Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: gender-inclusive sports culture
Central idea
The article explores the challenges and triumphs of Indian women athletes, particularly runners, revealing their resilience against societal norms and discriminatory practices. Sohini Chattopadhyay’s book, “The Day I Became a Runner,” serves as a powerful narrative, intertwining the stories of champion women runners with India’s political and cultural evolution.
Key Highlights:
- The article explores the challenges and triumphs faced by Indian women athletes, particularly runners, navigating societal norms, laws, and personal obstacles.
- Sohini Chattopadhyay’s book, “The Day I Became a Runner,” serves as a lens to understand the history of Indian women through the narratives of champion runners.
- The stories of Mary D’Souza, Kamaljit Sandhu, P T Usha, Santhi Soundarajan, Pinki Pramanik, Dutee Chand, Lalita Babar, and others are intricately woven into the fabric of India’s political and cultural landscape.
Key Challenges:
- Gender norms and societal restrictions circumscribing outdoor activities for women in India.
- Struggles against patriarchy, poverty, identity, caste, and even controversial “sex tests” faced by women athletes.
- The need for safe public spaces, established training programs, and a cultural shift encouraging women’s participation in sports.
Key Terms:
- Sex test: A controversial practice involving the testing of biological parameters to define a woman athlete’s gender.
- Patriarchy: The social system where men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, and social privilege.
- Stigma: Negative perceptions and attitudes associated with women athletes facing controversial tests or challenges.
Key Phrases:
- “A women’s history of India through the lens of sport”: Describes the book’s focus on portraying Indian women’s history through the stories of athletes.
- “To be a woman runner in India means to persevere in the face of tremendous odds”: Highlights the resilience required by women athletes to overcome societal barriers.
Key Quotes:
- “The book is both gripping and tough — gripping, so you don’t want to put it down, and tough, since the lives written up have been hard ones.”
- “The landmark verdict underlined that the World Athletics rules for female athletes discriminated against women by setting a threshold for testosterone.”
Anecdotes:
- Chattopadhyay’s own experiences as a woman runner, facing challenges of being the only woman in parks or roads.
- Stories of champion athletes like Mary D’Souza, P T Usha, and others, illustrating their resilience and achievements.
Key Statements:
- “There is no fairy-tale running story. And the training program is not what makes these lives harsh. It’s the many obstacles that these women must clear to simply do what they love — to run.”
- “Running requires safe public spaces, well-established training programs, and a culture that encourages women to occupy space in our streets and parks.”
Key Examples and References:
- Instances of women athletes facing hurdles such as the controversial “sex test” and societal stigmas.
- The case of Dutee Chand challenging and winning against discriminatory rules for female athletes.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically analyzes the societal and cultural barriers that women athletes face in India.
- It emphasizes the significance of running as a sport that requires substantial investment, including safe spaces and supportive cultural attitudes.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for gender-inclusive sports culture, encouraging more women to participate in running and other athletic activities.
- Promote awareness and challenge discriminatory practices like the controversial “sex tests” to create a more equitable sports environment for women.
- Continue to document and celebrate the stories of champion women athletes as a means of inspiration and advocacy for gender equality in spor
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Vajpayee's best orations occurring when he was on the opposition benches.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Universal Services Obligation Fund.
Mains level: passage of the Telecommunications Bill, 2023, and the repeal of The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
Central idea
The article critiques the recently passed Telecom Bill, emphasizing its nationalistic undertones, potential authoritarian features, and the failure to address the digital divide effectively. It questions the rushed parliamentary process and highlights concerns about corporate favoritism, symbolized by the renaming of the Universal Services Obligation Fund.
Key Highlights:
- The tweet by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnav announces the passage of the Telecommunications Bill, 2023, and the repeal of The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.
- The use of the term “Bharat” instead of “India” and crediting the PM’s individual vision are intentional for cultural nativism.
Key Challenges:
- The Telecom Bill is criticized for ignoring the persisting digital divide and lacking fresh ideas to address it.
- Provisions favoring select private firms and potential misuse of regulatory power are highlighted.
- State control and surveillance powers without defined safeguards raise concerns about privacy and freedom.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- “Digital Bharat Nidhi”: Renaming of Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF) in the Telecom Bill.
- “Regulatory sandboxes”: Provisions likely to benefit large corporations in the telecom sector.
- “Authorisation” vs. “Licensing”: The change in terminology with increased severity in the Telecom Act.
Key Quotes:
- “Bharat moves on…” – Tweet by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnav.
- “Guess who will soon step into Mobile Satellite Services from India?” – MP Priyanka Chaturvedi on potential favoritism towards private firms.
Key Statements:
- The Telecom Bill is criticized for distracting from the digital divide issue and lacking innovative solutions.
- Concerns raised about potential misuse of regulatory powers and selective favoritism toward private corporations.
Key Examples and References:
- Mention of the renaming of USOF as “Digital Bharat Nidhi” in the Telecom Bill.
- Reference to the allocation of satellite spectrum benefiting the Adani Group.
Key Facts and Data:
- Stagnation in new telecom users and contraction in smartphone sales, as reported by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India and International Data Corporation.
- A legal penalty of ₹25,000 for providing false particulars or failing to share information as required by the Telecom Act.
Critical Analysis:
- The Telecom Bill is criticized for maintaining colonial architecture, vague definitions, and potential threats to privacy.
- The rushed passage of the bill without addressing raised concerns reflects an unconstitutional concentration of power.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for a thorough review of the Telecom Bill by a Standing Committee to address concerns.
- Emphasize the need for policies that genuinely bridge the digital divide and promote fair competition in the telecom sector.
- Encourage transparency, public participation, and safeguards to protect individual rights in telecommunications legislation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Residents in the Arctic have witnessed an extraordinary atmospheric display of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
|
Details |
| Formation and Location |
Form in the polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 meters; common over Antarctica and the Arctic. |
| Temperature Conditions |
Require extremely cold temperatures, typically below −78°C (−108°F). |
| Types |
Type I: Composed of water and nitric acid.
Type II: Made almost entirely of water ice. |
| Role in Ozone Depletion |
Facilitate chemical reactions that produce chlorine and bromine compounds, leading to ozone destruction. |
| Appearance |
Iridescent, shimmering pastel colors, leading to their nickname “nacreous” or “mother-of-pearl” clouds. |
| Observation |
Visible during twilight, illuminated from below by the Sun. |
| Research and Monitoring |
Studied for impact on ozone depletion and climate change; monitored via satellites and ground stations. |
| Environmental Concern |
Linked to human-made chemicals like CFCs; subject to international regulation like the Montreal Protocol. |
| Climate Change Connection |
Research ongoing into how climate change might affect PSCs’ frequency and distribution. |
| Discovery and Study History |
Observed since the 19th century; their role in ozone depletion understood in the 1980s. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Namdapha Flying Squirrel
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Namdapha flying squirrel, missing for 42 years, has been sighted again in Arunachal Pradesh.
- This rare species was last documented in 1981 in the Namdapha Tiger Reserve.
Namdapha Flying Squirrel
|
Details |
| Species Name |
Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) |
| Type |
Arboreal, nocturnal flying squirrel |
| Endemic Region |
Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India |
| Habitat |
Tall Mesua ferrea jungles, often on hill slopes in the catchment area of the Dihing River, northeastern India |
| First Discovery |
Known from a single specimen collected in Namdapha National Park in 1981 |
| Physical Description |
– Reddish, grizzled fur with white above
– Pale grey crown, orangish patagium, white underparts |
| Genus Significance |
Was the sole member of its genus until the discovery of other species like Biswamoyopterus laoensis (2013) and Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis (2018) |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
Wildlife Protection Act Status: Schedule I |
| Threats |
Threatened by poaching and possibly habitat destruction |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RAMP Programme
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Union Minister for MSME launched three sub-schemes under the RAMP (Reforms and Acceleration in MSME Performance) programme.
About RAMP Programme
|
Details |
| About |
World Bank assisted Central Sector Scheme. |
| Launch |
FY 2022-23 |
| Supported By |
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME), Government of India. |
| Primary Aim |
– Improve access to market and credit for MSMEs.
– Strengthen institutions and governance.
– Enhance Centre-State linkages and partnerships.
– Address delayed payments and promote greening of MSMEs. |
| Key Components |
– Preparation of Strategic Investment Plans (SIPs) by states/UTs.
– Apex National MSME Council for monitoring and policy overview. |
Details of the Launched Schemes
|
MSME Green Investment and Financing for Transformation Scheme (MSME GIFT Scheme) |
MSE Scheme for Promotion and Investment in Circular Economy (MSE SPICE Scheme) |
MSE Scheme on Online Dispute Resolution for Delayed Payments |
| Objective |
To assist MSMEs in adopting green technology. |
The government’s first scheme to support circular economy projects in the MSME sector. |
Combines legal support with IT tools and Artificial Intelligence to address delayed payments issues. |
| Support Mechanisms |
Offers interest subvention and credit guarantee support. |
Aims to achieve zero emissions by 2070 through credit subsidy. |
Focused on aiding Micro and Small Enterprises. |
| Unique Features |
– Encourages eco-friendly practices in MSMEs.
– Financial incentives for green technology adoption. |
– Promotes sustainable and eco-friendly business models.
– Supports long-term environmental goals. |
– Innovative use of technology for dispute resolution.
– Aims to streamline payment processes and reduce conflicts. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Bill, 2023, introduces significant reforms to replace the Indian Penal Code.
- The bill addresses terrorism, organized crime, gender neutrality, and repeals outdated laws like Section 377.
Major Provisions in the BNS Bill
[1] Promise to Marry (Clause 69)
- Targeting ‘Love Jihad’: Criminalizes deceitful promises to marry, potentially addressing the ‘love jihad’ narrative.
- Criminalization of Consensual Sexual Activity: Broadens the scope to include consensual sexual acts under certain deceitful circumstances.
[2] Mob Lynching
- Codification of Offences: Introduces specific provisions for mob lynching and hate-crime murders.
- Punishment: Ranges from life imprisonment to the death penalty.
[3] Organized Crime
- Inclusion in Ordinary Law: For the first time, organized crime is addressed under ordinary criminal law.
- Punishment Criteria: Distinction based on whether the crime results in death, with varying degrees of punishment.
[4] Terrorism
- Integration into Ordinary Law: Adopts definitions from stringent acts and international laws, broadening the scope of terror financing.
[5] Attempt to Suicide
- New Provision: Criminalizes suicide attempts aimed at compelling public servants, with potential implications for protests.
Significant Deletions and Repeals
[a] Section 377 (Unnatural Sexual Offences)
- Repeal: Decriminalizes homosexuality, but raises concerns about addressing non-consensual acts.
[b] Adultery
- Omission: Following the Supreme Court’s ruling, adultery is no longer criminalized.
[c] Thugee/Thugs (Section 310 IPC)
- Removal: Eliminates colonial-era notions of criminality associated with certain tribes.
Gender Neutrality in Laws
- Child-Related Offences: Makes laws about children gender-neutral.
- Adult Offences: Extends gender neutrality to crimes like outraging modesty and voyeurism.
Other Notable Changes
- Fake News: Introduces provisions against publishing false and misleading information.
- Sedition (‘Deshdroh’): Renames and broadens the definition to include financial support for subversive activities.
- Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Limits judicial discretion, raising concerns about fairness in considering mitigating circumstances.
- Public Property Damage: Implements fines corresponding to the extent of damage caused.
What was the need for new bills?
- Colonial legacy
- From 1860 to 2023, the country’s criminal justice system functioned as per the laws made by the British.
- The laws were drafted during colonial times and contain archaic language and concepts that might not accurately reflect current social norms, values.
- Advances in Technology
- This has introduced new dimensions to crime, evidence, and investigation.
- Simplification and Streamlining
- The laws have become complex over time, leading to confusion among legal practitioners, law enforcement agencies, and the general public.
- Simplifying and streamlining the legal framework can enhance transparency and understanding.
- Evidence Collection and Presentation
- The Indian Evidence Act was enacted before the advent of modern forensic science and technological tools.
- Various reports highlighted the need for reforms in criminal laws
- The department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs in its 146th report had recommended that there is a need for a comprehensive review of the criminal justice system of the country.
- It was also pointed out that the Parliamentary Standing Committee in its 111th and 128th reports had also highlighted the need for reforms in criminal laws.
Conclusion
- Reformative Approach: The BNS Bill represents a significant overhaul of India’s penal system, addressing contemporary issues and societal changes.
- Judicial Implications: While it introduces necessary reforms, the bill’s impact on judicial discretion and fairness in sentencing warrants careful consideration.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign Credit Ratings
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s Chief Economic Adviser, V Anantha Nageswaran, emphasizes the need for reform in the sovereign credit rating process.
- The aim is to accurately reflect the default risk of developing economies and reduce their funding costs.
What are Sovereign Credit Ratings?
- A sovereign credit rating is a measure of a country’s creditworthiness, or its ability to meet its financial obligations.
- It is an assessment of the credit risk associated with a country’s bonds or other debt securities.
- The rating is assigned by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch Ratings.
- S&P and Fitch rate India ‘BBB-‘ and Moody’s ‘Baa3’, all indicative of the lowest possible investment grade, but with a stable outlook.
India’s Pursuit of a Credit Rating Upgrade
- Current Rating: India is at the lowest possible investment grade but is seeking an upgrade due to improved economic metrics post-pandemic.
- Government Engagement: Continuous efforts are being made to engage with global credit rating agencies for an improved rating.
Challenges in the Current Rating Methodology
- Opacity and Impact: CEA points out the opaqueness in rating methodologies and the difficulty in quantifying the impact of qualitative factors.
- Bandwagon Effects and Biases: The significant presence of qualitative factors leads to cognitive biases and concerns about the credibility of ratings.
India’s Engagement with Rating Agencies
- Meetings with Top Agencies: Finance ministry officials have met with representatives from Fitch Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, and S&P Global Ratings.
- Current Ratings: While S&P and Fitch rate India at BBB, Moody’s rates it at Baa3 with a stable outlook.
Parameters and Issues in Sovereign Rating
- Typical Parameters: Agencies consider factors like growth rate, inflation, government debt, and political stability.
- Qualitative Component: Over half the ratings are determined by qualitative factors, often non-transparent and perception-based.
- Dominance in Ratings: Institutional Quality, often measured by World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), is a significant determinant for developing economies.
- Issues with WGIs: These metrics are non-transparent, perception-based, and may not represent a sovereign’s willingness to pay.
CEA’s Recommendations
- Need for Transparency: Sovereigns are expected to be transparent; similarly, rating agencies should make their processes clear and avoid untenable judgments.
- Potential Benefits: Enhanced transparency could lead to more reliance on hard data and possible credit rating upgrades for many sovereigns.
- Access to Private Capital: Improved ratings can help developing countries access private capital crucial for addressing global challenges like climate change.
- India’s Export Targets: With initiatives like production-linked incentives and Make in India, India aims for a $2 trillion export target by 2030.
Conclusion
- Advocacy for Change: Nageswaran’s comments highlight the need for a more equitable and transparent sovereign credit rating process.
- Broader Implications: Such reforms could not only benefit developing economies like India by reducing funding costs but also contribute to a more accurate and fair global financial system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: STEM research
Mains level: IIT Kharagpur reflects on its seven-decade journey, emphasizing multidisciplinary research, collaboration with industry, and alignment with the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020
Central idea
Key Highlights:
- IIT Kharagpur’s history dates back to 1950, founded on the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee.
- The institute has evolved over seven decades, hosting thousands of students, faculty, and employees across diverse disciplines.
- Multidisciplinary research initiatives align with the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, fostering collaboration between academia and industry.
- Major strategic initiatives include the introduction of an MBBS program, Interdisciplinary Dual Degree Programs, and extended research or industry internships for UG students.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing academic and research pursuits with industry collaboration remains crucial.
- Encouraging innovation and risk-taking within the ecosystem to retain talent and curb brain drain.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, multidisciplinary research, Interdisciplinary Dual Degree Programs, self-reliance, Atmanirbhar Bharat.
Key Quotes:
- “Technology will never replace great teachers, but technology in the hands of great teachers is transformational.”
- “Our scriptures speak of Eshah Panthah — a self-sufficient India. The culture and tradition of India speak of self-reliance.”
Key Examples and References:
- IIT Kharagpur’s contributions include the development of the COVIRAP diagnostic test kit for Covid-19, painless needle, 2G Ethanol, and waste management technologies.
- Record-breaking placements, Centres of Excellence, and collaborations with tech giants highlight the institute’s achievements.
Key Facts and Data:
- IIT Kharagpur accommodates over 16,630 students, 746 faculty members, and 887 employees.
- The institute engages in research across 12 major areas, including advanced materials, energy sustainability, healthcare, and space.
Critical Analysis:
- The institute’s focus on STEM research, educational foundations, and entrepreneurship aligns with the vision of building a self-sufficient India.
- Challenges include retaining talent and fostering a culture of innovation within the ecosystem.
Way Forward:
- Continue strengthening collaboration between academia and industry to enhance research impact.
- Foster innovation, risk-taking, and entrepreneurship to create an ecosystem that retains talent and contributes to building a self-reliant nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bihar Caste Survey
Mains level: BJP a substantive democratic party with a commitment to social justice
Central idea
The BJP’s success in recent Assembly elections, marked by significant support from marginalized social groups, challenges its previous image as a party of social elites. Under the umbrella of “Subaltern Hindutva,” the party employs strategies that include general welfare measures and addressing grievances of non-dominant OBC castes. However, the gap between mobilization tactics and substantive issues like economic empowerment and political representation for Dalit-Bahujan groups requires attention.
Key Highlights:
- The BJP has gained significant support from Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in recent Assembly elections, challenging its earlier perception as a party of social elites.
- The phenomenon of “Subaltern Hindutva” under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership has contributed to the BJP’s success in mobilizing marginalized social groups.
- The BJP’s strategies include general welfare measures, addressing grievances of non-dominant OBC castes, and engaging lower strata through emotive narratives about their history, icons, and caste pride.
Key Challenges:
- Despite electoral gains, there is a gap between the BJP’s mobilization strategies and addressing substantive issues such as land distribution, representation in power, and economic participation for Dalit-Bahujan groups.
- The Bihar Caste Survey report reveals the precarious economic conditions, social insecurities, and lack of basic entitlements for Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) and Dalits, emphasizing the need for more inclusive policies.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Subaltern Hindutva
- Marginalized social groups
- Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs)
- Social justice policies
- Neo-liberal economic growth
- Democratisation of top political positions
- Social elites
- Communal rhetoric
- Ecological perspectives of Adivasis
- Democratization of power
Key Quotes:
- “With the arrival of Narendra Modi as the Prime Minister of India, there has been an elevation of the party as one for the socially marginalized Hindu masses — a phenomenon now understood under the ‘Subaltern Hindutva’ rubric.”
- “The BJP’s ‘Subaltern Hindutva’ strategies offer no mandate to satisfy the aspirations of the worst-off social groups.”
- “The BJP must pass the social justice test as sections among the historically disadvantaged have moved to the BJP with deep expectations for their economic welfare and elevated political participation.”
Critical Analysis:
- The BJP’s focus on emotive narratives and cultural events has succeeded in mobilizing marginalized groups, but substantive issues of economic empowerment and political representation need more attention.
- The Bihar Caste Survey underscores the continued challenges faced by EBCs and Dalits, indicating the need for the BJP to engage with these issues more effectively.
- Inclusivity in policies, representation in power, and equitable economic opportunities are crucial for the BJP to substantiate its commitment to the welfare of India’s subaltern masses.
Way Forward:
- The BJP should align its strategies with addressing the economic, social, and political challenges faced by Dalit-Bahujan groups, ensuring their meaningful participation in India’s development.
- Effective implementation of policies to uplift marginalized social groups is essential to make the BJP a substantive democratic party with a commitment to social justice.
- Engaging with the concerns of social justice and ensuring the emergence of subaltern leaders in various spheres will contribute to a more inclusive and democratic political landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)
Mains level: Enforcement agencies, particularly the ED, need to establish consistent and uniform practices
Central idea
The Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) emphasizes a strict application tied to scheduled offences and the definition of “proceeds of crime.” Criticism of the Enforcement Directorate’s actions highlights the need for probity and fairness, urging consistency in procedures. The issue raises concerns about potential abuse of authority and its impact on federalism, necessitating clear jurisdictional delineation.
Key Highlights:
- Supreme Court Interpretation: The Supreme Court’s unique interpretation of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) has raised concerns, limiting its application to “wrongful and illegal gain of property” related to scheduled offences.
- Definition of “Proceeds of Crime”: The Court emphasized that for the PMLA to apply, the property must qualify as “proceeds of crime” under Section 2(1)(u) of the Act.
- Critical Observations on ED: Instances of Enforcement Directorate (ED) actions beyond its powers, especially arrests, led to severe criticism. The court highlighted the need for the ED to function with “utmost probity, dispassion, and fairness.”
Key Challenges:
- Inconsistent ED Practices: The Court noted the lack of consistent and uniform practices within the ED, especially in furnishing written copies of arrest grounds, raising concerns about procedural irregularities.
- Abuse of Authority: The ED’s conduct in conducting searches, seizures, and arrests outside its powers resulted in strong criticism, pointing to potential abuse of authority.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Scheduled Offence: Offences specified in the schedule of the PMLA Act to which the Act’s provisions apply.
- Proceeds of Crime: Property derived or obtained as a result of criminal activity relating to a scheduled offence.
Key Quotes and Statements:
- “If the offence so reported is a scheduled offence, only in that eventuality, the property recovered by the Authorised Officer would partake the colour of proceeds of crime…”
- “The ED, mantled with far-reaching powers under the stringent Act of 2002, must be seen to be acting with utmost probity, dispassion, and fairness.”
Key Examples:
- Vijay Madanlal Choudhary Case: The Supreme Court’s interpretation in the Vijay Madanlal Choudhary case set the precedent, emphasizing the need for the existence of “proceeds of crime” for PMLA application.
- Pankaj Bansal Case: The Court’s criticism of the ED’s style of functioning in the Pankaj Bansal case highlighted the importance of adherence to probity and fairness.
Critical Analysis: The Court’s focus on the stringent application of PMLA provisions, especially tying them to scheduled offences and the definition of “proceeds of crime,” reflects a commitment to precision and legal rigor. The criticism of ED practices underscores the significance of maintaining ethical standards in enforcement agencies.
Way Forward:
- Procedural Consistency: Enforcement agencies, particularly the ED, need to establish consistent and uniform practices, ensuring transparency and adherence to legal procedures.
- Judicial Scrutiny: Ongoing cases, especially those involving political implications, should undergo thorough judicial scrutiny to prevent potential abuse of authority and protect the principles of federalism.
- Clarity on Jurisdiction: The ED’s jurisdiction, especially in non-scheduled offences like illegal mining, should be clarified to avoid overreach, respecting the powers vested with the State governments.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eyjafjallajokull Eruption
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A volcanic eruption occurred near Iceland’s capital between Sýlingarfell and Hagafell, near the town of Grindavik on the Reykjanes Peninsula.
Iceland: ‘Land of Fire and Ice’
- Geographical Location: Iceland is situated just south of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean.
- Tectonic Setting: The country lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, marking the boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates.
- Unique Landscape: Iceland’s landscape features geysers, glaciers, mountains, volcanoes, and lava fields, housing 33 active volcanoes – the highest number in Europe.
- Historical Settlement: The first human settlement in Iceland dates back to 874 by Norsemen from Scandinavia, leading to the founding of Reykjavik.
Recent Volcanic Activity on the Reykjanes Peninsula
- Historical Dormancy: The Reykjanes Peninsula had not experienced volcanic eruptions for 800 years until recently.
- Recent Eruptions: The current eruption is the fourth in less than three years on the peninsula, indicating a potential new era of volcanic activity.
- Eyjafjallajokull Eruption: The last major volcanic event in Iceland that gained global attention was the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull.
- Eruption Timeline and Impact: The volcano erupted twice in March and April 2010, spreading an ash cloud across continents and disrupting air traffic on the North Atlantic route for six days – the longest disruption since World War II.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vipassana
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A political leader is set to attend a 10-day Vipassana meditation retreat in Punjab, skipping a summons by the Enforcement Directorate.
About Vipassana
|
Details |
| Meaning |
“To see things as they really are” |
| Origin |
Rooted in Buddhism, attributed to Gautama Buddha, rediscovered and refined by him over 2,500 years ago. |
| Historical Roots |
Preserved in Theravada Buddhism, especially in Myanmar; based on teachings in the “Satipatthana Sutta.” |
| Technique |
Mindfulness or insight meditation focusing on the interconnection between mind and body through physical sensations. |
| Practice |
Observing natural breath and bodily sensations, understanding their impermanent nature, typically taught in 10-day retreats. |
| Goal |
Self-transformation through self-observation, leading to improved mental clarity and insight. |
| Non-Sectarian |
Taught as a universal practice, suitable for all backgrounds. |
| Global Spread |
Popularized globally by S.N. Goenka and others in the 20th century. |
| Retreats |
Offered worldwide, often free of charge, funded by donations. |
| Scientific Research |
Studies show benefits in stress reduction, mental health, and treatment of substance abuse. |
| Code of Discipline |
Includes abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual activity, false speech, and intoxicants during courses. |
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAMAR Air Defence System
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- In a major success for its in-house design and development efforts, the Indian Air Force has successfully testfired its SAMAR air defence missile system.
About SAMAR Air Defence System
|
Details |
| Full Name |
Surface to Air Missile for Assured Retaliation (SAMAR) |
| Type |
Short-range air-defence system |
| Developed By |
A unit under the IAF’s Maintenance Command |
| Range |
10–12 km |
| Target |
Low-flying aerial targets |
| Speed |
Missiles operating at a speed range of 2 to 2.5 Mach |
| Key Features |
– Uses existing inventory of Vympel R-73E missiles
– Twin-turret launch platform
– Capable of single and salvo modes |
| Role in Defence |
Supplementing IAF’s Akash and SPYDER systems, replacing older systems like Pechora and OSA-AK |
| Deployment |
Not specified |
https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/world-news/indian-missile-shield-against-potential-threats-from-pak-china-iaf-samar-system-in-action-101702815648038.html
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Andriamamelo Cave
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Unique prehistoric rock art has been found in the Andriamamelo Cave in western Madagascar, marking a first for the island.
- It reveals pictorial art with nature, human-like, and animal-like figures.
Andriamamelo Cave Art: Key Features
- Beyond Basic Symbols: Previously, Madagascar’s rock art mainly featured basic symbols. The new findings depict more complex scenes and figures.
- Egyptian Religious Motifs: Some scenes bear a resemblance to motifs from Egypt’s Ptolemaic period (300-30 BCE). Major images hint at Egyptian deities like Horus, Thoth, Ma`at, and Anubis.
- Ethiopian and Afro-Arab Connections: Symbols and writings suggest cultural links to the Ethiopian and Afro-Arab worlds.
- Borneo Cave Art Style: The art shares similarities with a two-millennia-old cave art style from Borneo.
- Depiction of Extinct Animals: The art may depict at least three extinct animals of Madagascar, including a giant sloth lemur, elephant birds, and a giant tortoise.
- Mysterious M-Figures: The ubiquitous M-shaped symbol matches the Amharic alphabet’s “hawt” and is linked to the concept of the “breath of life” in some Austronesian languages.
- Absence of Modern and Religious Symbols: The art lacks Christian, Muslim, Hindu symbols, and modern motifs, indicating its ancient origins.
Dating Challenges and Speculations
- Difficulty in Dating: Direct dating of the cave art is challenging due to the inorganic nature of the black pigment.
- Estimated Age: The presence of extinct animals and absence of modern symbols suggest the art could be around 2,000 years old.
- Potential Historical Evidence: The art might provide insights into who colonized Madagascar and when.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP28
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Annual Climate Summit: The 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) was held in Dubai, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- High Expectations: There were significant expectations for countries to take decisive steps in addressing the climate crisis.
- Key Focus Areas: Discussions at COP28 revolved around mitigation, adaptation, finance, and the differing responsibilities of developed and developing nations.
Early Developments: Loss and Damage Fund
- COP27 Agreement Follow-up: After agreeing to create the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund at COP27, COP28 focused on its operationalization.
- Funding Challenges: Despite the need for substantial funding, contributions have been limited, with the U.S. pledging only $17.5 million.
- Administration and Access Concerns: The World Bank’s role in overseeing the fund raised issues regarding access, legal autonomy, and responsiveness to emergencies.
Emissions Reduction and Energy Transition
- Global Stocktake Findings: The first global stocktake (GST) assessed progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
- Fossil Fuel Transition: A commitment was made to move away from fossil fuels in energy systems, to triple renewable and nuclear energy capacity by 2030.
- Continued Use in Other Sectors: Fossil fuels remain in use in sectors like plastics, transport, and agriculture.
- Transitional Fuels and Climate Justice: The acceptance of natural gas as a transitional fuel was seen as a compromise on climate justice.
Financial Mechanisms for Climate Action
- Developed Nations’ Responsibility: The GST framework emphasized the leading role of developed nations in climate finance.
- Private Sector Involvement: The role of private investment in addressing financial gaps was acknowledged.
- Green Finance Initiatives: New mechanisms, including a $3.5 billion boost to the Green Climate Fund, were established to support sustainable practices in developing countries.
India’s Stance on Climate and Health Declaration
- UAE Declaration on Climate and Health: This declaration, partnered with the World Health Organisation, was signed by 123 countries but not by India.
- India’s Concerns: India refrained from signing due to potential impacts on its growing healthcare infrastructure and the need to prioritize healthcare requirements.
Global Methane Pledge and India’s Position
- Renewed Focus on Methane: The pledge received attention with over $1 billion in new grants for methane reduction projects.
- India’s Non-Participation: India did not sign the pledge, focusing instead on carbon dioxide emissions and considering the livelihood implications of methane reduction in agriculture.
Assessment of COP28: Achievements and Shortcomings
- Positive Developments: Notable achievements included the climate and health declaration, emphasis on nature-based solutions, and commitments to sustainable food systems.
- Contentious Issues: Disagreements persisted over fossil-fuel subsidies, the role of the World Bank in the L&D fund, and private sector engagement in climate action.
- Mixed Outcomes: While renewable energy targets marked progress, unresolved issues regarding L&D, fossil fuel use, and transitional fuels indicated ongoing challenges.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: COP28 showcased the intricate balance between ambitious climate goals and the practical realities of economic and social factors.
- Continued Dialogue: The outcomes reflect the need for ongoing dialogue and collaboration to address the multifaceted aspects of climate change and sustainable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mullaperiyar Dam
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Tamil Nadu cancelled the decision to open the spillway shutters of Mullaperiyar dam after a lull in rainfall and reduced inflow of water to the dam.
Do you know?
The Mullaperiyar dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu.
John Pennycuick (the architect of this dam) sold his family property in England to mobilize money to fund the project! People of the region fondly name their children under his name a remark of reverence.
Mullaperiyar Dam
- It is a masonry gravity dam on the Periyar River in Kerala.
- It is located on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District.
- It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by John Pennycuick (who was born in Pune) and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area.
- It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation, and a length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft).
Operational issue
- The dam is located in Kerala but is operated and maintained by Tamil Nadu.
- The catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus not an inter-State river.
- In November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for first time in 35 years.
- The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet in August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of Kerala.
- Indeed, the tendency to store water to almost the full level of reservoirs is becoming a norm among water managers across States.
Dispute: Control and safety of the dam
- Supreme court judgment came in February 2006, has allowed Tamil Nadu to raise the level of the dam to 152 ft (46 m) after strengthening it.
- Responding to it, the Mullaperiyar dam was declared an ‘endangered’ scheduled dam by the Kerala Government under the disputed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006.
- For Tamil Nadu, the Mullaperiyar dam and the diverted Periyar waters act as a lifeline for Theni, Madurai, Sivaganga, Dindigul and Ramnad districts.
- Tamil Nadu has insisted on exercising the unfettered colonial rights to control the dam and its waters, based on the 1886 lease agreement.
Rule of Curve issue
- A rule curve or rule level specifies the storage or empty space to be maintained in a reservoir during different times of the year.
- It decides the fluctuating storage levels in a reservoir.
- The gate opening schedule of a dam is based on the rule curve. It is part of the “core safety” mechanism in a dam.
- The TN government often blames Kerala for delaying the finalization of the rule curve.
Back2Basics: Periyar River
- The Periyar is the longest river in the state of Kerala with a length of 244 km.
- It is also known as ‘Lifeline of Kerala’ as it is one of the few perennial rivers in the state.
- It originates from Sivagiri hills of Western Ghats and flows through the Periyar National Park.
- The main tributaries of Periyar are Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 14th Amendment of US Constitution
Mains level: Comparison of Indian Constitution
Central Idea
- The US top court ordered the removal of former President Donald Trump from the ballot for the next Presidential elections.
- The decision was based on Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution, relating to Trump’s alleged role in the January 6, 2021, attacks on the US Capitol.
14th Amendment of US Constitution
|
Details |
| Ratification Date |
July 9, 1868 |
| Primary Purpose |
To address civil rights issues following the Civil War, particularly regarding former slaves. |
| Key Clauses |
– Citizenship Clause: Citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
– Due Process Clause: Fair legal process required for all citizens.
– Equal Protection Clause: Equal legal protection for all citizens. |
| Historical Context |
Response to post-Civil War issues, including the Black Codes in Southern states. |
| Major Significance |
– Extended Bill of Rights protections to state actions.
– Foundation for numerous civil rights advancements and Supreme Court decisions. |
| Notable Cases |
– Brown v. Board of Education (1954) for desegregation
– Roe v. Wade (1973) for abortion rights |
| Why in news? |
Section 3 disqualifies anyone who, having taken an oath to support the Constitution, engages in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or aids its enemies, from holding any office, civil or military, in the United States.
Applied to Donald Trump |
| Impact on Federalism |
Altered the balance of power between the federal government and states, especially in civil rights and liberties. |
Similar Provisions in India
|
Details |
| Equal Protection Clause |
Article 14: Indian Constitution guarantees “equality before the law” and “equal protection of the laws” within the territory of India. |
| Citizenship Clause |
Articles 5 to 11: Deal with aspects of citizenship in India, including citizenship by birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and incorporation of territory. |
| Due Process Clause |
Article 21: Provides protection of life and personal liberty, stating “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law.” |
| Protection of Civil Liberties |
Article 19: Ensures the protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, etc. |
| Prohibition of Discrimination |
Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. |
| Disqualification for Public Office |
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (Sections 8, 9, 10, 11): Lays out disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures due to criminal convictions, corrupt practices, and certain office-of-profit positions. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Bank
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
About World Bank
|
Details |
| Establishment |
July 1944, during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. |
| Initial Purpose |
To help rebuild European nations devastated by World War II;
Later expanded to include global development and poverty reduction. |
| Components |
– International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
– International Development Association (IDA)
– International Finance Corporation (IFC)
– Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
– International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) |
| Membership |
189 member countries as of 2021. |
| Headquarters |
Washington, D.C., United States. |
| Main Functions |
Provides loans, credits, and grants; offers technical expertise and policy advice; researches development issues. |
| Funding |
Through issuance of bonds in the international financial markets and earnings from its investments. |
| Governance |
Led by a President, with a Board of Governors and a Board of Executive Directors. |
| India’s Involvement |
– Founding member since 1944.
– First loan approved in 1949 for Indian Railways. |
Understanding Multilateral Development Banks
- Definition and Membership: MDBs are financial institutions with multiple country members, both developed and developing, that provide financing and technical assistance for development projects.
- Operational Focus: Their operations span various sectors, including transport, energy, and urban infrastructure, with developed countries contributing to the lending pool and developing countries primarily borrowing for development projects.
Rationale behind Proposed Reforms
- Addressing Global Challenges: The climate crisis and other global issues require mechanisms for global-scale action, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).
- Aligning with National Priorities: The expert group recommends that MDBs align more closely with the developmental priorities of individual nations.
- Enhancing Private Sector Engagement: A shift is suggested towards greater private sector involvement in MDB operations, moving away from the culture of limited interaction between private and sovereign financing arms.
Key Aspects of the Proposed Reforms
- Coordination and Stakeholder Involvement: The panel emphasizes the need for greater coordination among stakeholders, including national governments, to develop unified goals and policies.
- Addressing Coordination Failures: The reforms aim to resolve multiple coordination failures among domestic and international stakeholders, both public and private.
- Changing Perception and Practices: The current perception of MDBs as bureaucratic and risk-averse is seen as a barrier to private sector involvement, which is crucial for ramping up financing.
MDBs’ Traditional Lending in Countries like India
- Role in India’s Development: MDBs have been instrumental in financing key infrastructure projects in India, often with longer gestation periods.
- World Bank’s Commitments: Since its establishment in 1944, the World Bank has committed $97.6 billion to India, with significant portions in public administration, agriculture, and transport.
- Asian Development Bank’s Involvement: Formed in 1969, the ADB has committed $59.7 billion to India, focusing on transport, energy, and urban infrastructure.
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s Financing: The AIIB, established in 2016, has approved $9.9 billion in financing for India, with a focus on transport, energy, and economic resilience.
- European Investment Bank’s Contributions: Since 1958, the EIB has committed Euro 4.5 billion to India, primarily in the transport and energy sectors.
Conclusion
- Implications of the Recommendations: The proposed shift in MDB operations could lead to more effective and targeted development financing, aligning closely with the specific needs and priorities of individual countries.
- Potential for Enhanced Global Impact: By addressing coordination challenges and increasing private sector engagement, MDBs could play a pivotal role in meeting global development goals and addressing critical challenges like the climate crisis.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court ruled on the procedures for arrests made by the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
About Enforcement Directorate (ED)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
May 1, 1956
Initially set up as an ‘Enforcement Unit’ |
| Mandate |
Enforces economic and financial regulations |
| Jurisdiction |
Nationwide |
| Legal Authority |
– Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
– Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 |
| Functional Focus |
Economic and financial offenses including money laundering, foreign exchange irregularities |
| Investigative Powers |
– Attachment, confiscation, and arrest
– Conduct raids and searches
– Summon and question individuals |
| Collaboration |
Coordinates with various agencies (CBI, local police) and banks |
| Reporting Authority |
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance |
| Corruption Investigations |
Has a separate Economic Offenses Division |
| Notable Cases |
– Vijay Mallya extradition
– PNB fraud case
– Augusta Westland VVIP chopper scam |
| International Cooperation |
Works with international law enforcement for cross-border investigations (Interpol, FATF) |
| Public Interface |
Accepts complaints and information regarding economic offenses |
| Transparency and Accountability |
Regular reports to the Ministry of Finance; subject to oversight by judiciary and government bodies |
Issue: Revision of ED Arrest Norms
- Supreme Court Ruling: On Friday, the Supreme Court ruled that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) needs only to orally inform an accused of the grounds of their arrest at the time of arrest.
- Requirement for Written Grounds: The court also specified that the written grounds of arrest must be supplied to the accused within 24 hours of their arrest.
Modification of Previous Supreme Court Ruling
- Earlier Mandate: A two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court on October 3 had mandated the ED to provide the grounds of arrest in writing at the time of custody.
- Current Ruling: The latest ruling by Justices Bela Trivedi and Satish Chandra Sharma modified this requirement.
Legal Framework: Section 19 of PMLA
- ED’s Arrest Power: Section 19 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) authorizes the ED to arrest individuals based on material evidence.
- Notification Requirement: The law requires that the reasons for such belief must be recorded in writing, and the grounds of arrest be informed to the accused “as soon as may be.”
- Understanding ‘As Soon As May Be’: The court interpreted the phrase to mean “as early as possible”, “without avoidable delay”, “within reasonably convenient” or a “reasonably requisite” period.
Case Background: Supertech Limited’s Founder’s Challenge
- Delhi High Court’s Decision: The Delhi High Court had dismissed a petition by a person to declare his arrest illegal.
- Argument: He contended that his arrest violated Section 19(1) of the PMLA and his fundamental rights, as he was not supplied with written grounds for arrest.
Supreme Court’s December 15 Ruling
- Non-Retrospective Application: The court stated that the October 3 ruling in Pankaj Bansal vs. UOI cannot be applied retrospectively to cases before that date.
- Reference to Vijay Madanlal’s Case: The court relied on its July 27 decision in Vijay Mandanlal Choudhary vs. UOI, by a three-judge Bench, to support its ruling.
- Upholding PMLA Provisions: The validity of Section 19 was upheld, affirming its reasonable nexus with the PMLA’s objectives.
Resolving Bench Discrepancies
- 2002 Ruling: In “Pradip Chandra Parija vs. Pramod Chandra Patnaik,” a Constitution Bench ruled that if two Benches of equal strength arrive at different conclusions on the same question of law, the matter must be referred to a higher Bench.
- Implications for Current Case: This precedent is relevant in resolving discrepancies when two Benches of equal strength, like in the current scenario, differ in their rulings.
Conclusion
- Legal Clarity: The Supreme Court’s ruling provides clarity on the procedures for arrests made by the ED, balancing prompt enforcement action with the rights of the accused.
- Impact on Future Cases: This decision sets a precedent for how the ED’s arrests are to be conducted, influencing future cases involving the agency.
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