op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth,Inclusive Growth & Issues
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circular Migration
Mains level: Concept- Circular Migration, Circular Migration in India, advantages and challenges and measures
What’s the news?
Circular migration gained prominence in the wake of globalization and technological advancements, facilitating easier mobility. As the world grapples with migration challenges, circular migration emerges as a balanced approach.
Central idea
Circular migration, characterized by the cyclical movement of people between their country of origin and a destination country in search of seasonal employment, has gained significance in the global context. It offers unique opportunities and challenges in the realm of migration policy and development.
Defining Circular Migration
Philippe Fargues defines circular migration based on specific criteria, including temporary residence, multiple entries into the destination country, freedom of movement between origin and destination, legal rights for migrants, protection of their rights, and a demand for temporary labor in the destination country.
A key aspect is the completion of at least two loops between two countries, signifying repeated movement.
For instance, if a migrant moves from country A to B and back to A, they are considered a return migrant. However, if they continue to country B again, they have completed two loops, earning them the label of a circular migrant.
Circular Migration as Public Policy
For countries of origin: Remittances from circular migrants boost the domestic economy, fostering infrastructure development and improving living standards. However, it also poses the risk of losing skilled individuals to other nations.
For destination countries: Circular migration provides a source of low-skilled labor while minimizing permanent population growth
The Advantages of Circular Migration in India
Rural to Urban Migration:
The growth of jobs in sectors like manufacturing, construction, and services has driven a substantial flow of migrants from rural areas to urban cities.
This trend has been particularly pronounced between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 when the construction sector witnessed a significant increase in employment, especially for rural males.
This movement has provided rural populations with access to urban employment opportunities.
Inter-State Migration:
Uneven development following liberalization policies has led to inter-State migration. States like West Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar have witnessed high rates of out-migration.
While Delhi was historically a prominent destination, recent trends indicate an increased flow of migrants to southern States as well.
Economic Benefits:
Migrants often transition from agricultural jobs in their home states to low-skill jobs in destination states.
This shift typically results in increased income, with daily wage laborers in Kerala earning substantially more compared to their counterparts in states like West Bengal.
Household Welfare: Circular migration contributes to better household welfare through remittances sent back by migrants. These funds support improved nutrition, enhanced access to education and healthcare, and an overall increase in the standard of living for migrant families.
Empowerment of Women: The absence of male family members due to migration often leads to increased autonomy and decision-making power for women in migrant households. This shift in gender dynamics can have positive social and cultural implications.
Challenges
Exploitation and Unsafe Conditions: Migrants, especially in southern States, often find themselves vulnerable to exploitation by middlemen or brokers. They may be subjected to unhygienic and unsafe working conditions, often without protective equipment.
Language Barriers: Language differences pose a significant obstacle for migrants, particularly when migrating to regions where the local language differs from their native tongue.
Resentment and Wage Disputes: Indigenous wage groups and labor unions may resent circular migrants, viewing them as competitors willing to work for lower wages. This can lead to wage disputes and conflicts.
Subsistence Migration: Many circular migrants engage in subsistence-level employment, with limited opportunities for savings or asset creation. Jobs are often seasonal and irregular, contributing to economic precarity.
Return Migration during Crises: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of circular migrants. When a lockdown was imposed in 2020, many migrants embarked on long journeys back to their hometowns due to the lack of job opportunities in the host States.
The Way Forward: Measures to fully unlock the potential of circular migration
Ensuring Migrant Rights: Robust protection of migrant rights is crucial to address exploitation and abuse.
Skills Training: Providing migrants with skills training and language proficiency programs can enhance their employability and integration into host communities.
Safety Nets: Establishing social safety nets for circular migrants during times of crisis, such as the pandemic, is essential to prevent humanitarian disasters.
Integration Efforts: Encouraging integration initiatives in destination areas can help migrants feel more included and less marginalized.
Data Collection and Research: Governments should invest in data collection and research to better understand the extent and dynamics of circular migration.
Conclusion
Circular migration presents a viable pathway to balance the needs of development and individual economic advancement. As circular migration continues to shape the global landscape, it is imperative that governments and policymakers adapt their strategies to harness its potential for the greater good.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAG
Mains level: Key challenges faced by the CAG in auditing AI system and The Need for AI Regulation in India
What’s the news?
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), Girish Chandra Murmu, who chairs the Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of the G20, has raised a crucial concern regarding the increasing reliance on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for auditing purposes
Central idea
The CAG has warned that the absolute dependence on AI may result in inaccurate audit findings and emphasized the significance of ethics as the foundation of responsible AI. In the realm of auditing, where transparency, objectivity, fairness, and bias avoidance are paramount, addressing these challenges is imperative.
The Imperative of Responsible and Ethical AI
Credibility and Trust in Auditing: The credibility and trustworthiness of audit findings hinge on responsible AI practices. Without ethical AI, there is a risk of generating inaccurate audit results, which could undermine trust in the auditing process.
Data Integrity: The utmost importance is placed on data integrity in AI auditing. Responsible AI dictates that audit data must be complete, accurate, and relevant. Ensuring data integrity is paramount to prevent potentially misleading audit findings.
Ethical Data Usage: Responsible AI practices demand the use of data only from authorized and reputable sources. Leveraging data from unverified or unauthorized sources, such as social media, introduces biases and threatens the audit process’s integrity.
Regulation in India: It is imperative to address the need for AI regulation in India, drawing inspiration from the European Union’s AI Act as a pioneering example. Such regulations are seen as essential for promoting responsible and ethical AI use across various domains, including auditing.
Challenges for Auditors: Auditors at the CAG face an array of challenges when auditing AI systems. These include the imperative for data standardization, regulatory compliance, and the development of auditor expertise. These challenges underscore the significance of adhering to ethical AI practices.
International Audit Framework: The establishment of a common international audit framework for AI is deemed crucial. Such a framework would provide auditors with guidance on navigating the complexities of AI auditing while ensuring ethical standards are upheld.
EU AI Act as a Pioneering Example
The approval of the EU AI Act by the European Parliament serves as a pioneering example of comprehensive AI regulation.
It introduces stringent restrictions and scrutiny for generative AI tools, like ChatGPT.
India can learn from the EU’s approach to regulate AI technologies effectively.
Challenges faced by the CAG in auditing AI systems
AI Regulation and Data Standardization: Establishing effective AI regulations and data standardization for consistent and accurate AI audits.
Data Source Authentication: Verifying the authenticity and reliability of data sources, especially those from unauthorized origins, impacting audit accuracy.
Data Integration and Cross-Referencing: Managing the complexity of integrating and cross-referencing data from diverse government sources and platforms, affecting audit efficiency.
Data Platform Synchronization: Achieving synchronization of data platforms across government entities through IT policies to streamline the audit process.
Digitalization Challenges: Addressing security concerns associated with digitalization initiatives, particularly in defense audits.
Lack of Precedents for AI Audits: Adapting existing IT frameworks and regulations for AI audits due to the absence of established precedents, adding complexity to the process.
Compliance Issues in Auditing AI Systems
Variety of AI Auditing Frameworks: Global organizations have developed multiple AI auditing frameworks, including the COBIT framework for AI audit, the US Government Accountability Office framework, and the COSO ERM Framework. These diverse frameworks can lead to challenges in standardization and consistency in AI auditing practices.
Draft Guidance from the U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office: The U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office has published draft guidance on the AI auditing framework. While this guidance is a step forward, it may not provide comprehensive and universally accepted standards, leading to potential inconsistencies in AI audits.
Data Protection Impact Assessments: Organizations are legally required to conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments when using AI systems that process personal data. Ensuring compliance with these assessments adds complexity to AI audits, particularly regarding data privacy and security.
Measures to Address these Challenges
Establish Clear AI Regulations and Data Standards: Advocate for the development and implementation of clear and comprehensive AI regulations and data standards to ensure audit consistency.
Implement Robust Data Verification Procedures: Implement robust data verification procedures and protocols, emphasizing the use of reliable and authorized data sources.
Develop Standardized Data Integration Methods: Develop standardized data integration methods and tools to simplify the process of cross-referencing data from various sources.
Enforce Data Platform Synchronization: Prioritize the synchronization of data platforms across government entities through the formulation and enforcement of IT policies.
Enhance Security Measures for Digitalization: Continuously assess and enhance security measures for digitalization initiatives, especially when dealing with sensitive data in defense audits.
Engage with Stakeholders to Develop AI-Specific Frameworks: Engage with relevant stakeholders, including government agencies and AI experts, to develop AI-specific auditing frameworks and standards, adapting existing IT frameworks as needed.
The Need for AI Regulation in India
Ensuring Accuracy and Fair Use of Data: AI-generated content may raise issues related to copyright infringement and intellectual property rights. Regulatory frameworks can address these concerns and establish guidelines for the ethical and lawful use of data and content generated by AI systems.
Mitigating AI Bias: AI bias, which often stems from human bias in training data, poses inherent risks. Regulations can stipulate measures to mitigate bias and promote fairness in AI algorithms and decision-making processes.
Protection of Privacy: As AI technologies increasingly interact with personal data, privacy concerns arise. Regulatory frameworks can establish clear guidelines for data protection and privacy, safeguarding individuals’ personal information.
Consumer Protection: Regulations can protect consumers from AI-driven practices that may be deceptive or harmful. This includes measures to ensure transparency and fairness in AI-powered products and services.
Harmonious Fusion of Technology and Ethics: Achieving a harmonious fusion of technological progress and ethical considerations, as envisioned by Elon Musk, requires a multifaceted approach. Regulations can provide a structured framework for achieving this balance.
What else?
Innovations in Ethical AI: Innovations like Elon Musk’s “Truth GPT,” aimed at creating a “maximum truth-seeking AI,” underscore the need for ethical AI development. Regulations can encourage and guide such innovations to align with ethical considerations and safety standards.
Global Trend Towards AI Regulation: Prominent global leaders, including the U.K. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, are actively pursuing AI safety regulation. India can follow suit to ensure that it remains aligned with international AI standards and fosters collaboration in AI safety measures.
Conclusion
As AI continues to play an increasingly significant role in auditing, the CAG must navigate complex challenges to ensure the credibility and accuracy of audit findings. India, too, needs to consider robust AI regulation while upholding ethics and data integrity to safeguard the integrity of the audit process and maintain public trust.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Milk Production
Mains level: Milk crisis in India, factors behind and consequences
What’s the news?
India, the world’s leading milk producer for decades, faces a concerning dilemma as milk prices soar to all-time highs.
Central Idea
India is grappling with an unprecedented milk crisis, despite accounting for a quarter of global milk production. In 2021–22, the country produced a staggering 221 million tonnes of milk, as reported by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). However, the situation on the ground paints a different picture, with milk prices reaching record highs.
The price surge
The Department of Consumer Affairs reveals a sharp 18.08 percent increase in the average retail price of milk over the past two years.
A liter of milk, once priced at Rs 49.18 in 2021, now costs upwards of Rs 58. This dramatic price rise, commencing in 2022–23, has been the chief driver of food inflation across the nation, as highlighted by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
Underlying factors behind India’s milk crisis
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD):
One of the primary factors contributing to the milk crisis is the outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) among cattle and buffaloes.
This disease, first reported in Odisha in 2019, has since spread to almost all states in India. Between July 2022 and 2023, more than 3.2 million cattle and buffaloes contracted LSD, with 0.2 million of them succumbing to the disease.
LSD has not only caused significant mortality but has also led to a substantial drop in milk production, ranging from 20 to 50 percent, depending on the breed.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact:
The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on India’s dairy sector. During the lockdowns, many farmers reduced the size of their herds in response to disrupted milk demand.
This exodus of dairy farmers, even during the flush season from October to March, when animals naturally produce more milk, has affected the country’s overall milk production.
Fodder Inflation:
Dairy farmers who continued their operations despite the pandemic faced an acute shortage of dry fodder in 2022. This shortage was partly caused by a decline in wheat stocks due to an unusually hot March in 2022.
As a result, farmers have been grappling with steadily rising fodder prices, affecting both the quantity and quality of the feed provided to their cattle.
Changing Preferences:
Dairy farmers are increasingly opting for crossbred cows over buffaloes.
While buffalo milk typically has a higher fat content (7–10 percent), crossbred cows have a higher milk yield, averaging 8.52 kg per day in 2021–22, compared to a buffalo’s average of 5.96 kg per day.
This shift in preference has led to a significant increase in the population of crossbred cows, while the population of female buffalo and indigenous cows has grown at a slower rate.
Cost Considerations:
Buffaloes tend to be more expensive than cows, with the average cost of a good-breed buffalo ranging from Rs 1.5 lakh to Rs 3 lakh.
In cases where dairy farming experiences losses, it becomes challenging for farmers to recover their investments.
Additionally, buffaloes have been perceived as less productive compared to cows in certain scenarios, particularly when it comes to maintaining consistent milk production.
Hidden Crisis: Artificial Insemination
Role of Artificial Insemination:
Artificial insemination plays a pivotal role in enhancing milk production in India.
While the adoption rate of this technology in the country is around 30 percent, it has led to the development of high-yield crossbreeds and improved indigenous breeds.
These high-yield animals significantly contribute to the overall growth of the dairy sector.
Missed artificial insemination:
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns and restrictions had a profound impact on the practice of artificial insemination.
Between 2020 and 2022, as lockdowns and movement restrictions were imposed, India likely missed conducting approximately 16.84 million artificial insemination.
This represents a significant setback in efforts to improve breed productivity.
Impact on Milk Production:
The missed artificial insemination have had a cascading impact on milk production.
Before the pandemic, India was steadily increasing its adoption of artificial insemination, with over 80 million insemination conducted in 2019–20.
However, the subsequent drop in insemination numbers means that India potentially missed the chance to add 2.97 million high-yield female cattle to its livestock inventory between 2020 and 2022.
Economic Consequences:
Each missed artificial insemination results in both milk loss and additional maintenance costs until a successful conception occurs.
The estimated loss per missed conception is approximately Rs 7,948.50. This loss quickly accumulates, resulting in a national loss of Rs 824 crore in just the month of April 2020.
Far-reaching Consequences of India’s Milk Crisis
Economic Impact: The sharp rise in milk prices coupled with supply constraints can lead to reduced incomes for dairy farmers, potentially pushing many into financial distress.
Food Inflation: As milk and dairy products are dietary staples for a considerable portion of the population, their increased prices can strain household budgets and lead to higher food costs for consumers.
Nutrition and Food Security: Milk is a vital source of nutrition, particularly for children. Rising milk prices can reduce access to this nutritious food source for vulnerable populations, potentially affecting the nutritional status and food security of millions.
Rural Livelihoods: Dairy farming serves as a primary source of income for numerous rural households in India. The ongoing crisis directly impacts the livelihoods of these families, causing economic instability and necessitating alternative income sources.
Agricultural Productivity: Dairy farming often complements crop production, so disruptions in the dairy sector can have ripple effects on overall agricultural performance.
Global Trade: As one of the world’s major milk producers, India’s domestic dairy challenges can have implications for the global dairy market. Disruptions in production and trade can impact international dairy prices and trade dynamics.
Way forward
Disease Control: Implement robust disease control measures, including vaccination programs, quarantine protocols, and veterinary support, to prevent the further spread of diseases like lumpy skin disease (LSD) affecting livestock.
Fodder Management: Develop strategies to increase fodder production, conservation, and distribution to ensure a consistent supply for dairy cattle and buffaloes, addressing challenges posed by fodder shortages.
Artificial Insemination Programs: Renew the focus on artificial insemination programs to recover from the setbacks caused by missed insemination during the pandemic. This includes technology adoption, training for insemination technicians, and incentives for farmers.
Genetic Improvement: Continue efforts in genetic improvement through artificial insemination to boost milk production, focusing on enhancing the productivity of high-yield dairy cattle and buffaloes.
Price Stabilization: Consider measures to stabilize milk prices, potentially involving price support mechanisms or policies to balance supply and demand.
Government Policy Review: Assess and update existing government initiatives in the dairy sector as necessary, making policy adjustments to address evolving challenges faced by dairy farmers.
Conclusion
India’s dairy sector, once a beacon of success, now faces multifaceted challenges that threaten its stability. As the nation endeavors to restore its dairy glory, policymakers, researchers, and farmers must collaborate to navigate these challenging times and secure the future of India’s dairy industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lal Bahadur Shastri
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
October 2 is a day of double celebration as India remembers the birth anniversaries of two iconic leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, the ‘Father of the Nation,’ and Lal Bahadur Shastri, former Prime Minister.
Both leaders made significant contributions to India’s freedom struggle and early years of nation-building.
Lal Bahadur Shastri: A Man of Humble Origins
[A] Rising from Modest Beginnings
Early Struggles: Born in 1904 in Mughalsarai, Uttar Pradesh, Shastri faced adversity early in life, with his father passing away shortly after his birth.
Simplicity: Raised in a lower-middle-class environment, he possessed only two kurtas and dhotis, symbolizing his humble beginnings.
A Change of Name: In a demonstration of his early social consciousness, Shastri dropped his birthname “Varma.” In 1925, he acquired the title of ‘Shastri’ (one who knows the Shastras) from the Kashi Vidyapeeth in Benaras, adding it to his name.
[B] Resignation and Accountability
A Serious Accident: While serving as the Union Minister for Railways and Transport in 1956, a tragic railway accident in Telangana resulted in the loss of 112 lives.
Owning Responsibility: Deeply affected by the tragedy, Shastri took moral responsibility and tendered his resignation to Prime Minister Nehru. Although Nehru initially did not accept it, Shastri resigned again after another railway accident in Tamil Nadu in November 1956, further solidifying his moral stature.
[C] Championing the Slogan ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’
A Return to Cabinet: Shastri made a comeback to the Union Cabinet, serving in roles such as Home Minister and Commerce and Industry Minister.
Language Assurance: In response to concerns about Hindi domination, he assured the continued use of English as an official language alongside Hindi.
Economic Challenges: In 1965, faced with economic stagnation and growing food demand, Shastri called upon farmers to increase production, traders to maintain fair prices, and consumers to exercise restraint. He coined the famous slogan, ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan (Hail the soldier, hail the farmer!).’
[D] Leadership during the 1965 India-Pakistan War and Tashkent Agreement
Unforeseen Conflict: The 1965 war with Pakistan erupted as Pakistan launched attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, believing India to be vulnerable after the 1962 war with China.
Firm Response: Shastri approved an Indian counterattack, leading to hostilities on both sides.
Tashkent Declaration: Soviet Premier Aleksey Kosygin invited Shastri and Pakistan President General Ayub Khan to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, where they signed the Tashkent Declaration on January 10, 1966, committing to long-term peace.
Sudden Passing: Tragically, Shastri passed away due to a heart attack the following day in Tashkent, leaving behind speculation about the circumstances. However, available evidence suggests it was a natural death, dispelling doubts of external factors.
SC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Minority Institutions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Reservation exemption: The Madras High HC ruled that the concept of communal reservation for SC/ST/OBC citizens does not apply to minority institutions.
No government constraint: The judges held that the government cannot compel minority institutions to implement such reservation policies.
Key Highlights by Madras HC
Continued Status: The court emphasized that once minority status is granted to an institution, it will persist until the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI) cancels it for valid reasons, such as a shift in its educational objectives.
Merit-Based Admissions: The court upheld the government’s right to stipulate that minority institutions can admit students from the respective religious and linguistic minorities up to 50% of the sanctioned intake based on merit.
Exclusion Clause: The judges clarified that students admitted on merit should not be counted within the first 50% of admissions allocated for minorities.
Case Background
Petitioner’s Argument: The petitioner challenged a Govt Order (GO) issued in November 2021. The GO denied the extension of religious minority status to the college due to its admission of 52% minority students in the academic years 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Advocate General’s Stand: Advocate General argued that such admissions violated a 1998 GO that restricted minority admissions to 50%.
College’s Position: It contended that minority educational institutions should receive permanent status without the need for periodic extensions. It also asserted that the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Private Educational Institutions) Act, 2006, should not apply to minority institutions.
Legal Analyis
Constitutional Provisions: The judges found support in Article 15(5) of the Constitution, introduced through the 93rd amendment in 2005, which specifically excludes minority institutions from the State Government’s authority to provide special provisions for reservations.
Definition of Private Educational Institution: They pointed out that Section 2(d) of the 2006 Act also excludes minority institutions established under Article 30(1) of the Constitution from its definition of ‘private educational institution.’ Thus, the State cannot impose reservation provisions on minority educational institutions.
Permanent Status: The court stated that the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutes Act, 2004, does not envision granting minority status for a temporary or restricted period. Instead, it continues until the Commission cancels it.
Conclusion
Ultimately, the court quashed the 2021 GO and directed the government to allow the petitioner institution to maintain its status as a minority institution, provided it complies with other requirements.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bihar Caste Census
Mains level: Issues with Caste Censuses
Central Idea
The Bihar government recently released the results of its caste survey, shedding light on the state’s demographic composition and caste dynamics.
This survey, the first of its kind since 1931, carries significant implications for politics, reservations, and electoral strategies in Bihar.
Bihar Caste Survey
Caste Demographics: The survey reveals the following caste composition in Bihar:
Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) – 36.01%.
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) – 27.12%.
Scheduled Castes (SCs) – 19.65%.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) – 1.68% (most STs are part of Jharkhand since 2000).
“Unreserved” (Forward Castes) – 15.52%.
Population Increase: Bihar’s population, according to the survey, is 13,07,25,310, compared to 10.41 crores recorded in the 2011 census. Hindus make up 81.99%, while Muslims constitute 17.72%. Other religious denominations have minuscule populations.
Survey Process
Political Consensus: The decision to conduct the caste survey was made following an all-party meeting in June 2022, with a budget allocation of Rs 500 crore from the contingency fund.
Survey Phases: The survey occurred in two phases:
The first phase involved counting households in January.
The second phase, starting in April, aimed to collect caste, religion, economic, and family data.
Legal Challenge: The Patna High Court initially halted the survey, but it later resumed after the state clarified it was a “survey” and ensured data privacy.
Significance
Changing Political Landscape: The politics of identity tied to reservations and backward caste assertion has evolved. The BJP’s appeal to OBCs has transformed the political landscape.
Opportunities for Backward Classes: Survey results may provide an opening for parties like JD(U) and RJD to mobilize backward classes. The Opposition alliance could use this data to push for a nationwide caste census.
Increased Quotas: The survey could fuel demands for expanding OBC quotas beyond 27% and creating sub-quotas for EBCs. The recommendations of the Justice Rohini Commission are expected to influence this debate.
Reservation Ceiling Debate: The data may reignite discussions on the 50% reservation ceiling imposed by the Supreme Court in 1992, a contentious issue in various states.
Electoral Impact
Vote Bank Dynamics: EBCs, OBCs, and SCs, constituting over 82% of Bihar’s population, will be a crucial vote bank in upcoming elections.
Leadership Dynamics: Leaders like Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar have historically represented OBCs, EBCs, and Dalits. The BJP’s electoral strategy in Bihar will likely emphasize the Prime Minister’s OBC background.
Electoral Battles: Political parties will fiercely compete for the support of these influential caste groups, making Bihar a battleground state with complex caste dynamics.
Why discuss this?
Caste Data in Census: Since India’s independence in 1947, every census until 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Caste data was available in censuses before 1931.
1941 Exception: In 1941, caste-based data was collected but not published due to World War II, as per M.W.M. Yeats, the Census Commissioner at that time.
Demand for a Caste Census
Recurring Demand: The demand for a caste census surfaces before almost every census, primarily driven by groups belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC) and other deprived sections, while it faces opposition from upper-caste sections.
Contemporary Demand: In recent times, opposition parties, especially during Census 2021 delays, have vociferously called for a caste census, focusing on “social justice” as a common rallying point.
Political Support: Many politicians have advocated for the release of data from the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011. They also called for a caste census and the removal of the 50% cap on SC/ST/OBC reservations.
Centre’s Stand
Government Policy: The Indian government has consistently decided not to enumerate caste-wise populations, except for SCs and STs, as a matter of policy.
Policy Shift: However, in August 2018, following a meeting chaired by then-Home Minister, it was stated that data on OBCs would be collected during Census 2021.
RTI Response: When questioned about the meeting’s minutes, the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI) claimed they did not maintain records of deliberations on this matter before the Ministry of Home Affairs’ announcement.
Conclusion
A caste-based census is against the idea of a casteless society envisaged by leaders like Babasaheb Ambedkar in the Constitution and will weaken ongoing efforts to create social harmony.
While proponents argue for better representation and targeted policies, opponents emphasize the importance of moving towards a casteless society.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: mRNA Vaccines, Nobel Prize
Mains level: Vaccine development for COVID
Central Idea
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman, the 2023 medicine Nobel laureates, have earned acclaim for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of mRNA technology.
Their work has transformed our understanding of mRNA’s interaction with the immune system, leading to the rapid development of vaccines, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic.
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene.
The mRNA is an RNA version of the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
During protein synthesis, an organelle called a ribosome moves along the mRNA, reads its base sequence, and uses the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet, or codon, into its corresponding amino acid.
What are mRNA vaccines?
Such vaccines make use of the messenger RNA molecules that tell the body’s cells what proteins to build.
The mRNA, in this case, is coded to tell the cells to recreate the spike protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19.
It is the spike protein — which appears as spikes on the surface of the coronavirus — that initiates the process of infection; it allows the virus to penetrate cells, after which it goes on to replicate.
A coronavirus vaccine based on mRNA, once injected into the body, will instruct the body’s cells to create copies of the spike protein.
In turn, this is expected to prompt the immune cells to create antibodies to fight it.
These antibodies will remain in the blood and fight the real virus if and when it infects the human body.
What are other types of vaccines?
(1) Vector vaccine:
In this type of vaccine, genetic material from the COVID-19 virus is placed in a modified version of a different virus (viral vector).
When the viral vector gets into your cells, it delivers genetic material from the COVID-19 virus that gives your cells instructions to make copies of the S protein.
Once your cells display the S proteins on their surfaces, your immune system responds by creating antibodies and defensive white blood cells.
If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
(2) Protein subunit vaccine:
Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate your immune system.
This type of COVID-19 vaccine contains harmless S proteins.
Once your immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells.
If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
Back2Basics: Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA)
RNA is an important biological macromolecule that is present in all biological cells.
It is principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from DNA, which itself contains the genetic instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.
In some viruses, RNA, rather than DNA, carries genetic information.
The type of RNA dictates the function that this molecule will have within the cell.
Aside from the coding region of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that will be translated into proteins, other cellular RNA elements are involved in different processes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bihar Caste Census
Mains level: Bihar caste survey, rationale, Key findings, significance, issues and implications
What’s the news?
The Bihar caste survey was released by the state government on October 2.
Central idea
The recent release of the Bihar caste survey results has unveiled a complex tapestry of demographics in the state, bringing to the forefront the intricate interplay of caste politics. With EBCs and OBCs cumulatively constituting more than 63% of the population, the dynamics of political representation and reservation are poised for transformation.
A caste-based survey is a comprehensive data collection initiative launched by the Bihar state government in India.
The primary objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the living conditions and economic status of different communities, especially those that have historically faced marginalization and socio-economic disadvantage.
Key Findings of the Survey
Demographic Breakdown:
The survey reveals a diverse demographic landscape in Bihar.
The EBCs, comprising 36.01% of the population, emerge as the largest social group,
Followed by OBCs at 27.12% and
Scheduled Castes (SCs) at 19.65%.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) account for a mere 1.68%, primarily due to the bifurcation of Jharkhand in 2000.
The unreserved category constitutes 15.52% of the population.
Religious Composition:
Bihar’s population, according to the survey, stands at 13,07,25,310, compared to the 10.41 crore recorded in the 2011 census.
Hindus make up 81.99% of the population, while Muslims account for 17.72%. Other religious denominations have minuscule populations.
Survey Execution
The survey was undertaken following unanimous agreement among political parties in Bihar.
It was conducted in two phases.
The first phase involved a household count from January 7 to 21.
The second phase, initiated on April 15, aimed to collect data on castes, religions, economic backgrounds, and family size.
The survey faced legal challenges initially but was allowed to proceed after being labeled a survey rather than a census.
Significance of Survey Findings
Changing Political Landscape: The survey highlights the evolving political landscape, where identity politics based on reservation and backward caste assertion is losing its grip. This shift has been influenced by the BJP’s outreach to OBCs through Hindutva and welfare measures.
Opportunity for Opposition: The survey results could provide an opportunity for the JD(U)-RJD alliance and other opposition parties to mobilize backward classes, potentially pressuring the BJP to conduct a nationwide caste census.
Demand for Quotas: The survey data may fuel demands to increase the OBC quota beyond 27% and introduce a quota within a quota for EBCs, especially in light of the Justice Rohini Commission’s pending recommendations.
Reservation Ceiling Debate: The survey’s findings could reignite the long-standing debate over the 50% reservation ceiling imposed by the Supreme Court, which has hindered states from expanding reservations.
Impact on Upcoming Elections
The caste survey findings are likely to have a significant impact on the upcoming Lok Sabha and Bihar Assembly elections.
With EBCs, OBCs, and SCs representing over 82% of Bihar’s population, these groups will be key electoral battlegrounds.
Leaders like Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar are still seen as primary representatives of these communities, while the BJP faces the challenge of navigating Bihar’s complex caste dynamics.
Rationale Behind a Caste Census
Incomplete Data: The standard Census focuses solely on SC and ST data, leaving a substantial void in comprehending the socio-economic aspects of OBCs and their subdivisions.
Targeted Policies: A lack of comprehensive data obstructs the creation of effective policies tailored to the distinct requirements of different caste groups.
Equitable Development: The caste census has the potential to reveal disparities within various castes, enabling customized development strategies for historically marginalized communities.
Historical and Contemporary Insights: With deep historical roots, the caste system’s evolution can be better understood through a comprehensive census that captures both historical and contemporary dynamics.
Constitutional Clarification: Legal scrutiny over caste surveys provides clarity on the authority to conduct such initiatives, delineating roles between state and central governments.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making: In a data-centric era, decisions grounded in concrete socio-economic data hold greater potential for equitable and effective governance.
Conclusion
The Bihar caste survey has unveiled a complex web of caste demographics that will shape the state’s political landscape. It has the potential to rekindle debates on reservation policies, mobilize backward classes, and influence electoral outcomes. As Bihar prepares for crucial elections, the survey’s impact on political strategies and alliances remains to be seen.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basic concepts
Mains level: India's growth prospects and decline FDI flows to India, concerns reasons and way forward
What’s the news?
The Indian economy grew at 7.8 percent in the first quarter of the ongoing financial year. There is a decline in FDI.
Central idea
Projections by experts, including the RBI and the IMF, indicate a prospective annual growth rate of 6–6.5 percent, reaffirming India’s status as a global growth powerhouse. However, beneath this optimistic narrative lies a concerning trend: foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has been steadily declining.
India’s growth prospects
India is likely to grow at around 6–6.5 percent over the full year.
Medium-term assessments, such as those by the IMF, peg growth at roughly 6 percent between 2023 and 2028.
This momentum positions India as a formidable player in global growth, potentially rivaling China.
Multinationals are increasingly eyeing India as an alternative investment destination, capitalizing on shifting geopolitical dynamics.
Declining trend in FDI in India
FDI Decline: FDI inflows into India have been declining. In the fiscal year 2022–23, FDI stood at $71.3 billion, which marked a 16 percent decrease compared to the previous fiscal year (2021–22). This trend of decline continued in the first four months of the current fiscal year, with a 26 percent drop in FDI inflows compared to the same period the previous year.
Equity Flows: A substantial portion of the decline has been in fresh equity flows. Equity flows decreased from approximately $59.6 billion in 2021–22 to around $47.6 billion in 2022–23. In the first four months of the current year, equity flows further plummeted to $13.9 billion, down from $22 billion the previous year.
Policy Uncertainty: One possible explanation for the decline in FDI is the presence of policy uncertainty in India. An uncertain business environment, an uneven playing field, and the fear of arbitrary changes to rules and regulations may be acting as deterrents to foreign investors.
Trade Agreements: India’s absence from major trading blocks, such as the RCEP agreement, and the lack of trade agreements with entities like the European Union can disadvantage India in the global manufacturing ecosystem. Comprehensive trade agreements with lower tariffs and other benefits can incentivize foreign investment.
Comparative Analysis: Despite rising interest rates in developed economies, countries like Vietnam and Indonesia have managed to maintain or increase their FDI inflows.
Key sectors affected by the decline in FDI
Automobile Industry: The decline in FDI has had an impact on the automobile industry in India. This sector plays a crucial role in the country’s manufacturing landscape and contributes significantly to both economic growth and employment.
Construction (Infrastructure Activities): Infrastructure development is essential for India’s economic growth. The decline in FDI may slow down construction and infrastructure activities, potentially affecting the country’s development.
Metallurgical Industries: Metallurgical industries, which include sectors like steel production, are also mentioned in the article as being affected by the decline in FDI. These industries are vital for various manufacturing processes and contribute to both domestic consumption and exports.
Areas that India might need to address to reverse this trend
FDI Decline in Multiple Sectors: The decline in FDI is not limited to a specific sector but has affected various industries, including technology, the automobile industry, construction, and metallurgical industries. This broad-based decline underscores the need for comprehensive solutions.
Navigating Policy Uncertainty: To attract foreign investors, India needs to provide a stable and predictable business environment, reduce regulatory uncertainty, and ensure a level playing field.
Global Investment Landscape: India’s FDI decline is notable when compared to countries like Vietnam and Indonesia, which have managed to maintain stable FDI inflows. This highlights the need for India to remain competitive in the global investment landscape.
The Trade Agreement Imperative: The absence of India from major trading blocks, such as the RCEP agreement, could be a factor contributing to the FDI decline. India may benefit from pursuing trade agreements that lower trade barriers and enhance market access.
Conclusion
The decline in FDI flows to India raises pertinent questions about the country’s attractiveness as an investment destination. While India’s growth story appears promising, investors seek stability, policy clarity, and access to global trade networks. Addressing these concerns and leveraging India’s potential as a China plus one option requires a comprehensive strategy to reinvigorate FDI inflows and capitalize on its growth prospects.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 15th BRICS summit and key outcomes
Mains level: BRICS: Potential, Expansion and its Significance
What’s the news?
The recent BRICS summit held in South Africa introduced six new members to the grouping, drawing mixed reactions regarding its productivity.
“If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICS economies together could be larger than the G6 in U.S. dollar terms.” Goldman Sachs in 2003”
Central idea
The recent BRICS summit held in South Africa may not have yielded immediate tangible results, but it’s essential to view BRICS through its evolving dynamics rather than a single meeting’s outcomes.
Background: Economic Compulsion
BRICS, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, emerged primarily out of economic compulsion.
Unlike military alliances or security coalitions, BRICS focuses on economic cooperation and mutual benefit.
With a combined GDP representing 36% of the global GDP and a population projected to reach 47% of the world’s total by 2050, BRICS possesses immense long-term potential.
Furthermore, expanding its membership could challenge the dominance of the G7 countries.
The significance of BRICS as an economic powerhouse
Economic Size: The BRICS, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, collectively represent 36% of the global GDP. This substantial economic size gives the group considerable influence in global economic matters.
Population: BRICS countries house nearly half of the world’s population, and this demographic advantage provides a significant consumer market and labor force, contributing to their economic significance.
Rapid Growth: Two BRICS members, China and India, are among the fastest-growing economies globally. They are expected to rank among the world’s top three economies by 2030, further enhancing the economic clout of the BRICS.
Investment Opportunities: BRICS nations are seen as attractive investment destinations, with governments encouraging both domestic and foreign investments. The growth prospects in these countries make them appealing to investors.
Infrastructure Development: BRICS countries are investing heavily in infrastructure development, including transportation, energy, and technology projects. These investments create opportunities for businesses and stimulate economic growth.
Collective Economic Initiatives: BRICS nations have established institutions like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), aimed at enhancing financial cooperation and stability within the group.
China and India’s Role
Two BRICS members, China and India, collectively account for one-third of the world’s population. Both nations are rapidly growing economies, poised to become top-three global economies by 2030.
Despite occasional political tensions, their economic cooperation continues to flourish. Trade between India and China is evidence that economic interests often outweigh political differences, emphasizing the pivotal role of economics in international relations.
BRICS as an alternative to an increasingly polarized world
Global polarization:
Global polarization has led to concerns about the U.S.’s aggressive stance toward China. Many countries seek alternatives, including China.
Within the BRICS, China is a member but not the dominant player, providing a counterbalance with democratic countries like India, South Africa, and Brazil.
In an increasingly interconnected world, countries are looking for alternatives to mitigate their dependence on a single superpower.
Dollar Dominance and Digital Currencies:
The U.S. dollar has long been the dominant global currency, but the rise of digital platforms presents a shift toward digital currencies. India and China are leading in this transition, advocating for increased trade and investment in their own currencies.
Through BRICS, they can collectively promote their currencies as alternatives to the dollar, further converging their interests.
Diversified opportunities:
The search for alternatives extends beyond BRICS to movements like the Non-Aligned Movement, which offers a new approach to global challenges.
As BRICS expands, it will create numerous trade, business, and investment protocols, akin to other free trade arrangements and economic blocs, providing diversified opportunities for member nations.
Africa: The Continent of the Future
Africa is poised for significant economic growth in the 21st century.
The negative image of Europe, marked by interventions and migrant treatment, has driven Africans to explore China’s development more closely.
African countries aspire to have the freedom to choose their investment and trade partners, and BRICS, especially India, seeks to strengthen its ties with the African Union, recognizing the continent’s potential.
Conclusion
BRICS may not always make headlines, but each summit contributes to building a foundation for future networks and collaborations. As Goldman Sachs foresaw in 2003, “If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICS economies together could be larger than the G6 in U.S. dollar terms.” The future of BRICS lies in its ability to harness its economic might for the benefit of its members and the world.
A critical component meant to address this issue is the social audit units tasked with detecting malpractice within the program.
However, the recovery of embezzled funds has been notably ineffective.
What is MGNREGS?
Enacted Under
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005
Objective
To guarantee the ‘Right to Work’ by providing employment opportunities for unskilled workers in rural areas.
Origin
Proposed in 1991 by V. Narasimha Rao and later enacted in 2005.
Duration of Employment
At least 100 days of employment is guaranteed to willing unskilled workers.
Enforceable Commitment
The scheme ensures an enforceable commitment on the implementing machinery, which is the State Governments, providing bargaining power to the laborers.
Unemployment Allowance
If employment is not provided within 15 days of receiving a job application from a prospective household, an unemployment allowance is paid to the job seekers.
Eligibility Criteria
Any Indian citizen above the age of 18 years residing in rural India can apply for the MGNREGS scheme. Applicants should be willing to engage in unskilled work.
Geographical Proximity
Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant’s residence.
Minimum Wages
Minimum wages are to be paid for the work done under MGNREGS.
Legal Entitlement
Employment under MGNREGS is considered a legal entitlement.
Issue of Inadequate Fund Recovery
Current Recovery Rates: Statistics from the Union Rural Development Ministry for the ongoing financial year indicate that less than 14% of the amount flagged by auditors has been successfully recovered.
Past Years’ Performance: The recovery figures for previous financial years paint a similarly bleak picture, with poor outcomes:
2022-23: ₹86.2 crore was identified as recoverable, but only ₹18 crore (20.8%) was retrieved.
2021-22: ₹171 crore misappropriation was flagged, but only ₹26 crore (15%) was recovered.
Social Audit Unit Independence: Section 17 of the MGNREGA Act mandates gram sabhas to monitor work execution, with independent social audit units in each state responsible for uncovering malpractice. However, their scope is limited to flagging issues, leaving recovery actions to state governments.
Fund-Starved Audit Units
Seminar Insights: A recent Ministry seminar revealed a concerning scenario of underfunded social audit units lacking adequate training and personnel. These units play a crucial role in identifying cases of malpractice.
Funding Delay Issues: While the Union government funds these audit units to maintain their independence from state authorities, units in some states, such as Karnataka and Bihar, have faced funding delays for nearly two years.
Poor Monitoring and Recovery
Consistent State Trends: Over the past three years, certain states consistently report “zero number of cases” and “zero recoveries,” casting doubt on the effectiveness of monitoring efforts.
Examples of Poor Recovery: States like Telangana have active social audit units flagging numerous cases, yet the recovery rates remain dismal. For instance, in the ongoing financial year, auditors identified ₹6.6 crore for recovery, but only ₹2,087 has been recuperated so far.
Vigilance and Pressure: While the Centre’s vigilance and pressure on states to recover misappropriated funds are appreciated, there are concerns regarding states that identify multiple cases but struggle with recovery. Furthermore, states reporting no cases indicate a lack of effective monitoring.
Conclusion
Challenging Recovery Landscape: The MGNREGA scheme’s social audit units serve as a crucial mechanism to combat corruption, but the inadequate recovery of embezzled funds threatens their credibility.
Need for Adequate Resources: To make the audit process effective, it is imperative to ensure that social audit units are adequately funded, trained, and staffed.
Balancing Act: Balancing scrutiny with recovery actions is vital to enhance the transparency and integrity of the MGNREGA scheme, which plays a pivotal role in rural employment and development.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karman Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Boundaries serve a crucial purpose in scientific understanding by providing clarity and distinction to elements that might otherwise merge.
One such significant boundary is the Karman Line, which plays a pivotal role in delineating Earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
What is Karman Line?
The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Challenges to the Karman Line’s Significance
Nature rarely conforms to human-made boundaries.
Physically crossing the Karman Line does not result in substantial changes.
In the immediate vicinity, there is minimal difference in air pressure or composition.
Earth’s gravitational force remains influential, and the atmosphere persists beyond this line.
Why is the Karman Line relevant?
Airspace Regulation: The Karman Line primarily serves as a regulator of airspace. It represents an approximate altitude beyond which conventional aircraft cannot operate effectively. Aircraft venturing beyond this threshold require propulsion systems to counteract Earth’s gravitational pull.
Legal Reference: Additionally, the Karman Line acts as a legal benchmark that distinguishes airspace, which nations can claim ownership of, from the realm of outer space. Outer space is governed similarly to international waters, emphasizing the importance of this boundary in legal and governance contexts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Udbhav
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian Army has launched Project Udbhav, an initiative aimed at rediscovering the profound heritage of statecraft and strategic thinking from ancient Indian texts.
Project Udbhav
Project Udbhav is conducted in collaboration by Indian Army and the United Service Institution of India, a defense think-tank.
The primary goal is to comprehend the depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, enduring strategies, and the strategic thought processes that have shaped the Indian subcontinent for millennia.
It delves into India’s rich historical narratives in the domains of statecraft and strategic thinking.
It encompasses indigenous military systems, historical texts, regional texts, kingdoms, thematic studies, and Kautilya Studies.
Why such move?
The initiative underscores the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s ancient wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
It seeks to establish a connection between historical wisdom and contemporary needs.
Scholarly Outcomes and Ongoing Research
A study to compile Indian stratagems based on ancient texts has been ongoing since 2021.
A book listing 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts has already been published under the initiative.
The first scholarly outcome is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan…Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam,” which is meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
A recent panel discussion included a dialogue on the study of ancient texts ranging from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a specific focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and the Kural.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mahatma Gandhi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Mahatma Gandhi seems a natural choice for the face of Indian currency as the Father of the Nation.
This wasn’t until 1996 that his image became a permanent fixture on legal banknotes issued by the RBI, the nation’s central bank and regulatory authority for the Indian banking system.
1946 photograph featuring Gandhi Ji with Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence
Gandhi’s Portrait on Indian Currency
Photographic Source: The portrait of Gandhi on Indian banknotes is not a caricature but a cut-out from a 1946 photograph featuring him alongside British politician Lord Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence.
Expression Matters: This particular photograph was chosen for its ideal depiction of Gandhi’s smiling visage, and the portrait is a mirrored image of the cut-out.
Unknown Photographers: Interestingly, the identities of the photographer of this image and the person who selected it remain unknown.
Currency Design Process
RBI’s Responsibility: The RBI’s Department of Currency Management is tasked with designing rupee notes, subject to approval from the central bank and the Union government.
Regulatory Framework:Section 25 of the RBI Act, 1934, mandates that the design, form, and material of banknotes must be approved by the central government after considering the central board’s recommendations.
Gandhi’s Debut on Indian Currency
1969 Commemoration: Gandhi made his first appearance on Indian currency in 1969 through a special series issued to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary. These notes, featuring Gandhi alongside the Sevagram Ashram, bore the signature of RBI governor LK Jha.
1987 Inclusion: In October 1987, a series of Rs 500 currency notes featuring Gandhi was introduced.
The Transition to Independent India’s Banknotes
Post-Independence Currency: Initially, after India gained independence in August 1947, the RBI continued to issue notes from the colonial era that depicted King George VI.
Symbol Selection: The government of India introduced new 1-rupee notes in 1949, replacing King George with a representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath.
Design Continuity: The subsequent release of banknotes in 1950, in denominations of Rs 2, 5, 10, and 100, featured the Lion Capital watermark, maintaining continuity with earlier designs.
Gandhi’s Permanence on Banknotes
Security Concerns in the 1990s: By the 1990s, the RBI recognized the need for enhanced security features on currency notes due to advancements in reprographic techniques. A human face was deemed less susceptible to forgery than inanimate objects.
Gandhi’s Enduring Appeal: Mahatma Gandhi’s national significance made him the ideal choice. In 1996, the RBI introduced a new ‘Mahatma Gandhi Series’ of banknotes, replacing the previous Ashoka Pillar notes and incorporating advanced security features.
Continuity in 2016: The ‘Mahatma Gandhi New Series’ of banknotes, introduced in 2016, continued to feature Gandhi’s portrait, with the addition of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo and enhanced security elements.
Other Suggestions for Currency Faces
Varied Proposals: Over the years, there have been calls to feature different personalities on banknotes apart from Gandhi.
Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi: In October 2022, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal appealed to the Prime Minister and the Union government to include images of Lord Ganesha and goddess Lakshmi on currency notes.
Previous Proposals: Suggestions in the past included Noble Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and former President APJ Abdul Kalam. However, the RBI and Indian authorities have consistently upheld Gandhi’s representation, considering him the most fitting embodiment of India’s ethos.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s Enduring Legacy: Mahatma Gandhi’s presence on Indian currency notes stands as a testament to his indelible impact on the nation’s history and values.
Challenges to Change: While various proposals have emerged over the years, the symbolism and significance of Gandhi on banknotes remain unwavering, reflective of his towering stature in India’s collective consciousness.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Privacy issues related to Aadhaar
Central Idea
Moody’s Investor Service released a report titled ‘Decentralised Finance and Digital Assets,’ advocating for decentralized digital identity systems over centralised biometric systems like India’s Aadhaar.
The report raises concerns about security and privacy vulnerabilities associated with Aadhaar (being managed by Govt of India) and questions its effectiveness.
India’s Response to Moody’s Report
In response to Moody’s report, the Indian government strongly defended Aadhaar, asserting that it is “the most trusted digital ID in the world.”
The government highlighted Aadhaar’s integration with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) database, emphasizing that workers can receive payments without biometric authentication.
Aadhaar: Rationale and Objectives
Unique Identification: Aadhaar is a unique identification number provided to all Indian residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). It collects demographic details, biometric fingerprints, and iris scans during enrolment, aiming to create a unique identity for residents.
Fighting Corruption: Aadhaar’s primary objectives include curbing corruption in accessing welfare programs by eliminating “ghost” and “fake” individuals who fraudulently claim benefits.
Aadhaar’s Role in Welfare Programs
Ration Distribution: Aadhaar is used to authenticate individuals accessing rations under the Public Distribution System, ensuring that beneficiaries receive their entitled portions.
Government-to-Citizen Transfers: The government employs Aadhaar for various cash transfer programs, claiming substantial savings by eliminating fraudulent beneficiaries.
Aadhaar in Cash Withdrawals
Authentication Process: To enable payments through Aadhaar for MGNREGA, three steps are involved: linking Aadhaar to job cards, linking Aadhaar to bank accounts, and linking Aadhaar correctly with the National Payments Corporation of India for payment processing.
AePS Platform: Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) allows individuals to withdraw money from Aadhaar-linked bank accounts using biometric authentication.
Concerns Surrounding Aadhaar
Quantity Fraud: Critics argue that Aadhaar fails to address issues like quantity fraud, where beneficiaries receive less than their entitled share. This type of corruption remains prevalent, with Aadhaar unable to detect or prevent it.
Authentication Challenges: Rural areas face authentication challenges due to unreliable internet, fading fingerprints, and inadequate phone connectivity for OTPs. Vulnerable groups, such as older women and people with disabilities, face exclusion.
Lack of Data Transparency: Information regarding authentication attempts and failures is not publicly available, hindering transparency.
Payment Failures: Errors at any stage of Aadhaar-based payments can lead to payment failures. Mismatches in data between job cards and Aadhaar databases can result in authentication failures.
Misdirection of Payments: Misdirected payments through Aadhaar are difficult to detect and resolve, creating issues when Aadhaar numbers are linked to the wrong bank accounts.
Financial Exclusion: Critics argue that Aadhaar-based authentication requirements can lead to financial exclusion for certain groups.
Security Concerns
AePS Accountability: Banking correspondents using AePS operate without accountability frameworks, leading to potential misuse and unauthorized access to bank accounts.
Multiple Authentications: Some banking correspondents ask individuals to authenticate multiple times, providing them access to individuals’ bank accounts without consent.
Fraud and Scams: Several reports highlight instances of money withdrawal and enrollment in government programs without individuals’ knowledge through AePS.
Current Impasse
Resistance to Mandatory Aadhaar: The government’s efforts to make Aadhaar-based payments mandatory in MGNREGA have faced resistance from workers and field officials.
Deletion of Job Cards: Reports indicate that the job cards of active rural workers have been deleted on grounds of being “ghosts,” raising concerns about data accuracy.
Apprehensions: Critics express apprehensions based on their experience with Aadhaar in welfare programs, emphasizing the need for pilots and evidence-based decision-making.
Conclusion
The debate between centralized biometric systems like Aadhaar and decentralized digital identity solutions remains ongoing, with concerns regarding security, inclusivity, and transparency at the forefront of discussions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Duarte Agostinho Case
Mains level: Climate Justice and Reparations
Central Idea
On September 27, a historic legal battle in the climate action movement commenced at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France.
This courtroom showdown featured 32 European governments, including the UK, Russia, and Turkey, facing off against six young individuals from Portugal, aged 11 to 24.
Why discuss this?
Youth-led climate lawsuits are reshaping climate litigation.
These lawsuits assert that uncontrolled carbon emissions infringe on fundamental rights, threaten the well-being of young generations.
This highlight the centrality of climate science in combating misinformation and denialism.
Understanding the Duarte Agostinho Case
[A] Origins of the Lawsuit:
The Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and Others case was initiated in September 2020.
It was in response to the devastating wildfires in Portugal’s Leiria region in 2017, resulting in 66 casualties and the loss of 20,000 hectares of forests.
This legal action highlights the urgency of adhering to the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting global warming to below 1.5°C.
[B] Concerns raised
The Portuguese youths assert that European nations have failed to meet climate emissions goals, exceeding global carbon budgets compatible with the Paris Agreement’s objectives.
Scientific evidence will be presented, demonstrating that if current emission trends persist, global temperatures will rise by 3°C during the plaintiffs’ lifetimes.
Such actions are alleged to breach fundamental rights protected under the European Convention on Human Rights, including the right to life, freedom from inhuman or degrading treatment, privacy, family life, and freedom from discrimination.
Lawsuit’s Demands
Rapid Emission Reduction: As these 32 countries contributed to climate catastrophes and threatened young people’s futures, the lawsuit contends that these nations must urgently intensify emissions reductions. The recommended measures include curbing fossil fuel production and addressing global supply chain sustainability.
Emissions Reduction Targets: The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change (ESABCC) suggested that countries should aim for emissions reductions of 75% below 1990 levels, a more ambitious target than the EU’s current 55%. The lawsuit argues that European countries have overstated their carbon budgets, emphasizing the need for greater reductions.
Climate Crisis Impact on Human Rights
UNICEF characterizes the climate crisis as a “child rights crisis” due to unhindered carbon emissions and extreme weather jeopardizing access to education, health, nutrition, and the future.
Research links air pollution to adverse birth outcomes and increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Heatwaves exacerbate mental health issues, ultimately affecting academic performance and school attendance.
Government Responses and Challenges
Cause and Effect Denial: Many countries have dismissed any direct relationship between climate change and its impact on human health. Greece, for instance, argued that climate change effects do not directly affect human life or health, despite experiencing massive wildfires.
Portrayal as Future Fears: Governments like Portugal and Ireland have downplayed climate change concerns as “future fears,” asserting that there is no immediate risk to lives.
Policy Reversals: Some nations, like the U.K., have showcased proactive climate policies, such as a 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars. However, these policies have been reversed, raising concerns about policy consistency and legality.
Conclusion
The Duarte Agostinho case represents a pivotal moment in the climate action movement, with young activists challenging their governments to protect their future against the looming climate crisis.
This legal battle underscores the critical intersection of climate change and human rights, shaping a path toward increased accountability and transformative climate governance.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Surge in PMI to 31-month high: The S&P Global India Manufacturing PMI soared to 58.7 in May, the highest level in 31 months.
Service Sector
The service sector, also known as the tertiary sector, includes a wide range of economic activities that are focused on providing intangible goods and services to customers.
Some examples of activities that fall under the service sector include:
Hospitality and tourism: This includes activities such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and tour operators.
Retail and wholesale trade: This includes businesses that buy and sell goods, such as supermarkets, department stores, and online retailers.
Financial services: This includes banks, insurance companies, and investment firms.
Professional and business services: This includes activities such as legal services, accounting, consulting, and advertising.
Information and communication technology: This includes activities such as software development, telecommunications, and data processing.
Healthcare and social assistance: This includes activities such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and social services.
Education and training: This includes activities such as schools, colleges, universities, and vocational training.
Transportation and logistics: This includes activities such as shipping, warehousing, and distribution.
Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)
PMI is an indicator of business activity — both in the manufacturing and services sectors.
The S&P Global India Services PMI is compiled by S&P Global from responses to questionnaires sent to a panel of around 400 service sector companies.
It is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in their perception of some key business variables from the month before.
It is calculated separately for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a composite index is constructed.
How is the PMI derived?
The PMI is derived from a series of qualitative questions.
Executives from a reasonably big sample, running into hundreds of firms, are asked whether key indicators such as output, new orders, business expectations and employment were stronger than the month before and are asked to rate them.
How does one read the PMI?
A figure above 50 denotes expansion in business activity. Anything below 50 denotes contraction.
Higher the difference from this mid-point greater the expansion or contraction. The rate of expansion can also be judged by comparing the PMI with that of the previous month data.
If the figure is higher than the previous month’s then the economy is expanding at a faster rate. If it is lower than the previous month then it is growing at a lower rate.
Key insights of recent trend
Fastest factory order growth: Factory orders rose at the fastest pace since January 2021.
Unprecedented accumulation of inputs: Producers accumulated inputs at an unprecedented pace due to lower costs.
Improvement in operating conditions: The index reflects a substantial improvement in operating conditions, with a significant increase from 57.2 in April.
Strong growth in order books and exports: Order books grew for the 23rd consecutive month, supported by a rise in export deals.
Highest output levels in 28 months: Output levels reached the highest point in 28 months.
Increased hiring: Pressure on capacities led firms to increase hiring, reaching a six-month high.
Reasons behind this rise
Rise in selling prices: Producers raised selling prices at a solid and quicker rate in May, the highest in a year.
Mild input costs but adjusted charges: Input costs remained historically mild, but producers adjusted their charges due to sustained cost increases and a supportive demand environment.
Improved business confidence: Business confidence about growth improved, reaching a five-month high.
Public faith in economy: Factors such as publicity and demand resilience contributed to the optimistic outlook.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune diseases and the Concept of Inverse Vaccine
Mains level: Autoimmune diseases, Potential Applications of Inverse Vaccine and
What’s the news?
Breakthrough Inverse vaccines offer hope for treating autoimmune diseases.
Central idea
In the quest to combat autoimmune diseases, scientists are exploring a groundbreaking approach: inverse vaccines. While still in the developmental stage and yet to be tested on humans, this novel concept holds the potential to revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
What are autoimmune diseases?
Autoimmune diseases are a group of medical conditions in which the body’s immune system, which is designed to protect against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues.
Normally, the immune system can differentiate between the body’s own cells (self) and foreign substances (non-self), but in autoimmune diseases, this ability is disrupted, leading to immune responses directed against the body’s own tissues.
Key Facts
There are more than 80 known autoimmune diseases, and they can affect virtually any part of the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, organs, and various systems like the nervous system or endocrine system.
The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is often complex and not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors is believed to contribute to their development.
These diseases can vary in severity and may have periods of remission and flare-ups.
Treatment typically involves managing symptoms, suppressing the immune response, and, in some cases, using medications to control inflammation or modulate the immune system.
Autoimmune diseases can be chronic and require ongoing medical management.
Some common autoimmune diseases include Type 1 Diabetes, Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
The Concept of Inverse Vaccine
Conventional vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. For instance, COVID-19 vaccines teach the immune system to identify the spike protein of the virus and neutralize it.
In contrast, inverse vaccines do the opposite. They prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells by retraining it to spare them.
Inverse vaccines add a do not attack signal to healthy cells.
Table 1: Traditional Vaccines vs Inverse Vaccines
Aspect
Traditional Vaccines
Inverse Vaccines
Primary Purpose
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens (e.g., viruses or bacteria)
To prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues in autoimmune diseases
Components
Contain weakened or inactivated pathogens, proteins, or fragments derived from pathogens
May contain markers or signals to modify the immune response and prevent attacks on healthy cells
Immune Response
Elicits an immune response targeting specific pathogens, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells
Modifies or suppresses the immune response in cases of autoimmune diseases, reducing attacks on healthy tissues
Application
Used to prevent infections by training the immune system to recognize and respond to specific threats
Investigated for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by retraining the immune system to tolerate healthy cells
Protection Mechanism
Provides protection against specific pathogens by building immunity
Preserves the body’s healthy cells by preventing autoimmune attacks
Examples
Vaccines for diseases like measles, polio, and influenza
Experimental vaccines for autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis
Status
Widely used and established in preventive medicine
Still in experimental stages, undergoing research and development
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Inverse vaccines may offer a new approach to managing MS by preventing immune cells from attacking cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Type I Diabetes: These vaccines could potentially help protect insulin-producing cells in the pancreas from immune attacks, offering a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes.
Celiac Disease: Early safety trials are underway to test the use of inverse vaccines in celiac disease, a condition associated with gluten intolerance. These vaccines may help individuals respond better to gluten and manage the disease more effectively.
Allergic Asthma: Inverse vaccines are under investigation for managing allergic asthma by modifying the immune response to allergens, potentially reducing asthma symptoms.
Food Allergies: There is potential for inverse vaccines to improve tolerance to allergenic foods, making it safer for individuals with food allergies to consume these foods.
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Inverse vaccines may find applications in managing chronic inflammatory conditions like Crohn’s disease, offering a targeted approach to modulating the immune response.
Transplantation: Researchers are exploring the potential of inverse vaccines in organ transplantation to reduce the risk of organ rejection. These vaccines may help the recipient’s immune system tolerate the transplanted organ more effectively.
Adaptability to Different Diseases
The concept of an inverse vaccine is not new. It was pioneered by Stanford researcher Lawrence Steinman in the early 2000s.
Recent research led by Jeffrey Hubbell has opened the door to creating tailored inverse vaccines for various autoimmune diseases.
This adaptability allows for precision in addressing specific conditions, enhancing their effectiveness.
Progress and Future Prospects
Current Stage: Inverse vaccines are still in the experimental phase and have not yet been tested in human trials, as mentioned in the article.
Safety Trials: Early safety trials are underway, including trials related to their use in celiac disease and Phase 1 safety trials for multiple sclerosis (MS).
Potential Transformative Impact: Early indications of success, particularly in treating celiac disease, offer hope for transformative treatments.
Development in the Field: Researchers anticipate more developments in the field of inverse vaccines in the next five to ten years.
Adjustable Vaccines: The researchers are working on creating adjustable inverse vaccines tailored to different autoimmune diseases. This adaptability is expected to enhance their effectiveness.
Broader Applications: While the primary focus is on autoimmune diseases, researchers are also exploring potential applications of inverse vaccines in managing food allergies and allergic asthma.
Conclusion
Inverse vaccines represent a promising avenue for treating autoimmune diseases without compromising the overall immune response. As research continues, the prospect of bringing inverse vaccines from the lab to the clinic is an exciting possibility on the horizon.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TB and elimination strategy
Mains level: India's TB Prevalence, Challenges and responsibilities and measures,
What’s the news?
TB, which affects over 25 lakh Indians every year and kills at least 1,000 every day, As India is on the cusp of a demographic shift, with the elderly population set to comprise a substantial portion of society, it is imperative to invest in the health of our elderly population and pay attention to their unique needs.
Central idea
Advances in healthcare and increased life expectancy are propelling India’s demographic transition, with the elderly projected to constitute 12.5% of the population by 2030, up from 9% in 2011. This underscores the urgent need for age-responsive healthcare systems to address the complexities of TB care among the elderly, aligning opportunity with responsibility.
TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.
TB is transmitted through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. When inhaled by others, these droplets can lead to infection.
The Burden of TB among the Elderly
Recent findings from India’s National TB Prevalence Survey in 2021 reveal a concerning trend: the prevalence of TB among individuals aged 55 and above stands at 588 per one lakh population, significantly higher than the national average of 316.
This alarming disparity necessitates a dedicated focus on TB among the elderly and the formulation of age-specific TB guidelines.
Challenges faced by elderly TB patients
Delayed Diagnosis: TB symptoms, including cough, fatigue, and weight loss, are often misinterpreted as signs of old age or other illnesses. Consequently, TB diagnoses among the elderly are frequently delayed or overlooked.
Comorbidities: Many elderly TB patients have multiple comorbidities, especially diabetes, which complicates TB management. This leads to a higher pill count and an increased likelihood of side effects, affecting treatment adherence and outcomes.
Access to Healthcare: Elderly individuals, particularly those in rural and hilly areas, struggle to access healthcare facilities due to mobility challenges. This can lead to delays in seeking medical care.
Limited Information: Older individuals may have restricted access to reliable health information, as their social networks tend to shrink with age. This lack of information hampers their ability to recognize TB symptoms and seek timely medical attention.
Economic Dependence: Most individuals over the age of 60 are retired and financially dependent on savings or family. While there are some social welfare schemes for the elderly, they often have limitations and may not provide adequate financial support.
Stigma and Mental Health: TB-related stigma is a concern among the elderly, contributing to social isolation. Many elderly TB patients experience loneliness, anxiety, and a sense of purposelessness, negatively impacting their mental health.
Strategies to address these challenges and provide elder-friendly TB care
Holistic Care Models: Transition from disease-specific care to holistic models that reduce the need for elderly patients to interact with multiple healthcare providers and facilities.
Health Professional Training: Build the capacity of healthcare professionals at all levels to better understand TB in the elderly and manage multiple comorbidities effectively.
Improved Case-Finding: Enhance case-finding mechanisms through effective sputum collection and transportation systems, mobile diagnostic vans, and active case-finding at geriatric OPDs and residential homes.
Technical Protocols: Develop technical and operational protocols that guide the diagnosis and treatment of TB in the elderly, including sample extraction, comorbidity assessment, and drug dosage adjustments.
Socio-Economic Support: Design and implement support protocols in consultation with elderly TB patients, including community care models, doorstep medicine delivery, peer support, counseling, and assistance with accessing social support schemes.
Data Collection and Analysis: Ensure rigorous gender and age-disaggregated data collection and analysis to identify TB trends among the elderly, with a dedicated age category in all TB reports.
Strengthen Collaboration: Foster collaboration within the healthcare system to build elderly-friendly care systems effectively.
Research Agenda: Promote research focused on TB in the elderly, exploring state-specific trends, substance use, drug resistance, co-morbidity patterns, TB preventive therapy uptake, and intersectionality with other equity aspects.
Conclusion
On this International Day of Older Persons, India must reaffirm its commitment to the well-being of its elderly citizens. By implementing age-responsive TB care models, strengthening healthcare systems, and conducting focused research, we can pave the way for a healthier, more inclusive future for our aging population.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aadhaar
Mains level: Aadhaar, rationale behind and Concerns with its Use in welfare
What’s the news?
On September 21, Moody’s Investor Service released a report advocating for decentralized digital identity systems over centralized biometric systems like India’s Aadhaar
Central idea
India has reacted strongly to the report released by Moody’s Investor Service, which advocates for decentralized digital identity systems over central biometric systems like Aadhaar. The government has refuted the claims made in the report and defended the Aadhaar system as the most trusted digital ID in the world.
What is Aadhaar?
Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identification number issued to all Indian residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).
It is based on biometric and demographic data, including fingerprints and iris scans, and serves as a standardized and secure means of identity verification.
The Rationale for Aadhaar
Unique Identification: Aadhaar assigns a unique ID to every Indian resident, ensuring distinct and verifiable identities.
Corruption Reduction: Aadhaar combats welfare fraud by verifying recipients, reducing ghost and fake beneficiaries.
Efficient Services: Simplifies access to government services, enhancing efficiency and accuracy.
Financial Inclusion: Links Aadhaar to bank accounts, promoting banking services in underserved areas.
Digital Transformation: Enables secure online authentication for e-services, e-commerce, and payments.
Data Security: Emphasizes data security and privacy measures, including encryption and authentication protocols.
Integration: Supports government database integration, enhancing governance and policy implementation.
Welfare Savings: Eliminates duplicates, leading to substantial savings and improved subsidy targeting.
Role in cash withdrawals
Aadhaar and Job Card Linking: First, a worker’s Aadhaar number must be linked to their job card, which is associated with the employment program, such as MGNREGA.
Aadhaar and Bank Account Linking: Second, the worker’s Aadhaar must be linked to their bank account. This linkage ensures that the Aadhaar number serves as the unique identifier for transactions related to this account.
Mapping with NPCI: The Aadhaar number must be correctly linked through the worker’s bank branch with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). The NPCI acts as a clearing house for Aadhaar-based payments.
Cash Deposits: Once these linkages are established, any cash transferred by the government for benefits or payments gets deposited directly into the individual’s last Aadhaar-linked bank account.
Cash Withdrawals: Individuals can then withdraw money from their Aadhaar-linked bank account through private banking kiosks or by using private banking correspondents’ point of sale (PoS) machines. These transactions involve biometric authentication to confirm the individual’s identity.
Concerns with Aadhaar’s Use
Ineffectiveness Against Quantity Fraud: Aadhaar does not address quantity fraud, a prevalent form of corruption in ration distribution, where beneficiaries receive less than their entitled amount. The system focuses on identity verification but lacks mechanisms to prevent this type of fraud.
Authentication Challenges: In rural areas, authentication can be challenging due to unreliable internet, fading fingerprints, and limited phone connectivity for one-time passwords (OTPs). Multiple trips to ration shops may be necessary, leading to delays and uncertainty.
Lack of Transparency: The lack of public data on authentication attempts and failures raises transparency and accountability issues. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) highlighted the absence of a system to analyze authentication errors.
Payment Failures: Any error in the Aadhaar-based payment process can result in payment failures. Issues like spelling discrepancies between job cards and Aadhaar databases can lead to authentication failures.
Coercion and Misdirection: Workers are often coerced into linking their Aadhaar with bank accounts without their consent, leading to wage diversion to unknown accounts. Misdirected payments, such as redirection to Airtel wallets, are challenging to detect and resolve.
Savings Claims: Claims of government savings through Aadhaar implementation have been questioned by researchers like Jean Drèze, Reetika Khera, Rahul Lahoti, and Anand Venkatnarayanan. They argue that the government’s assertions may be misleading and not supported by data.
Delays in Wage Payments: Despite government claims of reduced delays in wage payments under MGNREGA due to Aadhaar, recent research using extensive wage transaction data found no statistical evidence of these claims. Insufficient funds were suggested as a primary reason for payment delays
Security Concerns with Aadhaar
Lack of Accountability: Banking correspondents operating the Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) often lack a robust accountability framework, raising the risk of misuse or unauthorized access to individuals’ bank accounts.
Unauthorized Biometric Authentication: Some banking correspondents may ask individuals to undergo multiple biometric authentications, potentially granting them unauthorized access to individuals’ bank accounts.
Misuse of Aadhaar-Enabled Transactions: Reports and studies have highlighted cases where individuals’ money was withdrawn without consent through AePS, or they were enrolled in government insurance programs against their will.
Security Breaches: Instances like the ₹10 crore scholarship scam in Jharkhand in 2020 exemplify security breaches and fraudulent activities associated with Aadhaar-based systems.
Way forward
Data Security and Privacy: Strengthen data security measures to protect Aadhaar information. Ensure strict enforcement of data protection regulations and privacy standards.
Authentication Reliability: Improve the reliability of biometric authentication, especially in areas with limited connectivity. Develop backup authentication methods.
Process Streamlining: Simplify the process of linking Aadhaar with bank accounts and other services to reduce errors and misdirected payments. Provide clear information to individuals about the status and usage of their Aadhaar-linked accounts.
Addressing Corruption: Monitor and evaluate the impact of Aadhaar on reducing corruption in welfare programs. Implement additional measures to tackle specific forms of corruption, such as quantity fraud.
Independent Research and Evaluation: Support independent research to assess Aadhaar’s effectiveness and impact in various government programs. Use evidence-based findings to make informed policy decisions and improvements.
Accountability for Misuse: Establish mechanisms for holding individuals or organizations accountable for any misuse of Aadhaar data or fraudulent activities.
Conclusion
Moody’s report has sparked a debate about the effectiveness and security of Aadhaar. While it has brought some benefits in streamlining welfare programs, it falls short in addressing key issues and poses significant security risks. The government must address these concerns and work towards a more secure and efficient digital identity system, considering decentralized alternatives as suggested by Moody’s.
