Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moonquakes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A research utilized seismic data collected between 1976 and 1977, showcasing how the lunar lander left by the Apollo 17 astronauts might be causing seismic activity on the moon.
- The study emphasizes that these moonquakes are not the result of natural processes but stem from vibrations generated by the lunar module descent vehicle, which was placed on the moon’s surface in 1972.
About Apollo 17 Mission
- Apollo 17 was the final Apollo mission to the Moon, marking the sixth lunar landing.
- It was launched by December 6, 1972, with a night launch, which was unique in the Apollo program.
- This mission had specific scientific objectives, differentiating it from previous missions, and aimed to collect ancient highlands crustal material and investigate the possibility of recent lunar volcanic activity.
- Neil Armstrong, the first person to set foot on the lunar surface, went under the Apollo 11 mission in July 20, 1969.
Understanding Moonquakes
- Similarities to Earthquakes: Moonquakes share similarities with earthquakes as both involve seismological vibrations.
- Researchers have identified four types of moonquakes, three of which are relatively benign. Shallow moonquakes, the closest to the surface, are the most destructive.
- Deep Moonquakes: Occur approximately 700 kilometers below the lunar surface.
- Shallow Moonquakes: Take place at depths of only 20 to 30 kilometers, lasting up to 10 minutes.
- Vibrational Moonquakes: Typically result from meteorite impacts.
- Thermal Quakes: Caused by the moon’s crust expanding as it warms following subzero temperatures during the night.
- Moonquakes occur as often as every 27 days, primarily due to temperature fluctuations between lunar day and night, totalling approximately 7,000 moonquakes in a decade.
Moonquakes vs. Earthquakes
- Moonquakes are generally smaller in magnitude than earthquakes but are known for their extended duration.
- Shallow moonquakes recorded by Apollo astronauts have reached up to a magnitude of 5.5.
Human Lunar Landings
- Multiple countries have embarked on lunar missions, with India being the most recent in 2023, following the United States, Russia, and China.
- India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission included a seismometer, which detected a moonquake, providing valuable data for future analysis.
Significance of Monitoring Moonquakes
- Understanding moonquakes holds potential significance for future lunar missions, particularly if NASA establishes a permanent lunar outpost.
- Seismometers, like those used on the moon, are vital for comprehending lunar geology and ensuring the safety of future lunar explorers.
- Monitoring lunar seismic activity is crucial for designing experiments and missions aimed at unravelling the mysteries of Earth’s closest celestial neighbor.
- The moon presents a unique opportunity for in-depth planetary study beyond Earth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Santiniketan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Situated in West Bengal’s Birbhum district, the small town of Santiniketan has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- This is the place where Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore spent much of his life.
About Santiniketan
- Santiniketan, situated in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India, is an iconic cultural and heritage destination with a rich historical legacy.
- Its prominence is attributed to its association with Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.
Significance of Santiniketan
- Rabindranath Tagore’s Home: Santiniketan served as the residence of Rabindranath Tagore, where he not only lived but also composed numerous literary works, encompassing songs, poems, and novels.
- Artistic Abode: The Santiniketan campus is adorned with magnificent sculptures, frescoes, murals, and paintings created by eminent artists like Rabindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar, Binodbehari Mukhopadhyay, and others.
- Cultural Festivals: The broader Birbhum District, where Santiniketan is nestled, is renowned for its vibrant fairs and festivals. Notable celebrations include Poush Mela (December), Joydev Mela (January), Basanta Utsav (Holi) in March and the renowned mystic Baul Singers.
- Unique Events: Santiniketan hosts special cultural festivities during Bengali New Year and Rabindra Janmotsav (Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary) in the Bengali month of Boisakh, marked with great enthusiasm.
- Distinctive Festivals: The region observes distinctive festivals such as Briksharopan (festival of Planting Saplings) and Halakarshan (festival of Plowing the Fields) on the 22nd and 23rd days of Sravana (August), respectively. Additionally, Varshamangal, the festival of rains, is celebrated in August/September.
- Poush Mela: Santiniketan hosts the annual Poush Mela, commencing on the 7th day of the Poush month. While officially spanning three days, vendors may extend their stay throughout the month. The festival is renowned for live performances of Bengali folk music, particularly by bauls (traditional wandering minstrels), and showcases tribal dances like Santali.
West Bengal’s Presence on the World Heritage List
- Santiniketan is the second cultural symbol from West Bengal to join the prestigious UNESCO list.
- In 2021, UNESCO added ‘Durga Puja in Kolkata’ to its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list, highlighting West Bengal’s rich cultural heritage.
Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
|
Description |
| UNESCO World Heritage Sites |
Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties. |
| Importance |
World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history. |
| Selection Criteria |
Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc. |
| Conservation |
World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence. |
| World Heritage Committee |
Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term. |
| Membership |
India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee. |
Note: “States parties” refer to the countries that have ratified the World Heritage Convention and participate in the decision-making process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CEC and Other ECs Bill, 2023
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- After being passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 10, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, has now moved to the Lok Sabha for approval.
CEC and Other EC Bill, 2023
- Objective: To amend constitutional provisions that currently equate Election Commissioners with Supreme Court judges, as well as addressing recent judicial rulings.
Key Provisions of the Bill
- Salary and Service Conditions: The Bill proposes to align the salary, allowances, and service conditions of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and the two Election Commissioners with those of a Cabinet Secretary.
- Repealing the 1991 Act: The Bill’s passage would lead to the repeal of the Election Commission Act of 1991, where Election Commissioners enjoyed parity with Supreme Court judges in terms of remuneration.
- Potential Impact: While the stipulated salaries for Supreme Court judges and Cabinet Secretaries are similar, Supreme Court judges receive additional post-retirement benefits, raising concerns about the increased bureaucracy’s potential impact on the authority and independence of Election Commissioners.
Challenges to Independence
- Shifting Authority: The Election Commission’s primary role involves overseeing, directing, and controlling elections, as defined in Article 324 of the Constitution. Concerns arise that this control may shift if Election Commissioners, now equivalent in rank to Cabinet Secretaries, attempt to discipline Union Ministers for electoral violations.
- Current Status: Presently, when commissioners summon government officials, their orders are perceived as carrying the authority of a Supreme Court Judge, a status that may change if they are seen as equals to Cabinet Secretaries.
Preserving Independence and Equivalence to SC Judges
- Constitutional Safeguards: Article 324 (5) of the Constitution specifies that a CEC can only be removed in a manner similar to that of a Supreme Court judge, safeguarding the independence and equivalence of Election Commissioners to Supreme Court judges.
- Previous SC Ruling: The Bill also seeks to constitute a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM to select Election Commission members. Notably, this committee excludes the CJI, in contrast to a top court ruling from March 2023.
Background: The SC Ruling
- Committee Formation: In March 2023, a five-judge Supreme Court bench unanimously ruled that a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI) should select the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- Founding Principles: The ruling emphasized that India’s founding fathers did not intend for the executive to exclusively dictate appointments to the Election Commission, striving for a more balanced selection process.
- PIL Origins: The case originated from a PIL filed in 2015, challenging the constitutionality of the President appointing ECI members based on the PM’s advice.
Impact on the 1991 Act
- Bill’s Amendment: The Bill aims to repeal the 1991 Act, which previously ensured that the CEC and ECs received salaries equivalent to Supreme Court judges.
- Revised Equality: Section 10 of the Bill specifies that the salary, allowances, and service conditions of the CEC and ECs will match those of the Cabinet Secretary, marking a departure from the 1991 Act’s provisions.
Various Concerns Raised
- Autonomy of the Election Commission: Concerns exist due to the selection panel’s composition, which includes a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister instead of the CJI.
- Unanimous Decisions: Suggestions for unanimous committee decisions aim to address one-sided decision-making concerns.
- Constitutional Validity: Critics argue the Bill violates democratic principles.
- Conflicting SC Judgment: The Bill diverges from the Supreme Court’s ruling on the importance of an independent committee in selecting Election Commissioners.
- Past Electoral Integrity: Some believe Indian elections have been generally fair despite government involvement in Election Commissioner appointments.
- Consistency in Decision-Making: Concerns have been raised about the Commission’s decision consistency regarding Model Code of Conduct violations.
- Timing of Election Announcements: Questions surround election announcement timing in relation to government programs, raising concerns about political influence.
Conclusion
- Balancing Reforms: The Bill reflects efforts to reform election administration but raises concerns about preserving the Election Commission’s independence and its equivalence to Supreme Court judges.
- Evolution of Selection Process: The ongoing debate highlights the evolving process of selecting Election Commissioners, aiming to ensure fair and transparent appointments while safeguarding the institution’s autonomy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM Vishwakarma scheme and its provisions
Mains level: key challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills and significance of PM Vishwakarma scheme,
What’s the news?
- On September 17, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the PM Vishwakarma scheme in New Delhi on the occasion of Vishwakarma Jayanti.
Central idea
- Recently launched, the PM Vishwakarma scheme, introduced during his Independence Day speech a month earlier, aims to support traditional craftsmen and economically marginalized communities, especially the OBC, while also serving as a strategic move ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.
About Vishwakarma
- Vishwakarma, a revered figure in Hindu mythology, is regarded as the divine architect of the gods, a master craftsman, and a divine carpenter.
- He is celebrated as the patron deity of workers, artisans, and artists, responsible for crafting the gods’ weapons, cities, and chariots.
- The scheme takes its name from this emblematic figure, symbolizing the recognition and empowerment of skilled laborers.
What is the Vishwakarma scheme?
- The Vishwakarma scheme is a new government initiative fully funded by the central government and has a budgetary allocation of Rs 13,000 crore.
- The scheme is designed to address the challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills, often passed down through generations within their families.
- This includes artisans such as carpenters, goldsmiths, masons, laundry workers, barbers, and others engaged in traditional crafts and skills.
- The scheme has ambitious coverage goals, aiming to support five lakh families in the first year and eventually reaching 30 lakh families over five years.
- It also seeks to integrate Vishwakarmas into both domestic and global value chains.
Eligibility Criteria
- Workers engaged in traditional crafts and skills are eligible.
- Emphasis is placed on individuals facing specific challenges, such as:
-
- Lack of access to modern tools and equipment.
- Absence of professional training for their work.
- Geographical distance from markets relevant to their craft.
- Limited availability of capital for investment in their trade.
- The scheme particularly targets marginalized and socially backward communities, including the Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups.
- Eligible individuals may include those who have acquired their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships. Top of Form
Benefits offered by the Vishwakarma Scheme
- Free Registration: Vishwakarma workers can register for free through Common Services Centers using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal.
- Recognition: Workers will receive recognition through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card.
- Skill Upgradation: The scheme offers both basic and advanced training to improve the skills of artisans.
- Toolkit Incentive: Artists will receive a toolkit incentive of ₹15,000
- Collateral-Free Credit: Workers can avail of collateral-free credit support up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%.
- Digital Transactions Incentive: The scheme provides incentives for digital transactions and offers marketing support.
- Toolkit Booklet: To keep artisans informed about new technologies in their field, a toolkit booklet has been released in 12 Indian languages, accompanied by video elements.
- Additional benefits: Other benefits include a stipend of Rs 500 for skill training and Rs 1,500 to purchase modern tools.
Common challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills
- Lack of Access to Modern Tools and Equipment: Many professionals in traditional crafts may not have access to modern tools and equipment, limiting the efficiency and quality of their work.
- Limited Professional Training: Traditional artisans often learn their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships, which may not provide formal professional training, potentially resulting in outdated techniques.
- Limited Capital for Investment: Traditional craftsmen may face difficulties in securing capital for purchasing materials, tools, or expanding their businesses, which can constrain their growth.
- Inadequate Recognition and Marketing: Traditional artisans may struggle with marketing and promoting their products effectively, leading to challenges in reaching a broader customer base.
- Competition from Mass Production: The rise of mass-produced goods can threaten traditional artisans who produce handcrafted items, impacting their livelihoods.
- Skills Preservation and Succession: Ensuring the preservation of traditional skills and passing them on to the next generation can be a challenge, as younger generations may not always be interested in pursuing these crafts.
- Financial Insecurity: Irregular income patterns common in traditional crafts can lead to financial instability, especially due to seasonal demand or market fluctuations.
Significance of the Vishwakarma Scheme
- Empowering Traditional Artisans: The Vishwakarma Scheme is significant as it aims to empower and uplift traditional artisans and craftsmen engaged in various trades. It recognizes their importance in India’s cultural and economic fabric.
- Social and Economic Inclusion: The scheme targets marginalized communities, especially the OBC groups, and provides them with opportunities for skill development and financial support, thereby promoting social and economic inclusion.
- Preserving Cultural Heritage: By supporting traditional crafts and skills, the scheme contributes to the preservation of India’s rich cultural heritage. It ensures that age-old craftsmanship is not lost to modernization.
- Recognition and Certification: The scheme provides recognition to artisans through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card, boosting their status and recognition in society.
- Financial Security: By offering collateral-free credit support and financial incentives, the scheme provides financial security to artisans, helping them invest in their crafts and improve their livelihoods.
- Digital Integration: Encouraging digital transactions and offering incentives for digital business practices promotes financial literacy and inclusion among traditional artisans.
- Integration with Global Value Chains: By aiming to integrate Vishwakarmas with domestic and global value chains, the scheme opens up opportunities for artisans to access broader markets and participate in the global economy.
Conclusion
- The PM Vishwakarma scheme represents a significant step toward empowering traditional craftsmen by providing them with the tools, training, and financial support they need to thrive in an ever-changing world. As this scheme unfolds, it holds the potential to transform the lives of countless skilled workers and contribute to the nation’s growth and development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Burden of Non-communicable diseases
Mains level: India's progress in healthcare progress, NCD challenges and potential of AI
What’s the news?
- India, with its emerging leadership in global issues, faces the challenge of rising NCDs, including diabetes and heart diseases. The healthcare industry calls for collaboration to address this crisis, highlighting India’s progress in healthcare, its role as a Medical Value Travel hub, and its potential in AI-driven healthcare innovations.
Central idea
- In recent years, India has emerged as a prominent voice on the global stage, leading the way in critical areas such as climate change, electrification, manufacturing, and space exploration. India’s achievements include successfully landing a mission near the moon’s south pole and a successful G-20 presidency. However, as India aims to become a global leader, it must confront a looming health crisis of NCDs.
What are Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)?
- NCDs are also known as chronic diseases, which are not caused by infectious agents and are not transmissible from person to person.
- NCDs are long-lasting and progress slowly, typically taking years to manifest symptoms.
- Examples of NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes.
- These diseases are often caused by modifiable risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, a lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, and environmental factors.
- NCDs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for around 70% of all deaths.
India’s NCD challenge
- Diabetes and Hypertension Prevalence: India is facing a high prevalence of NCDs, particularly diabetes and hypertension, which affect millions of people.
- Youth Health Issues: The burden of NCDs is increasingly affecting India’s youth, leading to heart attacks, cancer, respiratory problems, depression, and more.
- Economic Consequences: If unchecked, India’s NCD burden could lead to an economic cost of nearly $4 trillion by 2030. This poses a significant roadblock to India’s development and is compared to an age tax on the country’s demographic dividend.
India’s healthcare progress
- Improved Health Metrics: India has witnessed notable improvements in key health metrics.
- Infant Mortality: India has witnessed a remarkable improvement in infant mortality rates, which have decreased by four times from previous levels.
- Maternal Mortality: Maternal mortality rates have shown remarkable progress as well, decreasing by seven times from earlier rates.
- Average Life Expectancy: The average life expectancy of an Indian has increased by nearly 30%, rising from 55 years to over 70 years, reflecting the overall improvement in healthcare and quality of life in the country.
- World-Class Healthcare Infrastructure: India is described as having world-class healthcare infrastructure. Investments have been made in modern hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities to provide high-quality healthcare services.
- Clinical Excellence: India is noted for its pool of highly skilled clinical talent. These healthcare professionals are capable of delivering best-in-class clinical outcomes and providing healthcare services at a scale and cost that are favorable compared to the global average.
India as a Medical Value Travel (MVT) hub
- Global MVT Hub: India has emerged as a prominent global destination for MVT, attracting patients from around the world, particularly in specialized medical fields such as oncology, orthopedics, and robotic surgery.
- Advanced Medical Technology: India has invested in state-of-the-art medical technology and facilities, including the introduction of proton beam therapy for cancer treatment, positioning itself as a regional leader in cancer care.
- Highly Skilled Healthcare Professionals: India has a highly skilled and trained workforce of healthcare professionals known for their expertise in complex procedures, including joint replacements, spinal surgeries, and robotic-assisted surgeries.
- Minimally Invasive Techniques: Many medical procedures in India are conducted using minimally invasive techniques, attracting patients seeking precise and less invasive treatments.
- Cost-Effective Care: India offers cost-effective healthcare services, making it an attractive destination for patients seeking high-quality medical care at competitive prices.
- Growth Potential: India’s MVT sector has significant growth potential, capable of creating employment opportunities and contributing to foreign exchange earnings.
India’s potential for harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to transform the healthcare sector
- AI in Healthcare Transformation: AI is rapidly reshaping healthcare worldwide, and India is poised to play a leading role in this transformation. India has a wealth of talented data scientists, engineers, and healthcare professionals capable of driving innovation in AI-driven healthcare solutions.
- Diagnostic Advancements: AI can significantly impact diagnostics by enhancing accuracy and efficiency in medical diagnoses. AI-powered tools can lead to faster treatment decisions and improved patient outcomes. Moreover, AI can aid in predicting disease outbreaks, analyzing healthcare data, optimizing treatment plans, expediting healthcare procedures, and revolutionizing drug discovery.
- India’s Progress in AI: India has already made strides in the application of AI in healthcare. However, to maintain and strengthen its leadership position, India must continue to invest in research and development, encourage collaborations between academia and industry, and create an ecosystem that fosters innovation.
- Economic Potential: The AI expenditure in the country is expected to reach $11.78 billion by 2025 and could contribute $1 trillion to India’s economy by 2035.
Way forward
- AI-Driven Healthcare Transformation: India should fully embrace the transformative potential of AI in healthcare. This involves integrating AI-powered solutions for diagnostics, treatment optimization, and healthcare procedures.
- Investment in R&D: India should continue and increase investment in research and development to drive healthcare innovation. Funding and supporting research initiatives will be crucial for advancements in healthcare technology.
- Collaboration Between Academia and Industry: Strengthening partnerships between academic institutions and the healthcare industry is essential. These collaborations can expedite the application of research findings to practical healthcare solutions.
- Nurturing an Innovation Ecosystem: India should create an ecosystem conducive to healthcare innovation. This includes supporting healthcare startups, offering incentives for innovation, and facilitating the growth of healthcare technology companies.
- Economic Potential of AI: Recognizing the economic potential of AI in healthcare, India should actively invest in AI-driven healthcare solutions. The expected growth in AI expenditure presents an opportunity to contribute significantly to the country’s economy.
- Community Health Focus: Prioritizing community health is essential. Initiatives aimed at improving public health, creating awareness about preventive measures, and addressing healthcare disparities should be emphasized.
- Public-Private Collaboration: Collaboration between the public and private sectors is critical. Joint efforts can lead to infrastructure development, the promotion of medical tourism, and the establishment of international healthcare accreditation bodies.
- Leadership in NCD Prevention: India should take a leading role in addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Comprehensive strategies, including prevention, early detection, and effective management, should be at the forefront of healthcare efforts.
Conclusion
- India stands at a critical juncture in its healthcare journey. By reimagining its healthcare model, India can position itself as a global leader in medical value travel, a powerhouse in AI-driven healthcare solutions, and a trailblazer in combating NCDs. With concerted efforts and a commitment to excellence, India can forge a healthier and more prosperous future for generations to come, truly realizing its destiny as a global leader.
Also read:
India’s Rising Burden of Diabetes: Urgent Actions Needed
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: British and Indian Parliamentary model
Mains level: Indian Parliamentary model, increasing leniency towards disruption, consequences and solutions
What’s the news?
- Disruptive behavior within India’s Parliament is on the rise, leading to concerns about declining decorum and public perception, as well as its impact on governance.
Central idea
- India’s Parliament faces a decorum crisis with growing disruptive behavior during special sessions, raising concerns of impending chaos. Lawmakers from various parties resort to disruption instead of constructive debate. It’s high time to address this issue and seek inspiration from the British parliamentary model, which once inspired our nation’s leaders.
Initial Pride in the Parliamentary System
- Britain’s Westminster model: In the early years following India’s independence, Indian politicians took great pride in the parliamentary system they had adopted. This system was modeled after Britain’s Westminster model.
- Longing for Denied Benefits: India’s nationalists were determined to experience the democracy they had long been denied under British colonial rule. They believed that the British parliamentary system was the best model, and its adoption was a significant step toward achieving democratic governance.
- Attlee’s Proposal: When Clement Attlee, a future British Prime Minister, visited India as part of a constitutional commission, he suggested the merits of a presidential system over a parliamentary one. However, this proposal was met with shock and horror by his Indian interlocutors, who strongly favored the parliamentary system.
- Admiration for British Parliamentary Traditions: Many of India’s first-generation parliamentarians had received their education in England and held a deep admiration for British parliamentary traditions. They found authenticity in emulating these traditions.
- Continuation of British Practices: India’s parliamentary practices continued to mirror British traditions. For example, Indian MPs still thump their desks in approbation, a practice similar to desk-thumping in the British Parliament. When voting on bills, the affirmative call is typically aye rather than yes, although hanh is gaining popularity on some Treasury benches.
- A Compliment from a British Prime Minister: In an instance where an Anglophile Communist MP, Professor Hirendranath Mukherjee, proudly recounted how a visiting British Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, had remarked that the Indian Parliament was in every respect like the British one, This comment was regarded as a compliment, even by a Communist, and it emphasized the authenticity with which India had adopted British parliamentary traditions.
Departure from British parliamentary traditions and increasing leniency towards disruption
- Change Over Decades: Over the course of seven and a half decades since India gained independence, significant changes have occurred in the functioning of its parliamentary system.
- Emergence of Boisterous Behavior: India’s natural inclination towards boisterousness and assertiveness has reemerged in its legislative proceedings. This shift marks a departure from the decorum and traditions of the British parliamentary system.
- Disruptions in State Assemblies: Some state assemblies have already experienced chaotic scenes, including instances where furniture was overturned, microphones were ripped out, and legislators threw slippers. Fisticuffs and torn garments have also been observed during scuffles among politicians in these assemblies.
- Code of Conduct Violations: In the national legislature, the code of conduct, which is imparted to all newly-elected MPs, is frequently breached. This includes violations such as speaking out of turn, shouting slogans, waving placards, and marching into the well of the house.
- Pepper Spray Incident: The situation reached an extreme point when a protesting MP released pepper spray within the parliamentary chamber. This act resulted in the hospitalization of some MPs and caused discomfort for the then-Speaker.
- Impunity for Rule-Breaking: Lawmakers have exhibited a remarkable level of impunity in flouting the rules they are elected to uphold. Despite instances of MPs charging up to the presiding officer’s desk, wrenching his microphone, and tearing up his papers, they have often been quietly reinstated to their positions after a few months, accompanied by muted apologies.
Concerns and consequences of disruptive behavior in India’s Parliament
- Obstruction of Meaningful Debate: Disruptive behavior obstructs meaningful debate on important issues, preventing critical legislation from being discussed and passed.
- Weakening of Governance: Prolonged disruptions impede the government’s ability to implement policies and address the needs of the population, leading to weakened governance.
- Erosion of Parliamentary Decorum: Disruptive behavior has led to a noticeable erosion of parliamentary decorum and traditional standards of conduct.
- Negative Public Perception: Disruptions have contributed to a negative public perception of the Parliament, potentially leading to disillusionment with the democratic process.
- Decline in Accountability: Leniency towards disruptive behavior has undermined the accountability of elected representatives.
- Loss of Legislative Productivity: Frequent disruptions have resulted in a loss of valuable legislative time and productivity.
- Threat to Democracy: The disruptive behavior poses a threat to India’s democratic system by hindering the functioning of democratic institutions and diminishing their credibility.
British parliamentary techniques that the Indian parliament must learn and implement
- In the British parliamentary system, Opposition Day allows the opposition parties to select specific policy areas or issues they want to bring to the floor of the House for debate.
- This practice provides the opposition with a designated platform to express their views, criticize government policies, and propose alternatives.
- It promotes constructive debate on matters of political significance and ensures that the government must address issues raised by the opposition.
- Prime Minister’s Question Time (PMQs):
- PMQs is a significant and widely watched parliamentary event in the United Kingdom.
- During PMQs, MPs have the opportunity to question the Prime Minister about various issues.
- This practice enhances transparency, accountability, and scrutiny of the government’s actions and decisions.
- It is known for spirited exchanges and serves as a key aspect of the British parliamentary system’s tradition of executive accountability.
What else?
- Speaker’s Role: The Speaker should reconsider the frequent rejection of adjournment motions and the practice of grouping proposed amendments to bills for voice votes without discussion.
Conclusion
- India’s Parliament stands at a crossroads, with its credibility and functionality at stake due to persistent disruptions. By adopting some of the practices of the British parliamentary system and ensuring a more inclusive and accountable parliamentary culture, India can reinvigorate its democratic institutions and preserve the sanctity of its democracy. It is imperative for the government and the opposition to come together on these fundamental matters to salvage the integrity of the Parliament and the nation’s democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Judicial Data Grid
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On September 14th, the Supreme Court of India took a monumental stride by incorporating its case data into the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG).
What is the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)?
- Comprehensive Repository: NJDG stands as a comprehensive online repository, housing orders, judgments, and case particulars from a vast network of 18,735 District and subordinate Courts and High Courts.
- Real-time Access: This platform is an integral component of the eCourts Project, providing real-time updates and in-depth data down to the Taluka level.
Administration of NJDG
- E-Courts Initiative: NJDG was conceived as part of Phase II of the e-Courts project, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme designed to modernize the Indian judiciary.
- Collaborative Effort: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) collaborated closely with the in-house software development team of the Computer Cell at the Supreme Court to bring NJDG to fruition.
- User-Friendly Interface: NJDG boasts an interactive interface and an analytics dashboard, ensuring accessibility for legal professionals and the general public.
The Power of Data
- Monitoring and Management: NJDG serves as a potent tool for monitoring and managing case backlogs, ultimately alleviating the burden of pending cases.
- Supreme Court’s Example: Analyzing data from the Supreme Court in 2023, it reveals a total pendency of 64,854 registered cases, with 5,412 new cases received and 5,033 cases disposed of in the last month. This underscores that the backlog primarily consists of legacy cases, managed at a rate comparable to the annual influx of new cases.
- Identifying Bottlenecks: NJDG aids in identifying specific bottlenecks in the judicial process. For instance, a surge in land dispute cases in a particular state prompts policymakers to consider strengthening relevant laws.
- Insights from the Chief Justice: Chief Justice Chandrachud noted that year-wise pendency data indicates the Supreme Court has less than a hundred cases pending from before 2000, allowing the Chief Justice to prioritize the resolution of the oldest cases.
- Specialized Insights: NJDG also facilitates the generation of insights into specific areas of law. For instance, it links Land Records data from 26 States with NJDG to track land dispute cases effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GST Appellate Tribunal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Finance Ministry has formally established 31 Appellate Tribunals spanning 28 States and eight Union Territories for the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
- This significant move aims to address the increasing number of taxpayer disputes with the Revenue Department.
What is GST Appellate Tribunal?
- The GST Appellate Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body proposed to be established to resolve disputes related to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India.
- It will function as an independent body to hear appeals against orders passed by the GST authorities or the Appellate Authority.
- The tribunal will be composed of a national bench and various regional benches, headed by a chairperson appointed by the central government.
- The proposed tribunal is expected to help expedite the resolution of disputes related to GST and reduce the burden on the judiciary.
Under GST, if a person is not satisfied with the decision passed by any lower court, an appeal can be raised to a higher court, the hierarchy for the same is as follows (from low to high):
- Adjudicating Authority
- Appellate Authority
- Appellate Tribunal
- High Court
- Supreme Court
Need for such Tribunal
- Unburden judiciary: GST Appellate Tribunal will help resolve the rising number of disputes under the 68-month-old indirect tax regime that are now clogging High Courts and other judicial fora.
- Improve efficiency of GST System: Overall, the establishment of the GST Appellate Tribunal is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the GST system in India.
- Independent mechanism: The proposed Tribunal will provide an independent and efficient mechanism for resolving disputes related to GST.
- Avoid tax evasion: It will help to expedite the resolution of disputes, reduce the burden on the judiciary, and promote greater certainty and predictability in the GST system.
Issues with present litigation
- Compliance issues: The GST system is relatively new in India, having been implemented in 2017, and there have been several issues with compliance and interpretation of rules and regulations.
- Complex adjudication hierarchy: The current dispute resolution mechanism involves multiple layers of adjudication, starting with the GST officer and as mentioned above.
- Time consuming process: This process can be time-consuming, costly, and burdensome for taxpayers, especially small and medium-sized enterprises.
Significance
- The creation of these tribunals had been in the pipeline since the implementation of the GST regime on July 1, 2017.
- The number of pending appeals by taxpayers related to central GST levies had surged to over 14,000 (June 2023).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: M Visvesvaraya
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- September 15 marks the birthday of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (1861-1962), celebrated for his pivotal role as a civil engineer and administrator during colonial India.
About M. Visvesvaraya
- Early life: Born on September 15, 1861, in the village of Muddenahalli, Karnataka, Visvesvaraya commenced his educational journey in his hometown.
- Academic Pursuits: He pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Madras and later embarked on a diploma course in civil engineering at the College of Science in Pune.
Career Achievements
- Engineering Pioneer: After completing his engineering studies at Poona College of Science, Visvesvaraya commenced his career as an Assistant Engineer in the Public Works Department (PWD) of the Government of Bombay at the age of 22.
- Notable Projects: Among his initial projects was the construction of a pipe syphon across one of Panjra river’s channels.
- Dewan of Mysore: In 1909, he assumed the role of Chief Engineer in the Mysore service, eventually becoming the 19th Dewan of Mysore.
- Voluntary Retirement: In 1918, Visvesvaraya took voluntary retirement due to his disagreement with the proposal to allocate state jobs based on caste.
- Committees and Contributions: Following retirement, he chaired or participated in various committees, including the Bombay Technical and Industrial Education Committee, Bombay University Committee for Promoting Chemical Industries, and the Cauvery Canal Committee.
Significant Works
- Block System of Irrigation: In 1899, he introduced the block system of irrigation in the Deccan canals, enhancing the equitable distribution of irrigation benefits among numerous villages.
- Water Quality Improvement: Visvesvaraya tackled the issue of “muddy and discolored” water in Sukkur, a city on the banks of the Indus River.
- Invention of Automatic Gates: He invented automatic gates for regulating water flow in reservoirs, securing a patent for this innovation.
- Implementation at Krishnaraja Sagar Dam: The Krishnaraja Sagar Dam in Karnataka became the first to adopt these gates in the 1920s.
Global Perspective
- International Learning: Visvesvaraya travelled abroad to study various aspects of other countries’ systems. During a visit to Italy, he examined soil erosion problems and irrigation and drainage works.
- Advocating for Indian Contributions: He challenged the perception that only British officers were capable of overseeing advanced engineering works, emphasizing that Indian expertise was valuable when supported by qualifications and dedication.
Vision for Progress
- Inspirational Speech: In a speech delivered on March 16, 1912, at Central College Bangalore, Visvesvaraya emphasized the need for India to adopt modern practices, scientific precision, inventiveness, discipline, and economic fundamentals for progress.
- Promoting Self-Examination: He encouraged a secular self-examination, comparing local conditions in India with global counterparts.
- Authorship: Visvesvaraya authored two influential books, “Reconstructing India” (1920) and “Planned Economy of India” (1934).
Impact on Education
- Education as a Catalyst: Visvesvaraya recognized the critical role of education in shaping an economy during his visit to Japan in 1898.
- Founding the University of Mysore: As the Dewan of Mysore in 1916, he played a pivotal role in establishing the University of Mysore, emphasizing that educational institutions should mirror real-life conditions.
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Central Idea
- A Maratha activist has been on a 17-day hunger strike demanding reservation for the Maratha community in jobs and education.
- The demand for a Maratha quota is expected to gain momentum as Lok Sabha and Assembly elections approach.
Historical Context of Maratha Reservation Demand
- Maratha Background: The Marathas, historically identified as a “warrior” caste, comprise mainly peasant and landowning groups, constituting nearly one-third of Maharashtra’s population. They have been a politically dominant community in the state.
- Demand for Reservation: The demand for Maratha reservation dates back to the early 1980s when Mathadi Labour Union leader Annasaheb Patil led the first protest rally in Mumbai.
Recent Developments
- OBC Status: The Marathas seek to be identified as Kunbis (Farmers), which would entitle them to benefits under the quota for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This demand arose after the Supreme Court, in May 2021, struck down the quota for Marathas under the state’s Socially and Educationally Backward Class (SEBC) Act, 2018.
- Bombay High Court Decision: In June 2019, the Bombay High Court upheld the Maratha quota under the SEBC Act but reduced it to 12% in education and 13% in government jobs, in compliance with the 50% reservation limit set by the court.
- Supreme Court Ruling: In May 2021, the Supreme Court declared the Maharashtra law providing reservation to Marathas unconstitutional, citing it breached the 50% reservation cap set in the Indra Sawhney (Mandal) judgment of 1992.
- Impact on EWS Quota: Following the SC’s decision on the 10% quota for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), the Maharashtra government stated that poor Marathas could not benefit from the EWS quota until the Maratha reservation issue was resolved.
- Government Response: In response to protests and clashes, the government issued a Government Resolution (GR) promising Kunbi caste certificates to certain Maratha community members and referred to an older GR from 2004 pledging reservation for eligible Maratha-Kunbis and Kunbi-Marathas.
OBC Opposition to Maratha Demand
- OBC Organizations: OBC organizations have opposed the Maratha demand for OBC reservations due to quota shrink. They argue that Marathas, as a dominant community, should not share the OBC quota, which is already limited in Maharashtra compared to the national quota.
- Reservation Distribution: Currently, reservations in the state are divided among various categories, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, OBCs, Special Backward Classes, and others.
Political Impact
- Polarization: The Maratha reservation issue has led to a sharp Maratha-OBC polarization in politics. Traditionally, Marathas leaned towards the Congress and NCP, while the BJP and Shiv Sena garnered OBC support.
- Changing Dynamics: Recent political developments, including splits within parties and alliances, have complicated the political landscape, making the issue even more complex.
Conclusion
- The Maratha reservation issue remains a highly contentious and politically charged topic in Maharashtra, with implications for both social and political dynamics in the state.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India has reached out to Australia in its efforts to procure monoclonal antibody doses for combating the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala.
- The monoclonal antibody has successfully passed phase-one trials and has been administered to 14 individuals globally.
Why use it for Nipah?
- Currently, there is no effective treatment for Nipah virus infection apart from symptom relief.
- The virus carries a high mortality rate ranging from 40% to 75%, making it a formidable threat.
- In comparison, even during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the case fatality ratio (CFR) remained at around three percent.
What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)?
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a class of therapeutic proteins that have revolutionized medicine and healthcare.
- They are used in a wide range of applications, from treating diseases to diagnosing conditions and conducting scientific research.
Structure of mAbs
- Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced by a single type of immune cell, known as a B cell.
- They are called “monoclonal” because they are derived from a single, cloned parent cell.
- These antibodies have a specific Y-shaped structure consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
- The variable region of the antibody binds to a specific antigen with high precision.
Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal antibodies have a wide range of applications in medicine, science, and diagnostics:
- MAbs are used to treat various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and more.
- They are used in diagnostic tests, such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), to detect specific molecules like antigens or antibodies.
- Scientists use mAbs to study and manipulate biological processes. They can be labeled with fluorescent markers for imaging and are crucial tools in cell biology and molecular biology research.
- Monoclonal antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent markers can be used for diagnostic imaging techniques like PET (positron emission tomography) scans.
- They can target specific molecules on cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy cells during cancer treatment.
Challenges and Advancements
- Despite their significant benefits, monoclonal antibodies can have limitations, such as high production costs and the potential for immune responses.
- Advances in technology, such as the development of humanized antibodies (antibodies with human components to reduce immune reactions), have addressed some of these challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: USCIRF Report
Mains level: Religious freedoms allegations on India
Central Idea
- The US Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has announced that it will hold a hearing on religious freedom in India on September 20.
- India has previously rejected USCIRF reports that alleged violations of religious freedom in the country.
What is the USCIRF Report?
- The USCIRF report assesses the status of religious freedom around the world.
- It provides a comprehensive analysis of the state of religious freedom in countries across the globe, highlighting issues of concern and making recommendations for action by the US government.
- The report is an important tool for raising awareness of violations of religious freedom and advocating for greater protection of this fundamental human right.
Allegations against India
(1) Policies
- It is alleged that the Indian government at the national, state, and local levels promoted and enforced religiously discriminatory policies, including:
- Laws targeting religious conversion
- Interfaith relationships
- Ban over wearing of hijabs and cow slaughter
- This has negatively impacted Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Dalits, and Adivasis.
(2) Laws of Suppression
- The report also alleges that the national government continued to suppress critical voices, particularly of religious minorities and those advocating on their behalf through-
- Surveillance / Harassment / Cow Vigilantism
- Accusation of Sedition
- Demolition of Property
- Detention under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
- Targeted banning of NGOs ex. Missionaries of Charity under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)
- Constitution
India’s response
- India has slammed USCIRF for “misrepresenting” facts and described it as an “organisation of particular concern”.
- The Indian government rejected the biased and inaccurate comments.
- The Foundation of Indian and Indian Diaspora Studies (FIIDS) slammed USCIRF for its biased report and failure to acknowledge the cultural and economic significance of cows to Indians.
Why such reports often falsely target India?
- Lack of objectivity: There have been instances in the past where these reports have been criticized for being one-sided and lacking objectivity.
- US lobby against everyone: It is important to note that reports like USCIRF’s are based on the organization’s own assessments.
- Inherent bias against India: Such allegations are prevalent ever since India attained its Freedom.
- Self-proclaimed father of democracy: US has infamous for selectively promoting democracy and human rights, and for supporting authoritarian regimes that align with its strategic interests.
- Anti-regime: Such reports often overlook the efforts made by the present regime in India towards promoting religious tolerance and communal harmony.
Way forward
- Urgent action: India needs to take prompt and necessary steps to address religious freedom issues and take everyone’s faith in the government and democratic process.
- Nuanced understanding: International organizations and foreign governments must make a conscious effort to understand the complexities of India’s social, political, and economic landscape before making any recommendations or issuing reports.
- Avoid sweeping generalizations: It is important to avoid sweeping generalizations and presenting a one-sided view of the situation, which can be detrimental to India’s reputation and lead to misunderstandings.
- Self-reflection by the US: The US must address its own issues related to religious freedom and human rights violations, and not just sermon other countries.
Conclusion
- India’s historical diversity and pluralism: India has a long history of diversity, pluralism, and peaceful coexistence among different communities.
- Constitutional guarantees: The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, regardless of their religion, caste, or creed.
- Media as a strong pillar: The country has a vibrant democracy and a free and independent media that regularly scrutinizes the government and its policies. This eliminates the scope for anyone’s oppression.
- Nation-building: All communities have contributed significantly to the country’s cultural and social fabric. Success of India is often unwelcomed by the US. People should not fall prey to foreign propaganda.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Constitution Bench
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- CJI D.Y. Chandrachud, took a moment to address a lawyer’s misconceptions regarding the purpose of Constitution Benches in the Supreme Court.
What is a Constitution Bench?
- The constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India.
- The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to it.
Constitution benches are set up when the following circumstances exist:
- Interpretation of the Constitution: Article 145(3) provides for the constitution of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India.
- President of India seeking SC’s opinion: When the President has sought the Supreme Court’s opinion on a question of fact or law under Article 143 of the Constitution. Article 143 of the Constitution provides for Advisory jurisdiction to the SC. As per the provision, the President has the power to address questions to the apex Court, which he deems important for public welfare.
- Conflicting Judgments: When two or more three-judge benches of the Supreme Court have delivered conflicting judgments on the same point of law, necessitating a definite understanding and interpretation of the law by a larger bench.
- The Constitution benches are set up on ad hoc basis as and when the above-mentioned conditions exist.
- Constitution benches have decided many of India’s best-known and most important Supreme Court cases, such as:
- K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, 1950 (Preventive detention)
- Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India, 1972 (OBC reservations) etc.
- Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 1973 (Basic structure doctrine) and
Critique and Response
- A Lawyer’s Concern: A litigant had expressed concerns in a letter to the top court’s Secretary General, suggesting that the court was investing excessive time in Constitution Bench cases, neglecting public interest petitions that directly impact common individuals.
- Court’s Defense: CJI challenged this notion, emphasizing that not all Constitution Bench cases revolve around the interpretation of the Constitution.
- Examples Matter: He provided an example of a recent Constitution Bench case concerning whether a person holding a light motor vehicle license can operate a commercial vehicle. This directly affects the livelihood of countless drivers across the nation.
CJI Dispelling Misconceptions
- Not Just “Fancy” Matters: CJI clarified that the Supreme Court doesn’t convene Constitution Benches solely for matters detached from the everyday concerns of ordinary citizens.
- Voice of the Nation: He highlighted instances like the Article 370 abrogation challenge, where the court engaged with the “voice of the nation.” Stakeholders from the Valley actively participated in extensive hearings.
Arguments against such hearings
- People’s Perspective: The Advocate clarified that his objection wasn’t against the court hearing Constitution Bench matters but rather the court’s engagement in public policy issues without adequate public input.
- Court’s Response: CJI countered this argument, citing the Article 370 case as an example where groups of individual interveners from the Valley actively presented their perspectives to the court.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: CJI’s remarks underscore the delicate balance between addressing constitutional matters and matters of public interest, highlighting that both have their place in the Supreme Court’s agenda.
- Inclusive Justice: The exchange between the Chief Justice and the lawyer reflects the importance of ensuring that the court’s decisions consider the perspectives and concerns of the broader public, especially in cases with significant societal impact.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Related provisions
Mains level: India that is Bharat- name change debate, Constitutional perspective and way forward
What’s the news?
- The recent official invitation from Rashtrapati Bhavan referring to the President of India as the President of Bharat has ignited a fervent debate and raised questions about the country’s official nomenclature.
Central idea
- The controversy arises from the use of the term President of Bharat in the official invitation sent out by Rashtrapati Bhavan. Constitutionally, there is no provision for a president of Bharat. This seemingly innocuous change has triggered a larger conversation about the nation’s identity, politics, and historical context.
Historical Context
- Constituent Assembly Debates:
- During the Constituent Assembly’s deliberations for the Indian Constitution, the question of the country’s official name arose.
- Diverse opinions were expressed regarding whether to adopt Bharat or India as the preferred name.
- Preference for Bharat:
- Some constituent assembly members favored Bharat as the official name.
- They cited its deep-rooted historical and cultural significance, drawing from ancient Indian texts and traditions.
- Preference for India:
- Conversely, other assembly members leaned toward retaining ‘India’ as the official name.
- They argued that India was a name already recognized internationally, particularly during the colonial era.
- B.R. Ambedkar’s Compromise:
- To reconcile these differing views, B.R. Ambedkar, the chairperson of the drafting committee, introduced a compromise.
- He proposed the inclusion of Bharat in Article 1 of the Constitution to accommodate both names.
- Intent of the Compromise:
- The compromise aimed to respect the historical and cultural significance of ‘Bharat’ while preserving the international recognition of India.
- It sought to acknowledge linguistic diversity and cultural heritage within the constitutional framework.
Constitutional Perspective
- Official Nomenclature: President of India: Article 52 of the Indian Constitution clearly states that there shall be a President of India. This is the official nomenclature of the head of state as established by the Constitution.
- Article 1 of the Constitution: Article 1 of the Constitution reads, India, that is, Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
- Hindi Translation Clarification: The word Bharat is used in the Hindi translation of the Constitution, but it does not appear as an independent word in the original Constitution in languages other than Hindi.
- Clarificatory Phrase That is:
- The phrase that is in Article 1 is considered clarificatory, explaining or further clarifying the preceding word, India.
- Therefore, the interpretation is that Article 1 signifies that India, known as Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
- Translation as a Clarification:
- Article 394A (2) emphasizes that the translation of the Constitution is meant to have the same meaning as the original.
- This reinforces the point that Bharat is a translation of ‘India’ in the Hindi version, and India is the authentic name of the country unless changed through a legal process.
The potential ramifications of renaming India Bharat
- International Confusion: The use of Bharat alongside India in official communications may cause confusion in international diplomacy, trade agreements, and diplomatic relations as foreign governments and entities may encounter varying references.
- Legal Implications: Changing the country’s name could require the revision of existing laws, treaties, and agreements to accommodate the new name, potentially leading to complex legal challenges.
- Administrative Challenges: Renaming entails substantial administrative efforts, including updating official documents, government websites, passports, currency, and various bureaucratic aspects. This can result in logistical challenges and significant costs.
- Cultural and Historical Significance: India has deep cultural and historical significance, and changing it may disrupt these connections and create a sense of alienation among certain sections of the population.
- Unity and Inclusivity: Renaming should consider the sentiments of diverse communities within the country to maintain national unity and inclusivity. A hasty or unilateral decision could create divisions.
- Global Reputation: A country’s global reputation is closely linked to its name. Changing it can impact how the world perceives and interacts with the nation, potentially requiring time to establish a new global identity.
- Economic Impact: The renaming process can have economic consequences, including rebranding costs for businesses, potential disruptions in trade, and impacts on tourism and foreign investments.
Arguments Against the Rename
- Confusion in Official Communication: The potential for confusion arises if Bharat is used interchangeably with ‘India’ in official communication. Maintaining a single, consistent name is essential for clear diplomatic relations and international agreements.
- Official Name: Republic of India: The official name of the country is the Republic of India in official communication with foreign countries and international bodies. Using Bharat alongside India could lead to inconsistency and misunderstanding in international dealings.
- Foreign Government Confusion: Foreign governments might be perplexed if India is referred to differently in various agreements, sometimes as the Republic of India and sometimes as the Republic of Bharat.
Way forward
- Constitutional Clarity: Ensure any change in the official name of the country follows a formal constitutional amendment process. This requires an amendment to Article 1, which currently defines the country as India, that is, Bharat, which shall be a Union of States.
- Historical Context: Take into account the historical context and significance of the name India in the country’s identity. Recognize that India has historical continuity and international recognition.
- Linguistic Consistency: Recognize linguistic diversity within India while maintaining consistency across different languages and scripts used within the country. Bharat is primarily used in the Hindi version of the Constitution.
- International Relations: Consider the potential implications for India’s international relations and reputation. Maintain a single, consistent name in official communication with foreign countries and international bodies to avoid confusion and maintain diplomatic clarity.
- Public Sentiment: Engage with the public and seek their input and feedback on this significant decision. Public sentiment and consensus should be considered in any decision to change the official name.
- Historical Symbolism: Acknowledge that renaming may carry broader symbolism beyond a linguistic change. Addressing issues related to colonial symbols and administrative structures should be part of a comprehensive approach.
- Legislative Process: Follow the legislative process outlined in the Indian Constitution for any changes to the country’s name, ensuring transparency and adherence to constitutional principles.
Conclusion
- The controversy surrounding the use of Bharat in official communication requires constitutional clarity and consensus-building. In the spirit of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, it is essential to ensure that any changes reflect the unity and inclusivity that India stands for.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GM food crops, GM mustard
Mains level: GM food crops, issues, food security and significance for India
What’s the news?
- The zero-hunger target for 2030, as delineated in the 2019 Global Food Security and Nutrition Report, looms as an increasingly elusive goal. To overcome this pressing challenge, it is essential to expedite the genetic enhancement of crops.
Central idea
- In a world grappling with the formidable challenge of ensuring global food security amid a changing climate, genetic engineering emerges as a beacon of hope. It has become an urgent necessity to complement conventional breeding methods with science-based technologies, particularly genetic engineering, for developing GM crops.
Extensive adoption and benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops
- Increased Productivity: Genetic modification of crops, in combination with traditional farming practices, has been extensively documented for its role in increasing agricultural productivity. This technology has made significant contributions to global food, feed, and fiber security.
- Global Adoption: According to a report by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) in 2020, a total of 72 countries have embraced GM crops for various purposes, including human consumption, animal feed, and commercial cultivation. This widespread adoption reflects the global significance of GM crop technology.
- Developing Country Emphasis: Notably, 56% of the total global GM crop area is found in developing countries, in contrast to 44% in industrialized countries. This highlights the importance of GM crops in addressing food security and economic challenges in the developing world.
- Beneficiaries: GM crops have had a positive impact on more than 1.95 billion people globally. Specifically, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, and the United States have realized substantial benefits from the adoption of GM crops, benefiting approximately 26% of the world’s population.
- Diversification of Traits: Genetic modification has extended its reach beyond the major crops of maize, soybean, cotton, and canola. Other economically important food crops have also been modified to exhibit various traits, including resistance to insects and herbicides, improved climate resilience, and enhanced nutritional quality.
Economic Gains and Biosafety
- Economic Gains: The global economic gains attributed to GM crops between 1996 and 2018 have amounted to an impressive $224.9 billion. These benefits have primarily accrued to more than 16 million farmers, with 95% of them residing in developing countries.
- Proven Biosafety: GM food crops, since their adoption in 1996, have established a solid track record of biosafety spanning over 25 years. This underscores the safety and reliability of GM crops for human consumption and the environment.
India’s Success Story with Bt Cotton
- Commercialization: Bt cotton was introduced as the first genetically modified crop in India over 20 years ago, marking a significant milestone in biotechnology adoption in the country.
- Economic Benefits: Bt cotton adoption has provided economic advantages to Indian farmers. It has reduced the need for chemical insecticides, leading to cost savings for farmers and reducing their exposure to health risks associated with pesticide use.
- Increased Yields: Bt cotton’s resistance to pests, particularly the bollworm, has resulted in increased cotton yields in India. Farmers have experienced reduced losses due to pest damage, leading to higher production and improved economic returns.
- Environmental Impact: The adoption of Bt cotton has had a positive environmental impact. Reduced pesticide usage in Bt cotton cultivation has led to lower chemical runoff and reduced contamination of ecosystems.
GM Mustard’s Progress in India
- Development of the DMH-11 Hybrid: Extensive research was conducted at the Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGMCP), University of Delhi South Campus, to create a GM mustard hybrid known as DMH-11. This hybrid has been genetically engineered to exhibit higher vigor and yield.
- Approval by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): On October 25, 2022, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change in India approved the release of DMH-11 and its parental line for cultivation. This approval represents a significant milestone in the regulatory process for GM crops in India.
- Environmental Release: The GEAC’s approval for the environmental release of GM mustard indicates that the technology has passed regulatory scrutiny for safety and environmental impact, paving the way for potential commercial cultivation.
Significance for India in Terms of Edible Oil Sufficiency
- Reduction in Edible Oil Imports: India currently faces a substantial deficit in edible oil production, with a significant portion of its demand being met through imports. In 2020–21, India’s edible oil imports reached approximately 13 million tonnes, with a total value of ₹1.17 lakh crore.
- Increased Productivity: GM mustard, particularly the DMH-11 hybrid, has been developed for higher vigor and yield. This increased productivity can play a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for edible oils in the country.
- Resource Efficiency: GM mustard’s herbicide tolerance trait can lead to more resource-efficient cultivation practices. It helps conserve soil moisture and nutrients and reduces the need for chemical weed control, ultimately contributing to sustainable and self-reliant agriculture.
GM mustard’s significance for India’s self-reliance
- Reduced Dependency on Imports: By boosting domestic edible oil production, GM mustard can reduce India’s dependency on edible oil imports. In 2020–21, domestic production of mustard oil was approximately 8.5 million tonnes, while domestic consumption of edible oils reached around 25 million tonnes.
- Economic Growth: Successful cultivation of GM mustard can contribute to economic growth in India. It can increase farm incomes and reduce the outflow of foreign exchange for edible oil imports. This is vital for strengthening India’s self-reliance and economic stability.
- Sustainability: GM mustard’s potential for resource-efficient cultivation aligns with sustainability goals. It ensures that agricultural practices are more self-reliant in terms of resource utilization and environmental impact, a critical aspect for long-term agricultural sustainability.
- Crop Diversification: The adoption of GM mustard, along with other crops, can diversify India’s agricultural output. Reducing dependency on a limited number of crops enhances food security and reduces vulnerability to external factors.
Conclusion
- The approval of DMH-11 marks a significant step towards harnessing this technology for the benefit of Indian farmers and the nation’s food security. However, this is just the beginning, and continued efforts to develop improved GM food crops are essential to enhancing the profitability of Indian agriculture.
Also read:
Genetically modified Crops and Transgenic Technology Needs Precautions
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
Mains level: India-Saudi Arabia partnership, India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
What’s the news?
- Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s India visit showcased a significant infrastructure project linking India to Europe. It also bolstered economic, energy, and defense cooperation through crucial agreements, underscoring his influential role in shaping the India-Saudi Arabia relationship.
Central idea
- During his New Delhi visit, Prince Mohammed’s announcement of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, challenging China’s Belt and Road Initiative, marked a significant milestone in bilateral ties. His extended stay for a state visit and the inaugural India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council meeting underscored the relationship’s growing significance.
Historical Foundations
- Diplomatic relations between India and Saudi Arabia date back to 1947, reflecting centuries of socio-cultural and economic ties.
- The watershed moment in their relationship occurred during King Abdullah’s visit to India in 200, which led to the Delhi Declaration.
- Subsequently, the Riyadh Declaration in 2010 elevated their ties to a strategic partnership. Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Riyadh in 2016 marked enhanced cooperation in various domains, highlighted by the conferment of Saudi Arabia’s highest civilian honor upon him.
Economic Ties: Driving India-Saudi Arabia Relations
- In the fiscal year 2022–23, India and Saudi Arabia recorded a remarkable bilateral trade value of $52.76 billion, underscoring the depth of their economic engagement.
- This bilateral trade figure accounted for 4.53% of India’s total trade during the same period, reflecting the significance of Saudi Arabia as a trade partner.
- Investments in Saudi Arabia:
- As of January 2022, a total of 2,783 Indian companies had registered as joint ventures or 100% owned entities in Saudi Arabia.
- These investments collectively amounted to approximately $2 billion, showcasing the strong presence of Indian corporate giants such as L&T, Tata, Wipro, TCS, TCIL, and Shapoorji Pallonji in the Saudi market.
- Saudi Investments in India:
- Saudi Arabia reciprocates India’s economic overtures with substantial investments in various sectors.
- Notable Saudi investors in India include Aramco, SABIC, Zamil, e-holidays, and the Al Batterjee Group, with a cumulative investment reaching $3.15 billion as of March 2022.
- Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF):
- The Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF) has emerged as a pivotal player in strengthening economic ties between the two nations.
- PIF has strategically invested in several Indian startups, including Delhivery, FirstCry, Grofers, Ola, OYO, Paytm, and PolicyBazaar, through the SoftBank Vision Fund.
- In June 2020, PIF announced a substantial investment of $1.49 billion (equating to a 2.32% stake) in Reliance Industries’ Jio Platforms, followed by a $1.3 billion investment (2.04% stake) in Reliance Retail Ventures Ltd. in November 2020.
- PIF’s interest in the Indian market extends to the agriculture and food sectors, with the acquisition of a 29.91% stake in Daawat Foods Ltd. in May 2020, with an investment of $17.23 million.
- West Coast Refinery and Petrochemicals Project:
- Among the most significant proposed investments is the $44 billion West Coast Refinery and Petrochemicals Project in Maharashtra.
- This mega project is a collaborative effort between Saudi Aramco, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, and an Indian consortium comprising Indian Oil Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, and Bharat Petroleum Corporation.
Energy Cooperation: India’s Vital Link with Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Arabia stood as India’s third-largest source of crude oil and petroleum products in FY23.
- India imported a substantial 39.5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of crude oil from Saudi Arabia during the fiscal year, constituting a significant 16.7% of India’s total crude oil imports.
- Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a vital component of India’s energy mix, and Saudi Arabia contributes significantly to this sector.
- India imported 7.85 MMT of LPG from Saudi Arabia in FY23, accounting for a noteworthy 11.2% of India’s total petroleum product imports during the same period.
Defence Partnership: Strengthening India-Saudi Arabia Security Ties
- A pivotal moment in the strengthening of defence ties was the landmark visit of General Manoj Mukund Naravane, the then Chief of the Indian Army, to Saudi Arabia in December 2020.
- This visit underscored the commitment of both nations to enhancing their defence cooperation.
- India and Saudi Arabia have forged extensive naval cooperation, as exemplified by the initiation of the bilateral naval exercise Al Mohed al Hindi.
- Two editions of this exercise have already been successfully conducted, further cementing their maritime partnership.
- Defence Industries and Capacity-Building:
- Both countries have actively engaged in cooperation in the realm of defence industries and capacity-building.
- This signifies their shared interest in fostering self-reliance and enhancing their defence capabilities.
- Joint Development and Production:
- The joint statement issued during Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s visit emphasized the deepening of defence cooperation and expressed mutual interest in exploring avenues for joint development and production of defence equipment.
Indians in Saudi Arabia: A Strong and Respected Community
- A Living Bridge: Comprising more than 2.4 million individuals, this community is not only an essential part of Saudi society but also serves as a living bridge connecting India and Saudi Arabia.
- Contributions to Development:
- The Indian diaspora in Saudi Arabia plays an active and constructive role in the nation’s progress and development.
- Members of this community are engaged in various sectors, including construction, healthcare, education, and services, contributing their expertise and labor to the kingdom’s advancement.
- The joint statement issued during high-level visits and diplomatic interactions highlights the strong bond between India and Saudi Arabia. It acknowledges Saudi Arabia’s commitment to taking excellent care of the Indian diaspora, as exemplified by their support during critical situations.
- In particular, Saudi Arabia’s assistance in the evacuation of Indian nationals stranded in Sudan through Jeddah under Operation Kaveri is a testament to the collaborative spirit and humanitarian approach of both nations.
- Facilitating Religious Pilgrimage:
- Saudi Arabia plays a crucial role in facilitating religious pilgrimages for Indian citizens.
- The support provided to Indian Hajj and Umrah pilgrims underscores the kingdom’s commitment to ensuring a smooth and spiritually fulfilling journey for Indian Muslims.
The Importance of Mohammed bin Salman
- Vision 2030 and Domestic Reforms:
- MBS has introduced Vision 2030, a transformative plan aimed at modernizing Saudi Arabia’s economy and society.
- Notable reforms include granting women the right to drive, opening cinemas, welcoming tourists, and diversifying the economy away from oil.
- Under Vision 2030, MBS has spearheaded efforts to attract foreign investments, boost non-oil sectors, and create jobs.
- The plan has led to substantial investments in technology, entertainment, and tourism.
- MBS has pursued an active foreign policy to enhance Saudi Arabia’s regional influence and stability.
- This includes initiatives to reconcile with regional adversaries like Iran and engage with Israel.
- Strengthened Global Ties:
- MBS has worked to bolster Saudi Arabia’s relationships with global powers, including the United States, India, and China.
- These partnerships encompass economic collaborations, strategic alliances, and military cooperation.
- Controversies and Criticisms:
- MBS has faced criticism and controversy, notably concerning human rights issues and the Jamal Khashoggi case.
- These events have affected Saudi Arabia’s international image and diplomatic relations.
Conclusion
- The India-Saudi Arabia partnership is poised for further growth, fueled by economic, energy, defence, and cultural ties. As Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman continues to navigate the global stage, India is actively engaging with Saudi Arabia to bolster this pragmatic partnership for mutual benefit and regional stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: West Coast Mega Refinery Project
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India and Saudi Arabia have renewed efforts to accelerate the long-pending 60-million-tonnes-per-annum (60 mtpa) west coast mega refinery project, which had faced multiple hurdles.
West Coast Mega Refinery Project
- The ambitious project to build a mega oil refinery and petrochemicals facility in Maharashtra’s Konkan belt, with participation from Saudi Arabia and the UAE, was first proposed in 2015.
- The project is stipulated to be established at Barsu village in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
- IOC, BPCL, and HPCL, had already incorporated a joint venture (JV) — Ratnagiri Refinery & Petrochemicals (RRPCL) — to implement the project.
- It faced resistance from locals due to environmental concerns and shifting political equations in the state.
- Despite initial agreements and cost estimates of Rs 3 lakh crore, the project failed to take off as foreign partners hadn’t acquired stakes in the joint venture.
Recent Developments
- Around 15,000 acres of land had to be acquired for the project across 17 villages in the area.
- A joint monitoring committee will track the project’s progress, signaling renewed commitment.
- India and Saudi Arabia are keen to implement the project, which has earmarked funds of $50 billion.
Significance of the Project
- India is a significant consumer of crude oil, and its demand for petroleum products and petrochemicals is expected to grow substantially.
- India aims to increase its refining capacity from 250 mtpa to 450 mtpa, making it a key player in the global oil demand landscape.
- For Aramco and ADNOC, the project offers diversification, global expansion, risk mitigation, and access to a major oil market.
Future Options
- Realistic alternatives include scouting for alternative coastal sites in Maharashtra or considering another coastal state.
- A more drastic alternative is to split the proposed mega refinery into smaller units.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vagus Nerve
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- There’s a growing buzz online about the vagus nerve—ways to stimulate it and the potential benefits for various health issues, from anxiety to obesity.
- Videos and devices abound, offering suggestions for vagus nerve stimulation.
- Recent research has even linked vagus nerve dysfunction to long COVID.
What is the Vagus Nerve?
- A Pair of Nerves: The vagus nerve consists of two nerves, one on each side of the body. They run from the brainstem through the neck, chest, and stomach.
- Part of the Parasympathetic Nervous System: These nerves are a vital component of the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for relaxing and resting the body, regulating functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. They also play a role in the immune system.
Why is the Vagus Nerve being researched?
Several aspects make the vagus nerve a subject of intense research:
- Extensive Reach: The vagal nerves are the longest cranial nerves, connecting the brain to the large intestine and passing through or connecting with crucial areas in the neck, heart, lungs, abdomen, and digestive tract.
- Communication Hub: These nerves contain 75% of the nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, facilitating bidirectional communication between the brain and the body.
- Health Implications: Researchers explore how stimulating these “sensory superhighways” could trigger the parasympathetic nervous system and potentially benefit various health conditions.
Conditions Treated by Vagus Nerve Stimulation
- Epilepsy and Depression: Implantable vagus nerve stimulators are used to treat epilepsy and depression, particularly when conventional treatments are ineffective. These devices stimulate areas of the brain associated with seizures and mood regulation.
- Inflammation Regulation: The vagus nerve plays a role in regulating inflammation. Suppressing inflammation after an infection is resolved has implications for treating various conditions.
Vagus Nerve and Long COVID
- A study suggests a connection between vagus nerve dysfunction and post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) or long COVID. Patients with PCC exhibited symptoms related to vagus nerve dysfunction, indicating its potential role in the pathophysiology of PCC.
- Other research explores impaired vagal activity in long COVID patients and potential therapeutic approaches involving vagal nerve stimulation.
Natural Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Numerous natural methods are believed to stimulate the vagus nerve, including:
- Meditation: Focusing on longer exhales than inhales.
- Exercise: Engaging in physical activity.
- Massage: Techniques like reflexology.
- Music: Humming and singing.
- Cold Exposure: Placing a cold pack on your face or using icy water immersion.
Limitations
- Implanted vagus nerve stimulation is not a one-size-fits-all solution and should not replace conventional treatment.
- It serves as an adjunctive treatment for most conditions and requires further research to explore its potential therapeutic effects comprehensively.
- Vagus nerve stimulation devices should only be used under medical supervision due to their influence on heart rate and blood pressure.
- Different protocols must be followed, making clinic-based usage essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India has achieved a significant milestone by becoming a 13th nation as OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology) certificate-issuing authority.
- The other countries are Australia, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, United Kingdom, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden and Slovakia.
Understanding OIML
- The OIML, established in 1955 and headquartered in Paris, is a renowned international standard-setting body in the field of legal metrology.
- Its primary role is to develop model regulations, standards, and related documents for use by legal metrology authorities and industries worldwide.
- These standards are crucial in harmonizing national laws and regulations concerning the performance of measuring instruments, such as clinical thermometers, alcohol breath analyzers, radar speed measuring instruments, ship tanks at ports, and petrol dispensing units.
India’s OIML Membership
- India became an OIML member in 1956.
- Simultaneously, India signed the metric convention, emphasizing its commitment to international standards in metrology.
OIML Certificate Significance
- The OIML-CS (Certificate System) is a globally recognized system for issuing, registering, and using OIML certificates, along with their associated OIML type evaluation/test reports.
- With India’s inclusion, the number of countries authorized to issue OIML certificates has risen to 13.
- The OIML certificate is a single document accepted universally.
- For instance, if an equipment manufacturer in Noida wishes to export their products to the US or any other country, they no longer need to obtain certification from one of the 12 other authorized countries.
- India’s certification is now globally accepted, facilitating seamless exports and international compliance.
Benefits for the Indian Economy
India’s newfound status as an OIML certificate-issuing authority offers several advantages for the Indian economy:
- Increased Exports: Indian manufacturers can now export their products with greater ease, reducing trade barriers and expanding their global market reach.
- Foreign Exchange Earnings: The certification services provided by India will attract neighbouring countries and international manufacturers. This influx of clients seeking certification services will lead to an increase in foreign exchange earnings for India.
- Employment Generation: To meet the growing demand for certification services, India is expected to witness a surge in employment opportunities in the legal metrology sector.
- Resource Efficiency: The streamlined certification process will reduce redundancy and save valuable resources, making the certification process more efficient.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM Matsya Sampada Yojana
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In 2020, as India’s fisheries sector was gearing up for a transformation through government-initiated reforms, the COVID-19 pandemic threatened to disrupt progress.
- However, PM Modi turned this crisis into an opportunity by launching the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, specifically targeting the fisheries sector.
- This initiative breathed new life into the sector, with a substantial allocation of ₹20,050 crore for the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), making it the largest-ever investment in Indian fisheries history.
About PM Matsya Sampada Yojana
| Aim |
To catalyze the Blue Revolution in India’s fisheries sector. |
| Investment |
Rs. 20,050 crores over five years (FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25) as part of Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package. |
| Fish Production |
Increase fish production by an additional 70 lakh tonnes by 2024-25. |
| Export Earnings |
Raise fisheries export earnings to Rs. 1,00,000 crore by 2024-25. |
| Income Doubling |
Double the incomes of fishers and fish farmers. |
| Post-Harvest Losses |
Reduce post-harvest losses from 20-25% to about 10%. |
| Employment Generation |
Generate substantial employment opportunities in the fisheries sector. |
| Aims and Objectives |
1. Sustainable and equitable fisheries development.
2. Increased productivity through diversification.
3. Modernizing the value chain. 4. Income doubling.
5. Boosting exports.
6. Ensuring security for fisheries communities.
7. Effective management. |
| Implementation Components |
Central Sector Scheme and Centrally Sponsored Scheme with active state participation. |
| Implementation Approach |
Structured framework and cluster-based approach for optimal outcomes |
Key Achievements of PMMSY
- Broad Development Spectrum: PMMSY addressed critical gaps in the fisheries value chain, spanning fish production, productivity, quality, technology, post-harvest infrastructure, and marketing.
- Strategic Priority Areas: The initiative strategically focused on various key areas, including marine fisheries, inland fisheries, fishermen’s welfare, infrastructure development, post-harvest management, cold water fisheries, ornamental fisheries, aquatic health management, and seaweed cultivation.
- Empowering Youth: PMMSY encouraged young entrepreneurs to venture into fisheries, fostering technological innovation and youth engagement. Notable success stories include young women in Kashmir rearing cold water rainbow trout and aquapreneurs in Nellore becoming successful exporters of biofloc-cultivated shrimps.
- Expanding to Non-Traditional Areas: The program expanded fisheries activities to non-traditional regions, converting saline wastelands into productive aquaculture zones in landlocked states like Haryana and Rajasthan.
- Empowering Fisherwomen: PMMSY empowered fisherwomen to explore alternative livelihoods, such as ornamental fisheries, pearl culture, and seaweed cultivation. The establishment of the ₹127 crore Seaweed Park in Tamil Nadu exemplifies this forward-looking approach.
- Infrastructure and Research: The initiative supported the establishment of 900 fish feed plants, 755 hatcheries, and invested in research and genetic improvement of Indian White Shrimp, specific pathogen-free brood stock development, and domestication of tiger shrimp.
Impact on India’s Fisheries Sector
- Global Recognition: India has risen to become one of the world’s top three countries in fish and aquaculture production and stands as the largest shrimp exporter globally.
- Investment Growth: The government’s commitment to the fisheries sector is evident, with recent announcements of ₹6,000 crore as a sub-scheme under PMMSY, totalling investments exceeding ₹38,500 crore over the past nine years.
- Record Production and Exports: India achieved record fisheries production of 174 lakh tonnes in 2022-23, marking a significant increase. Shrimp production alone surged by 267% from 2013-14 to 2022-23, reaching 11.84 lakh tonnes. Seafood exports doubled from ₹30,213 crore in 2013-14 to ₹63,969 crore in 2022-23.
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