Initiative (GSI)
- The GSI aims to contribute to global peace and stability by promoting fairness and justice among nations.
- It was launched in April 2022.
- Six key principles:
- Commitment to Comprehensive Security: Emphasizing cooperation for maintaining world peace and security.
- Respect for Sovereignty: Upholding the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, non-interference in internal affairs, and respect for diverse development paths.
- UN Charter Principles: Abiding by the UN Charter’s principles, rejecting Cold War thinking, unilateralism, group politics, and bloc confrontations.
- Indivisible Security: Addressing the legitimate security concerns of all nations, promoting balanced and sustainable security, and opposing self-security at the expense of others.
- Peaceful Conflict Resolution: Advocating dialogue and consultation for resolving international disputes, rejecting double standards, unilateral sanctions, and extraterritorial jurisdiction.
- Multifaceted Security: Maintaining security in traditional and non-traditional domains, collaborating on regional conflicts, and addressing global challenges like terrorism, climate change, cybersecurity, and biosecurity.
- Other Policy Initiatives: President Xi’s new initiatives—GDI, GSI, and Global Civilisation Initiative (GCI)—have become cornerstones of China’s foreign policy during his third term.
Nepal’s Stance on Chinese Initiatives
- Supporting Global Development Initiative: Nepal expressed support for China’s Global Development Initiative (GDI) and considered joining the Group of Friends of the GDI.
- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The joint statement reaffirmed cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, emphasizing the need to finalize a delayed BRI implementation plan swiftly.
Key collaborated projects
- Flagship Cross-Border Railway: Nepal and China are engaged in extensive connectivity projects, including the flagship cross-border railway from Lhasa to Kathmandu.
- Broad Connectivity Goals: Both countries aim to strengthen connectivity across various sectors like ports, roads, railways, airways, and grids. They are working on the Trans-Himalayan Multi-Dimensional Connectivity Network.
- Border Port Openings: Nepal and China welcomed the opening of ports like Lizi-Nechung and the reopening of Zhangmu-Khasa for passenger services. They plan to open other border ports like Chentang-Kimathanka and Riwu-Olangchungola soon.
- Infrastructure Support: China pledged support for projects like the Araniko Highway maintenance, Syaphrubesi-Rasuwagadhi Highway repair, and a 220 KV Cross-Border Power Transmission line. Progress on the feasibility study of the Jilong/Keyrung-Kathmandu Cross-Border Railway was noted, with further cooperation and training initiatives planned.
Balancing Act by Kathmandu
- Strategic Balancing: Nepal maintains a careful balance by cooperating on development projects with China while exercising caution on security matters.
- Commitment on Tibet: Nepal reaffirmed its commitment to China on Tibet, pledging not to allow separatist activities against China on Nepali soil.
- Support for Sovereignty: China expressed firm support for Nepal’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.
Conclusion
- Nepal’s diplomatic balancing act reflects its cautious approach towards security cooperation while enthusiastically engaging in cross-border connectivity projects.
- The joint statement highlights Nepal’s support for China’s Global Development Initiative and commitment to the Belt and Road Initiative.
- Despite declining to explicitly join the Global Security Initiative, Nepal agreed to elements of security collaboration with China.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Phosphorus
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Phosphorus scarcity poses a growing challenge to global agriculture, with critical implications for food production and environmental sustainability.
- While the history of land fertilization dates back to ancient agricultural practices, the advent of synthetic fertilizers in the 19th century transformed modern agriculture.
- However, today’s reliance on synthetic fertilizers, particularly phosphorus, raises concerns about its scarcity and environmental impact.
Age-Old Challenge of Soil Fertilization
- Historical Origins: The challenge of fertilizing land dates back to the dawn of agriculture. Early human societies recognized the need to replenish soil nutrients depleted by repeated cycles of cultivation and harvest.
- Ancient Fertilization: Indigenous communities worldwide devised fertilization techniques, including the use of fish remnants and bird droppings (guano), to restore essential nutrients to the soil.
Revolutionizing Agriculture with Synthetic Fertilizers
- 19th Century Advancements: The 19th century witnessed significant progress in chemistry, leading to the creation of synthetic fertilizers. It also marked the identification of key nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the foundation of modern chemical fertilizers.
- Green Revolution’s Impact: The mid-20th-century Green Revolution accelerated the adoption of high-yield crop varieties and intensive fertilizer use, revolutionizing global food production.
About Phosphorus
| Need |
Essential nutrient for plant growth, involved in photosynthesis, energy transfer, and root development. |
| Impact of Deficiency |
Leads to stunted growth, reduced flowering, and poor fruit or seed development in plants. |
| Types |
– Superphosphate
– Triple Superphosphate (TSP)
– Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) |
| Application |
Applied through broadcasting, banding, or direct placement with seeds during planting. |
| Benefits |
Promotes strong root development, better flowering, fruiting, and overall plant health. |
| Environmental Considerations |
Efficient use is required to prevent runoff and environmental issues like eutrophication. |
| Balanced Fertilization |
Maintain a nutrient balance (N-P-K) in soil to avoid both deficiency and excess of phosphorus. |
Phosphorus Predicament
- Phosphorus Scarcity: Phosphorus is a finite resource primarily found in specific geological formations. It’s not only depleting but also causing environmental pollution when it enters water bodies, leading to algal blooms and eutrophication.
Geopolitical Complexities
- Global Phosphorus Reserves: Today, a small group of countries, including Morocco and the Western Sahara region, controls the majority of the world’s phosphorus reserves. This geopolitical control raises concerns.
- Cadmium Contamination: Phosphorus often coexists with cadmium, a heavy metal harmful to health. Cadmium-laden fertilizers can contaminate crops, posing health risks.
- Largest Importer: India is the world’s largest importer of phosphorus, primarily from cadmium-rich deposits in West Africa.
- Cadmium Susceptibility: Staple crops like paddy in India are vulnerable to cadmium absorption, potentially causing health issues.
Challenge of Phosphorus Disposal
- Loss and Wastage: Only a fraction of mined phosphorus is consumed through food; a significant amount is lost to water bodies due to excessive fertilizer application.
- Sewage Contamination: Most phosphorus consumed ends up in sewage. Inadequate sewage treatment allows phosphorus to accumulate in water bodies, fueling algal blooms and depleting oxygen.
Exploring Phosphorus Alternatives
- Precision Agriculture: Reducing chemical fertilizer use through precision agriculture offers one solution to address phosphorus scarcity without compromising yield.
- Circular Water Economies: Urban sewage can become a valuable source of phosphorus. Two key strategies:
-
- Source Separation Toilets: Collect urine, a concentrated waste stream rich in phosphorus, and convert it into local fertilizer.
- Recycling Wastewater and Sludge: Recover nutrients, including phosphorus, from sewage sludge through innovative methods like sludge mining.
Incentive Challenges
- Overuse of Fertilizers: In rural India, powerful farmers often sell fertilizers, encouraging smaller farmers to overuse them. This requires better extension services and awareness campaigns.
- Perceptions of Sewage: In urban India, sewage has historically been stigmatized, affecting regulations and wastewater treatment practices.
Rethinking the Approach
- Systemic Change: Fundamental changes are needed, including lowering sewage mining costs, allowing urban-mined phosphorus in agriculture, and shifting utility incentives from discharge standards to nutrient recovery.
- Multi-Beneficial Solution: Such changes can tackle multiple challenges, including geopolitical dependency, affordable fertilizers, improved water bodies, and public health benefits.
Conclusion
- The phosphorus dilemma is a pressing challenge with far-reaching consequences for agriculture, geopolitics, and the environment.
- As we grapple with dwindling phosphorus reserves and its environmental pollution, innovative solutions must be embraced.
- Precision agriculture and circular water economies, including source-separating toilets and sewage recycling, offer promising avenues to alleviate the scarcity issue.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green hydrogen and its applications
Mains level: Green Hydrogen, National Green Hydrogen Mission, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- Recently, the government affirmed its commitment to making India a green hydrogen hub with a trial run of two buses that will operate on this clean fuel.
Central idea
- Green hydrogen is recognized for its minimal emissions and higher efficiency compared to internal combustion engines. The government’s move to conduct a trial run of two buses on green hydrogen fuel is part of a larger plan to introduce 15 more such buses by the end of the year. However, several challenges must be addressed to ensure the commercial viability of green hydrogen.
- Green hydrogen, often referred to as clean hydrogen, is a type of hydrogen gas produced through a process that uses renewable energy sources or other low-carbon methods with little to no greenhouse gas emissions.
- Green hydrogen (GH2) is produced by splitting water (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen (O2) using renewable electricity.
- It is considered an environmentally friendly and sustainable form of hydrogen production because it does not rely on fossil fuels or emit harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases during its creation.
- It can serve as an energy source (heavy industry, long-distance mobility, aviation, and power storage) and an energy carrier (as green ammonia or blended with natural gas).
Have you heard about green steel?
- Green steel refers to steel that is produced using sustainable and environmentally friendly methods.
- Green steel is produced using renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, and by utilizing low-emission technologies that reduce carbon emissions.
- One of the main ways to produce green steel is through the use of hydrogen instead of coal or natural gas as the reducing agent in the steel-making process.
- Green steel is seen as a way to reduce the environmental impact of the steel industry, which is responsible for a significant portion of global carbon emissions.
- The costs of green steel, made from green hydrogen, are currently much higher but could be reduced with economies of scale and changes in production technologies.
Challenges and roadblocks
- Renewable Energy Capacity Gap: India needs to add approximately 100 GW of renewable energy capacity every year for the next seven years to meet its green hydrogen production goals. In contrast, only about 16 GW of renewable energy capacity was added last year, revealing a substantial capacity deficit.
- Water Intensity: The production of 1 kg of green hydrogen requires around eight to nine liters of water. This poses a significant challenge in regions already grappling with water scarcity issues, potentially straining local resources.
- Electrolyser Manufacturing Capacity: The global manufacturing capacity of electrolysers, the critical component in green hydrogen production, currently stands at about 10 GW. To meet its 2030 targets, India may need to increase its capacity six to tenfold, indicating a pressing need for rapid expansion.
- Access to Rare Earth Minerals: Rare earth minerals are essential for electrolyser production, and China currently dominates this market. India must secure a consistent supply of these minerals through strategic partnerships or domestic production to support its green hydrogen ambitions.
- Safety Concerns: Green hydrogen is highly flammable, necessitating rigorous safety measures throughout the production, storage, and transportation processes. These safety concerns may impact public perception and adoption.
Way forward
- Accelerate Renewable Energy Deployment: India should intensify efforts to deploy renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Policies, investments, and streamlined regulatory processes are necessary to attract investments and expedite capacity expansion.
- R&D for Water-Efficient Technologies: Investment in research and development is critical to developing water-efficient hydrogen production technologies. Collaborations with research institutions and international partners can expedite progress.
- Domestic Electrolyser Production: India should prioritize domestic electrolyser manufacturing capabilities. Strategic diplomatic negotiations and alliances can help secure access to rare earth minerals for indigenous production.
- Stringent Safety Standards: Developing and enforcing robust safety standards and protocols for green hydrogen production, storage, and transport is essential. Ensuring safety will foster confidence in the technology.
- Infrastructure Development: Building the necessary infrastructure, including pipelines and refueling stations, for green hydrogen production, storage, and distribution is crucial for its widespread adoption.
Steps in the right direction
- Green Hydrogen Mission: The Indian government has launched the Green Hydrogen Mission, which aims to produce 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030. This initiative is designed to reduce the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels and mitigate 50 million metric tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.
- Investment in Electrolysis Technology: A significant portion of the Green Hydrogen Mission’s budget is dedicated to developing electrolysers, the devices used in the electrolysis process to produce green hydrogen. This investment is crucial to scaling up hydrogen production capacity in the country.
- Utilizing the Indian Oil Corporation’s Expertise: The government has wisely leveraged the Indian Oil Corporation’s expertise for the country’s inaugural green hydrogen vehicle project. To access global markets and foster collaborations with other nations, India must further develop its capabilities in the green hydrogen sector.
Conclusion
- India’s aspirations to become a green hydrogen hub are laudable and align with global efforts to combat climate change. However, the journey ahead is fraught with challenges. Technological innovation, international partnerships, and a sustained commitment to clean energy are essential to transforming these ambitions into a sustainable reality.
Also read:
[Sureshot] National Green Hydrogen Mission
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Khalistan Issue, Strained India-Canada relations, and need for Quiet and mature diplomacy
What’s the news?
- Indian and Canadian leaders and diplomats have a history of failing to engage constructively, often talking past each other. This disconnect persists today, fueled by differing perceptions and unresolved issues. The recent Nijjar case has brought these tensions to the forefront.
Central idea
- In the realm of international diplomacy, the relationship between India and Canada has often been marked by a lack of genuine engagement and mutual understanding. Both nations have harbored grievances, with India feeling that Canada has disregarded its concerns, particularly regarding the Khalistan issue, while Canada believes that India fails to grasp its legal and governance framework.
Canada’s Stance in the ongoing India-Canada diplomatic tensions
- Emphasis on the Rule of Law: Trudeau has emphasized that Canada is a nation founded on the rule of law. He underscores the importance of upholding a rules-based world order.
- Nijjar Case as a Test: Canada has made the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar a test case for upholding the rule of law and global order. It asserts that harming any of its nationals is unacceptable, irrespective of any grievances India may have.
- Support from Allies: Canada’s stance in the Nijjar case has garnered support from its allies, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. These countries endorse Canada’s position and call on India to cooperate with Canada in the investigation.
- Demand for Specific Evidence: Canada has shared credible allegations with India regarding the Nijjar case. While India dismisses these allegations.
India’s Response
- Rejection of Allegations: The Indian government has rejected Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s allegations regarding the Nijjar case as absurd and motivated. India disputes the claims made by Canada and seeks concrete evidence to substantiate these allegations.
- Offer to Address Concerns: Despite dismissing the allegations, India has expressed a willingness to examine Canadian concerns if specific evidence is provided. India maintains that it is ready to cooperate on any genuine issues related to its citizens.
- Assertion of National Laws: India insists that its national laws cannot serve as a shield for promoting secession or staging protests that glorify violence. It calls for Canada to take legal action against Khalistani propagandists and individuals involved in hate speech and violence on Canadian soil.
- Open to Diplomacy: India remains open to diplomatic engagement with Canada to address the Nijjar case and other ongoing issues, emphasizing the importance of resolving disputes through dialogue and cooperation.
Challenges to Constructive Engagement
- Perceived Racism in Governance: Some Indians view Canada’s approach to governance systems in countries like India as colored by racism. Intrusive questions posed to Indian visa seekers from security services are seen as unacceptable and warrant bilateral discussions.
- The Khalistan Issue: India’s frustration with Canada regarding the Khalistan issue dates back over four decades. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) was established in 1984, yet Khalistani activities were not taken seriously, even after instances of terror emerged.
- Response to Recent Charges: Trudeau’s use of harsh language and the expulsion of a senior Indian diplomat strained the relationship further. A measured Indian response was replaced by a more confrontational approach.
- Evidence and Judicial Scrutiny: Canadian officials claim to possess intelligence implicating India in Nijjar’s murder but have not revealed details. For a meaningful resolution, this intelligence needs to be converted into evidence suitable for judicial scrutiny.
Challenges to Constructive Engagement
- Perceived Racism in Governance: Some Indians view Canada’s approach to governance systems in countries like India as colored by racism. Intrusive questions posed to Indian visa seekers from security services are seen as unacceptable and warrant bilateral discussions.
- The Khalistan Issue: India’s frustration with Canada regarding the Khalistan issue dates back over four decades. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) was established in 1984, yet Khalistani activities were not taken seriously, even after instances of terror emerged.
- Canada’s Trust Issue: The Canadian law enforcement system appears to lack trust in the Indian legal system. This is evident in Canada’s reluctance to extradite individuals accused of violence and murder in India, especially those with ties to Khalistani activities.
- Response to Recent Charges: Trudeau’s use of harsh language and the expulsion of a senior Indian diplomat strained the relationship further. A measured Indian response was replaced by a more confrontational approach.
- Evidence and Judicial Scrutiny: Canadian officials claim to possess intelligence implicating India in Nijjar’s murder but have not revealed details. For a meaningful resolution, this intelligence needs to be converted into evidence suitable for judicial scrutiny.
Way Forward: Need for quiet and constructive diplomacy
- Private Dialogue: Both nations should prioritize private, behind-the-scenes dialogue to address their grievances and misunderstandings. Public posturing should be replaced with discreet diplomatic channels where concerns can be discussed openly and candidly.
- Evidence-Based Engagement: Canada should provide specific evidence regarding the Nijjar case to India, allowing for a fair and transparent examination of the allegations. India, in turn, should be open to reviewing this evidence objectively.
- Respect for Sovereignty: Respect for each other’s sovereignty should be paramount. Issues related to visa applications and extradition should be approached in a manner that aligns with international norms while respecting national sovereignty.
- Cultural Sensitivity: Both nations should exhibit cultural sensitivity in their interactions. Questions and actions that may be perceived as insensitive should be avoided to prevent further strain on relationships.
- Leadership Role: Leaders in both India and Canada should play a key role in setting a tone of constructive engagement. Diplomacy should be marked by measured language and a commitment to dialogue.
Conclusion
- To rebuild strained Indo-Canadian relations, both nations must shift towards a more constructive engagement that acknowledges their respective concerns and grievances. Quiet and mature diplomacy should replace confrontational tactics. In the pursuit of a harmonious relationship, mutual respect and understanding are essential, and only through constructive engagement can these goals be achieved.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate-induced infectious diseases
Mains level: Climate change and new disease scenarios, need for a One Health approach
What’s the news?
- The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), released in March, serves as a stark reminder of the escalating global risk posed by infectious diseases.
Central idea
- The intricate relationship between climate and disease becomes more evident with each passing year. Recent analysis in Nature Climate Change (2022) warns that humans now face a wider array of infectious agents than ever before. More than half of all known infectious diseases affecting humans worsen due to shifting climate patterns.
The Impact of Climate Change on Infections
- Habitat Loss and Human-Animal Interaction:
- Climate change contributes to habitat loss, pushing disease-carrying animals into closer proximity to human territories.
- This increased interaction between humans and wildlife raises the risk of disease transmission from animals to humans.
- For example, the Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala originated from bats and caused fatalities in humans.
- Broader Spectrum of Infectious Agents: An analysis published in Nature Climate Change in 2022 warns that humans now face a wider range of infectious agents due to climate change. Over half of all known infectious diseases that threaten humans are exacerbated by changing climate patterns.
- New Transmission Routes: Diseases often find new transmission routes due to climate change. This includes transmission through environmental sources as well as through medical tourism and contaminated food and water from once-reliable sources.
- Ecosystem Transformation: Climate change is transforming ecosystems by introducing invasive species and extending the range of existing life forms. These changes trigger complex upheavals in ecosystems, making it challenging for ecologists and epidemiologists to predict disease outbreaks.
- Manifestation of Climatic Shifts: These climatic shifts are manifesting in severe health crises, including a dengue epidemic in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Kolkata, as well as the Nipah outbreak in Kerala.
- Human-Induced Health Vulnerability Crisis:
- Human-induced climate change is described as unleashing an unprecedented health vulnerability crisis.
- India, in particular, has experienced the ominous impact, with early summers and erratic monsoons leading to water scarcity in regions like the Gangetic Plains and Kerala.
Current Surveillance, Reporting, and Challenges
- Improved Reporting Over the Decades:
- India has made significant progress in reporting disease outbreaks over the past two decades.
- Initiatives like the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) were introduced to enhance disease surveillance.
- For example, in 2008, IDSP reported 553 outbreaks, and by 2017, this number had increased to 1,714.
- Transition to the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP):
- The IDSP was phased out in favor of a newer system called the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) in 2018.
- IHIP is a web-enabled, near-real-time electronic information system that added 20 additional disease conditions compared to IDSP’s 13.
- It aimed to provide disaggregated data to its users.
- Unfulfilled Expectations: Despite the promise of IHIP, the program has not fully met expectations for real-time tracking of emerging disease outbreaks.
- Inadequate Surveillance for Emerging Diseases: The current design of disease surveillance is deemed inadequate for the emerging disease scenario brought about by climate change.
The Need for a Unified Approach: One Health
- Interconnectedness of Health: One Health recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, plant, and environmental health. It emphasizes that these domains are interdependent and that the health of one is intimately linked to the health of the others.
- Preventing Disease Outbreaks: The One Health approach is pivotal in preventing disease outbreaks, particularly those originating from animals. It acknowledges that diseases like zoonotic infections (those that can be transmitted from animals to humans), neglected tropical diseases, vector-borne diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental contamination are all interconnected.
- Holistic Approach: One Health takes a holistic approach to health surveillance and prevention. It goes beyond traditional disease control strategies and recognizes the need to address health challenges at their source, including the role of ecosystems.
Recommendations for India
- Implement one health program: Foster synergy between the central and state governments and their specialized agencies, including animal husbandry, forest and wildlife, municipal corporations, and public health departments. Develop robust surveillance systems and establish lines of responsibility and collaboration.
- Coordination and Management: With the influx of funding from sources like the World Bank, enhance the coordination and management of One Health initiatives. The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister has played a leading role, but greater collaboration is essential.
Way forward: Looking Beyond Disease X
- The Obsession with “Disease X”: While the global focus remains on the mysterious “Disease X,” the ongoing challenges posed by familiar infectious agents like influenza, measles, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and diarrhoea continue to strain public health systems.
- Climate Change’s Broader Impact: Climate change is not limited to infectious diseases. It exacerbates injuries and fatalities resulting from extreme weather events, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and mental health issues.
- Nipah’s Wake-Up Call: The re-emergence of the Nipah virus in Kerala serves as a stark wake-up call, emphasizing that a mere biomedical response to diseases is inadequate in the face of evolving threats.
- The Role of Ecosystems: Protecting ecosystems becomes paramount as they play a crucial role in mitigating climate-induced infectious diseases and maintaining overall ecological balance.
- Fostering Collaboration: Collaboration among various stakeholders, including government agencies, health departments, environmental bodies, and the public, is essential to effectively address these complex challenges.
- Proactive Safeguarding: The road ahead demands concerted efforts not only to adapt to climate change but also to proactively safeguard our planet and the well-being of its inhabitants for a resilient and healthier future.
Conclusion
- The urgent need for a One Health approach to combat climate-induced infectious diseases is clear. India must prioritize collaboration, surveillance, and ecosystem protection to effectively address this growing threat and secure a healthier future for its population.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monsoon Withdrawal/Retreat
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India Meteorological Department (IMD) has announced withdrawal of the monsoon.
What is Monsoon Withdrawal/Retreat?
- In India, retreating monsoon is the withdrawal of south-west monsoon winds from North India.
- The withdrawal is gradual and takes about three months.
- With the retreat of the monsoons, the clouds disappear and the sky becomes clear. The day temperature starts falling steeply.
- Monsoon rains weaken all over India except few southeastern states.
- It is helpful in Rabi crop cultivation.
Factors affecting the retreat
Two predominant factors cause the phenomenon:
(1) Land topography
- First, the low mountain range in each region runs from north to south, shielding it from west-bound winds that trigger summer monsoon.
- After summer, the range aids in the ‘orographic lift’ or rising of east-bound air mass from a lower to higher elevation, forming clouds and resulting in rain.
(2) Atmospheric convection
- The second factor is atmospheric convection or vertical movement of air.
- As the earth is heated by the sun, different surfaces absorb different amounts of energy and convection may occur where the surface heats up very rapidly.
- As the surface warms, it heats the overlying air, which gradually becomes less dense than the surrounding air and begins to rise.
- This condition is more favorable from September to February because of the role played by sea surface temperature or water temperature.
Immediate factors influencing withdrawal
- The withdrawal of the monsoon is based on meteorological conditions such as-
- Anti-cyclonic circulation (dry air that is the opposite of a cyclone)
- Absence of rain in the past five days and
- Dry weather conditions over the region
When does it occur?
- The monsoon withdrawal is a long-drawn process and extends into mid-October, though the IMD considers September 30 to be the final day of the season over India.
- The rain after that is categorised as “post-monsoon” rainfall.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A groundbreaking 21-meter-long ship, constructed using an age-old technique of stitching wooden planks with ropes, cords, coconut fibers, natural resins, and oils, is scheduled to embark ‘Baliyatra’ from Odisha to Bali, Indonesia.
- The initiative, led by the Govt. of India, aims to rekindle the nation’s rich maritime tradition and heritage.
- This remarkable journey will be manned by a crew from the Indian Navy.
Early Evidence of Maritime Trade
- Ancient Maritime Trade: The presence of maritime trade networks dating back to circa 3300-1300 BCE is supported by evidence from the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, and coastal sites along the Arabian Sea. The engineering marvel of the dock at Lothal in Gujarat stands as a testament to the Indus civilization’s profound understanding of tides and winds.
- Historical Accounts: Ancient texts, including the Vedas (circa 1500-500 BCE), contain vivid accounts of seafaring adventures and the associated risks. Furthermore, the Jataka Tales (circa 300 BCE-400 CE) and Tamil Sangam literature (circa 300 BCE-300 CE) provide explicit references to maritime activities.
Challenges in Recognizing Maritime Heritage
- Historiographical Biases: Historians have often marginalized India’s maritime heritage in favor of narratives centered on land-based polities. This bias has led to the neglect of India’s maritime contributions.
- Emergence of Deep-Sea Voyages: The 1st century BCE witnessed intensified mid-ocean voyages driven by the Roman Empire’s demand for Eastern commodities, which harnessed monsoon winds and marked a significant turning point in maritime activity.
Ancient Indian Boats and Shipbuilding
- Limited Knowledge: The field of marine archaeology in India remains at an early stage of development, with primary insights derived from boat-building traditions, artistic depictions, and literary sources.
- Traditional Boat-Building Techniques: Indian boat construction traditions favor stitching planks of wood together instead of using nails. These traditions encompass coir-stitched, jong (Southeast Asian), and Austronesian methods, each employing various stitching techniques.
- Wood Selection: Selection of wood types for shipbuilding depended on their suitability for specific ship components. Mangrove wood excelled in creating sturdy dowels, while teak was preferred for planks, keels, stem, and stern posts.
India’s Role in Maritime Trade
- Trade Lake of the Indian Ocean: By the Common Era, the Indian Ocean had evolved into a thriving trade network, with India positioned at its heart. This network facilitated trade connections between India and Europe via the Middle East and Africa in the west, as well as Southeast Asia, China, and Malaysia in the east.
- Evidence of Scale: Estimates indicate the colossal scale of trade, with customs taxes collected from the Red Sea trade route alone contributing significantly to the Roman exchequer.
Uncovering a Hidden Past
- Ongoing Exploration: Recent excavations have provided substantial insights into India’s maritime history. Nevertheless, experts acknowledge that numerous discoveries await on this journey of exploration.
- Need for Investment: Marine archaeology in India requires increased funding and recognition to unlock its full potential and contribute meaningfully to humanity’s understanding of the past.
- Value of Knowledge: Scientific archaeology’s pursuit of India’s deep maritime past offers the potential for immense benefits to humanity. Engaging with this history challenges conventional narratives and represents a subversive yet essential endeavor.
Conclusion
- The forthcoming voyage of the stitched ship symbolizes India’s dedicated efforts to rejuvenate its maritime heritage, shedding light on the forgotten history of Indian seafarers and their remarkable vessels.
- Through exploration and study, India seeks to restore the rightful place of its maritime legacy in the annals of history.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Tobacco Warnings on OTT Platforms
Central Idea
- The Central government’s regulations mandated long-duration smoking warnings for films and TV series on OTT platforms like Hotstar, Amazon, and Netflix.
- Streaming websites voiced objections, raising concerns about user experience.
Recent Development
- According to a recent report, the government has agreed to find “pragmatic solutions” for stricter tobacco warnings on OTT platforms.
- A closed-door meeting saw streaming executives engage with Health Ministry and Information and Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry officials.
Why Smoking Warnings in Indian Entertainment?
- Linking Health Impact and Public Perception: The introduction of smoking warnings in Indian entertainment stems from the connection between smoking’s health impact and its portrayal to the public. The goal is to communicate clear information about the health risks associated with smoking and discourage its use.
- Regulation Evolution: The Indian government has a history of regulating how smoking is portrayed. The Cinematograph Act of 1952 prohibited the “glamorization” of tobacco in movies, and the Cable Television Networks Amendment Act of 2000 banned tobacco and alcohol advertising on cable TV.
Historical Context
- Factors Leading to Consensus: Several factors contributed to a growing national consensus on tobacco control, including increased health awareness, new laws and enforcement, judicial rulings (e.g., the 2008 ban on public smoking), civil society efforts, global support for tobacco control, and the influence of the World Health Organization.
- COTPA and Health Ministry Notification: Under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), signed into law in May 2003, the Health Ministry introduced a notification prohibiting the display of tobacco products in cinema and television programs.
- Content Rules: This notification required films and shows produced before it to include health warnings regarding smoking as a prominent scroll at the bottom of the screen. It also recommended prohibiting smoking in public places and using pictorial health warnings covering 85% of tobacco product display areas.
- Legal Challenges: Legal challenges arose as some filmmakers and actors argued that these rules violated their freedom of speech. The Delhi HC quashed the notification in 2009, but the Supreme Court later upheld the rules.
Introduction of Health Spots
- Consensus-Building Efforts: Amid legal disputes, I&B Ministry appointed a new minister, leading to attempts to reach consensus. In 2011, the Health Ministry introduced new rules after consultations with I&B Ministry, aiming to make them more practical and implementable.
- Health Spots in Old Content: For films and shows made before these rules, anti-tobacco health spots or messages were required at the beginning and middle of television programs, made available to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC).
- Requirements for New Content: New films and TV shows with smoking scenes were to provide an “editorial justification” to the CBFC, include anti-tobacco health spots, display a prominent static message during tobacco product scenes, and feature an audio-visual disclaimer on the ill effects of tobacco use.
Implementation Challenges
- A study revealed that while many movies implemented at least one element of the film rules on tobacco imagery, few fully complied.
- Compliance with other aspects of COTPA, such as restrictions on selling cigarettes near schools, has also been lacking.
Debate over OTT Smoking Warnings
- Content Library Concerns: I&B Ministry which regulates streaming platforms, expressed concerns about implementing warnings in existing content, foreign content, and health spots. It suggested displaying an appropriate health warning when users log in.
- OTT Industry Concerns: In May, India ordered OTT platforms to insert static health warnings and anti-tobacco disclaimers. OTT executives raised concerns about the potential need to edit vast amounts of existing content, impacting user experience and creators’ freedom of expression.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SARFAESI Act
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The RBI has issued a directive requiring commercial banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), collectively referred to as Regulated Entities (REs), to disclose borrower information.
- This disclosure pertains to borrowers whose secured assets have been repossessed under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act).
What is the SARFAESI Act?
- Objective: The SARFAESI Act, introduced in 2002, is formally known as the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act. Its primary objective is to protect financial institutions against loan defaults.
- Empowering Banks: The Act empowers banks to seize, manage, or sell securities pledged as collateral for loans, facilitating the recovery of bad debts without the need for court intervention.
- Broad Application: The SARFAESI Act applies nationwide and covers all types of assets, whether movable or immovable, provided as security to lenders.
Aim of the SARFAESI Act
The SARFAESI Act serves two key purposes:
- Efficient NPA Recovery: It streamlines and expedites the recovery of non-performing assets (NPAs) for financial institutions and banks.
- Asset Auction: It enables financial organizations and banks to auction residential and commercial assets in cases of borrower default.
Why was such a Law needed?
- Pre-SARFAESI Era: Before the enactment of the SARFAESI Act in December 2002, financial institutions and banks faced complex procedures for recovering bad debts.
- Legal Complexity: Lenders had to navigate legal complexities, resorting to civil courts or designated tribunals to secure ‘security interests’ for recovering defaulted loans, resulting in slow and cumbersome debt recovery.
Powers Granted to Banks under the Law
- Default Trigger: The SARFAESI Act comes into play when a borrower defaults on payments for more than six months.
- Notice Period: The lender is required to issue a notice to the borrower, providing them with a 60-day window to clear their outstanding dues.
- Asset Possession: If the borrower fails to comply within the stipulated period, the financial institution gains the right to take possession of the secured assets and manage, transfer, or sell them.
- Appellate Avenue: The defaulter has the option to appeal to an appellate authority established under the law within 30 days of receiving a notice from the lender.
SARFAESI Act: Applicability
The SARFAESI Act primarily deals with various legal aspects related to:
- Registration of asset reconstruction companies.
- Acquisition of rights or interest in financial assets.
- Measures for asset reconstruction.
- Resolution of disputes.
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