Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dollarization
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Argentina faces over 100% inflation and widespread poverty, prompting public support for Milei’s unique economic policies.
- This has prompted the newly elected Javier Milei replacing the peso with the dollar, abolishing the Central Bank, and cutting government spending.
Concept of Dollarization
- Dollarization is the process by which a country adopts a foreign currency in addition to or instead of its national currency.
- Here are 2 types of dollarization:
- Full Dollarization: This occurs when a country adopts a foreign currency (such as the US dollar) as its sole legal tender. In this scenario, the foreign currency completely replaces the domestic currency for all financial transactions.
- Partial Dollarization: In this case, the foreign currency is used alongside the national currency. It often happens unofficially, where residents hold a significant portion of their assets or conduct a large number of their transactions in the foreign currency.
Motive behind Argentine move
- Hyperinflation Solution: Dollarization could break the cycle of rising prices and money supply, as the dollar is not easily manipulated for political gains.
- Growth Potential: By using dollars, economies might focus on exports and attract foreign investment, benefiting from the dollar’s stability.
Potential Challenges
- Loss of Monetary Policy Control: Adopting the dollar means losing the ability to control the money supply through domestic monetary policy.
- Dependence on Export Promotion: Economies must rely solely on export promotion for economic stability, as currency depreciation is no longer an option.
Ecuador’s Experience
- Economic Turnaround: Ecuador, after adopting the dollar, saw significant improvements in GDP growth, poverty reduction, and inflation control.
- Oil and Gas Reserves: Ecuador’s success was partly due to its natural resources, which helped maintain a steady dollar inflow.
- Beyond Dollarization: Ecuador’s economic prosperity was also due to effective fiscal policies and government interventions in the oil sector.
- Social Spending: Increased social spending played a crucial role in translating economic gains into societal benefits.
Comparative Analysis: Greece and the Euro
- Euro Adoption in Greece: Greece’s adoption of the euro initially spurred growth but later limited its fiscal and monetary policy options.
- Austerity Measures: The Eurozone crisis forced Greece into austerity, highlighting the risks of adopting an external currency without policy autonomy.
Conclusion
- Not a Panacea: Dollarization, while potentially stabilizing, is not a standalone solution and requires complementary domestic policies.
- Argentina’s Uncertain Future: With Milei’s intent to slash government spending and abolish the Central Bank, Argentina’s economic future under his administration remains uncertain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teenage Galaxies, JWST
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recently, the James Webb Space Telescope has provided detailed insights into slightly older galaxies, known as ‘teenagers’ in galactic terms, shedding light on their evolution and unique characteristics.
- This research is part of the CECILIA Survey, utilizing Webb to analyze the chemistry of distant galaxies, named after astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin.
Study of Teenage Galaxies
- Formation Period: The study focuses on galaxies that formed around 2-3 billion years after the Big Bang, which occurred about 13.8 billion years ago.
- Research Methodology: Researchers analyzed light across various wavelengths from 23 such galaxies using Webb, akin to studying their ‘chemical DNA.’
- Key Discoveries: These teenage galaxies exhibit distinct chemical compositions, indicative of intense star formation and rapid developmental phases.
Characteristics of Teenage Galaxies
- Contrast with Modern Galaxies: These galaxies show significant differences in appearance and behavior compared to contemporary galaxies.
- Developmental Mysteries: They undergo crucial, yet not fully understood, processes during this phase, shaping their final structure and nature.
- High Temperatures in Star-Forming Regions: Star-forming areas in these galaxies show temperatures around 24,000 degrees Fahrenheit, much higher than in present-day galaxies.
- Young Stars and Gas Properties: This temperature variation suggests differences in the stars and gas properties of teenage galaxies.
- Detected Elements: Observations identified these galaxies glowing with elements like hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, argon, nickel, and silicon.
Significance of Oxygen and Nickel
- Oxygen’s Crucial Role: As a key component of galactic DNA and the third-most abundant element in the universe, oxygen is vital for tracking galaxies’ growth history.
- Nickel – An Unexpected Find: The presence of nickel, usually not bright enough to be observed in nearby galaxies, suggests unique aspects of massive stars in these galaxies.
- Undetected Elements: Astronomers believe that additional elements likely exist in these galaxies but remain undetected due to current technological limits.
Implications of the Findings
- Chemical Immaturity and Rapid Growth: The study indicates that these galaxies are in a phase of rapid formation and are still chemically immature.
- Insights into Star Formation: Understanding the chemical makeup of these galaxies provides valuable information about their star formation history and rate.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: HERVH and 'Jumping Genes'
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recent breakthroughs in genetic research have shed light on the complexities of early embryonic development, particularly focusing on the inner cell mass, a key component in forming the human body.
Embryonic Development Explained
- Life’s Commencement: Life begins with the fusion of sperm and egg, creating a zygote, the first cell of a new individual.
- Cellular Multiplication: The zygote undergoes rapid cell division, marking the onset of embryonic development.
- Diverse Cell Differentiation: As the embryo develops, cells differentiate into various types, leading to the formation of organs and tissues.
- Journey to Birth: This intricate process culminates in the birth of a newborn after nine months of gestation.
Early Stages of Development
- Inner Cell Mass Formation: Early embryonic cells cluster around the inner cell mass, vital for the embryo’s development.
- Pluripotency of Cells: These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can develop into any cell type in the body.
- Scientific Focus: The inner cell mass is a primary subject of study due to its critical role in human development.
Gene Expression in Embryonic Cells
- Analyzing Gene Activity: Researchers study the proteins produced by genes to understand cell-specific gene expression.
- Deciphering Cell Development: This research provides insights into the active genes in each cell, revealing the mechanisms of cell development.
Discoveries in the Inner Cell Mass
- 2016 Research Insights: Manvendra Singh’s reanalysis of gene expression data identified a new group of non-committed cells in the inner cell mass.
- Enigma of Cell Death: These cells, unlike others, do not progress to later developmental stages and are eliminated early on.
HERVH Gene and Cell Survival
- HERVH’s Crucial Function: A 2014 study revealed that HERVH, a gene with virus-like properties, is essential for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells.
- Gene Expression Variations: Singh’s research showed that while most inner cell mass cells express HERVH, the non-committed cells that eventually die do not.
- Independent Confirmation: This discovery was corroborated by researchers at the University of Spain in lab-fertilized embryos.
Understanding ‘Jumping Genes’
- Transposons in Non-Committed Cells: The non-committed cells express transposons, or ‘jumping genes’, which can cause DNA damage and lead to cell death.
- HERVH’s Protective Role: HERVH protects most cells from the harmful effects of transposons, but cells lacking HERVH expression are vulnerable.
- Natural Selection in Embryos: The early human embryo acts as a selection ground, favoring cells with HERVH expression.
- HERVH’s Unique Nature: Interestingly, HERVH itself is a transposon but functions protectively rather than destructively.
Implications for Placenta and Beyond
- Placental Development: Cells that form the placenta also exhibit transposon activity but manage to survive without HERVH expression.
- Impact on Regenerative Medicine: Understanding HERVH’s role in cell pluripotency has profound implications for regenerative medicine and could influence embryo viability in fertility treatments.Top of Form
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: constitutional principles in the execution of international obligations
Central idea
Tax treaties or protocols signed by the executive to alter or vary the provisions of the IT Act must withstand the rigours of the constitutional and statutory requirements
Key Highlights:
- Landmark Decision: The Supreme Court’s decision in Assessing Officer (International Tax) vs Nestle SA is a landmark ruling reaffirming the constitutional principle that international obligations assumed by the executive require specific legislative conditions for legal effect.
- Constitutional Framework: The judgment delves into the interplay between domestic law and international law within India’s constitutional framework, emphasizing the need for parliamentary approval when international obligations conflict with domestically enacted laws.
- Article 73 and Article 253: The powers of the Union executive, as per Article 73, are co-terminus with those of Parliament, allowing the executive to assume international obligations without legislation. However, Article 253 emphasizes the dualism between international law and municipal law, requiring a domestic legislative process for conflicting obligations.
- Delegated Powers: Parliament can delegate treaty-making powers to the executive, exemplified by tax treaties under section 90 of the Income Tax (IT) Act. The court clarifies that assuming international obligations and enforcing them domestically are distinct processes.
- Section 90 of IT Act: The judgment interprets section 90, titled “Agreement with foreign countries or specified territories,” emphasizing the necessity of a notification for the implementation of agreements related to the avoidance of double taxation.
- MFN Clauses: Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) clauses, aimed at altering taxation provisions, must be notified for incorporation into domestic tax law. Failure to do so would create uncertainty in the tax system, with no constitutional or statutory backing for unnotified application.
- Chaos and Uncertainty: Unnotified application of MFN clauses could lead to chaos and uncertainty, with taxpayers and assessing officers interpreting and applying the clauses based on individual understanding, lacking legal foundation.
- Scope of Judgment: The judgment’s scope is limited to the need for a notification for the implementation of MFN clauses, and questions related to diplomatic accountability or the executive’s capacity to prolong the performance of international obligations were not addressed.
- Importance of Constitutional Principles: The Supreme Court’s decision is applauded for upholding democratic principles, ensuring that international obligations assumed by the executive align with constitutional and statutory requirements.
Challenges:
- Future Events Contingency: The activation of MFN clauses contingent upon future events poses challenges in their timely application and raises questions about the executive’s diplomatic accountability.
Key Phrases:
- Dualism of Legal Systems: The constitutional framework recognizes international law and municipal law as separate and distinct legal systems.
- Domestic Legislative Processes: International obligations conflicting with domestic laws must undergo legislative processes for enforceability in courts.
- Separation of Powers: The judgment underscores the importance of the doctrine of separation of powers in judicially incorporating international obligations into domestic law.
Critical Analysis:
The court’s decision provides a robust interpretation of constitutional principles, ensuring that assumed international obligations align with domestic legal processes. The focus on the necessity of notifications for the implementation of MFN clauses reflects the court’s commitment to maintaining clarity and avoiding chaos in the tax system.
Key Examples and References:
- Article 73 and 253 of the Constitution: The judgment extensively refers to constitutional provisions such as Article 73 and Article 253 to establish the legal framework.
Way Forward:
- Legislative Precision: Policymakers should ensure precision in legislative processes, especially concerning the implementation of international obligations, to avoid legal ambiguities.
- Clarity in Notification: The executive should prioritize clarity in notifications, particularly when activating clauses contingent upon future events, to prevent interpretational challenges.
- Review of Existing Treaties: Periodic reviews of existing tax treaties to ensure they align with constitutional and statutory requirements and to address any potential issues related to conflicting obligations.
- Enhanced Diplomatic Engagement: Diplomatic efforts should focus on ensuring that assumed international obligations are seamlessly integrated into domestic legal frameworks to uphold constitutional principles.
The Supreme Court’s judgment serves as a guide for maintaining the sanctity of constitutional principles in the execution of international obligations, particularly in the context of tax treaties.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) JAM Trinity
Mains level: DBT's success
Key Highlights:
- India’s Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system lauded globally as a “logistical marvel.”
- DBT utilizes digital infrastructure to directly transfer government scheme benefits, covering 310 schemes across 53 ministries.
- The JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile) post-2017-18 maximized DBT’s impact.
Dignity of the Poor:
- DBT’s overlooked benefit is its preservation of the dignity of the poor.
- Without corruption or leakages, DBT eliminates the need for the poor to parade for government benefits.
- Shift in approach—government benefits reaching the poor directly without intermediaries.
Poverty Perspectives and Historical Context:
- Discussion on poverty perspectives, referencing Michael Young’s “The Rise of The Meritocracy.”
- Challenge to the prevailing view that poverty is an individual’s fault, offering an alternative, rights-based approach.
- Advocacy for understanding poverty from an individual rights perspective and addressing historical contexts.
Rights-Based Approach to Poverty:
- Recognition of basic security rights for citizens regarding food, shelter, and health.
- Emphasis on shared societal responsibility for poverty, especially by the rich and elite.
- Contrast with technical solutions, highlighting the need to work with the poor.
Preserving Dignity in Design:
- Importance of not just providing benefits but also considering how they are delivered.
- DBT as a mechanism that ensures rightful benefits reach the poor while preserving their dignity.
- Elimination of the poverty parade with the government reaching the poor.
Replicating DBT Success:
- Suggestion to replicate the DBT design in other areas, with a focus on the judiciary.
- Reference to the judiciary’s challenges and an appeal to ensure justice reaches the poor efficiently.
- Call for collective efforts to address complex problems.
Challenges:
- Unquantifiable nature of preserving dignity makes it challenging to measure its impact.
- The need for broader societal shifts in perspectives on poverty and shared responsibilities.
Key Phrases:
- JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile)
- Poverty parade
- Rights-based approach
- Shared societal responsibility
- Technical solutions vs. working with the poor
- Veil of ignorance (Rawlsian perspective)
- Dignity preservation in program design
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasis on the overlooked aspect of preserving dignity brings a unique perspective.
- The article challenges prevailing views on poverty, advocating for a rights-based approach.
- DBT is presented as a successful model, but challenges of replicating its success are acknowledged.
- The article connects poverty perspectives with societal responsibilities and justice delivery.
Key Examples and References for quality enrichment of mains answers:
- Michael Young’s “The Rise of The Meritocracy”
- The Tyranny of Experts by William Easterly
- Reference to the judiciary’s challenges and the appeal of the first woman tribal President.
Key Data and Facts:
- 310 government schemes across 53 ministries utilize DBT.
- Estimated savings of 1.14% of GDP attributed to DBT.
- 79,813 cases pending before 34 judges in the judiciary.
Key Terms:
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
- JAM Trinity
- Rights-based approach
- Poverty parade
- Veil of ignorance
- Shared societal responsibility
Way Forward:
- Advocacy for applying DBT’s success in other sectors, particularly the judiciary.
- Acknowledgment of complexity but a call for collective efforts to address challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Composition of Constitution Benches
Mains level: Suggestion to split the Supreme Court into a Final Court of Appeal and a permanent Constitution Bench
Central idea
The article discusses the challenges faced by the Supreme Court of India, the historical proposals for structural changes, and the recent proposal to create Constitution Benches as a permanent feature. It explores the need for regional benches to alleviate the overwhelming caseload and enhance the court’s efficiency, considering historical recommendations and current demands for reform.
Jurisdictions of the Supreme Court:
- Original, appellate, and advisory jurisdictions under the Constitution.
- Functions as a Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal.
Composition of Constitution Benches:
- Typically comprise five, seven, or nine judges.
- Deliberate on issues related to constitutional law.
- Article 145(3) mandates a minimum of five judges for substantial constitutional questions.
Broad Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court:
- Hears cases in Division Benches (two judges) or full Benches (three judges).
- Addresses diverse topics, from film prohibitions to allegations against public officials.
- Notable instances of entertaining frivolous public interest litigations.
Current Caseload and Need for Structural Change:
- 79,813 pending cases before 34 judges, prompting calls for structural reforms.
- CJI D.Y. Chandrachud’s recent announcement on establishing varied-strength Constitution Benches permanently.
Historical Proposals for Structural Change:
- Tenth Law Commission (1984) proposed splitting the Supreme Court into Constitutional and Legal Divisions.
- Eleventh Law Commission (1988) reiterated the need for division, aiming at wider justice availability.
- Bihar Legal Support Society v. Chief Justice of India (1986) expressed the “desirability” of a National Court of Appeal.
- 229th Law Commission Report (2009) recommended regional benches for non-constitutional issues.
Colonial Legacy and Evolution of the Supreme Court:
- Three Supreme Courts during colonial times (Bombay, Calcutta, Madras).
- Indian High Courts Act of 1861 replaced Supreme Courts with High Courts.
- Government of India Act, 1935, created the Federal Court of India.
- The Supreme Court, established on January 28, 1950, under Article 124 of the Constitution.
Increasing Judges and Overburdened Court:
- Evolution of the Supreme Court from eight judges in 1950 to 34 in 2019.
- Overburdened court issuing around 8-10 decisions yearly through Constitution Benches.
- Only four out of 1,263 decisions in 2022 from Constitution Benches.
Critical Analysis:
- Overburdened Judiciary: High number of pending cases (79,813) indicates the burden on the Supreme Court. The overwhelming workload affects the efficiency of the court in delivering timely justice.
- Historical Proposals: Historical proposals, like the Tenth Law Commission’s suggestion in 1984, proposed splitting the Supreme Court into Constitutional and Legal Divisions.The aim was to make justice more accessible and reduce litigants’ fees.
- Regional Benches Proposal: The 229th Law Commission Report (2009) recommended establishing regional benches to hear non-constitutional issues. The proposal aimed to decentralize workload and allow the Supreme Court to focus on constitutional matters.
- Historical Background: Evolution of the Supreme Court from colonial times with the creation of regional Supreme Courts. Transformation from three Supreme Courts (Bombay, Calcutta, Madras) to the current centralized structure.
Key Examples and References:
- Bihar Legal Support Society v. Chief Justice of India (1986) suggested establishing a National Court of Appeal.
- The 229th Law Commission Report (2009) recommended regional benches.
Key Facts:
- The Court sits in benches of varying sizes, as determined by the Registry on the directions of the Chief Justice of India (CJI), who is the Master of the Roster
- The Supreme Court was founded on January 28, 1950, under Article 124 of the Constitution.
- Workforce increased from 8 judges in 1950 to 34 judges in 2019 due to rising caseload.
Way Forward:
- Suggestion to split the Supreme Court into a Final Court of Appeal and a permanent Constitution Bench.
- A Constitution Bench (V. Vasanthkumar v. H.C. Bhatia) analyzing and proposing measures to protect citizens’ access to the Supreme Court.
- Opportunity to address structural gaps by designating appeal benches as regional benches under CJI’s guidance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AAINA Dashboard
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has introduced the ‘AAINA Dashboard for Cities’ portal (aaina.gov.in).
About AAINA Dashboard
- The AAINA Dashboard is envisioned as a permanent platform for ULB-related data, with regular updates.
- It invites Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across India to voluntarily share their key data regularly through a user-friendly data entry form on the portal.
- The primary objectives of the AAINA Dashboard are:
- City Benchmarking: Enable cities to assess their performance relative to other cities.
- Inspiration: Inspire cities by identifying areas for improvement and showcasing possibilities.
- Peer Learning: Promote peer learning and engagement among cities.
Dashboard Structure
The AAINA Dashboard will categorize data submitted by ULBs into five key pillars:
- Political & Administrative Structure
- Finance
- Planning
- Citizen-Centric Governance
- Delivery of Basic Services
Data Submission Process
- ULBs will contribute their data, including audited accounts and self-reported performance metrics, by logging into the dashboard’s portal.
- ULBs will have the flexibility to update their information as needed, ensuring that the dashboard remains a dynamic and up-to-date resource.https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1976720
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plant Eavesdropping
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The scent of freshly cut grass, more than just a pleasant aroma, is a part of a complex plant communication system involving Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs).
- For plants, these GLVs are not just fragrances but crucial signals that alert them to imminent threats, such as herbivore attacks.
Concept of Plant Eavesdropping
- Inter-Plant Communication: Plants have the remarkable ability to ‘eavesdrop’ on the distress signals of their neighbors, preparing themselves for similar threats.
- Agricultural Implications: Understanding this natural warning system could revolutionize pest control in agriculture, potentially reducing the need for harmful pesticides.
Understanding Plant Defense Mechanisms
- Research involving mustard plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) has shown that calcium plays a crucial role in plant defense, with calcium levels spiking in response to damage.
- Using genetically modified plants that fluoresce in response to calcium surges, researchers have been able to visually track plant reactions to physical damage and GLV exposure.
- Experiments have demonstrated that plants can detect and respond to GLVs emitted by neighboring plants, as evidenced by fluorescence in modified mustard plants.
- Among the GLVs, specific compounds like E-2-HAL and Z-3-HAL were found to trigger significant responses in plants.
Gene-Level Defense Response
- Activation of Defense Genes: Exposure to GLVs leads to the activation of certain defence-related genes in plants, suggesting that they perceive these volatiles as danger signals.
- Implications for Plant Protection: This gene activation could be a crucial step in natural plant defense mechanisms against herbivores.
Implications and Future Directions
- Natural Pest Control: The study opens up possibilities for using GLVs in agricultural pest control, potentially reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
- Alternative Strategies: While promising, researchers also consider other substances like jasmonic acid, balancing pest control with the plant’s growth and fruit production.
- Expanding Plant Sensory Research: The findings encourage further exploration into plant perception and response to external stimuli, particularly in natural environments where signaling dynamics are more complex.
- Challenges in Field Studies: One of the main challenges in studying plant volatile signaling in natural settings is the dilution of these compounds in the open air.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amplifi 2.0 Portal
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in India has taken a significant step towards fostering data-driven policymaking by launching the Amplifi 2.0 portal.
Amplifi 2.0 Portal
- Amplifi 2.0 stands for Assessment and Monitoring Platform for Liveable, Inclusive, and Future-Ready Urban India portal.
- It was introduced by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
- This platform aims to provide easy access to raw data from Indian cities, facilitating researchers, academics, and stakeholders in their efforts to formulate informed urban policies.
- Currently, 258 urban local bodies have been onboarded, and data for 150 cities is accessible on the platform.
- Objectives:
- To make data from all 3,739 municipal corporations accessible through the portal.
- Offer a wide range of data, including total consumption, water quality testing, healthcare expenditure, slum population statistics, and road accident fatalities.
Significance
- Previously, the Ministry used data provided by civic bodies to rank cities based on four indices.
- These indices encompassed ease-of-living, municipal performance, climate smart cities assessment, and data maturity assessment.
- The government plans to release various reports based on subsets of these four indices, shifting towards a more data-centric approach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forward Bloc, Netaji's split from INC
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A veteran leader’s centenary who was associated with Netaji Bose’s All Indian Forward Bloc (AIFB), was celebrated.
All Indian Forward Bloc (AIFB)
|
Details |
| Foundation |
May 3, 1939 by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at Makur near Unnao (Uttar Pradesh) |
| Original Purpose |
To consolidate left-wing elements within the Indian National Congress and develop an alternative leadership |
| Key Early Members |
S.S. Kavishar (Vice-President), Lal Shankarlal (General Secretary), Vishwambhar Dayalu Tripathi, Khurshed Nariman, Annapurniah, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Pasumpon U. Muthuramalingam Thevar, Sheel Bhadra Yagee, Satya Ranjan Bakshi |
| First All India Conference |
June 20-22, 1940, in Nagpur; declared as a socialist political party |
| Publication |
“Forward Bloc” newspaper started by Netaji in August 1939 |
| Bose’s Arrest and Exile |
Arrested in July 1940, escaped in January 1941, sought support in the Soviet Union and Germany |
| World War II Activities |
Continued anti-British activities in India, notably in Bihar, without direct coordination with Bose or INA |
| Post-War Reorganization |
Reorganized in February 1946 in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh; declared as a socialist party |
| 1946 Elections |
Contested elections to the Constituent Assembly and provincial legislatures; won several seats |
| Arrah Conference |
2nd All India Conference in January 1947 in Arrah, Bihar |
| Post-Independence Status |
Re-established as an independent political party after India’s independence |
Try this PYQ:
Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?
(a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George
(b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay and M.N. Roy
(c) C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu
(d) Ashok Mehata, T.S. Ramanujan and G.G. Mehata
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biogas , Natural Gas, LPG
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre plans to enhance its domestic energy sustainability by introducing mandatory blending of compressed biogas (CBG) with Natural Gas.
Mandatory Biogas Blending
This initiative aims to reduce the country’s reliance on natural gas imports and lower emissions.
- Initial Phase (April 2025): The mandatory blending of CBG with natural gas will begin at 1%. This blend will be suitable for use in automobiles and households.
- Progressive Increase (By 2028): The government plans to gradually increase the mandatory blending percentage to around 5% by 2028. This step will further reduce the dependence on pure natural gas.
Why such move?
- India is among the world’s largest importers of oil and gas, with nearly half of its gas consumption relying on imports.
- The blending initiative is designed to curb import costs and enhance energy security.
- These measures align with India’s broader objective of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
Comparative Analysis of Biogas, Natural Gas, and LPG
|
Biogas |
Natural Gas |
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) |
| Composition |
Organic matter decomposition (mainly methane and CO2). |
Fossil fuel (primarily methane). |
Byproduct of natural gas processing (propane, butane). |
| Production |
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste. |
Extracted from underground, requires refining. |
Obtained during natural gas processing and refining. |
| Energy Content |
Lower due to high CO2 content. |
High, efficient for heating and power. |
High per volume, efficient in liquefied state. |
| Environmental Impact |
Renewable, carbon-neutral. |
Cleaner than coal/oil, but emits greenhouse gases. |
Fewer pollutants than gasoline/diesel, emits greenhouse gases. |
| Uses |
Heating, electricity, vehicle fuel, cooking in rural areas. |
Heating, electricity, industrial processes, vehicle fuel. |
Heating, cooking, vehicles, industrial applications. |
| Storage/Transport |
Stored as gas or liquid; requires tanks. |
Pipelines for gas; LNG for long-distance. |
Pressurized tanks as liquid. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Category Status
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Recently, Bihar govt passed a resolution seeking Special Category Status (SCS) for the state.
- This demand comes in light of the revelations from the “Bihar Caste-based Survey, 2022,” which unveiled that nearly one-third of Bihar’s population continues to grapple with poverty.
Special Category Status (SCS): An Overview
- Definition: SCS is a classification conferred by the Central government to support the development of states facing geographical or socio-economic disadvantages.
- Origins: SCS was instituted in 1969, based on the recommendations of the 5th Finance Commission (FC).
- Criteria: Five criteria are assessed before granting SCS, including factors like hilly terrain, low population density, and economic backwardness.
- Historical Allocation: Initially, three states—Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, and Nagaland—were granted SCS. Subsequently, eight more states, including Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, received this status.
Benefits of having SCS
- Financial Assistance: SCS states used to receive grants based on the Gadgil-Mukherjee formula, accounting for approximately 30% of total central assistance.
- Devolution of Funds: Post the abolition of the Planning Commission and the recommendations of the 14th and 15th FCs, SCS assistance has been subsumed into increased devolution of funds for all states (now 41% in the 15th FC).
- Funding Ratio: SCS states enjoy a favourable 90:10 Centre-State funding split for centrally sponsored schemes, compared to 60:40 or 80:20 for general category states.
- Additional Incentives: SCS states receive concessions in customs and excise duties, income tax rates, and corporate tax rates to attract investments.
Why Bihar’s Demand for SCS?
- Resource Challenges: Bihar attributes its poverty and underdevelopment to limited natural resources, irregular water supply for irrigation, recurring floods in the north, and severe droughts in the south.
- Industrial Shift: The state’s bifurcation led to the relocation of industries to Jharkhand, creating unemployment and investment voids.
- Per-Capita GDP: Bihar’s per-capita GDP, at around ₹54,000, consistently ranks among the lowest in India.
- Welfare Funding: Chief Minister Nitish Kumar asserts that Bihar houses approximately 94 lakh poor families and that SCS recognition would generate about ₹2.5 lakh crore, crucial for funding welfare initiatives over the next five years.
SCS Demands from Other States
- Andhra Pradesh: Since its bifurcation in 2014, Andhra Pradesh has sought SCS due to revenue loss post-Hyderabad’s transfer to Telangana.
- Odisha: Odisha’s appeal for SCS underscores its vulnerability to natural disasters, such as cyclones, and a significant tribal population (around 22%).
- Central Government’s Response: Despite these demands, the Central government, citing the 14th Finance Commission’s report, which recommended against granting SCS to any state, has consistently rejected them.
Is Bihar’s Demand Justified?
- Criteria Fulfillment: Bihar meets most SCS criteria but lacks hilly terrain and geographically difficult areas, crucial for infrastructural development.
- Alternative Solutions: In 2013, the Raghuram Rajan Committee proposed a ‘multi-dimensional index’ methodology instead of SCS, which could be revisited to address Bihar’s socio-economic challenges effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kambala, Jallikattu
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Kambala races were held on this weekend in Bengaluru and many parts of Karnataka.
- This event has faced legal scrutiny in the past, with the Supreme Court temporarily outlawing Kambala, along with Jallikattu and bullock-cart racing, in 2014.
What is Kambala?
- Kambala is a folk sport predominantly practised in the coastal districts of Karnataka, especially where Tulu-speaking communities are prevalent.
- Traditionally, races were organized in slushy paddy fields post-harvest.
- The Kambala Samithi now hosts weekly events from late November to mid-April at various venues across Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.
- For many, especially the Bunt community, Kambala is a prestigious event.
- Buffalo pairs are meticulously groomed throughout the year in the hopes of winning major races.
Different Kambala Categories
- Negilu (Plough): Entry-level buffalo pairs participate in their first Kambala race using lighter ploughs.
- Hagga (Rope): Jockeys race buffaloes with just a rope tied to both.
- Adda Halage: Participants stand on a horizontal plank dragged by buffaloes, unlike Hagga and Negilu where jockeys run behind.
- Kane Halage: A wooden plank tied to buffaloes, with water gushing out through holes as it’s dragged. The height of splashing water determines the winner.
Kambala’s Popularity across Karnataka
- While Kambala’s popularity is concentrated in coastal Karnataka, movies like ‘Kantara’ in 2022 have widened its appeal across the state.
- The film’s success is credited with generating interest in the sport, making it more popular even beyond its traditional strongholds.
- Historically, the Koraga community faced discrimination during Kambala events. They were considered “untouchable” and ill-treated.
- Critics argue that the sport is still dominated by higher caste groups, while lower caste individuals often perform menial tasks during the event.
Why was Kambala banned by the Supreme Court?
- Several organizations, including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), alleged animal abuse during traditional sporting events.
- Concerns included the tying of buffalo noses with ropes and continuous whipping during races, seen as cruelty.
- The Supreme Court, hearing these petitions, banned Kambala, Jallikattu, and bullock-cart racing in 2014.
How was the ban lifted?
- In January 2016, the Environment Ministry issued a notification allowing the continuation of bull training for such traditional events, recognizing their cultural significance.
- Specific conditions were set to minimize bull suffering.
- State governments also amended the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, providing exemptions for these events.
- A five-judge constitutional bench upheld these amendments made by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra governments in May.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recent research published in the journal Nature Communications has revealed a concerning trend in the Antarctic ozone layer during mid-spring (October).
- Contrary to previously reported recovery trends in total ozone, the core of the Antarctic ozone in mid-spring has experienced a significant 26% reduction since 2004.
Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
| Location |
Stratosphere, approximately 10-30 km above Earth’s surface. |
| Composition |
Composed of ozone (O3) molecules.
Unit of measurement: Dobsob Unit (DU) |
| Function |
Acts as a protective shield, absorbing and blocking a significant portion of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. |
| Importance |
Essential for protecting life on Earth by preventing excessive UV radiation, which can harm living organisms and the environment. |
| Ozone-depleting Substances |
Threatened by ODS like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other synthetic compounds commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol propellants. |
| Montreal Protocol |
An international treaty adopted in 1987 to phase out the production and consumption of ODS, resulting in significant recovery of the ozone layer. |
| Current Status |
The ozone layer is in the process of recovery due to the success of the Montreal Protocol. |
| Environmental Impact |
Protects ecosystems, prevents skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues in humans. |
| Additional Facts |
• The size of the ozone hole over Antarctica varies annually, opening in August and closing in November or December.
• Special winds caused by the Earth’s rotation create a unique climate over Antarctica, preventing mixing with surrounding air.
• When these winds subside, the hole closes. |
Shift in Ozone Trends
- Mid-Spring Ozone Depletion: The study’s findings reveal a notable decline in mid-spring (October) ozone levels within the middle stratospheric layer, contrary to previous expectations of recovery.
- Early Spring Recovery: Surprisingly, early spring (September) still shows slight ozone increases or a modest recovery of the ozone hole.
Implications of Ozone Variability
- Antarctic Stratospheric Ozone: Antarctic stratospheric ozone plays a critical role in influencing climate patterns across the Southern Hemisphere.
- Understanding Ozone Variability: Ongoing research aims to understand the reasons behind the observed ozone variability, particularly in the context of the Southern Hemisphere’s atmospheric changes.
Key Findings
- Recovery Trends Re-evaluated: When considering satellite data from 2022, previously reported recovery trends in Antarctic spring total ozone, observed since 2001, no longer hold.
- Middle Stratosphere Impact: The middle stratosphere has witnessed continued, significant ozone reduction since 2004, culminating in a 26% loss within the core of the ozone hole.
- Potential Causes: The study suggests that changes in the mesosphere, the atmospheric layer above the stratosphere and the ozone layer, may be driving this reduction.
- Major triggers: Scientists speculate that the extensive ozone hole this year may be linked to volcanic eruptions in Hunga Tonga, Tonga, between December 2022 and January 2023.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Justice Fathima Beevi
Mains level: Women in Judiciary
Central Idea
- India’s judiciary has long grappled with gender disparity, and the recent passing of Justice Fathima Beevi, the country’s first female Supreme Court judge, has brought attention to this issue.
- Despite incremental progress, women continue to be underrepresented in both the Supreme Court and High Courts, highlighting the need for comprehensive reform.
About Justice Fathima Beevi
- Justice Fathima Beevi, India’s first woman Supreme Court judge, passed away at the age of 96 in Kollam, Kerala.
- She made history as the first Muslim woman judge of the Supreme Court, as well as the first woman Supreme Court Justice in Asia.
Gender Disparity in Indian Judiciary
[A] Supreme Court
- Current Scenario: Of the 34 incumbent Supreme Court justices, only three are women: Justices Hima Kohli, Bela Trivedi, and BV Nagarathna.
- Historical Perspective: India has had a total of 11 women judges in the Supreme Court’s history, since Justice Beevi’s appointment in 1989.
- Low Representation: This translates to approximately 4% representation of women judges out of a total of 268 judges in the apex court’s history.
- Recent Appointments: The current collegium, led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, has made 14 appointments but is yet to appoint a woman judge to the Supreme Court.
[B] High Court
- High Court Scenario: As of March 2022, India has 25 high courts with 1,114 sanctioned judge positions.
- Working Judges: However, only 785 judges are currently working, with 329 positions remaining vacant.
- Female Judges: Out of the working judges, only 107 are women, constituting 13% of the total.
- Women Chief Justices: Only one of the country’s 25 high courts currently has a woman chief justice.
Efforts to Address Gender Disparity
- Legal Perspective: The Union Law Minister stated that the Constitution’s Articles 124, 217, and 224 do not provide for caste or class-based reservations in higher judiciary appointments.
- Recommendation for Diversity: Nevertheless, the Centre encouraged high court chief justices to consider suitable candidates who are women, minorities, scheduled castes, or tribes to ensure social diversity in the appointment process.
Challenges in Lower Judiciary and District Courts
- Higher Representation: Women constitute approximately 27% of judges in the lower judiciary, but gender disparities persist in higher appointments such as district judges and high courts.
- Regional Disparities: A study revealed that only a few smaller states like Goa, Meghalaya, and Sikkim had over 60% women judges, while others remained below 40%.
- Reservation: Some states have introduced quotas for women in the lower judiciary, providing between 30% and 35% reservation for direct appointments.
Way forward
- In April 2021, Chief Justice SA Bobde emphasized that capable candidates were required for greater women representation, rather than an attitudinal change.
- His statement sparked controversy as female advocates challenged the assumption that women refused judgeships solely due to domestic responsibilities.
- Advocates argued that men also decline judgeships for various reasons without hindering their appointment.
Conclusion
- The gender disparity in India’s judiciary remains a persistent challenge, with slow progress towards equal representation.
- It is imperative to address this issue comprehensively, from the highest courts to the lower judiciary, by promoting diversity and equal opportunities, ultimately strengthening the justice system and upholding gender equality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Casgevy, Crispr-Cas9 technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology, by the UK health authorities represents a monumental achievement in medicine.
- This therapy holds the potential to provide a lifelong cure for individuals grappling with sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, offering newfound hope and possibilities in the field of genetic medicine.
Casgevy: A Gene-Editing Marvel
- World’s First Licensed Gene Therapy: Casgevy stands as the world’s inaugural licensed gene therapy employing Crispr-Cas9 technology, an innovation that garnered the Nobel Prize in 2020.
- Targeting Faulty Genes: This revolutionary therapy specifically targets the flawed genes responsible for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, offering the tantalizing prospect of a lifelong cure.
- A Paradigm Shift: In the past, the only permanent treatment option was a bone marrow transplant, contingent on discovering a closely matched donor.
Mechanism of Action
- Genetic Errors: Sickle cell disease and thalassaemia both stem from genetic abnormalities within the haemoglobin gene, impairing the structure and functionality of red blood cells.
- Precision Gene Editing: Casgevy harnesses the patient’s blood stem cells, meticulously edited using Crispr-Cas9, with a specific focus on the BCL11A gene.
- Boosting Foetal Haemoglobin: By stimulating the production of foetal haemoglobin, which lacks the irregularities found in adult haemoglobin, the therapy mitigates the symptoms of these debilitating conditions.
Understanding Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassaemia
Sickle Cell Disease: Characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells, this condition disrupts smooth blood flow, resulting in excruciating pain, infections, anaemia, and even strokes. India bears witness to an annual influx of 30,000-40,000 children born with sickle cell disease.
Thalassaemia: This disorder leads to diminished haemoglobin levels, causing fatigue, breathlessness, and irregular heartbeats, necessitating lifelong blood transfusions and chelation therapy. India is home to the world’s largest population of children with thalassaemia major, numbering approximately 1-1.5 lakh. |
Clinical Trial Results
- Clinical trials of Casgevy showcased remarkable results, with participants afflicted by sickle cell disease reporting a substantial reduction in severe pain crises.
- Those with thalassaemia witnessed a remarkable 70% reduction in the need for blood transfusions.
Administration and Challenges
- One-Time Treatment: Casgevy involves a one-time treatment process, encompassing the collection of bone marrow blood stem cells through apheresis, followed by editing and testing over a span of approximately six months.
- Conditioning Medicine: Prior to the transplant with edited cells, conditioning medicine is administered to clear the bone marrow of existing cells.
- Challenges: Challenges include the expected high cost of the therapy, potentially around $2 million per patient, and the absence of local manufacturing facilities, necessitating the international transport of blood stem cells.
Future Prospects
- Price Reduction: Despite pricing challenges, experts hold the belief that ongoing research will lead to price reductions, making the therapy more accessible. Local manufacturing facilities are also anticipated to emerge.
- Indian Research: Researchers in India are actively pursuing gene therapies for sickle cell disease, with clinical trials on the horizon in the coming years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: All India Judicial Service (AIJS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On Constitution Day, President emphasized the need for an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) to reflect India’s diverse fabric in the judiciary.
- Designed to streamline the recruitment process for judges, particularly at the levels of additional district judges and district judges across all states, the AIJS concept has been the subject of longstanding debate and contention within legal circles.
All India Judicial Service (AIJS): Overview
- Objective: To select and nurture talented individuals nationwide, ensuring representation from underrepresented social groups.
- Current Recruitment: Under Articles 233 and 234 of the Constitution, states manage district judge appointments. State Public Service Commissions conduct recruitment, supervised by High Courts.
- Rationale: AIJS aims to enhance judicial efficiency, standardize compensation, expedite recruitment, and ensure uniform training.
Historical Context
- 1958: The Law Commission first proposed a centralized judicial service.
- 1978: The Law Commission revisited the idea amid concerns about delays and case backlogs.
- 2006: A Parliamentary Committee supported a pan-Indian judicial service, drafting a bill.
Judiciary’s Stance
- 1992: The Supreme Court directed the Centre to establish AIJS (All India Judges’ Assam vs. Union of India case).
- 1993: The Court permitted the Centre to initiate AIJS independently.
- 2017: The Supreme Court suggested a “Central Selection Mechanism” for district judge appointments.
Necessity of AIJS
- Challenges: The lower judiciary faces about 5400 vacancies and a backlog of 2.78 crore cases.
- Quality Concerns: The declining quality of judicial officers necessitates high-caliber recruitment.
- Financial Incentives: State services often fail to attract top talent due to lower salaries.
- Training and Subjectivity: State-run institutions lack adequate training resources; current appointments are marred by subjectivity and nepotism.
Criticism and Concerns
- Federalism: AIJS is seen as infringing on states’ powers.
- Language and Representation: Centralized recruitment might impact the use of regional languages.
- Equality and Education: A national exam could disadvantage less privileged candidates; law education standards are inconsistent.
- Structural Issues: AIJS may not address systemic problems like low pay and inadequate infrastructure.
- Bureaucratization: Centralizing recruitment doesn’t inherently guarantee efficiency.
Government’s Motivation
- Business Environment: Reforming the lower judiciary is aligned with improving India’s Ease of Doing Business ranking.
- Dispute Resolution: Efficient dispute resolution is crucial for business rankings.
- IAS Inspiration: The government views the IAS system as a model for enhancing judicial services.
Way Forward
Niti Aayog’s ‘Strategy for New India @75’ report recommends:
- Examination: An all-India judicial services exam to maintain high standards.
- Technology: Implementing video-conferencing to expedite justice and reduce logistical issues.
- Independence: AIJS cadre should report to the Chief Justice in each High Court to preserve judicial independence.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Caste as a nation within the nation
Central idea
Vontibettu Thimmappa Rajshekar Shetty (VTR) authored 30 books centering on caste, nation and religion
Key Highlights:
- Vontibettu Thimmappa Rajshekar Shetty (VTR) is a renowned figure in the Ambedkarite, anti-caste movement, known for his fearless journalism.
- Born in 1932, VTR played a significant role in shaping the intellectual discourse of the anti-caste sphere since the 1970s.
- Founder of the world-famous periodical Dalit Voice in 1981, VTR advocated for Dalit rights and challenged the Brahminical state order.
Challenges:
- Faced opposition and legal challenges, including being booked under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act.
- Dalit Voice was forced to shut down due to assault by the BJP, rechristened as Brahmana Jaati Party.
Key Phrases:
- “Triumph of Ambedkarism”: VTR envisioned the 21st century as a period of triumph for Ambedkarism.
- “Caste as a nation within the nation”: VTR viewed caste as a separate entity rather than a subsidiary of the nation-state.
Critical Analysis:
- VTR’s journalism focused on exposing Brahminical hypocrisies and advocating for the rights of the oppressed.
- Fearless critiques of the caste system and Brahminical state order marked his intellectual contributions.
- VTR’s alignment with international radical movements showcased a commitment to broader social justice issues.
- Alliances with African-American movements and international solidarity reflected a global perspective on caste-based discrimination.
- Booking under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act highlighted the resistance faced by VTR for his outspoken journalism.
- Dalit Voice’s closure due to opposition from the BJP underscores the challenges anti-caste voices encounter in political landscapes.
- Despite significant contributions, VTR and many anti-caste legends are often inadequately honored and celebrated.
- The proposed establishment of a national award for fearless journalists in V T Rajshekar’s name aims to recognize and honor his impactful work.
Key Examples and References:
- Founded Dalit Voice in 1981 and authored 30 books, including “Dalit: The Black Untouchables of India.”
- Inspired solidarity between Dalits and contemporary African-American activists.
Key Data:
- Born on July 17, 1932.
- Founded Dalit Voice in 1981.
Key Facts:
- VTR faced legal challenges, including being booked under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act.
- Dalit Voice shut down due to opposition from the BJP.
Key Terms:
- Ambedkarism,
- Brahminical state order,
- Dalit Voice,
- Caste-based violence,
- Internationalism,
- Brahmana Jaati Party.
Way Forward:
- Recognition and celebration of VTR’s contributions to anti-caste journalism and social justice.
- Proposed establishment of a national award for fearless journalists in the name of V T Rajshekar to honor his legacy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Char Dham Project
Mains level: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
Central idea
The Uttarkashi tunnel collapse has thrown light on the major flaws in the infrastructure development in the Indian Himalayan Region
Key Highlights:
- The Char Dham Project in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) has raised concerns about the sustainability of the current development model.
- The focus is on the carrying capacity of the IHR, questioning the extensive road widening, hydropower projects, and tourism promotion.
- The geological sensitivity of the Himalayas, marked by earthquakes and frictional shear rocks, makes such infrastructure projects dangerous.
Challenges:
- Lack of adherence to mountain construction codes and basic safety protocols in the rush for construction projects.
- The fragmentation of the Char Dham Project into smaller sections for Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) raises questions about its comprehensive evaluation.
- The need to address the broader issue of carrying capacity in the IHR, encompassing hydropower projects, tourism, and road development.
Key Phrases:
- “Construction in this zone is dangerous” due to the sensitive geological nature of the Himalayas.
- The Supreme Court should address the issue of carrying capacity in the Himalayas, considering the impact of infrastructure on the ecosystem.
- The transformative phase in the IHR requires a reevaluation of the integration approach with new geographies.
Critical Analysis:
- The article criticizes the lack of seriousness in implementing safety measures, citing the Silkyara tunnel incident in Uttarakhand.
- Emphasis on learning from failures, international protocols, and the inclusion of local communities in monitoring structures are suggested for safer infrastructure development.
Key Examples and References:
- The Atal tunnel in Himachal Pradesh is cited as an exception with a rigorous safety protocol, contrasting it with the safety lapses in the Char Dham Project.
- The flash floods of 2013 in Uttarakhand are mentioned as the basis for initiating the Char Dham Yatra and subsequent infrastructure projects.
Key Data:
- The Char Dham Project is approximately 900 km long, broken into 53 sections for separate EIAs.
- Geological and geotechnical studies highlight the dangerous nature of construction in the Himalayas.
Key Facts:
- The carrying capacity discussion extends beyond the number of people to include infrastructure aspects like hydropower projects and roads.
- The importance of a legislative architecture that involves local communities and adheres to international protocols for safer infrastructure development.
Key Terms for value addition in your answer:
- Carrying capacity
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Geological sensitivity
- Transformative phase
- Safety protocols
Way Forward:
- Urgent dialogue on carrying capacity in the Himalayas, considering the total impact of infrastructure development.
- Adoption of international protocols and legislative architecture for safer construction, involving local communities and civil society.
- Reevaluation of the integration approach in the transformative phase of the IHR, ensuring stability and safety standards in infrastructure projects.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM2.5 and PM10
Mains level: critical role of transitioning to electric trucks to mitigate PM2.5 pollution
Central idea
The central idea revolves around the urgent need to address worsening air quality in Indian cities, focusing on the critical role of transitioning to electric trucks to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. Despite challenges like upfront costs, the article emphasizes the imperative of swift action, proposes green freight corridors as a demonstration, and calls for a concerted effort involving public and private sectors to accelerate the transition and ensure a healthier urban environment.
Key Highlights:
- Air Quality Crisis: Rising air pollution in Indian cities necessitates prioritizing mitigation strategies, focusing on PM2.5 and PM10 pollution from the transport and construction sector.
- Truck Fleet Expansion: The significant increase in the truck fleet poses a threat to air quality, and the transition to electric trucks is crucial for sustainability and energy security.
Challenges:
- Air Pollution Impact: The annual addition of 9 lakh new trucks to Indian roads contributes to air pollution, consuming a substantial portion of oil imports and contributing to over 90% of road transport CO2 emissions.
- Obstacles to Electric Adoption: Upfront costs and charging infrastructure constraints pose challenges to the adoption of electric trucks, despite the success in electrifying rail freight and buses.
Key Phrases:
- Urgent Deployment: Urgent deployment of solutions is paramount in addressing the air quality crisis.
- Targeted Mitigation: Diesel trucks and dust mitigation are identified as significant PM sources requiring immediate attention.
- Corridor Demonstration: Green freight corridors are proposed as a demonstration effect to accelerate the transition to electric trucks.
Critical Analysis:
- Swift Action Call: The need for swift action is emphasized, with a call to accelerate the pace of transition to electric trucks.
- Financial Implications: Public funding alone is insufficient, and the importance of attracting private and institutional capital is highlighted.
- Decarbonization Priority: Despite the success in electrifying three-wheelers, truck electrification is recognized as a pivotal step in transport sector decarbonization.
Key Examples and References:
- E-truck Demand: The demand for 7,750 e-trucks in India by 2030 is cited as a potential measure to save over 800 billion liters of diesel till 2050.
- Cost Disparity: The upfront cost disparity between mid-range electric trucks and diesel trucks is identified as a major hurdle.
Key Data:
- Electric Penetration Rate: India’s electric vehicle penetration rate has crossed 6%, but electric trucks remain a challenge.
- Fleet Projection: The Indian truck fleet is projected to reach 1.7 crore in 2050, emphasizing the urgency of transitioning to electric trucks.
Key Facts:
- Corridor Proposal: Electrifying expressways and national highways as green freight corridors is proposed for demonstration and impact.
- Financial Innovation: Innovative financial instruments and a conducive regulatory environment are deemed essential for the breakthrough in truck electrification.
Way Forward:
- Concerted Efforts: Urges the need for concerted efforts, including feasibility studies, demand aggregation, and a conducive regulatory environment, to create green freight corridors.
- Recognition of Urgency: Stresses the importance of recognizing the urgency in addressing air quality issues and transitioning to electric trucks for a healthier urban environment.
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