Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Judicial device of Injunction and related provisions
Mains level: Personality rights, debate its significance
What’s the news?
- The Delhi High Court this week allowed Kapoor’s pleas for protection of his personality rights from misuse by third parties. Rajinikanth’s name, Amitabh Bachchan’s baritone, and now Anil Kapoor’s style These are some of the personality rights that celebrities are trying to protect.
Central idea
- In recent times, celebrities have been increasingly vigilant about safeguarding their personality rights, which encompass elements such as their name, voice, signature, images, and distinctive features. The Delhi High Court’s recent decision to grant protection to Anil Kapoor’s personality rights from misuse by third parties has brought this issue into the limelight.
About personality rights
- Personality rights, often loosely referred to as the rights over one’s name, image, and unique characteristics, are crucial for celebrities.
- Many celebrities take proactive measures to protect their personality rights, including registering some of these distinctive aspects as trademarks.
- For example, Usain Bolt’s iconic bolting or lightning pose has been registered as a trademark, ensuring that only he or authorized parties can use it for commercial gain.
- The primary idea behind personality rights is to grant the individual the exclusive right to derive economic benefits from these distinctive features.
- Exclusivity is a critical factor in attracting commercial opportunities for celebrities, so unauthorized use by third parties can result in tangible financial losses.
Legal Protection for Personality Rights
- The law protects personality rights in India, although these rights are not explicitly mentioned in statutes. Instead, they are derived from related legal principles, primarily the right to privacy and the right to property.
- How the law safeguards personality rights in the absence of specific legislation?
- Right to Privacy and Right to Property: Personality rights are rooted in the broader concepts of the right to privacy and the right to property. These foundational rights form the basis for protecting an individual’s control over their personal identity and commercial interests.
- Application of Intellectual Property Concepts: Intellectual property principles, often used to protect trademarks, can be applied to safeguard personality rights. This includes preventing the unauthorized use of a celebrity’s identity or distinctive attributes for commercial purposes.
- Deterrence: Injunctions serve as a legal deterrent against the unauthorized commercial exploitation of a celebrity’s identity. They prohibit specific activities or uses of the celebrity’s persona, helping protect their financial interests.
- Challenges in Enforcement: While injunctions provide legal protection, enforcing them can be challenging. Celebrities often need to issue takedown orders to online intermediaries like Google to remove unauthorized content. These legal processes can incur significant costs but may still be beneficial compared to the financial losses resulting from unauthorized use.
Precedents in Indian Courts
- Indian courts have established important precedents in cases involving the protection of personality rights, particularly in the absence of specific legislation explicitly addressing these rights. Here are some notable precedents set by Indian courts:
- Amitabh Bachchan’s Case (November 2022):
- The Delhi High Court issued an injunction against the unauthorized use of Amitabh Bachchan’s personality rights. These included variations of his name, such as Big B, and his distinctive style, like addressing a computer as Computer ji and lock kiya jaye.
- The court relied on a 2012 order involving Bachchan, where Titan Industries had taken legal action against a jewelry store for using Bachchan’s images from a Tanishq advertisement. This precedent established the principle that personality rights can be protected in India.
- Rajnikanth’s Case (2015):
- The Madras High Court’s judgment in a case involving actor Rajnikanth established that personality rights apply to individuals who have attained celebrity status.
- Rajnikanth had filed a lawsuit against the producers of the movie Main Hoon Rajnikanth, claiming that the film’s use of his name, image, and style of delivering dialogue infringed on his personality rights.
- The court’s observation that personality rights vest in those who have become celebrities has been cited as an important precedent in subsequent cases.
What is an injunction?
- An injunction is a legal remedy issued by a court that orders a person or entity to either perform a specific action or refrain from doing a particular act.
- In the given content, when unauthorized third parties exploit a celebrity’s personality rights for commercial purposes, celebrities have the option to seek legal recourse by moving to court and requesting an injunction. An injunction is a court order that restrains or prevents the unauthorized use of these rights.
- It serves as a legal deterrent against the unauthorized commercial exploitation of a celebrity’s identity, helping to protect their financial interests.
Anil Kapoor’s Case
- Anil Kapoor’s recent case before the Delhi High Court resulted in an ex-parte, omnibus injunction against 16 entities using his name, likeness, image, and even deploying technological tools like artificial intelligence for commercial gain.
- An ex-parte injunction, issued without hearing the opposing party, and an omnibus injunction, which covers unauthorized uses not explicitly mentioned in the plea, serve as deterrents against misuse.
Challenges in enforcing injunctions
- Tracking Misuse: Even with an injunction in place, it is not easy to monitor and track all instances of unauthorized use of a celebrity’s personality rights. This is especially challenging in the digital age, where content can spread quickly across various platforms.
- Online Content: Unauthorized content can proliferate rapidly on the internet and social media platforms. Identifying and taking action against each instance of infringement can be a time-consuming and resource-intensive process.
- Global Reach: The internet allows content to be accessible globally. Celebrities may need to address unauthorized use not only within their own jurisdiction but also in other countries where their image and likeness are being exploited.
- Costs: Enforcing injunctions often involves legal expenses, including attorney fees and court costs. Pursuing legal action against multiple infringing parties can be financially burdensome, particularly for individuals.
- Response from Online Intermediaries: When unauthorized content is hosted or distributed through online intermediaries like search engines or social media platforms, getting these platforms to comply with takedown requests can be challenging. It may require legal processes and negotiations.
Criteria for Granting Injunctions
- In the Titan case, the HC, in its order, listed out the basic elements comprising the liability for infringement of the right of publicity.
- Validity of the right: The plaintiff must possess an enforceable right in their identity or persona.
- Identifiability of the celebrity: The defendant’s unauthorized use must make the celebrity easily identifiable.
- Intent to trade upon the celebrity’s identity: Evidence of the defendant’s intent to profit from the celebrity’s identity is crucial.
Conclusion
- The Delhi High Court’s decision in Anil Kapoor’s case highlights the evolving legal landscape surrounding personality rights in India. Celebrities are increasingly turning to the courts to protect their unique identities and the financial interests associated with them. As these cases continue to shape the legal framework, celebrities can seek redress against those who seek to exploit their personality rights for commercial gain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The Mediation Act, 2023
Mains level: Mediation and Arbitration , The Mediation Act, 2023- benefits and concerns
What’s the news?
- During the recent monsoon session of Parliament, both Houses passed the Mediation Bill, 2023, now known as the Mediation Act, 2023.
Central Idea
- The discourse surrounding India’s litigation system invariably leads to discussions on alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Given the delays and escalating costs associated with Indian court proceedings, the significance of ADR cannot be overstated. While arbitration and conciliation have traditionally dominated these discussions, the recent passage of the Mediation Act of 2023 signals a pivotal shift towards recognizing the importance of mediation.
About the Mediation Act, 2023
- During the monsoon session of Parliament, the Mediation Bill, 2023, was passed in both Houses, subsequently receiving the President’s assent and being referred to as the Mediation Act, 2023.
- This Act builds upon India’s existing legal framework, which encourages courts to refer disputing parties to ADR, including mediation, if settlement possibilities exist. However, the Act takes a significant step forward by obligating parties to engage in pre-litigation mediation, regardless of prior agreements.
- To facilitate this process, the Act mandates courts and relevant institutions to maintain a panel of mediators.
Potential benefits of the Mediation Act, 2023
- Reduction of Frivolous Claims: The Act’s requirement for pre-litigation mediation is expected to reduce the filing of frivolous claims in Indian courts. Parties will be compelled to explore amicable settlements through mediation before resorting to litigation, which can help filter out cases that lack merit.
- Efficient Dispute Resolution: The Act’s provision for completing mediations within 180 days from the parties’ first appearance promotes efficient dispute resolution. This can lead to quicker resolutions compared to potentially protracted court proceedings, saving time and resources for all parties involved.
- Expertise and Neutrality: The Act mandates that mediations be conducted by empaneled mediators who are neutral and possess expertise in the field. This ensures that parties receive professional guidance from unbiased experts, enhancing the prospects of a fair and impartial resolution.
- Reduced Burden on Indian Courts: By encouraging pre-litigation mediation, the Act aims to reduce the caseload of Indian courts. This could result in expedited court proceedings for cases that do proceed to litigation, relieving the burden on the judiciary and potentially reducing court backlogs.
- Promotion of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): The Act aligns with the broader goal of promoting ADR mechanisms in India. It recognizes mediation as a valuable tool for reducing court congestion and promoting efficient dispute resolution, aligning with international best practices.
- Institutional Mediation: The Act’s emphasis on institutional mediation can enhance the professionalism and accessibility of mediation services in India. This institutional framework can provide parties with the necessary infrastructure and support for effective dispute resolution.
- India as a Global Hub for Dispute Resolution: The Act’s provisions, along with the emphasis on ADR, aim to position India as a global hub for various aspects of commercial dispute resolution. This aligns with international best practices and can attract international businesses seeking efficient dispute resolution services.
Concerns associated with the act
- Coercion and sincerity: There may be concerns about parties feeling compelled to engage in mediation even if they are not genuinely interested in pursuing a settlement. Mandatory mediation may raise questions about the sincerity of the parties’ participation.
- Delays in Urgent Cases: While the Act allows for urgent interim relief from the court in exceptional circumstances, there may still be concerns about potential delays in urgent cases due to mandatory pre-mediation proceedings.
- Mediator Availability: Ensuring a sufficient pool of qualified mediators may be a challenge. The Act’s requirement for empaneled mediators could lead to a shortage of available mediators, potentially causing delays in mediation processes.
- Balancing Neutrality and Expertise: Striking the right balance between mediator neutrality and expertise can be challenging. Concerns may arise regarding mediator bias or perceived bias in some cases.
- Implementation Challenges: Implementing the Act effectively and ensuring compliance by all parties and institutions may pose challenges. Adequate training, infrastructure, and support for mediators and mediation service providers will be essential for successful implementation.
Alignment of Mediation and Commercial Arbitration
- Similar Legal Framework: The Mediation Act, 2023, effectively positions mediation on par with commercial arbitration in India. Both forms of dispute resolution share a similar legal framework with several common elements.
- Stringent Timelines: Both mediation and commercial arbitration, as governed by their respective legislation, impose stringent timelines for the conduct of proceedings. This ensures that disputes are resolved efficiently and within defined timeframes.
- Mandate for Confidentiality: Both mediation and arbitration proceedings mandate confidentiality. This confidentiality requirement ensures that the details of the dispute and the resolution process remain private, which can be advantageous for businesses and individuals involved in sensitive matters.
- Court Referral: The Act, similar to legislation governing arbitration, obligates Indian courts to refer disputing parties to either mediation or arbitration. This reflects a broader trend toward encouraging alternative dispute resolution mechanisms before resorting to litigation.
- Appointment of Neutrals: Both mediation and arbitration involve the appointment of neutral third parties. In mediation, this is the mediator, while in arbitration, it’s the arbitrator. These neutrals play a crucial role in facilitating the resolution process and ensuring impartiality.
- Enforceability: Both mediation and arbitration legislation emphasize the enforceability of agreements. The Act ensures the enforceability of mediated settlement agreements, while arbitration legislation ensures the enforceability of arbitral awards.
- Council Establishment: The Act proposes the establishment of the Mediation Council of India, which mirrors the proposed Arbitration Council of India. This underscores the recognition of mediation as a significant dispute resolution mechanism alongside arbitration.
Parliament’s Message
- The Act conveys a clear message to Indian industry: in commercial matters, courts should no longer be the default venue for dispute resolution.
- Parties are encouraged to resolve disputes amicably through mediation or commercial arbitration, with access to Indian courts considered a last resort.
- This paradigm shift will foster camaraderie between mediation and arbitration, alleviating the burden on the judiciary.
Conclusion
- The Mediation Act, 2023, marks a transformative moment in Indian dispute resolution. It positions mediation as a powerful tool to amicably settle disputes, alongside commercial arbitration. By encouraging parties to explore alternative avenues for resolution and prioritizing institutional mediation, India aims to not only ease the burden on its courts but also emerge as a global leader in commercial dispute resolution.
Also read:
Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism – NCA, Lok Adalats, etc.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Planetary boundaries
Mains level: planetary boundaries and variables, findings of the study, concerns and way forward
What’s the news?
- The Earth, our only home, is facing a severe health crisis due to the unchecked activities of human beings. A recent study reveals that we have breached six out of nine planetary boundaries.
Central idea
- Human activities have pushed Earth’s blood pressure dangerously high, imperiling the planet’s well-being. A recent study titled Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries, conducted by a global team of 29 scientists from eight countries and published in Science Advances, reveals that we have transgressed six out of nine planetary boundaries, akin to the vital parameters of Earth’s health.
What are the planetary boundaries?
- The planetary boundaries are a framework developed in 2009 that defines the limits of humanity’s impact on Earth’s essential processes and systems.
- These boundaries serve as guardrails to ensure that human activities do not push the planet beyond a point where it can no longer maintain the conditions necessary to support modern civilizations.
- These boundaries help identify the environmental limits within which human societies can thrive without causing irreversible damage to the Earth’s ecosystems.
Nine planetary boundaries and their associated control variables
- Biosphere Integrity: This boundary relates to the health of ecosystems and the rate of species extinction.
- Climate Change: It involves the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and the change in radiative forcing, which measures the balance of energy from sunlight compared to thermal energy lost by the Earth.
- Novel Entities: This boundary focuses on human-made substances not naturally found in the environment, such as synthetic chemicals, plastics, and genetically modified organisms.
- Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: This boundary concerns the release of human-made chemicals that harm the ozone layer in the stratosphere.
- Freshwater Change: It examines human-induced impacts on both blue (in lakes and rivers) and green (available in soil for plants) water resources.
- Atmospheric Aerosol Loading: This boundary tracks various particles from human-made emissions that affect cloud formation and atmospheric circulation.
- Ocean Acidification: It addresses the long-term reduction in ocean pH due to the absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 by seawater.
- Land System Change: This boundary evaluates changes in land use, especially the conversion of natural landscapes to agriculture or urban areas.
- Biogeochemical Flow: It focuses on alterations in the natural flows and forms of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, essential for plant growth.
Findings of the study regarding the state of planetary boundaries
- Breached Planetary Boundaries: Out of the nine planetary boundaries identified, six have been breached by human activities. These boundaries include climate change, biosphere integrity, freshwater change, land system change, biogeochemical flows, and novel entities.
- Remaining Within Constraints: Two planetary boundaries, namely atmospheric aerosol loading and ozone depletion, are reported to remain within acceptable constraints. However, the boundary related to ocean acidification is noted as being close to being breached.
- Concerns about Nitrogen and Phosphorus: The study emphasizes the issue of an overflow of nitrogen and phosphorus, which falls under the biogeochemical flow boundary. While these elements are essential for life, their excessive use as crop fertilizers is causing problems such as algal blooms and ocean dead zones, where oxygen levels in the water decrease significantly, posing a threat to marine ecosystems.
- Historical Violations: The biosphere integrity boundary was reportedly violated in the 19th century due to rapid land use changes that significantly impacted various species. Similarly, the freshwater boundary was breached in the 20th century, specifically between 1905 and 1929.
- Rising Levels of Novel Entities: The study raises concerns about the increasing levels of novel entities in the environment. These include synthetic chemicals like pesticides and plastics that have been released into the environment without adequate safety testing. The presence of these novel entities is seen as destabilizing and harmful to the Earth’s systems.
- Land System Change: The article highlights that land-use conversion and fires are contributing to rapid changes in forested areas. Notably, deforestation in the Amazon tropical forest has increased to the point of transgressing the planetary boundary.
- Climate Change: The analysis of climate change indicates that both atmospheric CO2 concentration and radiative forcing are steadily increasing. For instance, the concentration of CO2 currently stands at 417 parts per million (ppm), significantly higher than the pre-Industrial Revolution level of 280 ppm. The safe boundary limit for CO2 concentration is noted as 350 ppm, which was breached in the 1980s.
Can Earth’s health still recover?
- Unlike tipping points, which can lead to large and often irreversible changes in the climate system, planetary boundaries are described as being more flexible.
- This means that breaches of these boundaries do not necessarily result in irreversible damage, and corrective actions can bring the Earth back within a safe operating space.
- For example, the stratospheric ozone depletion boundary is improving. This improvement is attributed to the combined international efforts initiated by the Montreal Protocol in 1987. The successful coordination to address ozone depletion serves as a positive precedent for addressing other breached boundaries.
Two Important Actions for Recovery
- Ending Fossil Fuel Burning: Curtailing or ending the burning of fossil fuels, which is a major contributor to climate change, is seen as essential. This action would help address the breach of the climate change boundary.
- Ending Destructive Farming: Implementing sustainable farming practices and reducing the negative impacts of land-use changes, including deforestation, can help restore ecosystems and address breaches related to land system change and biosphere integrity.
Conclusion
- We are at a critical juncture where concerted global efforts can still heal our planet. We must prioritize sustainability, conservation, and responsible resource management to ensure that future generations inherit a habitable Earth. The time to act is now, for Earth’s blood pressure has risen dangerously high, and the consequences of inaction could be catastrophic.
Also read:
Sustainable agriculture, climate change and nutrition: a complex challenge
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gurnards or Sea-robins
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have unveiled a captivating discovery— Gurnards, a new species of deep water marine fish, displaying a striking orange hue.
- This remarkable find was made off the coast of Digha Mohana in West Bengal.
Gurnards or Sea-robins
- The newfound species falls within the Triglidae family, commonly referred to as gurnards or sea-robins.
- Named Pterygotrigla intermedica, this species exhibits distinct characteristics that set it apart from its counterparts, such as Pterygotrigla hemisticta.
- It marks the fourth species within the Pterygotrigla genus to be reported in India.
- This family boasts a global diversity with a total of 178 species, emphasizing the significance of this discovery.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuakhai
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Prime Minister has greeted the people on the auspicious occasion of Nuakhai.
About Nuakhai
- Nuakhai, also known as Nuakhai Parab or Nuakhai Bhetghat, is alternatively referred to as Navakhai Parv in Chhattisgarh.
- Nuakhai is predominantly an agricultural festival celebrated by tribal communities and Hindus residing in Western Odisha.
- It is also observed in the adjacent regions of Simdega in Jharkhand, where the cultural influence of Western Odisha is prominent.
- Nuakhai is observed to mark the arrival of the new rice harvest.
- The term “nua” signifies new, and “khai” represents food, symbolizing the farmers’ possession of the freshly harvested rice.
- This festival falls on the panchami tithi (the fifth day) of the lunar fortnight in the month of Bhadrapada (usually August- September).
- It occurs the day following the Ganesh Chaturthi festival.
Historical Roots
- Nuakhai traces its origins back to ancient times, with its roots in the Pralambana Yajna, which involves harvesting the first crop and making a reverential offering to the mother goddess.
- In its present form, the festival is linked to the time of the first Chauhan King Ramai Deva of Patnagarh in western Odisha.
Course of Celebrations
- Nuakhai festivities encompass a series of nine rituals commencing with Behrana and culminating in Juhar Bhet.
- Beheren: This marks the announcement of the scheduled meeting date.
- Nuakhai: The highlight of the celebration involves partaking in the freshly harvested crop after offering it to the deity, accompanied by lively dancing and singing.
- Juhar bhet: It involves seeking blessings from elders and exchanging gifts with them as a gesture of respect and affection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mithun/Gayal
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has recently recognized the mithun as a ‘food animal,’ opening doors for its commercial use.
About Mithun
- The Mithun, also known as the Gayal (scientifically Bos frontalis), is believed to have evolved from the Indian Gaur or bison.
- It was first described in 1804 by Aylmer Bourke Lambert.
- It holds significant cultural and socio-economic importance among tribes like the Nyishi, Apatani, Galo, and Adi in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Its habitat spans Northeast India, Bangladesh, northern Myanmar, and Yunnan, China.
- It is often referred to as the ‘cattle of the mountain.’
- The gayal serves as the state animal of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Conservation status
- IUCN: Vulnerable
- CITES: Appendix I.
Recognition as a ‘Food Animal’
- This move has sparked efforts to help farmers and tribal communities benefit economically from the sale and processing of mithun meat.
- The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has introduced the M-ANITRA app, facilitating the registration of Mithun farmers as both “buyers” and “sellers” to engage in competitive trade.
- Mithun farmers from various villages in Northeast India have been participating in training programs conducted by organizations like the ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun.
- Farmers are adopting practices to protect mithun, including enclosures, night shelters, and vaccinations.
- Mithuns, when sold as meat, can fetch high prices, with an average selling price of Rs 300 per kg.
- The opportunity to commercially sell mithun meat is generating excitement among farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate Ambition Summit (CAS)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Climate Ambition Summit (CAS) held in New York during the United Nations General Assembly concluded.
- China, the United States, and India, together responsible for about 42% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions and ranking as the top three emitters, were missing.
Climate Ambition Summit (CAS)
| Purpose |
Strengthen global climate action and increase climate ambition. |
| Anniversary of Paris Agreement |
Typically held on December 12th, coinciding with the Paris Agreement’s anniversary. |
| Linked to Paris Agreement |
Connected to the international treaty aiming to limit global warming to well below 2°C or 1.5°C. |
| Hosts and Participants |
Hosted by countries/regions; attended by heads of state, officials, organizations, and stakeholders. |
| Commitments and Pledges |
Platform for announcing climate commitments, NDCs, funding, and policy measures. |
|
|
| Climate Finance |
Discussions on financing mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. |
| Global Cooperation |
Emphasizes collective efforts and solidarity in addressing climate change. |
| Outcome |
Results in declarations and announcements reflecting increased ambition. |
| Subsequent COPs |
Contributions influence discussions at future UN Climate Change Conferences. |
| Climate Emergency |
Acknowledges climate emergency and the need for urgent, transformative action. |
| Non-State Actors |
Provides a platform for businesses, cities, and civil society to showcase actions. |
| Long-Term Goals |
May include goals like achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century. |
India’s Involvement
- India last updated its climate commitments in 2022, aiming to reduce emissions intensity (the volume of emissions per unit of GDP) by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030, a 10% increase from its 2015 commitment.
- India also pledged to fulfill 50% of its electricity needs with renewable, non-fossil fuel energy sources and create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent by 2030.
- In 2021, PM Modi pledged that India would achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
- However, experts suggest these commitments may not be enough to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Canada Trade
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India and Canada are currently facing escalating diplomatic tensions, with India suspending visa services in Canada and Canada making adjustments to its staff presence in India.
- Amidst this backdrop, let’s take a closer look at the trade ties between these two nations.
Understanding India-Canada Trade
- Trade Volume: In the last fiscal year (2022-23), India’s total trade with Canada amounted to $8 billion, which represents approximately 0.7% of India’s total global trade valued at $1.1 trillion.
- Balance in Bilateral Trade: Bilateral trade between the two countries has been relatively balanced. For instance, in 2022-23, both imports and exports were approximately $4 billion each, resulting in a modest trade surplus of $58 million for India.
Key Imports from Canada
- Mineral Fuels and Oils: India’s primary imports from Canada include mineral fuels, mineral oils, and related products, which account for nearly half (46%) of the total import value.
- Wood Pulp and Paper Waste: Wood pulp and paper waste are another significant category of imports from Canada.
- Edible Vegetables: Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers also make up a substantial portion of India’s imports from Canada.
Key Exports to Canada
- Pharmaceutical Products: India primarily exports pharmaceutical products to Canada.
- Articles of Iron and Steel: Articles made of iron or steel constitute another major category of exports.
- Machinery and Mechanical Appliances: Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, and mechanical appliances are among India’s top exports to Canada.
Critical Agricultural Imports from Canada
- Muriate of Potash (MOP): Canada is a crucial supplier of muriate of potash (MOP) to India, a widely used fertilizer. Canada’s share in India’s MOP imports has been substantial.
- Masur (Red Lentil): Canada is also India’s largest supplier of masur or red lentil, a significant pulse crop.
- Impact on Masur Imports: The ongoing India-Canada standoff has raised concerns, especially regarding masur imports. Masur has become a substitute for arhar/tur (pigeon-pea), with implications for prices and trade dynamics.
- Yellow/White Peas: India used to import yellow/white peas as a substitute for chana (chickpea), primarily from Canada, until 2017-18.
Current Challenges and Crop Size Concerns
- Geopolitical Worries: The diplomatic tensions have led to concerns about the availability and size of Canada’s masur crop. The 2023 crop is smaller than the previous year’s, impacting landed masur prices.
- Yellow/White Peas: Yellow/white peas, once a significant import, have faced fluctuations in trade volumes with Canada.
Others: Indian Students in Canada
- Since 2018, India has been the largest source country for international students in Canada.
- In 2022, their number rose 47 percent to nearly 320000, accounting for about 40 % of overseas students, according to the Canadian Bureau for International Education.
- It also helps universities and colleges provide subsidised education to domestic students.
Conclusion
- Trade Dynamics: India and Canada maintain a balanced trade relationship, with certain critical imports like MOP and masur playing pivotal roles in India’s agricultural sector.
- Impact of Diplomatic Tensions: The ongoing diplomatic tensions could potentially affect trade dynamics, especially in the case of masur imports, raising concerns about supply and prices.
- Trade Relationships Evolving: India-Canada trade relations continue to evolve, and the resolution of diplomatic tensions will influence the future direction of this trade partnership.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parliamentary Immunities
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Important Question: The Supreme Court of India is trying to answer a significant question: Can lawmakers be prosecuted in criminal courts for taking or offering bribes despite the legal protection they enjoy under Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the Constitution?
- Background: This question arises from a need to re-evaluate a past Supreme Court ruling in the 1998 PV Narasimha Rao vs. State case, which said that lawmakers can’t be prosecuted for bribery related to their speeches or votes in Parliament.
Understanding Lawmaker Immunity
- Constitutional Safeguard: Constitution provides special protection for lawmakers through Articles 105(2) and 194(2). These articles deal with the powers and privileges of Parliament and state legislatures, and they say that lawmakers can’t be taken to court for anything they say or vote on in these bodies.
- What It Means: This means lawmakers are safe from legal action for their words and actions inside the Parliament or state legislatures. For example, they can’t be sued for defamation for something they say during a debate.
Current Case in the Supreme Court
- How It Started: This matter began when, a member of Jharkhand politician, was accused of taking a bribe in exchange for her vote in the 2012 Rajya Sabha elections.
- Legal Journey: Soren asked for her case to be dropped, saying she was protected by Article 194(2). But the Jharkhand High Court disagreed in 2014. So, she approached the Supreme Court.
- Referral to a Bigger Panel: During the case, it was clear that the issue was very important. In 2019, a Supreme Court Bench suggested that it should be heard by more judges (a larger Bench) because it relates to the 1998 Narasimha Rao decision.
- What the Supreme Court Just Did: On September 20, 2023, a five-judge Bench, led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, decided to send this issue to a seven-judge Bench for a fresh look. They said it’s vital to reconsider the PV Narasimha Rao ruling because it impacts our country’s politics.
Why Lawmaker Immunity Matters
- Protecting Lawmakers: Articles 105(2) and 194(2) aim to make sure lawmakers can speak and vote freely in Parliament and state legislatures without worrying about legal trouble.
- Not a Get-Out-Of-Jail Card: But remember, these rules don’t mean lawmakers are above the regular laws of our country. They just make sure lawmakers can do their job without fear.
Reviewing the 1998 PV Narasimha Rao Decision
- The Big Case: The PV Narasimha Rao case is all about the 1993 JMM bribery scandal. The politician, who is related to the petitioner in this case, and some MPs were accused of taking money to vote against a no-confidence motion.
- Different Opinions: Some judges thought immunity shouldn’t cover bribery cases. But most judges thought lawmakers should be protected to make sure they can talk and vote freely.
- What Happened: The 1998 ruling in the Narasimha Rao case made it hard to prosecute lawmakers for bribery linked to their work in Parliament.
Conclusion
- Big Legal Question: The Supreme Court’s decision to send this issue to a seven-judge Bench shows how important it is. They want to decide if lawmakers can be prosecuted for bribery without affecting their ability to do their job.
- Keeping Democracy Running: Articles 105(2) and 194(2) are here to make sure our Parliament and state legislatures work smoothly. They let lawmakers speak without fear, but they don’t mean lawmakers can break the law.
- Balancing Act: What the bigger Bench decides will shape how lawmakers can be prosecuted for bribery, a matter that’s incredibly important for India’s democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BRICS group
Mains level: BRICS Expansion, Significance and challenges and India's approach
What’s the news?
- The 15th BRICS summit held in Johannesburg recently made headlines with its announcement to expand its membership.
Central idea
- Originally comprised of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, BRICS has now doubled its membership by welcoming Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. While some anticipated that this expansion would transform BRICS into an anti-Western platform, the reality appears to be different.
BRICS expansion and political compromises
- Expansion Initiated by China: China took the lead in pushing for the expansion of BRICS, which was originally composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. This initiative was supported by Russia.
- Initial Reservations from India and Brazil: At the outset, India and Brazil expressed reservations about expanding BRICS. Their concerns revolved around the potential for BRICS to become an overtly anti-Western platform.
- Concerns About China’s Dominance: India, in particular, was cautious about further empowering China within the group. It was wary of an expanded membership that might add more clout to an already dominant China.
- Selection Reflects Political Compromises: The choice of new members, which includes Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, appears to be driven more by political compromise than by the application of specific, agreed-upon criteria.
- New Members’ Relationship with the West: Notably, the new members, with the exception of Iran, have significant stakes in their relationships with Western countries. This indicates that BRICS’ expansion may not have transformed it into an explicitly anti-Western alliance.
- Balancing Act: The expansion of BRICS seems to be a balancing act, seeking to accommodate the interests and concerns of both original and new members. It aims to maintain the group’s unity and relevance on the global stage.
Why are countries from the Global South interested in joining the BRICS?
- Hedging Against Uncertainty: Global South countries are joining BRICS as a means of hedging against an increasingly uncertain world marked by shifting political and security dynamics. They seek to strengthen their position in the face of unpredictable global events and challenges.
- Vulnerability to Sanctions: Many of these countries are concerned about their vulnerability to sanctions, particularly from the United States. For example, U.S. sanctions froze a significant part of Russia’s foreign exchange reserves, which raised anxieties among Global South countries about their own vulnerability to such measures.
- Expectation of an Alternative Global Currency: Some Global South countries may have expectations that BRICS, with China as a prominent member, could lead a shift toward an alternative global currency.
- Promotion of Local Currencies: BRICS has been actively promoting the use of local currencies for trade settlement and the raising of funds through local currency bonds. These efforts are seen as modest yet useful steps in reducing dependency on the U.S. dollar.
- Development Finance: BRICS has established the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB), which has provided development finance for developing countries. Global South countries may see this as an opportunity to access financing for their development projects.
- Demand for Greater Global Governance Voice: There is growing frustration among Global South countries that their interests and aspirations continue to be ignored by dominant Western powers in international institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank.
BRICS’ role in a changing world
- Economic and Technological Advancements: BRICS, comprising major emerging economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has witnessed significant economic growth, technological advancement, and military capabilities. This positions BRICS as substantial global players.
- Not a Gathering of the Weak: Unlike earlier groupings of weaker nations, BRICS represents countries with substantial global influence and capabilities.
- Energy Superpower: BRICS, with members like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Russia, has the potential to become a significant energy superpower, dominating the global energy market.
- Diverse Ideologies: Unlike the G7, BRICS lacks a common ideological affinity, with member countries having diverse political systems, economic models, and foreign policy priorities.
- Shorter History: BRICS is a relatively young group compared to the G7, which means it is still evolving in terms of its objectives, mechanisms, and institutional frameworks.
Challenges and differences within the BRICS grouping
- Diverse Interests and Priorities: BRICS is composed of countries with varying geopolitical priorities, economic structures, and foreign policy objectives. These differences can pose challenges when trying to reach consensus on collective goals and initiatives.
- Internal Contestations: The existence of internal contestations and differences among BRICS member countries is evident. For example, the India-China rivalry is an example of such internal dynamics. These differences can impact the group’s cohesion and decision-making.
- Lack of Common Security Perspective: Unlike the G7, which is a tightly knit security grouping, BRICS countries do not share a common security perspective. They have varying security interests and priorities, which can make it challenging to coordinate on security-related matters.
A Way Forward: Towards Collaborative Global Governance
- Acknowledging Current Challenges: To move forward, it’s essential to acknowledge the existing challenges in the international order. Recognize that the world is facing significant global issues, from climate change to economic disparities, that require collective action.
- Equal Participation: Encourage equal participation and representation of all countries, including emerging powers, in discussions and decision-making processes. Recognize that the global landscape has evolved and that the voices of emerging powers are essential in shaping the future.
- Engagement and Dialogue: Promote open and constructive engagement between Western countries, such as those in the G7, and emerging powers, including BRICS nations. Foster dialogue that seeks common ground while respecting diverse perspectives.
- Reform Existing Institutions: Consider reforms in existing international institutions like the United Nations, the IMF, and the World Bank to better reflect contemporary geopolitical realities. Ensure that these institutions are more inclusive and responsive to the needs and concerns of all nations.
- Utilize Forums like the G20: Leverage platforms like the G20, which bring together both advanced and emerging economies, to facilitate discussions and negotiations on global governance. Use these forums as spaces for collaborative problem-solving.
Conclusion
- For India, participating in multiple groupings, including BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Quad, and regular engagement with the G7, offers a strategic approach to addressing its multifaceted interests and aspirations. As BRICS expands its influence, it is essential for India to continue pursuing this nuanced approach to global governance.
Also read:
The implications of the expansion of BRICS
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India’s development strategies, misses, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- The op-ed acknowledges India’s technological achievements, emphasizing the need to revive state support, particularly in emerging sectors. It underscores the urgency of addressing persistent inequalities and promoting inclusive economic growth for a more prosperous future.
Central idea
- Aim for the moon is often synonymous with bold ambition, verging on recklessness. India’s foray into space research in the 1960s was initially met with skepticism, given its status as a young and struggling nation. Today, India boasts remarkable achievements in space exploration. However, these accomplishments raise a pertinent question: How do these feats align with the persistent poverty and destitution afflicting millions of Indians?
Historical Foundations of India’s Scientific and Technological Capabilities
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): Between 1951 and 1961, India founded five Indian Institutes of Technology. These institutions rapidly gained global recognition as centers of academic excellence. They played a critical role in nurturing a talent pool of engineers and scientists who would later contribute to India’s technological advancements.
- Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs): In 1961, India inaugurated the first two Indian Institutes of Management. These institutions aimed to foster managerial talent, aligning with India’s broader goals of building expertise and human capital in various fields.
- Public Sector Units (PSUs): Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, India established numerous public sector units across diverse industrial sectors. These sectors included steel production, fertilizer manufacturing, machine tools, electric machinery, drug production, and petrochemicals. These PSUs not only bolstered industrialization but also served as vital testing grounds for emerging technologies.
India’s Moonshot Development Strategy
- The moonshot development strategy aimed to leverage modern industrialization to address developmental challenges.
- Early visionaries like Vikram Sarabhai envisioned satellite technology for nationwide communication, agricultural improvements, and healthcare education.
- Nevertheless, this approach faced criticism for its heavy reliance on public investment and the alleged misdirection of resources toward capital- and technology-intensive industries instead of labor-intensive sectors.
How have inequalities posed significant hurdles to India’s progress and development?
- Lack of Effective Government Intervention:
- India’s development strategy’s lackluster record was not due to excessive government emphasis on technology but rather because the government could not effectively address inequalities and ensure social development.
- One of the missed opportunities was the failure to implement a successful program of land redistribution.
- Ownership Disparities: Ownership of assets remains significantly low among socially oppressed communities, including Dalits and the Scheduled Caste (SC) population. This lack of asset ownership creates barriers to accessing education and economic opportunities.
- Education Underinvestment: India has consistently underinvested in basic education for the masses. This educational deficit further exacerbates inequalities and limits opportunities for those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.
- Replicated Inequalities in the Labor Market: The historical inequalities in social and economic spheres translate into labor market disparities. Better-paying jobs tend to be concentrated among privileged groups with greater access to higher education, further deepening the divide.
- Employment Disparities: The data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey highlights significant disparities in employment. In 2021–22, a higher percentage of SC workers (38.2%) were engaged in casual employment, which often involves manual labor, compared to workers from other general category castes (11.2%).
- Contrast with East Asian Countries: East Asian countries like Japan and China implemented land reforms and other measures in the 1950s that created a relatively egalitarian social structure. This laid the foundation for progressive economic and social changes in the subsequent years.
- Impact on Industrial and Economic Growth: Inequalities have negatively impacted industrial and economic growth in India. The skewed domestic demand, driven by the upper-income classes, has hindered the growth of manufacturing sectors producing high-quality, mass-consumption goods like food products and garments.
- Narrow Social Base for Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship in India has emerged from a narrow social base, limiting the diversity and inclusivity of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Way forward
- India should recognize the strengths and weaknesses of its post-independence development strategy.
- The audacious attempt to build technological and industrial capabilities with generous state support was the right approach.
- India must reinstate such efforts, especially in rapidly growing economic sectors like semiconductors and biotechnology.
- Abandoning industrial policy in a globalized economy, as done after 1991, is a mistake, especially when countries like the United States and China actively support their industries.
- Make Economic Growth Inclusive:
- India needs to redouble efforts to ensure that economic growth is inclusive and broad-based.
- Access to education, particularly higher education, should be made accessible to all, including marginalized communities.
- Strengthen human and social capabilities:
- While technology has played a significant role in India’s development, it’s equally important to focus on building human and social capabilities.
- Empowering the billion-strong population with the skills and capabilities required for upward mobility is crucial.
- Achieving this would be equivalent to a significant leap in economic progress.
Conclusion
- India’s journey toward technological prowess should coexist with a commitment to alleviate inequality and ensure inclusive growth. A moonshot approach to development, grounded in state support for technological advancement, is imperative. By reconciling these objectives, India can pave the way for a prosperous and equitable future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Biofuel Alliance
Mains level: India’s Ethanol Blending Progress, Rising mobility needs and role of biofuels, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- India grapples with soaring international oil prices, hitting nearly $100 per barrel, amid its record high import dependence on crude oil and products at 87.3% in FY2023.
Central idea
- As the third-largest consumer of crude and related products globally, India faces a critical challenge in securing its energy future. However, the recently formed Global Biofuel Alliance under India’s G20 presidency presents a promising opportunity to harness clean bioenergy and enhance energy security while optimizing public spending.
- In 2003, India initiated its ethanol blending program, but progress remained sluggish for over a decade.
- In 2022, after sustained policy efforts, the program achieved a significant milestone by achieving a 10% ethanol blending rate in petrol.
- The government now aims to accelerate progress, targeting a 20% (E20) blending rate by FY25–26, advancing the original timeline by five years.
- Ethanol producers supplied approximately 430 crore litres of ethanol in 2022, with demand projected to soar to nearly 1,100 crore litres by 2025.
- Achieving this target hinges on substantial investments and ensuring an adequate supply of feedstock for domestic ethanol production.
Mobility needs in India
- Two-Wheelers Dominance: Nearly 60% of India’s petrol demand is attributed to two-wheelers. These vehicles are essential for meeting the mobility requirements of people across various economic strata, from urban commuters to rural residents.
- Four-Wheelers’ Growing Demand: While two-wheelers dominate, the demand for four-wheelers is steadily increasing. Approximately 55% of respondents in a 2021 study indicated their desire and need to own a four-wheeler. A NITI Aayog report also predicts a significant growth in petrol demand from four-wheelers by 2030.
The Role of Biofuels, Specifically Ethanol
- Reducing Petrol Consumption: One of the primary roles of biofuels, such as ethanol, is to reduce the overall consumption of petrol (gasoline). By blending ethanol with petrol, India can lower its dependence on imported crude oil, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance energy security.
- Blending to Reduce Emissions: Ethanol blending in petrol is an effective strategy to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. This is crucial for addressing India’s air quality challenges and its commitment to combating climate change.
- Promoting Bio-Energy: Biofuels, including ethanol, can be produced from agricultural crops and biomass sources. This provides an additional income stream for the farming community, contributing to rural development and income generation.
- Supporting Sustainable Agriculture: The cultivation of crops for biofuel production can be aligned with sustainable agricultural practices, including crop diversification and efficient resource use.
Challenges with Electric Vehicles (EVs)
- Limited Availability and Affordability of EVs: While EV adoption is increasing, there is still limited variety in EV models compared to traditional vehicles. This limitation can impact consumer choice and adoption. Additionally, the upfront costs of EVs are often higher, which can deter potential buyers.
- Charging Infrastructure: The need for expanding charging infrastructure is emphasized, highlighting that the development of charging stations is essential for the widespread adoption of EVs. The lack of charging stations can create range anxiety among EV users.
- Range Anxiety: EVs generally have a limited range compared to traditional vehicles, and addressing this concern is crucial to alleviating consumer fears about long-distance travel.
- Charging Time: While not explicitly mentioned, the article indirectly alludes to the longer charging times for EVs compared to refueling traditional vehicles. Fast-charging stations are discussed as a solution to reduce charging times.
- Battery Technology and Supply Chain: The article briefly touches upon battery cost and supply chain challenges, noting that the cost of EV batteries remains relatively high and disruptions in the global supply chain can impact EV manufacturing.
Way forward
- Expediting Ethanol Blending Program: Accelerate efforts to achieve the ambitious target of 20% ethanol blending (E20) by FY25–26. Prioritize investments in ethanol production facilities to meet the rising demand for ethanol.
- Infrastructure Development: Focus on rapidly developing the necessary infrastructure for the efficient distribution and sale of ethanol-blended petrol, including retrofitting existing petrol pumps and establishing new ones.
- Research and Development for 2G Technologies: Allocate resources to research and develop second-generation (2G) biofuel technologies that can utilize non-food crop feedstocks, diversifying biofuel sources.
- Balanced Approach: Recognize the complementary nature of biofuels, electric vehicles (EVs), and other sustainable mobility solutions. Promote EV adoption, particularly in public transit and urban settings, alongside biofuel promotion.
- Supportive Policy Framework: Ensure the presence of consistent and supportive policy frameworks that incentivize biofuel production, distribution, and usage. Explore pricing mechanisms to encourage responsible private vehicle usage in urban areas.
What else?
- First-generation Production: Much of India’s supply of ethanol for the blending program comes from first-generation production. This primarily involves using underlying sugars in food crops, with the majority sourced from sugarcane (84 percent) and grain (16 percent).
- Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Considering the food-energy-water nexus in ethanol production is important. Food crops used for ethanol require fertilizers, water, and energy subsidies for their production.
- Climate Change Considerations:
- While ethanol production provides a new income stream for the farming community through assured procurement, it’s crucial to recognize that climate change can lead to significant variations in rainfall and yields. These variations can make the ethanol supply vulnerable to supply shocks.
- Therefore, India needs a robust assessment of these trade-offs and a clear research and development plan for second-generation (2G) ethanol technologies before scaling up ethanol production.
Conclusion
- In an era when the automobile industry grapples with the transition to EVs, India’s strategic and actionable plan for transforming its mobility landscape not only promises to reduce the import bill but also provides the nation with the time required to transition a cornerstone industry of its economy. The Global Biofuel Alliance, alongside well-considered policy initiatives, will be pivotal in steering India toward greater energy security and sustainability.
Must Read:
Sustainable Biofuels
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Reservation , Article 344
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud is set to scrutinize the constitutional validity of repeatedly extending the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
Historical Context of Reservation
- Original Intent: The Constituent Assembly, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, initially envisioned reservation for SCs/STs for ten years from the commencement of the Indian Constitution in 1950.
- Amendments to Article 334: Article 334 of the Constitution, addressing the duration of SC/ST and Anglo-Indian seat reservations, underwent multiple amendments. Each time, the deadline for ending the reservation was extended by approximately ten years.
- The 2019 Amendment: The Constitution (104th Amendment) Act of 2019 abolished the reservation for the Anglo-Indian community and set the deadline to terminate SC/ST reservation in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for 2030. This extended the reservation period to 80 years from the Constitution’s adoption.
Examining Parliament’s Constituent Power
- Key Question: The Constitution Bench will assess whether Parliament’s constituent power to amend Article 334 repeatedly, extending the SC/ST seat reservation, is constitutionally valid.
- Limited Scope: The examination will focus solely on the 104th Constitution Amendment Act of 2019 concerning SC/ST communities and will not address the termination of the Anglo-Indian quota.
- Impact of Continuous Reservations: The petitioner’s argument contends that persistent extensions of reservation restrict electoral choice by excluding members of other communities from contesting elections. This, they argue, infringes upon the fundamental right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution.
- Violation of Fundamental Right: The petition asserts that these recurrent extensions violate the basic structure of the Constitution by denying other communities the opportunity to contest in reserved seats, impinging upon their right to equal representation in government.
Government’s Perspective
- Union of India’s Stand: Represented by the Attorney General and Solicitor General, the Union of India contends that the 104th Constitution Amendment Act is constitutionally valid.
What next?
- The Constitution Bench has scheduled the hearing.
- This critical examination of SC/ST reservation extensions raises profound questions about constitutional principles and the right to equality in Indian democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Preamble of Indian Constitution
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The inclusion of the terms “socialist” and “secular” in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution has recently sparked debate.
- Leader of the a party in Lok Sabha has raised concerns about these words in the Preamble.
Significance of the Preamble
- The Preamble encapsulates the core principles and objectives of the Indian Constitution.
- It serves as an introduction to the Constitution, outlining its fundamental ideals.
Original Preamble
- Content in 1950: The Preamble, when the Constitution came into effect in 1950, did not include the terms “socialist” and “secular.” It reflected the vision and objectives of the Constituent Assembly at that time.
Addition of “Socialist” and “Secular”
- The 42nd Amendment: During the Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1976, the terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
- Indira Gandhi’s Agenda: Indira Gandhi’s government aimed to emphasize a socialist and pro-poor image, aligning with slogans such as “garibi hatao” (Eradicate poverty). The addition of “socialist” highlighted socialism as a fundamental goal of the Indian state.
- Distinctive Indian Socialism: The Indian version of socialism did not endorse complete nationalization but emphasized selective nationalization of essential sectors.
Understanding “Secular”
- Religious Diversity: India is home to diverse religious beliefs and practices. The term “secular” was added to the Preamble to promote unity and fraternity among people of various faiths.
- State Neutrality: Secularism in the Indian context implies that the state maintains neutrality and impartiality towards all religions. It does not favor any particular religion as a “state religion.”
- Secularism as Law: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution secure the secular nature of the Indian state.
- Inherent in the Constitution: The philosophy of secularism was inherent in the Constitution even before the 42nd Amendment.
Debates Surrounding “Socialist” and “Secular”
- Consensus on Secularism: The concept of secularism was already part of the Constitution’s philosophy. The insertion of the word “secular” in the Preamble simply made explicit what was implicit in various provisions.
- Constituent Assembly Discussions: The Constituent Assembly debated including these words in the Preamble but decided against it.
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argued that issues related to the state’s policy, organization, and economic aspects should be determined by the people, not dictated by the Constitution itself.
- Ongoing Debates: Over the years, there have been petitions and discussions regarding the removal of “socialist” and “secular” from the Preamble. Some argue that these terms were added arbitrarily during the Emergency.
Conclusion
- The presence of “socialist” and “secular” in the Preamble remains a topic of discussion and legal challenges, with differing views on their inclusion and significance in shaping India’s constitutional identity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TrueNat Test
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Kerala has been accorded sanction by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) to use TrueNat test to diagnose Nipah.
- Hospitals with BSL 2 level labs can perform the test.
What is TrueNat Test?
- The TrueNat test is a molecular diagnostic test used for the detection of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19.
- It is a portable, chip-based and battery-operated machine developed by a Goa-based company.
- It is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, which allows for the amplification and detection of specific genetic material (RNA or DNA) from the target pathogen.
- The WHO has approved TrueNat for detecting TB as it is cost-effective and a miniature version of the PCR test.
Benefits offered
- TrueNat machines are designed to be portable and easy to use in various settings, including remote or resource-limited areas.
- This feature has been particularly useful for TB diagnosis in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure.
About RT-PCR
- Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is a molecular biology method used to detect and quantify DNA or RNA sequences in biological samples.
- It combines PCR amplification with fluorescent probes to monitor DNA amplification in real-time.
- This allows for the quantification of specific genetic material, making it valuable for applications such as gene expression analysis, disease diagnosis, and genetic research.
- It provides high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid results, making it a widely used tool in molecular biology and clinical diagnostics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 6A
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A Constitution Bench has decided to commence hearings regarding a series of petitions that challenge the constitutionality of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, of 1955.
Background of Section 6A
- Section 6A was introduced as a special provision in the 1955 Act following the signing of the ‘Assam Accord‘ Memorandum of Settlement on August 15, 1985.
- This accord, facilitated by the Rajiv Gandhi government, aimed to protect the cultural, linguistic, and social identity of Assam.
- It marked the end of a six-year-long agitation led by the All Assam Students Union against illegal immigrants, primarily from Bangladesh.
Legal Challenge
- Centre’s Defense: The Union government has maintained that Section 6A is legally sound and urged the court to dismiss the petitions. These petitions were filed nearly 40 years after the enactment of Section 6A.
- Provisions of Section 6A: Under Section 6A, foreigners who entered Assam before January 1, 1966, and were “ordinarily resident” in the State, were granted all the rights and obligations of Indian citizens. Those who arrived in the State between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, were accorded similar rights and obligations but could not vote for a period of 10 years.
- Challenging Discrimination: Petitioners, including Assam Public Works and others, argue that Section 6A’s “discriminatory” nature in granting citizenship to immigrants, especially illegal ones, is in violation of Article 6 of the Constitution, which establishes the cutoff date for granting citizenship to immigrants as July 19, 1948.
Key Points of Contention
- Conservation of Cultural Rights: The Assam Sanmilita Mahasangha, a Guwahati-based civil society organization, has demanded the updating of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) for Assam based on the 1951 NRC rather than the electoral rolls of March 1971.
- Supreme Court’s Involvement: In December 2014, the Supreme Court formulated 13 questions encompassing various issues related to the constitutionality of Section 6A, including its impact on the political rights of Assam’s citizens and whether it violated the rights of the Assamese people to preserve their cultural identity. In 2015, a three-judge Bench referred the case to a Constitution Bench.
Why discuss this?
- The Section 6A case has been pending for several years, coinciding with the Supreme Court’s monitoring of the final Assam NRC list in August 2019, which excluded over 19 lakh individuals.
- Additionally, the past years witnessed the enactment of the contentious Citizenship (Amendment) Act, which granted accelerated citizenship to immigrants from minority communities in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
What lies ahead?
- The upcoming hearings on Section 6A will provide a crucial legal examination of its constitutionality and its implications for the protection of cultural rights and the status of immigrants in Assam.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Delimitation Commission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Sixth Amendment) Bill, 2023, also known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, has successfully passed in the Lok Sabha.
- This bill aims to provide 33% reservation for women in both the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies, marking a significant milestone in Indian politics.
What is Delimitation?
- Objective: Delimitation aims to redraw constituency boundaries to maintain equal population representation in Assembly and Lok Sabha seats.
- Changing Constituencies: Delimitation may result in the alteration of constituency limits and, in some cases, the number of seats in a state.
Delimitation Process and Commission
- Independent Delimitation Commission: Delimitation is carried out by an independent Delimitation Commission (DC) constituted by the Union government.
- Terms of Reference: The DC determines the number and boundaries of constituencies, ensuring population equality and identifying reserved seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Implementation: The draft proposals are published for public feedback, followed by public sittings to consider objections and suggestions. The final order is published in official gazettes.
Historical Context of Delimitation
- Early Delimitation Exercises: The first delimitation exercise in 1950-51 was conducted by the President. Subsequently, the responsibility was shifted to independent Delimitation Commissions.
- Frequency of Delimitation: Delimitation has been carried out four times, in 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002, based on the Acts enacted in respective years.
Postponement of Delimitation until 2026
- Frozen Seats: Delimitation was postponed after the 1981 and 1991 Censuses, freezing the number of seats in Lok Sabha and Assemblies.
- Justification for Postponement: An amendment further delayed delimitation until 2026, with the rationale that uniform population growth would be achieved throughout the country by that time.
- The Last Delimitation: The most recent delimitation exercise, based on the 2001 Census, focused on adjusting boundaries of existing seats and reworking the number of reserved seats.
Reservation Contingent on Delimitation
- Impending Change: Despite the Lok Sabha’s approval, the implementation of the 33% women’s reservation is not immediate. It hinges on two key processes: a delimitation exercise and a Census.
- Delimitation Explained: Delimitation involves redrawing Parliamentary and Assembly constituency boundaries to ensure equitable representation based on the latest population data.
- 2021 Census Impact: The 2021 Census, once conducted, will serve as the basis for the delimitation exercise, resulting in an increase in the number of constituencies. Of these, 33% will be reserved for women in future elections.
Delimitation: Why It’s Necessary
- Equitable Representation: Delimitation is essential to ensure that every citizen’s vote carries equal weight, aligning the number of constituencies with population changes.
- Preventing Gerrymandering: It also safeguards against gerrymandering, the manipulation of seat boundaries to favor one political party.
- Constitutional Mandate: The Constitution mandates delimitation after each Census to reallocate seats in Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.
Political Complexity of Delimitation
- Population Dynamics: Delimitation has significant political implications, particularly regarding the redistribution of seats among states.
- Concerns of States: Population control efforts influenced seat allocation, creating concerns for states with varying levels of population control.
- Freeze on Seat Numbers: Political concerns led to a freeze on the number of seats in Parliament and Assemblies until 2026, extending family planning efforts.
Gender vs. Regional Identities
- Dual Shifts: The upcoming delimitation will bring two significant shifts: from southern to northern and eastern states and from male to female representation.
- Women’s Empowerment: While concerns over diminishing state influence may arise, national consensus on women’s empowerment prevails.
- Population Skew: Northern states may gain more seats, while southern states could lose representation due to varying population growth rates.
- Impact on OBC Politics: Autonomous OBC politics in Hindi heartland states could weaken as the focus shifts to gender representation.
- BJP’s Strategy: The BJP seeks to strengthen its social base by championing women’s empowerment alongside its Hindutva and pan-national identity politics.
- Complex Landscape: Gender representation introduces an additional layer to the uni-dimensional politics of caste and regional identities, reshaping the political landscape.
Conclusion
- The interplay between delimitation, gender reservation, and regional caste identities poses complex challenges in Indian politics.
- Striking a balance between these dynamics will shape the future of representation and governance in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: The diaspora politics, India-Canada strained relations and the path forward
What’s the news?
- The relationship between Canada and India has hit rock bottom with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s accusations of Indian involvement in the death of Khalistan activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar.
Central Idea
- The Canada-India relationship is in trouble after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s troubling allegations against India. Diplomats were sent home, and making up seems hard. Both countries need to talk honestly about how some Indian people in Canada are causing problems and making things worse.
The troubling accusations
- Unprecedented Allegations: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s statement before Canadian lawmakers, accusing Indian agents of involvement in the killing of Khalistan activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar, represents an unprecedented and game-changing development in Canada-India relations.
- Potential Motivations: The timing of Trudeau’s public announcement in parliament, before fully exploring other options, suggests either the existence of substantial evidence backing the claims or a willingness to jeopardize Canada-India relations for undisclosed reasons.
- Myopic Emphasis on Rule of Law: Trudeau’s emphasis on the rule of law in this context appears narrow, as it fails to consider the broader effects of Nijjar and his separatist associates’ activities in both Canada and India.
- Overlooking Victims: Trudeau’s focus on Khalistan activists’ plight neglects to address the harm they have inflicted, including propagating violence against Indian diplomats, celebrating the death of an Indian prime minister, vandalizing places of worship in Canada, and disregarding Indian lawmaking processes.
Historical Context of Canada-India Relations
- Cold War Cooperation: During the Cold War, Canada and India shared a positive rapport due to their commonwealth status and alignment on UN principles, multilateralism, and global development goals.
- Cold War Disputes: However, differences emerged during the Cold War crises in Korea, Hungary, and Vietnam, straining relations. India’s nuclear program further exacerbated tensions.
- 1980s Rekindling: In the 1980s, increased Indian immigration to Canada sparked renewed interest in India, but trade and security relations remained limited.
- Post-1998 Efforts: After Canada’s rejection of India’s nuclear power status in 1998, significant efforts have been made to revive relations, particularly in trade and investment.
- Toxic Diaspora Politics: The relationship has been consistently hampered by specific diaspora elements within Canada with extremist views who influence Canadian political parties, negatively impacting bilateral ties.
Canada’s Diaspora Politics
- Confounding Deference: Ottawa, particularly under the current government, has consistently displayed a confounding deference to Khalistani groups and other diaspora elements, a characteristic feature of its foreign policy.
- Both Political Parties Implicated: Notably, both major political parties in Canada, namely the Liberals and Conservatives, have been implicated in pandering to diaspora groups that utilize Canadian soil for activities detrimental to other nations’ interests and security.
- Short-Term Electoral Pressure: The influence of diaspora politics has prevented Canadian governments from prioritizing national security and foreign policy objectives over short-term electoral pressures.
- Impeding National Interests: Diaspora politics poses a significant impediment to Canada’s ability to safeguard its national security and foreign policy priorities from the pressures of short-term electoral considerations.
Challenges for India
- Pro-Khalistan Groups: India faces challenges stemming from pro-Khalistan groups within the Indian diaspora in Canada. These groups advocate for the secession of Punjab from India, creating a source of tension between India and Canada.
- Tensions and Resentments: The activities of pro-Khalistan groups in Canada have led to tensions and resentments between India and Canada. The Indian government is concerned about how these groups operate in Canada and their impact on bilateral relations.
- Foreign Policy Dilemma: India must navigate a diplomatic dilemma when dealing with countries like Canada that host diaspora elements supporting separatist movements. Balancing diplomatic relations with such countries while addressing the concerns of these diaspora groups can be challenging.
- Rising Transnational Currents: The rise of transnational currents questions India’s territorial integrity and treatment of ethnic minorities. These currents pose a significant problem for Indian foreign policy, potentially influencing global perceptions and diplomatic relations.
- Online Amplification: The digital age has amplified challenges associated with diaspora politics. Online platforms and social media allow diaspora groups to spread their ideas and mobilize support more effectively, potentially affecting India’s image and diplomacy.
- Caste Discrimination: Caste discrimination is a contentious issue within Indian diaspora communities in Canada and other countries. This adds complexity to India’s engagement with its diaspora and its image abroad.
Way Forward
- Rebuilding Trust: The strained Canada-India relationship calls for a concerted effort to rebuild trust, acknowledging that distrust has deep historical roots.
- Shared Interests: Both countries have shared interests in defending the international order, balancing China’s rise, and cooperating on critical global issues such as climate change, global health, digital technology misuse, artificial intelligence regulation, and support for developing countries.
- Addressing Diaspora Challenges: To effectively address these challenges, a political consensus is required that addresses both countries’ perspectives on Canada’s Indian diaspora and mitigates its worst impulses, particularly those fanning separatist sentiments in India.
- National Interests at the Forefront: The path forward necessitates a clear commitment to prioritize national interests, security, and foreign policy objectives over the pressures of diaspora politics, especially in the era of social media and online activism.
- A Balanced Approach: Striking a balance between leveraging the positive aspects of diaspora contributions and effectively managing the challenges they pose is essential for both countries’ foreign relations.
- Diplomatic Dialogue: Engaging in a sincere, transparent, and multidimensional political dialogue is crucial for both Canada and India. This dialogue should address the role of Canada’s Indian diaspora, its politicization, and its impact on bilateral relations.
- Acknowledging Past Grievances: Recognizing and addressing past grievances and resentments is essential in the journey toward reconciliation and improved relations.
Conclusion
- The strained Canada-India relationship is a result of toxic diaspora politics. To mend this relationship, both countries must engage in a political compact addressing the role of Canada’s Indian diaspora and mitigating its divisive influences, especially those supporting separatism in India. Without this, geographical distance will be overshadowed by deep-seated dispositional differences between Ottawa and Delhi.
Also read:
The Khalistan shadow on India-Canada ties, over the years
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Abraham Accords
Mains level: Abraham Accords, Significance, Impact and opportunities for India
What’s the news?
- Three years after their signing, the Abraham Accords continue to promote peace and prosperity in West Asia. The accords have led to increased trade, tourism, and regional cooperation, with India benefiting from enhanced connectivity.
Central idea
- Three years have passed since the historic signing of the Abraham Accords between Israel, the UAE, and Bahrain, facilitated by the U.S. government. These accords have not only connected governments but have also fostered unity among people. Importantly, the Abraham Accords have unlocked opportunities for India and its vibrant business community, strengthening the ties between nations.
What are Abraham Accords?
- The Israel-UAE normalization agreement is officially called the Abraham Accords Peace Agreement.
- It was initially agreed to in a joint statement by the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020.
- The UAE thus became the third Arab country, after Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, to agree to formally normalize its relationship with Israel, as well as the first Persian Gulf country to do so.
- Concurrently, Israel agreed to suspend plans for annexing parts of the West Bank. The agreement normalized what had long been informal but robust foreign relations between the two countries.
Transformative Impact of the Abraham Accords on Regional Dynamics
- Normalization of Relations: The Accords normalized diplomatic relations between Israel and Arab countries like the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco. This marked a significant shift away from decades of tension and non-recognition.
- Economic Cooperation: The agreements promoted economic cooperation and trade between Israel and participating Arab nations. This resulted in new economic opportunities and increased trade, contributing to regional stability.
- Security Collaboration: Some accords included provisions for security and defense cooperation. This enhanced regional security through intelligence sharing and coordinated efforts to counter common threats.
- People-to-People Contacts: The Accords encouraged cultural and people-to-people exchanges, including tourism, academic collaborations, and interfaith dialogue. These exchanges aimed to foster better understanding among citizens of the signatory nations.
- Broader Regional Implications: The Accords set a precedent and sparked discussions about the potential for more Arab and Muslim-majority countries to normalize relations with Israel, further reshaping regional dynamics.
Benefits of the Abraham Accords for India
- Enhanced Regional Connectivity: Direct flights between Israel and Arab countries improved regional connectivity. This benefited the Indian diaspora, students, and businesses, making travel and trade more convenient.
- Economic Opportunities: Indian businesses engaged with Israel and participating Arab nations in various sectors, leading to commercial collaborations. This resulted in economic growth and job creation.
- Educational and Cultural Exchanges: Indian students gained improved access to international study programs and universities in the region. Cultural exchanges promoted a better understanding of diverse cultures.
- Partnerships in Critical Areas: The formation of groups like the I2U2 Group, comprising Israel, India, the UAE, and the U.S., highlighted opportunities for joint investments in critical sectors. This offered long-term economic and strategic benefits for India.
Youth Initiatives
- Recognizing that 65% of the region’s population is under 30 years old, the Abraham Accords have initiated youth delegations to strengthen ties between the younger generation.
- These delegations enable young influencers to immerse themselves in each other’s cultures, visit significant religious and historic sites, and build communities, fostering understanding and cooperation.
- Educational exchange programs have also flourished, with Moroccan students attending Ben-Gurion University and Emirati students enrolling in Israeli universities.
- Bahrain has similarly embraced educational collaborations with Israel to advance student and professor exchanges.
Promising Prospects for the Future
- Peace and Stability: By normalizing relations and fostering cooperation, the Accords contribute to regional peace and stability, demonstrating that diplomacy can lead to positive outcomes.
- Economic Growth: Increased trade, investment, and collaboration have the potential to boost economic growth, benefiting signatory nations, neighbouring countries, and the global economy.
- Regional Integration: The Accords may encourage more countries to normalize relations, promoting greater regional integration and cooperation.
- People-to-People Bonds: Cultural and educational exchanges foster mutual understanding, contributing to a more harmonious and interconnected region.
- Diplomatic Model: The Accords serve as a diplomatic model for resolving conflicts through negotiation and compromise, potentially inspiring similar initiatives globally.
Conclusion
- The Abraham Accords exemplifies the potential for peace and cooperation when both leaders and ordinary citizens prioritize it. They offer a glimpse into a brighter future for West Asia, and Israel hopes to see more countries join this endeavour for the sake of all children. India plays a significant role in this partnership, with shared interests in sustainable recovery, trade expansion, climate change mitigation, and international security.
Must read:
I2U2: Significance Of The Minilateral Grouping
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Women’s Reservation Bill
What’s the news?
- The BJP government presented the Women’s Reservation Bill as its top priority in the newly inaugurated Parliament House.
Central idea
- The 128th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2023, known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, proposes reserving one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. Prime Minister Narendra Modi hailed the bill as a historic decision and framed it as a divine mandate to empower women. The Lok Sabha, after a day of deliberations, passed the bill.
Historical Context
- The Women’s Reservation Bill has a long and arduous history.
- It was initially introduced in 1996 by the H.D. Deve Gowda-led United Front government but failed to gain approval.
- Subsequent attempts to pass the bill faced similar fates, lapsing with the dissolution of houses.
Key Provisions of the Bill
- Reservation Percentage: The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, proposes 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
- Inclusion of Marginalized Groups: The reservation also includes seats reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Constitutional Amendments: The Bill introduces new articles, 330A and 332A, in the Constitution specifically for Lok Sabha and state assemblies, respectively.
- Duration of Reservation: The proposed reservation will be in effect for 15 years from the commencement of the Act.
- Dependence on Delimitation: Implementation of the reservation is contingent upon the completion of the delimitation process.
The current representation of women
- As of now, the Lok Sabha has only 82 women members, constituting 15% of its total strength.
- India has never seen a higher representation of women in its Parliament, even after over 70 years of electoral history.
- In the 2019 general election, the share of women candidates was a mere 9%.
- State Legislative Assemblies:
- The situation in state legislative assemblies is even bleaker, with only Tripura surpassing the 15% mark.
- Over 20 states and Union Territories have less than 10% women representation, including Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Karnataka.
Party-wise Analysis
- Women’s representation across different political parties in the Lok Sabha
- Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): Currently, women make up just 13.5% of the BJP’s Lok Sabha members.
- Biju Janata Dal (BJD): BJD leads in women’s representation, with 41.7% of its Lok Sabha MPs being women.
- Trinamool Congress: Trinamool Congress follows closely, with 40.9% women MPs in the Lok Sabha.
- Distribution of women MLAs in State Legislative Assemblies
- West Bengal (Trinamool Congress): The Trinamool Congress in West Bengal boasts the highest percentage of women MLAs, standing at 15.3%.
- Chhattisgarh (Congress): The Congress party in Chhattisgarh has 14.7% women MLAs, demonstrating a significant presence of women in the state assembly.
- Political parties that lag behind in terms of women’s representation
- Karnataka (Congress): The Congress party in Karnataka has only 3% women MLAs, indicating a significant gender disparity.
- Telangana (Bharat Rashtra Samithi): The Bharat Rashtra Samithi in Telangana fares similarly poorly, with just 3.4% of women MLAs.
- Tamil Nadu (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, DMK): DMK in Tamil Nadu has a relatively low representation of women MLAs, with only 4.5% women in the state assembly.
Just to know:
- The highest proportion of women representatives elected to the Lok Sabha so far was in the 2019 elections, and it was less than 15 percent of total
- The number of women candidates and MPs varies greatly across states and parties.
- In the present Lok Sabha (17th), Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal have the highest numbers of women MPs. In terms of percentage, Goa and Manipur had fielded the highest proportion of women candidates.
India’s parliamentary representation of women compared to other nations
- India: India’s current women’s representation in parliament stands at a modest 15%, which, although an improvement, remains relatively low.
- Iran: India ranks just above Iran, which has only 6% women representation in its parliament.
- South Africa: In contrast, South Africa has made significant strides in women’s representation, with a considerably higher proportion of women in its national legislature.
- Ethiopia: Ethiopia has also seen remarkable progress in gender parity within its national legislatures.
Challenges to Female Representation
- Party Ticket Allocation: Despite pledges in party constitutions, records show that women candidates receive disproportionately fewer party tickets, often relying on family political connections.
- Perceived Electability: The belief that women candidates are less likely to win elections hampers their ticket allocation.
- Structural Barriers: Demanding and time-consuming election campaigns, coupled with family responsibilities, deter many women from active participation.
- Vulnerability: Women politicians face humiliation, abuse, and threats, making participation even more challenging.
- Financial Constraints: High campaign costs, limited financial independence, and a lack of party support create hurdles for women candidates.
- Internalized Patriarchy: Many women prioritize family and household duties over political ambitions due to ingrained patriarchal norms.
Need for such a reservation
- Ensuring Representation: Reservation guarantees women’s presence in decision-making bodies, addressing underrepresentation.
- Encouraging Entry: Reservation encourages women to enter politics, contest elections, and engage in the political process.
- Capacity Building: Participation in legislative processes enhances women’s political capacity, nurturing effective leaders.
- Changing Perceptions: Reservation shifts societal attitudes toward women in politics, challenging stereotypes and promoting participation.
- Promoting Gender-Sensitive Policies: Women politicians advocate for gender-sensitive policies addressing issues like violence against women and discrimination.
Conclusion
- The passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill marks a historic moment in Indian politics. Achieving gender parity in political representation is a vital step towards a more inclusive democracy. It is imperative that all stakeholders work together to ensure the effective implementation of this landmark legislation and uplift women’s voices in the decision-making process.
Also read:
73rd and 74th Amendments and Reservation for Women
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